Defining Syntax. Lec. 1. 1. What is Syntax? O Syntax is the scientific study of sentence structure O...
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Transcript of Defining Syntax. Lec. 1. 1. What is Syntax? O Syntax is the scientific study of sentence structure O...
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Defining Syntax.Lec. 1
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1. What is Syntax? O Syntax is the scientific study of
sentence structureO Science: methodology of studyO Hypothesis observation
generalization
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Sentences O A declarative sentence asserts
that an event or a state of affairs has occurred (or hasn’t occurred).
e.g. Susan ate an apple. Susan didn’t eat an appleO a yes/no question is a question
that can be answered by yes, no or maybe.
e.g. Did Susan eat an apple?
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Exercise 1 O Identify which of the following
sentences are yes/no questions, which are declarative sentences, and which are neither:
O John hasn’t eaten anything.O Does Bill really prefer meatballs?O Has Peter eaten his smoked salmon yet?O What Has Peter done now?O Heather smokes too much.O John did WHAT?
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Hypothesis 1O yes/no questions are formed by
moving the second word in the equivalent declarative sentence to the front:
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O Frodo will eat the magic beans. (declarative)
O Will Frodo eat the magic beans? (yes/no question)
O The little hobbit will eat the magic beans. (declarative)
O Will the little hobbit eat the magic beans? (yes/no question)
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Ungrammatical sentences
O In syntax, ungrammatical sentences are always marked with an asterisk *
O The hobbit who will dance at the party has eaten the magic beans.
O * Will the hobbit who dance at the party has eaten the magic beans?
O Has the hobbit who will dance at the party eaten the magic beans?
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Hypothesis 2 O yes/ no questions are formed by
moving ……………………………………………………………
(Complete)*It is often the ungrammatical sentences that inform us as how to revise our hypothesis
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Hypothesis 3 O yes/no questions are formed by
moving……………………………………………………..
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The structure of sentences
O The formation of yes/no questions makes reference to whether the auxiliary is embedded or not. Sentences are heirarechily structured.
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Exercise O Yellow, singing, a, the, elephant, mouse,
sniffed O Using each word only once, and using every
word, try to come up with as many grammatical sentences as possible.
1. A singing elephant sniffed the yellow mouse
2. 2…………………………………………………………..
3. 3…………………………………………………………..
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Notices O The position of the words relative to
one another makes a difference in meaning
O Sentences are structured entities O We can represent the syntactic
structure of sentences with (i) tree diagrams, (ii) bracketing, or (iii) boxes.
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Tree diagram
Th e s in g in g elep h an t sn iff ed t h e yellow m ou se
Thr singing elephant
The Singing
Elephant
Sniffed the yellow mouse
Sniffed The yellow mouse
????
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2. Syntactic data O The scientific method requires data,
so it is reasonable to ask how we gather that data and what kind of data we use. One obvious source of data is what we hear spoken around us or find written in books and newspapers.
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Corpora O A collection of written or spoken
material representing real-world usage of a language is called a corpus (plural: corpora)
O Judgment task & the analysis of sentence structure
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Corpora O A corpus with an interlinear gloss
has 3 lines:1. The example in the original
language2. a word-by-word gloss3. An idiomatic translation into English
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Corpora & word-aligned gloss
ذهبت فاطمة الى المدرسة
school to Fatima go+ed
Fatima went to school
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Syntactic definitions O Nominative case:Is the marking associated with subjects. For example (I, we, you, she, he, & it)O Accusative case:Is the marking associated with direct objects. For example (me, him, her, & them)O Dative case: Is the marking often associated with indirect objects and nouns marking the location of an event. For example (to, in, at, & on)
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Exercise O In English, the order of word is: Subject + Verb + Direct Object + Dative
O What is the order of words in Arabic?
O Note that there arte limits to the number/ kinds of generalizations that can be found in corpora
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Acceptability & Grammaticality
O Acceptability refers to native-speaker judgment, whereas grammaticality refers to what our hypothesis predict
O Native speaker judgments come of 2 kinds: syntactic judgment & semantic judgment
e.g.*John peanuts the ate# the coffee table brushed its teeth
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Acceptability & Grammaticality
O Chomsky (1957) came up with a famous sentence to show the independence of meaning & structure:
O Colorless green ideas sleep furiously
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Exercise O Mark each of the following sentences
as being syntactically * and/or semantically # unacceptable:
1. The book was arrived by John2. Susan taught Tom mathematics3. Michael thought that mathematics bored
himself 4. Susan said that Bill books read5. The stone ate a carrot6. Tom learned Susan chemistry
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Exercise
7. I think Louis bought a syntax book8. I wonder who bought what9. Who do you think bought a syntax
book?10. What do you think Louis bought?11. What do you wonder who bought?12. Who do you wonder who read a
book by?
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Exercise
13. John’s sister is not his sibling14. Who do you think that saw Bill?15. William gave a book to Marian16. William gave Marian a book17. William donated a book to the
charity18. William donated the charity a book
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Hypotheses O Hypotheses are described in terms of
formal rules & formal constraints
O A rule is a statement phrased in a positive form that describes possible structures. Structures that are claimed to be acceptable by a native speaker
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A paradigm O A paradigm is a list or table of
forms that represents the combination of different grammatical dimensions
Nominative Accusative
Singular plural Singular Plural
1st I we me us
2nd You
3masc heThey
him them3fem she her
3neuter it it
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A paradigm O Now consider the following
sentences: I kissed her* Me kissed her She loves her * Him ate it
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Exercise O Rule 1:Use the nominative case when the pronoun appears ……………………….the verb.
O Rule 2:Use the accusative case when the pronoun appears ……………………….the verb.
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Constraints O A constraint is a formal statement
of structures that are impossible structures that are claimed to be unacceptable to native speakers
O Rules and constraints are two sides of the same coin: Rules state what you must do, constraints tell us what you cannot do.
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Rules & Constraints O Rule 3: To form an affirmative statement, put the subject noun before the verb.
O Constraint 3:In affirmative statements, do not put the subject anywhere except before the verb
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Prescriptive & Descriptive Rules
Prescriptive rule Descriptive rules O They prescribe how we
should speakO Prescriptive rules are
not scientific.e.g. O Never end a sentence
in a preposition O Do not use a noun as a
verb
O The describe how we should speak
e.g. O A yes/ no question
is the question which answer is either yes, no, or maybe.
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grammarO A grammar is a collection of
descriptive rules & constraints