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Transcript of Defenses
Defenses Insanity Statute of Limitations Self Defense (Use of Force) Entrapment Immunity Against Self
Incrimination Diplomatic Immunity
Self Defense
Force must be in proportion to the threat.
Threat must be imminent (at hand, near) Bare Fear alone is not sufficient. Must be
accompanied by over act. Previous threats not sufficient for deadly
force response.
Self Defense
Deadly force may not be used in defense of property only.
Instigator of aggressive behavior has no right to self-defense.
Justice System Members
The Court System handles the trial process. This process can result in various outcomes:
Case is dismissed by the judge Suspect is found not guilty suspect is found not guilty and one f the
following punishment is imposed: Fine Placed on diversion Placed on probation Sentenced to a correctional facility/alternative
sentencing
Justice System MembersMembers of the Court System
Judges who administer justice in a fair and impartial manner by applying the facts to law
Prosecuting attorneys who prosecute persons accused of crime and protect public rights and privileges
Defense attorneys who defend the accused and defend the rights and privileges of citizens
Justice System MembersCorrections is responsible for the supervision of convicted and sentenced offenders. An offender may be:
Supervised on probation in the community
Released and supervised on parole Held in custody of a correctional
facility for rehabilitation
Justice System MembersMembers of Corrections
Deputy probation officers who supervise convicted offenders in the community under certain conditions established by the court
Parole officers who supervise offenders released from prison, but while offenders are still under continued custody of the state
Correctional officers who supervise convicted offenders while they are being held in a correctional facility
California Court SystemThe purpose of the court system is to insure the rights of individuals, protect society, and settle disputes.According to the United States Constitution the judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court and such inferior courts as Congress may deem necessary.California has a similar court system containing trial courts and higher courts to listen to appeals from lower courts. The State Supreme Court is the highest court in the state.
California Court SystemTrial Courts
Municipal Courts are the lowest court in the system. They are set up to handle less serious crimes and minor civil disputes. Municipal courts:
Have jurisdiction in minor civil cases Handle misdemeanor crimes Handle infractions Handle preliminary hearing
California Court SystemTrial Courts
Superior Courts are general trial courts of unlimited jurisdiction. All cases are tried in these courts except those which the legislature says must be tried in the Municipal or Justice Courts.
California Court SystemTrial Courts
Superior Courts: Try all felony cases Handle all juvenile cases Act as appeals from lower courts Try certain misdemeanor cases not
suitable for lower courts, such as juvenile delinquency and child neglect cases
California Court SystemAppellate Courts
District Courts of Appeal are established to relieve the Supreme Court of heavy case loads involving appeals from lower courts.
California Court SystemAppellate Courts
District Courts of Appeal: Handle all appeals from Superior
Court except those where the death penalty has been assessed. Rulings are binding on all trial courts and peace officers under the appellate court’s jurisdiction
California Court SystemAppellate Courts
The State Supreme Court is the highest court in the state. Its rulings are binding on all other state courts and peace officers throughout the state.
California Court SystemAppellate Courts
The State Supreme Court: Handles appeals from the District
Court of Appeal Automatically accepts death
sentence appeals from Superior Courts
Judicial ProcessMisdemeanor Prosecution
Bail/Own Recognizance (O.R.) The offender is then released on bail or
O.R. Bail can be money, bond, or any other form
of security accepted by the court to secure the release of the defendant. Bail guarantees the defendant’s appearance in a specific court to answer charges. Bail is fixed by the court, must be reasonable, and may be increased or reduced by a judge
Judicial ProcessFelony Prosecution
Via “True Bill” IndictmentCourt of Jurisdiction SuperiorGrand Jury The D.A. presents evidence of a crime to the
Grand Jury. The Grand Jury hears and reviews evidence. When the Grand Jury believes an individual has committed a specific felony, an indictment “True Bill” is issued.
Judicial ProcessFelony Prosecution
Via ArrestCourt of Jurisdiction SuperiorArraignment in Municipal Court The first court appearance is usually within 48
hours at an arraignment. The defendants are brought to the Municipal Court and informed of the charges against them, advised of their constitutional rights, and asked to enter a plea. A date for tjr preliminary hearing is also set
Judicial Process
Felony ProsecutionVia Arrest
Bail Instead of being held in custody
until the preliminary hearing, the defendant may post bail. Bail may occur before or after arraignment on a felony charge.
Judicial ProcessFelony Prosecution
Via ArrestPreliminary Hearing A hearing is held in the Municipal Court to decide if
there is enough evidence to order the defendant to stand trial. The purpose of the hearing is to screen felony cases before they go to trial in Superior Court. At the preliminary hearing, the D.A. must present sufficient evidence to show that a crime has been committed, and that the defendant appears to have committed that crime. A jury is not present at this hearing, but all rules of evidence are in effect.
Judicial ProcessFelony Prosecution
Via ArrestThe judge may do one of three things at a preliminary hearing:
1. Dismiss some or all the charges2. Hold the defendant for trial in the
Superior Court3. Reduce the charges from a felony to a
misdemeanor
Judicial Process
Felony ProsecutionVia Arrest
Superior Court Arraignment If the defendant pleas guilty, a
penalty is set. If the defendant pleas not guilty, a date for trial is set.
Judicial ProcessFelony Prosecution
Via Arrest Trial This is a formal, judicial examination and determination
of issues between parties: in a felony criminal case, the parties are the people of the State of California on one side, and the accused offender on the other.
Evidence is presented by the prosecuting attorney to prove whether or not the defendant is guilty of the charges. A jury or judge determines whether the defendant id guilty or nor based upon the evidence presented `
COMMUNITY ATTITUDES AND INFLUENCES
There are a number of actions you, as a peace officer, can take to positively influence the attitudes of members of the community, your family and friends. Maintaining a visible presence in the community, and communicating to your family and friends the importance of your role in the community will not only set a good example, but will reassure them that you are a well-trained officer committed to effectively serving the public. This also holds true in a controlled community where inmates/wards are the general public.
PEACE OFFICER’S ROLES IN COMMUNITY SERVICE
A community looks to its peace officers to perform certain services: maintain order, prevent crime, educate the public, and enforce the law.
PEACE OFFICER’S ROLES IN COMMUNITY SERVICE
MAINTAIN ORDERActions you should take
Patrol in a highly visible way. It lets the public see you, the peace officer, as an ever-present force, discouraging criminal activity.
Maintain the public peace. This includes handling domestic or public disputes.
Manage civil disturbances. This includes dealing with opposing factions during strikes, demonstrations, and work stoppages.
Enforce state laws, and city, county and district ordinances.
PEACE OFFICER’S ROLES IN COMMUNITY SERVICE
PREVENT CRIME
Actions you should take Reduce the source of crime by educating potential
offenders about the risks of crime Reduce criminal opportunity through officer vigilance Encourage the public to be on the alert for potential
crimes Crime Prevention Units and Neighborhood Crime Watch programs decrease the occurrence of crime
Interact with established organizations such as church groups, civil boards, fire fighters, social workers, hospitals, and youth groups, to educate them about crime prevention
PEACE OFFICER’S ROLES IN COMMUNITY SERVICE
PREVENT CRIME CONT.
Actions you should take Use specialized patrols for high crime areas Take reports and analyze them to determine crime patterns
for selective law enforcement programs Observe and report behavior in controlled settings, such as
prisons, jails, and juvenile detention facilities Arrest suspects for violation of statutory law Collect and preserve physical evidence at a crime scene or
make sure that it is done Testify in court Interact with other law enforcement agencies to share
information about cases
PEACE OFFICER’S ROLES IN COMMUNITY SERVICE
PREVENT CRIME CONT.Actions you should take
Interact with other law enforcement agencies to share information about cases
Assist other agencies, such as community mental health and social work agencies
Follow the directions of court orders, warrants, and any other official documents
Restrict activities and movement in controlled settings when necessary
PEACE OFFICER’S ROLES IN COMMUNITY SERVICE
EDUCATE THE PUBLIC
Actions you should take Meet with people who work and reside in the area Inform them about local crime patterns Let them know how they can protect themselves Involve individuals in community based policing Talk to individuals and speak at community
meetings Establish a flow of communication by telling
people who you are and how you serve them as a peace officer
PEACE OFFICER’S ROLES IN COMMUNITY SERVICE
EDUCATE THE PUBLIC CONT.Actions you should take
Utilize the news media to disseminate timely information to a wide audience or a specific audience
Teach courses on the law and its implications at both the high school and college level
PEACE OFFICER’S ROLES IN COMMUNITY SERVICE
ENFORCE THE LAWEnsure that laws are enforce, including these:
Statutory laws (written law) City and county ordinances Orders of the court Departmental policies
Several factors can influence the enforcement of law: Number of officers available Types of crimes which are given priority Possible conditions set forth in federal grants and state and
local government funding
PEACE OFFICER’S ROLES IN COMMUNITY SERVICE
ENFORCE THE LAW CONT.Be fair and impartial in enforcement.
Enforcement decisions are based on the law, the court’s interpretation of the law, departmental policy, and your own good judgment
Enforcement decisions are not based on personal prejudices or attitudes
PEACE OFFICER’S ROLES IN COMMUNITY SERVICE
ENFORCE THE LAW CONT.To effectively enforce the law, you should know your patrol area or area of responsibility. Be familiar with these aspects of your area:
Size Boundaries Interconnecting routes for traffic directions Nearest emergency services Cultural makeup of its residents, including
traditions, habits, and lifestyles
PEACE OFFICER’S ROLES IN COMMUNITY SERVICE
ENFORCE THE LAW CONT.
Analyze crime trends and report to local, state, and federal governments on these aspects:
The frequency of crime The possible locations of future crimes The types of crimes
COMMUNITY ISSUES
You are a member of your community, in constant contact with your family, friends, schools, media, and so on. How will becoming
a peace officer affect these relationships? Your actions and lifestyle can help produce results beneficial to all.
COMMUNITY ISSUES
FAMILY
Considerations A peace officer’s job is dangerous. Your family worries
about losing you. The demands of your job may make your family feel
lonely, isolated, or afraid. Your job may require difficult hours or secrecy, which
may make your family feel frustrated and left out. Work in certain departments, such as Vice or Narcotics,
may affect your social or family relations. Peace officers are sometimes seen as unapproachable.
COMMUNITY ISSUESFAMILY CONT.
Actions Live with a positive attitude. You are a highly
skilled and well trained professional. Help your family learn how important your role
is in the community. Participate in school and community activities
with your family. Take advantage of counseling services, if
available. Be a friendly neighbor or acquaintance.
COMMUNITY ISSUESFAMILY CONT.
Results Your confidence is shared and is helpful to your whole
family. Your pride and commitment are felt and shared by your
family. You share time together and feel like a family. You maintain your own mental health, as well as the
health of your family and the stability of your professional life.
Dispels the misconception that peace officers are totally isolated.
COMMUNITY ISSUESSCHOOLS
Considerations Students may distrust peace officers since they often
lack the opportunity for positive contact.
Actions Speak to student groups on topics such as crime
prevention or drug education
Results Students get to know you in a relaxed environment, as
an individual who fairly and impartially enforces the law.
COMMUNITY ISSUESMEDIA
Considerations Some agencies may require communication through a media
liaison. Remember that cases in progress must not be discussed.
Actions Refer the media to the appropriate source of information in a
pleasant manner. Know all departmental regulations concerning the release of information.
Results Security is maintained, peace officers are protected, ongoing
operations are not interrupted and the case is not in danger of being tried unfairly.
COMMUNITY ISSUESFRIENDS
Considerations You are in constant contact with criminals, and
may take on their traits, language and mannerisms.
The public is aware of your activities, even when you are off duty.
Actions Associate with people outside law enforcement
work. Select friends and acquaintances with care.
COMMUNITY ISSUESFRIENDS CONT.
Results Helps you maintain a proper balance and
perspective, while avoiding isolation from the mainstream of society.
You will be known as a respectable person of good moral character.
ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEACE OFFICERS
A number of factors influence how different people view you as a peace officer. Be aware of these factors and respond in a positive manner. When interacting with the public, here is a good guide for peace officers to follow.
ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEACE OFFICERS
THE COMMUNITYThings to ConsiderCommunity attitudes toward the criminal justice system may be affected by many factors:
Socio-economic conditions Cultural make-up Past law enforcement/community relations Sensitive situations, such as rapes,
kidnappings, or hate crimes Media coverage
ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEACE OFFICERS
THE COMMUNITY CONT.Things To Do
Promote yourself in a positive light by getting involved in community activities such as athletic events.
Participate in or attend at festivals, cultural celebrations, ethnic arts shows or recitals.
ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEACE OFFICERS
SUSPECTS, VICTIMS, AND WITNESSESThings To ConsiderIndividuals may have an unrealistic opinion of you. Individuals base their opinion of peace officers on several factors:
Their past experience Their prejudices Peer influence Media Coverage Rumors
ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEACE OFFICERS
SUSPECTS, VICTIMS, AND WITNESSES CONT.
People involved in incidents may be in a highly emotional state. They may be fearful, angry, or mentally unstable.
These individuals can act in ways that are frustrating and sometimes dangerous.
ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEACE OFFICERS
SUSPECTS, VICTIMS, AND WITNESSES CONT.
Things To Do Treat people in a professional manner. Respond promptly and courteously to all calls. Don’t let a bad experience on one call affect
your judgment on another. Be sensitive to a victim’s needs and concerns. Control your emotions and temper. Consider your safety at all times when dealing
with individuals.
ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEACE OFFICERS
YOUR AGENCYThings To ConsiderThe policies and regulations of your department have many influences on how an employer perceives you:
The directions of legislative and elective groups The law, which changes frequently The Code of Ethics The community’s expectations The level of funding available
ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEACE OFFICERS
YOUR AGENCY CONT.Things To Do
Know and abide by departmental policy, regulations, and directions.
Enforce the law impartially. Conduct yourself according to the Code of Ethics on and
off duty. Be aware of directions given by legislative/elective
groups which influence your agency’s activities. Be aware of recent changes in the law which affect your
job.
ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEACE OFFICERS
YOUR PEERSThings To ConsiderYour peer’s attitudes toward you have several influences:
Your education and training Your use of interpersonal communications
skills Preconceived notions and stereotypes about
your job
ATTITUDES TOWARDS PEACE OFFICERS
YOUR PEERS CONT.Things To Do
Take advantage of training activities. Practice effective communication techniques.
LEARN ABOUT YOUR COMMUNITYYour knowledge of your community
influences your ability to perform effectively.
COMMUNITY GROUPSPeace officers work with many different groups of people, each with its own set of folkways and values. Although one can spend years learning how to interact effectively with the diverse people in our complex society, each group does have its own particular needs for law enforcement service.
Rather than think in terms of peace officers as “we” and other community groups as “they”, consider that your mission is to provide effective service to all members of your community.
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION WITH COMMUNITY GROUPS
To effectively communicate with different groups they must be identified by their cultural and socio-economic group characteristics.
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION WITH COMMUNITY GROUPS
IDENTIFYING CULTURAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUP CHARACTERISTICS
Distinct cultural and socio-economic, or behavioral groups can be identified in the following ways:
Dress Language – speech patterns Physical appearance Values Family structure Customs Body language Reactions to stress
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION WITH COMMUNITY GROUPS
IDENTIFYING CULTURAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROUP CHARACTERISTICS CONT.
Eating styles and food preference Ways of dealing with common problems Traditions Physical or developmental disability Race Sex Age Ethnic origin Religion Sexual orientation
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION WITH COMMUNITY GROUPSINTERACTING WITH MEMBERS OF A GROUP
Once a different cultural or socio-economic group in your community has been identified, your communication should encompass the following:
Respect the differences within groups Be aware of special needs and customs regarding
community services.
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION WITH COMMUNITY GROUPS
INTERACTING WITH MEMBERS OF A GROUP CONT.
Consider your safety at all times when dealing with individuals
ExamplesSoutheast Asia has customs about who speaks in whose presence. Peace officers interacting with such a community group should honor the “chain of command” and speak to the senior person present.
A deaf person may not be able to communicate well without an interpreter present. An officer attempting to get a statement from such a person may need to request special assistance.
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION WITH COMMUNITY GROUPS
OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
ProblemExisting attitudes of the community toward police officers may build barriers to communication.
Fear Dislike Distrust
EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION WITH COMMUNITY GROUPS
OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION CONT.SolutionActions of peace officers can help to break down barriers to
Always treat people in a professional manner. Respond promptly to any calls Be courteous to all persons contacted Avoid pre-judging based on previous experience Don’t underestimate individuals based on appearance Maintain emotional self-control at all times
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
An informed officer will respond more appropriately in any given situation. Base your responses on your awareness of folkways or values of members of your community.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
GROUP: RACIAL
Folkways or Values May be unaware of police services or may
distrust authority and tend to avoid police and solve own problems.
May be suspicious of other races and customs. May have specific customs defining
relationships and social contact.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITYGROUP: RACIAL CONT.
How You Should Respond Be sensitive to racial differences and
customs. Be aware of histories of racial conflicts. Be aware of the possibility of violence resulting
form misunderstanding of social customs of others.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
GROUP: ETHNICFolkways or Values
May be unaware of police services and may distrust persons of other nationalities.
May be suspicious of authority and community services due to differing civic, political, and social relationships or traditions.
May feel alienated due to language barriers.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITYGROUP: ETHNIC CONT.
How You Should Respond Be aware of past ethnic histories and
relationships. Be sensitive to ethnic differences and pride. Appreciate difficulties of non-English speakers
and offer translators if available.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
GROUP: MALES AND FEMALESFolkways or Values
May have strong reactions to treatment perceived as patronizing or condescending.
May feel hostility toward those of opposite sex particularly if they have been victimized by someone of the opposite sex.
May be hypersensitive about the safety and well-being of children.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
GROUP: MALES AND FEMALES CONT.How You Should Respond
Develop a positive way to communicate with those of opposite sex.
Be aware of signs of violence committed against females, and know when to bring in a female officer or counselor.
Appreciate concerns about children and provide help and information about resources.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
GROUP: SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND LIFESTYLES
Folkways or Values May feel misunderstood by the larger
community because of differing sexual preferences and lifestyles.
Tend to congregate for specific activities or at particular places which may increase vulnerability to crime.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
GROUP: SEXUAL ORIENTATION AND LIFESTYLES CONT.
How You Should Respond Be aware that gay men, lesbians,
transvestites, and transsexuals have higher victimization rates than average.
Develop patrol patterns to minimize “gay bashing,” or other crimes against these groups.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
GROUP: ECONOMIC STATUSFolkways or Values
The poor may have negative views of the criminal justice system based on past experiences with criminals and criminal behavior.
The poor may be ignorant of their rights and legal procedures. They may seek immediate, temporary gratification, not knowing their legal rights to other, more valuable or useful services.
The rich may seek more than their share of polices services.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
GROUP: ECONOMIC STATUS CONT. How You Should Respond
Be aware that many poor become victims of crime since they live in areas which tend to have higher crime rates.
You may be the only source of legal information to the poor.
Provide equal protection and service to all economic classes.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
GROUP: ELDERLYFolkways or Values
May be intolerant, suspicious of others, and feel neglected by the rest of society.
May retain attitudes and customs from earlier times.
May feel vulnerable and unable to exercise basic freedoms.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
GROUP: ELDERLY CONT.How You Should Respond
Be aware of signs of abuse and neglect of senior citizens.
Have sympathy with the ways and habits of the elderly.
Assure them that their rights are being respected and enforced.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
GROUP: YOUTHFolkways or Values
May challenge authority through actions and speech.
May be unaware or not accept the bounds of their capabilities.
May be unaware of criminal elements in society.
May distrust adults due to past or current abuse.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITYGROUP: YOUTH CONT.
How You Should Respond Develop effective means to communicate with
minors. Be aware of potential dangers they might
cause to themselves or others. Develop vehicle and foot patrol patterns to
protect children in public places such as parks. Be aware of signs and conditions of child
abuse.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
GROUP: PHYSICALLY DISABLEDFolkways or Values
May be very sensitive about their disabilities. May expect to fully participate.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
GROUP: PHYSICALLY DISABLED CONT.How You Should Respond
Be aware of the disabled person’s need to be accepted as a person.
Enforce fully the laws designed to provide equal access to disabled persons, e.g. handicapped parking, ramps, and elevators.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
GROUP: DEVELOPMENTALLY DISABLEDFolkways or Values
May display signs of disorientation in society, particularly if previously institutionalized.
May have attitudes and emotions similar to those of a young child exhibiting, for example, disruptive or bizarre behavior.
May distrust and be timid of others due to discrimination or abuse.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
GROUP: DEVELOPMENTALLY DISABLED CONT.
How You Should Respond Be watchful of the actions of these people and
take extra safety precautions on their behalf. Appreciate the difficulties and characteristics
of these individuals. Be aware of signs of abuse and neglect of
these citizens.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
GROUP: RELIGIOUSFolkways or Values
May feel misunderstood. Tend to congregate for religious services. May have strong reactions to government
interference.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
GROUP: RELIGIOUS CONT.How You Should Respond
Develop a positive way to communicate with different religious groups.
Develop patrol patterns to minimize crimes against these groups.
Appreciate concerns about religious values, customs.
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
When interacting with the community, a peace officer must provide these to all cultural/socio-economical groups and individual members the following:
Patience, understanding and respect Professional law enforcement based on an
objective examination of facts Knowledge of available community resources Protection of all persons’ civil rights
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
SUMMARY: INTERACTING WITH THE COMMUNITY
Interacting With The PublicWhen interacting with the public, here is a good guide for peace officers.
Know your community groups Know your community attitudes toward law
enforcement Know the cultural customs or your different groups Know your departmental policies and guidelines Know yourself
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
SUMMARY: INTERACTING WITH THE COMMUNITY CONT.
Agency Policies Guide Officer Interactions
A peace officer’s actions while interacting with different cultural or socio-economic groups must be guided by their agency policies, procedures and regulations.
Abide by all agency guidelines Enforce the law impartially Be aware of current changes in the law Comply with the Law Enforcement Code of Ethics
LEARNING ABOUT THE COMMUNITY
GENERAL GUIDELINES Be patient with all persons. Be familiar with the resources
available to members of each of these groups.
Remember that persons may respond negatively to you because of past discriminations.
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
Communication is the sending and receiving of messages, both verbal and non=verbal, between two or more persons.To communicate effectively, the message the sender gives should equal the message the receiver gets.Feedback is the receiver’s response to the message, which tells the sender whether the receiver has an accurate understanding of the message.As you communicate, be watchful for feedback that tells you how your message has been received.
COMMUNICATING AN ATTITUDE
FACTORS WHICH ELICIT A NEGATIVE RESPONSEOfficious and Oppressive Manner and Tone of VoiceAn oppressive manner is loud, intrusive, and overbearing.What does an oppressive manner do?
It discourages communication It discourages feedback It broadcasts an attitude of insecurity
You will never really be able to know all that is going on in a situation if your contacts resent your oppressive manner.
COMMUNICATING AN ATTITUDE
FACTORS WHICH ELICIT A NEGATIVE RESPONSE
Disrespectful AttitudeHow does a disrespectful attitude interfere with good communication?
It alienates the members of your community It conveys a lack of understanding and
sympathy It shows personal prejudice an cultural bias
COMMUNICATING AN ATTITUDE
FACTORS WHICH ELICIT A NEGATIVE RESPONSE
Negative Body LanguageNegative body language that indicates you are hostile to, or ignoring a person, can be a serious block to communication.What does negative body language do?
It makes a poor impression on all observers It may escalate a sensitive situation It may contradict what you are saying verbally
COMMUNICATING AN ATTITUDE
EXAMPLES OF NEGATIVE NON-LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION
Gestures Signalling “Stop!” with your hand Pointing at the person Glancing at your watch
Facial Expressions Sneering Frowning Poor eye contact
COMMUNICATING AN ATTITUDE
EXAMPLES OF NEGATIVE NON-LANGUAGE COMMUNICATION CONT.
Physical Expressions Clenching fists to the side to show anger Crossing arms across the chest as a form of
protection Shrugging shoulders
Tone of Voice Sarcastic, sneering Officious, overbearing
COMMUNICATION DIFFICULTIES
The first rule of effective communication is that the lines of communication must be clear of interference. How do you keep the lines of communication clear?
By conveying an attitude of self-confidence, professionalism and an understanding of the situation
By portraying a caring attitude By being attentive to what is being said, and how it
is being said. This also helps you maintain your own personal safety
By using language and vocabulary appropriate to the situation