Defense Against Infectious Diseases IB Topic 6.3.
-
Upload
sherilyn-pierce -
Category
Documents
-
view
225 -
download
4
Transcript of Defense Against Infectious Diseases IB Topic 6.3.
Pathogens cause disease
• Any living organism or virus that is capable of causing a disease is called a pathogen
• Examples: – Viruses, bacteria, fungi worms
• Exposure to the vast majority of pathogens does not cause disease
• Why?
Antibiotics
• Recall:– Our cells are eukaryotic cells and bacteria are
prokaryotic – Many differences (like …) including biochemical
reactions/pathways • Such as protein synthesis • Presence of a cell wall
• Antibiotics are chemicals that take advantage of the differences – Antibiotics can: block protein synthesis; block ability to
grow and divide
Do antibiotics work on viruses?
• NO
• Viruses make use of our own body cells’ metabolism to create new viruses
• Any chemical that could inhibit a virus could damage our own cells
• Antibiotics damage/kill prokaryotic cells
How can we keep pathogens from entering our body?
• Obviously, stay away from the source – Reason why people are quarantined
• Skin– Epidermis is the top layer; dermis is the
bottom layer– Epidermis is not truly alive – dead skin cells
make for good barrier – Important to cover and clean cuts
How can we keep pathogens from entering our body?
• Stomach acid– Some pathogens enter our system through food and
water – Acidic environment helps kill most pathogens
• Mucus – Pathogens enter through the air we breath– Nasal passages and mouth are covered with a mucus
membrane (also found in the urethra; vagina) – Secrete sticky mucus; trap incoming pathogens – Also secrete lysozyme (an enzyme that can
chemically damage many pathogens)
What happens when pathogens do get in?
• Phagocytic leukocytes (white blood cells) – Many different types & roles
• Macrophage – Large WBC– Change cellular shape to surround an invader and
take it through phagocytosis – Recognizes whether the cell is natural or an invader
• Based on protein molecules on the surface of all cells/viruses – Phagocytosis:
• Organelle lysosome chemically digests invader• Non-specific b/c the identity of the pathogen has not been
determined
Animation
• Phagocytosis
• http://www.pennmedicine.org/health_info/animationplayer/
Antibodies are produced in response to a specific pathogen
• Antibodies are protein molecules
• For example, if you had a measles infection, your body would produce one type of antibody
• Ditto for when you have the flu
• Each type of antibody is different because each type has been produced in response to a different pathogen
Antigens
• Antigens are molecules that our immune system considers to be “not-self” – Foreign proteins
• Most pathogens have several different antigens on their surface and may trigger many different types of antibody.
Antibody recognition of antigen
• Even though each type of antibody is different and specific for just one antigen, antibodies as a group have similarities:– Each antibody is a Y shaped protein– At the end of each Y is a binding site– The binding site is where the antibody
attaches itself to an antigen.
How does your immune system respond?
• The leukocytes that produce antibodies are called B lymphocytes (B cells)
• Each of us has many different types of B lymphocytes
• B cells are activated by T cells
How does your immune system respond?
• 1. A specific antigen is identified (e.g. cold virus)
• 2. A specific B lymphocyte is identified that can produce an antibody which will bind to the antigen (proteins on the cold virus)
• 3. The B lymphocyte and several identical B lymphocytes clone themselves (mitosis) to rapidly increase the number of the same type of B lymphocytes
How does your immune system respond?
• 4. The newly formed “army” begins antibody production
• 5. Newly released antibodies circulate in the bloodstream and eventually find their antigen match (the proteins of the pathogen)
How does your immune system respond?
• 6.Using various mechanisms, the antibodies eliminate the pathogen
• 7. Some of the cloned antibody-producing lymphocytes remain in the bloodstream and give immunity from a second infection by the same pathogen – They are called memory cells.
Animation
• Immune response
• http://www.pennmedicine.org/health_info/animationplayer/
Practice
• What is a pathogen?– A. A virus that causes a disease.– B. Any organism or virus that causes a
disease.– C. A disease caused by bacteria or
viruses.– D. Any organism transmitted from humans
to humans.
Practice
• How do phagocytic leucocytes help to protect against disease?– A. They secrete bacterial toxins by
exocytosis.– B. They ingest pathogens by endocytosis.– C. They produce antigens to destroy
pathogens.– D. They produce antibodies to destroy
pathogens.
Practice
• Why are there many different types of lymphocytes in the body?– A. Each type can recognize one specific antibody
and produces a specific antigen against it.– B. Each type can recognize one specific antigen
and produces a specific antibody against it.– C. Each type can recognize one antigen and
engulf it by phagocytosis.– D. Each type can recognize one antibody and
engulf it by phagocytosis.
Practice
Which of the following represents the correct sequence of events when the body is responding to a bacterial infection?
I. Antigen presentation by macrophagesII. Activation of B-cellsIII. Activation of helper T-cells
A. I, II, IIIB. I, III, IIC. III, II, ID. II, III, I
Practice
• Which of the following best describes antibodies?– A. Made by phagocytes and specific to one
antigen– B. Made by lymphocytes and specific to
one antigen– C. Made by leucocytes and non-specific– D. Made by phagocytes and non-specific