Deep sea vent ecosystemsrlee/ocean/ventbiology.pdf · 2013-07-15 · Deep sea vent ecosystems •...
Transcript of Deep sea vent ecosystemsrlee/ocean/ventbiology.pdf · 2013-07-15 · Deep sea vent ecosystems •...
Vent ecosystems
Deep sea hydrothermal
vents
Deep sea vent ecosystems
• High biomass and density
• Endemic species specialized for vent life
Seafloor away from vents
What is the source of food and
energy for these ecosystems?
Many vent animals are chemoautotrophic symbioses
• An adaptation to exploit sulfide-rich
environments
• Mutualism with
symbiontssatisfies much or all of the
host’s nutritional needs
Riftia
pachyptila
Calyptogena magnificaLife at the interface between
reduced and oxidized conditions
Symbiosis with bacteria that use chemicals from the vent
Hostile Hostile
environmentenvironment•• Steep and Steep and
variable variable
thermal thermal
gradientsgradients
•• metabolic metabolic
toxins toxins --
HH22S, S,
elevated elevated
COCO22, heavy , heavy
metalsmetals
NE Pacific vents
• Short transit time
• moderate depth
• integrated study site
• cabled observatories
• close to home
Thermal Thermal
tolerances of tolerances of
vent chimney vent chimney
faunafauna
Hot to cool: assemblages I toVI
Sarrazin et al. 1997
Assemblage I Assemblage I -- ParalvinellaParalvinella
sulfincolasulfincola
Sarrazin
Sulfide worms P. sulfincola
Assemblage IIAssemblage II--P. P. sulfincolasulfincola/P. /P.
palmiformispalmiformis
Sarrazin
Assemblage III Assemblage III -- P. P. palmiformispalmiformis, , LepetodrilusLepetodrilus
fucensisfucensis, , DepressigyraDepressigyra globulusglobulus
Sarrazin
Assemblage Assemblage
IV/V IV/V --
RidgeiaRidgeia
piscesaepiscesae
Sarrazin
Assemblage VI Assemblage VI --
Senescent Senescent
RidgeiaRidgeia, ,
detritivoresdetritivores, ,
scavengersscavengers
Sarrazin
Thermal tolerance
High pressure systemHigh pressure system
Investigate temperature and sulfide tolerance
• P. sulfincola type I&II
• P. palmiformis type II, III
• L. fucensis, D. globulus type II,III, IV&V
D. globulus and P. palmiformis
P. sulfincola 42-43 degrees C P. sulfincola at 50-52 degrees C
Can we be sure that 55 C is the thermal maximum for P.
sulfincola
Thermal preference in a gradient
In situ heating experiment
Worm heater
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1 10 19 28 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 100 109 118 127 136
de
gre
es
C
Thermal mapping of the vent
environment
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sensor 7
sensor6
outside sensor 3
sensor3
sensor 5
tide (m)
In situ time-lapse
camera and temperature sensor array
Temperature record over 27 hours
Dive 4528 Ashes
Hand held array on sulfide worm/senescent
Ridgeia
Camera 8 dive 4527 4528
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1 69 137 205 273 341 409 477 545 613 681 749 817 885
Series1
Neptune Canada
temperature array
camera
temperaturesensors
temperaturearrays
A B
C
Temperature arrays
• Deploy by Neptune Canada
cameras
• Plugged into network
• Stand alone instruments