Deep Sea Drilling Project Inital Reports Volume 28

Initial Reportsof the

Deep Sea Drilling Project

A Project Planned by and Carried Out With the Advice of theJOINT OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FOR DEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES)

VOLUME XXVIII

covering Leg 28 of the cruises of the Drilling Vessel Glomar ChallengerFreemantle, Australia to Christchurch, New Zealand

December 1972—February 1973

PARTICIPATING SCIENTISTS

Dennis E. Hayes, Lawrence A. Frakes, Peter J. Barrett,Derek A. Burns, Pei-Hsin Chen, Arthur B. Ford, Ansis G. Kaneps,

Elizabeth M. Kemp, David W. McCollum, David J. W. Piper,Robert E. Wall, Peter N. Webb

SCIENCE EDITOR

Ansis G. Kaneps

Prepared for theNATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATIONNational Ocean Sediment Coring Program

Under Contract C-482By the

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIAScripps Institution of Oceanography

Prime Contractor for the Project

References to this Volume

It is recommended that reference to whole or part of this volumebe made in one of the following forms, as appropriate:

Hayes, D. E., Frakes, L. A., et al., 1975. Initial Reports of the DeepSea Drilling Project, Volume 28, Washington (U.S.Government Printing Office), p +

Barrett, P. J., 1975. Textural characteristics of Cenozoic preglacialand glacial sediments at Site 270, Ross Sea, Antarctica. InHayes, D. E., Frakes, L. A., et al., Initial Reports of the DeepSea Drilling Project, Volume 28, Washington (U.S.Government Printing Office), p., +

Printed July 1975

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 74-603338

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing OfficeWashington, D.C. 20402 - Price $18.65

IV

ForewordThe year 1972 marks the 100th anni-

versary of H.M.S. CHALLENGER—afterwhich D/V GLOMAR CHALLENGER isnamed. It is fitting that our century shouldhave its counterpart to the famous ship of the19th century, which helped establish ocean-ography as a science through her voyages. It isequally fitting that GLOMAR CHALLENGERshould be plying the same waters one centurylater seeking answers to new problems concern-ing the history of our planet and of life on it.The fundamental advancement of our knowl-edge of the earth will lead to enhanced capabili-ties to understand its processes and to exploitits natural resources intelligently.

The Deep Sea Drilling Project is beingundertaken within the context of the NationalScience Foundation^ Ocean Sediment CoringProgram. The Foundation is funding the projectby means of a contract with the University ofCalifornia, and the Scripps Institution of Ocean-ography is responsible for its management. TheUniversity has, in turn, subcontracted withGlobal Marine Incorporated for the services ofthe drilling ship, GLOMAR CHALLENGER.Scientific planning, both of the detailed itineraryand of the preliminary analyses leading to theseInitial Reports, has been conducted under theauspices of the Joint Oceanographic Institutionsfor Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES). TheJOIDES consortium has convened severalpanels for that purpose, consisting of a largenumber of distinguished scientists from aca-demic institutions, government agencies, andprivate industry. Altogether, the project hasinvolved the active interest and participationof many of the Nation's best scientists and tech-nologists. Leading scientists from abroad haveparticipated and their countries have madecontributions to the project.

The first ocean coring operations for theDeep Sea Drilling Project began on August 11,1968. During the ensuing 18 months of drillingoperations in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans,the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Sea,the scientific objectives that had been set forthwere successfully accomplished. Primarily, theage of the ocean basins and their processes of

development were determined. Emphasis wasplaced on broad reconnaissance and on testingthe involvement of the mid-oceanic rise systemsin the development of the ocean basins.

As a result of the success of the Deep SeaDrilling Project, the National Science Founda-tion extended its contract with the Universityof California to encompass an additional 30months of drilling, allowing GLOMAR CHAL-LENGER to continue operations throughoutthe oceans of the world in exploring the deepocean floors. This extension includes a broadgeographic range of operations in the Atlantic,Pacific, and Indian Oceans, and the Mediter-ranean, Caribbean, Bering, and Red Seas. Theultimate goal is a fundamental advancement ofour knowledge of the earth.

These reports contain the results of initialstudies of the recovered core material and theassociated geophysical information. The con-tribution to knowledge has been exceedinglylarge and future studies of the core materialover many years will contribute much more.The National Science Board in its 1971 report,"Environmental Science—Challenge for theSeventies," stressed the importance of the workof the GLOMAR CHALLENGER:

Special mention should be made of the de-velopment of new types of deep sea drillingtechniques and their use on the unique, proto-type vessel, GLOMAR CHALLENGER. Thisfacility has brought to light in only a fewyears information that has literally revolu-tionized man's understanding of the physicalprocesses occurring in the earth's crust.

Moreover, industry should benefit greatlyfrom the project—from the technological ad-vances that are being made and through the in-formation being obtained on natural resources.

H. Güyford Stever

Washington, D. C.June 1972

Recognizing the need in the oçeanographiccommunity for scientific planning of a programto obtain deep sedimentary cores from theocean bottoms, four of the major oçeano-graphic institutions that had strong interests andprograms in the fields of marine geology andgeophysics, formed in May 1964, the JointOçeanographic Institutions for Deep EarthSampling (JOIDES). This group, Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory; RosenstielSchool of Marine and Atmospheric Science,University of Miami; the Scripps Institution ofOceanography, University of California at SanDiego; and the Woods Hole OçeanographicInstitution, expressed an interest in undertakingscientific planning and guidance of the sedi-mentary drilling program. It was the purposeof this group to foster programs to investigatethe sediments and rocks beneath the deepoceans by drilling and coring. The membershipof this original group was later enlarged in1968 when the University of Washington be-came a member.

Through discussions sponsored by theJOIDES organization, with support from theNational Science Foundation the Lamont-Doh-erty Geological Observatory operated a drillingprogram with Dr. J. Lamar Worzel as PrincipalInvestigator. This successful drilling effort earlyin the summer of 1965, on the Blake Plateauregion off Jacksonville, Florida, used the drillingvessel, Caldrill I.

With this success in hand, planning beganfor a more extensive deep sea effort. This re-sulted in the award of a contract by the NationalScience Foundation to the University of Cali-fornia for an eighteen-month drilling programin the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, termed theDeep Sea Drilling Project. Operations at seabegan in August 1968.

Vll

The goal of the Deep Sea Drilling Projectis to gather scientific information that will helpdetermine the age and processes of develop-ment of the ocean basins. The primary strategyis to drill deep holes into the ocean floor, relyinglargely on technology developed by the petro-leum industry.

Through the efforts of these five principalorganizations and of the panel members whichwere drawn from a large cross section of lead-ing earth scientists and associates, a scientificprogram was developed.

Cores recovered from deep beneath theocean floor will provide reference material fora multitude of future studies in fields such asbiostratigraphy, physical stratigraphy, and pa-leomagnetism, that will afford a new scope forstudies of the physical and chemical aspects ofsediment provenance, transportation, deposi-tion, and diagensis. In-hole measurements, asfeasible, should provide petrophysical data topermit inference of lithology of intervals fromwhich no cores were recovered.

A report, describing the core materials andinformation obtained both at sea and in labora-tories on shore, is published as soon as possibleafter the completion of each cruise. These re-ports are a cooperative effort of the scientistsparticipating in the cruise and are intended pri-marily to be a compilation of results which, itis hoped, will be the starting point for manyfuture new and exciting research programs.Preliminary interpretations of the data and ob-servations taken at sea, are also included.

Core materials and data collected on thecruise will be made available to qualified scien-tists through the Curator of the Deep SeaDrilling Project, following a Sample Distribution

Policy (p. xvii) approved by the National Sci-ence Foundation.

The advent of Glomar Challenger, with itsdeep-water drilling ability, is exceedingly time-ly. It has come when geophysical investigationof the oceans has matured through 20 to 30years of vigorous growth to the point wherewe have some knowledge about much of theformerly unknown oceanic areas of our planet.About one million miles of traverses had beenmade which tell us much about the global pat-tern of gravity, magnetic and thermal anomalies,and about the composition, thickness and strati-fication of the sedimentary cover of the deep-sea and continental margin. The coverage withsuch data has enabled the site selection panelsto pick choice locations for drilling. The knowl-edge gained from each hole can be extendedinto the surrounding area. Detailed geophysicalsurveys were made for most of the selected lo-cations prior to drilling.

The earth sciences have recently maturedfrom an empirical status to one in which sub-stantial theories and hypotheses about majortectonic processes are flourishing. Theoriesabout the origin of magnetic fields and magneticreversals, about ocean floor spreading and con-tinental drift, and about the thermal history ofour planet, have led to specific predictions thatcould be tested best by an enlightened programof sampling of deep-sea and continental marginsediments and underlying rocks.

The members of JOIDES and the scien-tists from all interested organizations who haveserved on the various advisory panels are proudto have been of service to the Nation and be-lieve that the information and core materialsthat have been obtained will be of value to stu-dents of earth sciences and all humanity formany years to come.

Vlll

Deep SeaDrilling Project

MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS OF THE JOINTOCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTIONS FORDEEP EARTH SAMPLING (JOIDES):

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, ColumbiaUniversity

Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sci-ence, University of Miami.

Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University ofCalifornia

University of Washington

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

OPERATING INSTITUTION:

Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, CaliforniaW. A. Nierenberg, Director

DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT

Principal Investigator andProject Manager

M. N. A. Peterson

Project Chief ScientistN. T. Edgar

IX

Participants Aboard

GLOMAR CHALLENGER for Leg Twenty Eight:

Dr. Dennis E. HayesCo-Chief Scientist

Lamont-Doherty GeologicalObservatory

Palisades, New York 10964

Dr. Lawrence A. FrakesCo-Chief Scientist

Monash UniversityClayton, Victoria, Australia

Dr. Peter J. BarrettSedimentologist

Department of GeologyVictoria University of WellingtonP.O. Box 196Wellington, New Zealand

Dr. Derek A. BurnsPaleontologist

Dept. of Scientific & Industrial ResearchNew Zealand Oceanographic InstituteP.O. Box 8009Wellington, New Zealand

Mr. Pei-Hsin ChenPalentologist

Lamont-Doherty GeologicalObservatory

Palisades, New York 10964

Dr. Arthur B. FordSedimentologist

Alaskan Geology BranchU.S. Geological Survey345 Middlefield RoadMenlo Park, California 94025

Dr. Ansis G. KanepsPaleontologist & Editorial Representative

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California 92037

Dr. Elizabeth M. KempSedimentologist

Bureau of Mineral ResourcesCanberra City, Australia

Mr. David W. McCollumPaleontologist

University of South CarolinaBeaufort, South Carolina

Dr. David J. W. PiperSedimentologist

Department of GeologyDalhousie UniversityHalifax, Nova Scotia, Canada

Dr. Robert E. WallGeophysics Specialist

Submarine Geology & GeophysicsNational Science FoundationWashington, D.C. 20550

Dr. Peter N. WebbPaleontologist

Northern Illinois UniversityDe Kalb, Illinois 60115

Mr. Lamar P. HayesCruise Operations Manager


Mr. Robert J. ConnollyMeteorologist

NO A A, National Weather ServiceSan Francisco, California 94111

Captain Loyd E. DillCaptain of the Drilling Vessel

Global Marine Inc.Los Angeles, California

Mr. Cotton GuessDrilling Superintendent

Global Marine Inc.Los Angeles, California

Mr. Robert IuliucciLaboratory Officer


Mr. Dennis GrahamChemist


XI

Mr. Alan PorterElectronics Technician


Mr. George JonesPhotographer


Ms. Trudy WoodPaleontologist/ Technician


Ms. Louise HenryYeoman


Mr. Mark SandstromMarine Technician


Mr. Victor SoteloMarine Technician


Mr. Kirk Van AllynMarine Technician


Mr. John DewarMarine Technician

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of OceanographyLa Jolla, California'92037

Senior Project Personnel

Dr. Melvin N. A. PetersonPrincipal Investigator and

Project ManagerMr. Frank C. MacTernanDeputy Project ManagerDr. N. Terence EdgarChief ScientistMr. Valdemar LarsonOperations ManagerMr. Stanley T. SerockiProject Development EngineerDr. Thomas A. DaviesCo-ordinating Staff GeologistMr. William R. RiedelCurator

Dr. Peter R. SupkoChief Scientific EditorMr. Oscar WeserSenior Staff Scientist

Mr. Lamar HayesCruise Operations Manager

Mr. Robert E. OlivasLogistics Officer

Mr. Robert BowerContracts Officer

Mr. William T. SoderstromFinance Administrator

Miss Sue A. StrainPersonnel Officer

xn

Advisory Groups

JOIDES Executive CommitteeDr. William A. Nierenberg

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Arthur E. Maxwell

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. F. G. Walton Smith

Rosentiel School of Marine andAtmospheric Science

Dr. Maurice Rattray, Jr.University of Washington

Dr. Manik TalwaniLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. M. N. A. Peterson (Ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

JOIDES Planning CommitteeDr. William W. Hay

Rosentiel School of Marine andA tmospheric Science

Dr. Joe S. CreagerUniversity of Washington

Mr. William R. RiedelScripps Institution of Oceanography

Mr. John I. EwingLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. James R. HeirtzlerWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Dr. Gleb UdintsevP. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology

Dr. M. N. A. Peterson (Ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. N. Terence Edgar (Ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Atlantic Advisory PanelDr. Maurice Ewing*

University of Texas at GalvestonDr. William A. Berggren

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. Dennis Hayes

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Peter R. Vogt

United States Naval LaboratoryDr. Anthony Laughton

National Institute of OceanographyDr. Xavier LePichon

Centre Oceanologique de BretagneDr. Kenneth S. Deffeyes

Princeton University* Deceased

Dr. Fabrizio AumentoDalhousie University

Mr. John I. EwingLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. Enrico BonattiRosentiel School of Marine andAtmospheric Science

Dr. Charles D. HollisterWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution


Pacific Advisory PanelDr. E. L. Winterer

Scripps Institution of OceanographyDr. Kurt O. Boström


Dr. Charles C. WindischLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. David W. SchollUnited States Geological Survey

Dr. Roland von HueneUnited States Geological Survey

Dr. George SuttonUniversity of Hawaii

Dr. G. Ross HeathOregon State University

Dr. Enrico BonattiRosentiel School of Marine andA tmospheric Science

Dr. Nikolas I. ChristiansenUniversity of Washington


Mr. William RiedelScripps Institution of Oceanography

Gulf Advisory PanelDr. Charles E. Helsley

University of Texas at DallasDr. Henry L. Berryhill, Jr.

United States Geological SurveyDr. Arnold Bouma

Texas A&M UniversityDr. Joe S. Creager

University of WashingtonDr. Joseph R. Curray

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

xm

Dr. William W. HayRosentiel School of Marine andAtmospheric Science

Dr. Elazar UchupiWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Dr. Guillermo P. SalasCiudad Universitaria

Dr. J. Lamar WorzelUniversity of Texas at Galveston

Mediterranean Advisory PanelDr. Kenneth J. Hsu

Geologisches Institut der E.T.H.Dr. William B. F. Ryan

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Enrico Bonatti

Rosentiel School of Marine andA tmospheric Science

Dr. David A. RossWoods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Dr. Maria B. CitaUniversity of Milano

Dr. Lucien MontadertInstitut Francais du Petrole

Dr. M. MuratovP. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology

Dr. Frank H. FabriciusTechnische Universitat Munchen

Antarctic Advisory PanelDr. Dennis E. Hayes

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Robert H. Ruthford

University of NebraskaDr. James P. Kennett

University of Rhode IslandDr. Ian W. D. Dalziel

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. David W. Scholl

United States Geological SurveyDr. James R. Heirtzler

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. William G. Melson

Smithsonian InstitutionDr. Peter Barker

University of BirminghamDr. David J. W. Piper

Dalhousie UniversityAdvisory Panel on Information HandlingDr. Melvin A. Rosenfeld

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. Daniel W. Appleman

United States Geological Survey

Mr. Jack G. BarrStandard Oil Company of California

Dr. James C. KelleyUniversity of Washington

Mr. William R. RiedelScripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. Thomas A. Davies (Ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. Peter R. Supko (Ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Advisory Panel on Igneous andMetamorphic PetrographyDr. Ian D. MacGregor

University of California at DavisDr. Frederick A. Frey

Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyDr. Stanley R. Hart

Carnegie Institution of WashingtonDr. William G. Melson

Smithsonian InstitutionDr. Akiho Miyashiro

State University of New York at AlbanyDr. Nikolas I. Christiansen

University of WashingtonDr. Leonid Dmitriev

Academy of Sciences of the USSRDr. James R. Heirtzler

Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution

Advisory Panel on Pollution Preventionand SafetyDr. Hollis P. Hedberg

Princeton UniversityDr. H. Grant Goodell

University of VirginiaDr. Louis E. Garrison

United States Geological SurveyMr. William F. Allinder

Texaco, IncorporatedDr. Manik Talwani

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Maurice Ewing*

University of Texas at GalvestonDr. William W. Hay


Dr. Edward L. WintererScripps Institution of Oceanography

Dr. Dennis HayesLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Mr. Oscar E. Weser (Ex-officio)Scripps Institution of Oceanography

* Deceased

x iv

Advisory Panel on Organic GeochemistryDr. John M. Hunt

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. Earl W. Baker

Northeast Louisiana UniversityDr. J. Gordon Erdman

Phillips Petroleum CompanyDr. Richard D. Mclver

Esso Production Research LaboratoryDr. William W. Hay


Advisory Panel on Inorganic GeochemistryDr. Robert M. Garrels

University of HawaiiDr. Wallace S. Broecker

Lamont-Doherty Geological ObservatoryDr. Ian R. Kaplan

University of California at Los AngelesDr. Frank T. Manheim

United States Geological SurveyDr. Karl K. Turekian

Yale UniversityMr. John I. Ewing

Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Advisory Panel on Paleontology andBiostratigraphyDr. William A. Berggren

Woods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionDr. Helen N. Loeblich

University of California at Los AngelesDr. C. W. Drooger

University of UtrechtDr. William W. Hay


Dr. Erie G. KauffmanSmithsonian Institution

Dr. Emile A. Pessagno, Jr.University of Texas at Dallas

Dr. Alan ShawAmoco Production Company

Dr. Tsunemasa SaitoLamont-Doherty Geological Observatory

Dr. Valeri A. KrasheninnikovGeological Institute of theAcademy of Sciences of USSR

Advisory Panel on Sedimentary Petrologyand Physical PropertiesDr. George H. Keller

National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration

Dr. John T. WhettenUniversity of Washington

Dr. Harry E. CookUnited States Geological Survey

Dr. Tj. H. van AndelOregon State University

Dr. Adrian F. RichardsLehigh University

Dr. Alfred G. FischerPrinceton University

Dr. Nahum SchneidermannGulf Research & Development Company

Dr. Joe S. CreagerUniversity of Washington

Dr. Edwin L. HamiltonNaval Undersea Center

Mr. Henry L. GillNaval Civil Engineering Laboratory

JOIDES Industrial Liaison PanelMr. W. A. Roberts

Phillips Petroleum CompanyMr. Fred C. Ackman

Esso Exploration Inc.Mr. Melvin J. Hill

Gulf Oil CorporationMr. John D. Moody

Mobil Oil Corporation

XV

Deep Sea Drilling ProjectSAMPLE DISTRIBUTION POLICY

Distribution of Deep Sea Drilling samples will beundertaken in order to (1) provide supplementarydata for inclusion in the appropriate Initial Reportto support Glomar Challenger scientists in achievingthe scientific objectives of their particular cruise, and(2) provide individual investigators with material toconduct detailed studies beyond the scope of theInitial Reports.

The National Science Foundation has established aSample Distribution Panel to advise on distributionof core material. This panel is chosen in accordancewith usual Foundation practices, in a manner thatwill assure advice in the various disciplines leadingto a complete and adequate study of the core andrelated materials. Funding for the proposed researchis handled separately by the investigator, not throughthe Deep Sea Drilling Project.

Distribution of samples for contributions to InitialReportsAny investigator who wishes to contribute a paperto a given volume of the Initial Reports may writeto the Curator, Deep Sea* Drilling Project, ScrippsInstitution of Oceanography, University of California,at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, requestingsamples from a forthcoming cruise. The requestshould include the nature of the study, and type, size,number of samples, particular sampling techniquesor equipment that might be required, and an estimateof the time required to complete the study. The re-quests will be reviewed by shipboard scientists, and,if they are deemed suitable and pertinent to the objec-tives of the leg, and shipboard workload permits, therequested samples will be taken during the cruise(provided, of course, material suitable to the investi-gation is obtained during the drilling). In case ofmultiple requests to perform the same investigation,selection of investigator will be made by the ship-board scientific party. Proposals should be of a scopeappropriate to complete the sampling and study intime for publication in the Initial Reports. Studiesdeemed acceptable will be referred to the Curatorwho will, with the consent of the NSF Sample Dis-tribution Panel, authorize distribution of the samples.The Sample Distribution Panel and the Deep SeaDrilling Project will strive to ensure that there is areasonable degree of continuity in the investigationsamong the various cruises, that the studies are per-tinent to goals of the cruise, and that they areconsistent with the publication policy for the InitialReports. Subject to these same provisions, the ship-

board scientific party may elect to have special studiesof selected core samples of its recently completedcruise made by other investigators.

Investigations not completed in time for inclusion inthe Initial Report may not be published in otherjournals until publication of the Initial Report forwhich it was intended, though it is expected that theywill normally be published as an appendix in a laterInitial Report volume.

Distribution of Samples for publication other thanin Initial Reports1. Researchers intending to request samples for

studies beyond the scope of the Initial Reportsshould first obtain a sample request form from theCurator, Deep Sea Drilling Project, Scripps In-stitution of Oceanography, University of Cali-fornia at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037.Requests should specify the quantities and inter-vals of the core required, a statement of the pro-posed research, the possibility of returning residueto the Curator, the estimated time required tocomplete and publish the results, and the avail-ability or need of funding and availability ofequipment and space foreseen for the research.

In order to ensure that requests for highly desir-able but limited samples can all be considered,approval of requests and distribution of sampleswill not be made prior to 12 months after dateof completion of the cruise that collected thecores. Prior to the publication of an Initial Re-port, requests for samples from a cruise can bebased on the preliminary shipboard core logs.Copies of these logs will be kept on open file atScripps Institution of Oceanography and otherdesignated institutions. The only exceptions tothis policy will be for specific instances involvingephemeral properties.

Requests for samples from researchers in indus-trial laboratories will be handled in the samemanner as those from academic organizations,and there will be the same obligation to publishresults promptly. Requests from foreign scientistsor organizations will also be considered.

2. The Deep Sea Drilling Projects Curator has theresponsibility for distributing samples, controllingquality of samples, and preserving core material.He also has the responsibility for maintaining arecord of requests for samples that have been

*RevisedJune 1972.

xvu

processed and filled indicating the investigatorand subjects to be studied. This record will beavailable to investigators.

The distribution of samples will be made directlyfrom the two repositories at Lamont-Doherty Ge-ological Observatory and Scripps Institution ofOceanography by the Curator or his designatedrepresentative.

3. (a) Samples up to 50 cc/meter of core lengthcan be automatically distributed by the Curator,Deep Sea Drilling Project, or his authorizedrepresentative to any qualified investigator whorequests them. The Curator will refrain frommaking automatic distribution of any parts of thecores which appear to be in particularly highdemand or limited supply, and any requests forthese parts of the cores will be referred to theSample Distribution Panel for review. Requestsfor samples from stratigraphic boundaries willalso generally require Panel review.

(b) All requests for samples in excess of 3 (a)above will be referred to the Sample DistributionPanel.

(c) If, in the opinion of scientific investigators,certain properties they wish to study may de-teriorate prior to the normal availability of thesamples, such investigators may request that thenormal waiting period not apply. All such re-quests must be approved by the Sample Distribu-tion Panel.

4. Samples will not be provided prior to assurancethat funding for sample studies either exists oris not needed. However, neither formal approvalof sample requests nor distribution of sampleswill be made until the appropriate time (Item 1).If a sample request is dependent, either whollyor in part, on proposed funding, the Curator willprovide to the organization to whom the fundingproposal has been submitted any information onthe availability (or potential availability) of sam-ples that it may request.

5. Investigators receiving samples are responsiblefor:

i) promptly publishing significant results;

ii) acknowledging, in publications, that sampleswere supplied through the assistance of theNational Science Foundation;

iii) submitting four (4) copies of all reprints ofpublished results to the Curator, Deep SeaDrilling Project, Scripps Institution of Ocean-ography, University of California at SanDiego, La Jolla, California 92037;

iv) notifying the Curator of any work done onthe samples that is additional to that statedin the original request for samples;

v) returning, in good condition, the remaindersof samples after termination of research, ifrequested by the Curator.

6. Cores will be made available at repositories forinvestigators to examine and specify exact sam-ples in such instances as this may be necessaryfor the scientific purposes of the sampling, subjectto the limitations of 3 (a) , (b) , (c) , and 5,above, and with the specific permission of theCurator or his delegate.

7. Cores of igneous and metamorphic rocks willalso remain at the repositories where they willbe available for observation and description andwhere selected samples may be taken for thin-section preparation and other work.

8. The Deep Sea Drilling Project routinely processesby computer most of the quantitative data pres-ented in the Initial Reports. Space limitations inthe Initial Reports preclude the detailed presen-tation of all such data. However, copies of thecomputer readout are available for those whowish the data for further analysis or as an aidin selecting samples.

Magnetics, seismic reflection and bathymetric datacollected underway by the Glomar Challengerwill also be available for distribution twelvemonths after completion of the cruise.

Requests for these data may be made to:

Coordinating Staff ScientistDeep Sea Drilling ProjectScripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California at San DiegoLa Jolla, California 92037

A charge may be made to recover the expensesof responding to individual requests. Estimatedcharges can be furnished before the request isprocessed, if required.

9. This policy has the approval of the National Sci-ence Foundation and is designed to help ensurethat the greatest possible scientific benefit isgained from the materials obtained, and thatsamples will be made widely available to inter-ested geologists.

xvni

CONTENTS

Chapter Page

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 1

PART I: SHIPBOARD SITE REPORTS 3

1. INTRODUCTION 5Dennis E. Hayes, Lawrence A. Frakes, Peter J.Barrett, Derek A. Burns, Pei-Hsin Chen, ArthurB. Ford, Ansis G. Kaneps, Elizabeth M. Kemp,David W. McCollum, David J. W. Piper, Robert E.Wall, Peter N. Webb

2. SITE 264 19The Shipboard Scientific Party






8. SITES 270, 271, 272 211The Shipboard Scientific Party



PART II: PALEONTOLOGY 435

11. ANTARCTIC RADIOLARIA 437Pei-Hsin Chen

12. DIATOM STRATIGRAPHY OF THESOUTHERN OCEAN 515D. W. McCollum

13. CENOZOIC PLANKTONICFORAMINIFERA FROM ANTARCTICDEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS,LEG 28, DSDP 573Ansis G. Kaneps

Chapter Page

14. FECAL PELLETS IN PLIOCENEANTARCTIC DEEP-SEA SEDIMENTS,LEG 28, DSDP 585A. G. Kaneps

15. NANNOFOSSIL BIOSTRATIGRAPHY FORANTARCTIC SEDIMENTS, LEG 28,DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT 589D. A. Burns

16. PALYNOLOGY OF LEG 28 DRILL SITES,DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT 599Elizabeth M. Kemp

17. BIOSTRATIGRAPHY AND PALEOECOLOGYOF NEOGENE AND OLIGOCENESILICOFLAGELLATES FROM CORESRECOVERED DURING ANTARCTICLEG 28, DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT . 625Paul F. Ciesielski

18. OLIGOCENE-MIOCENE BIVALVEMOLLUSCA AND OTHER MACROFOSSILSFROM SITES 270 AND 272 (ROSS SEA),DSDP, LEG 28 693R. K. Dell, C. A. Fleming

19. NEOGENE PLANKTONICFORAMINFERAL STRATIGRAPHY INDEEP-SEA DRILLING SITES,SOUTHEAST INDIAN OCEAN 705J. P. Kennett

20. COCCOLITH AND SILICOFLAGELLATESTRATIGRAPHY NEAR ANTARCTICA,DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT,LEG 28 709David Bukry

PART III: SEDIMENTOLOGICAL ANDGEOCHEMICAL STUDIES 725

21. DEEP-WATER CONTINENTAL MARGINSEDIMENTATION, DSDP, LEG 28,ANTARCTICA 727David J. W. Piper, Creighton D. Brisco

22. TEXTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OFCENOZOIC PREGLACIAL AND GLACIALSEDIMENTS AT SITE 270, ROSS SEA,ANTARCTICA 757Peter J. Barrett

xix

Chapter Page Chapter Page

23. CHARACTERISITCS OF PEBBLES FROMCENOZOIC MARINE GLACIAL SEDIMENTSIN THE ROSS SEA (DSDP SITES 270-274)AND THE SOUTH INDIANOCEAN (SITE 268) 769Peter J. Barrett

24. PALEOCLIMATIC SIGNIFICANCE OFSOME SEDIMENTARY COMPONENTSAT SITE 274 785L. A. Frakes

25. GEOCHEMISTRY OF ROSS SEADIAMICTS 789L. A. Frakes

26. GEOCHEMISTRY OF BURIEDMIOCENE-PLEISTOCENEFERROMANGANESE NODULESFROM THE ANTARCTIC OCEAN 795F. Aumento, J. M. MacGillivray

27. INTERSTITIAL WATER STUDIES,LEG 28 805Richard Mann, Joris M. Gieskes

28. HYDROCARBON GASES IN CANNEDCORE SAMPLES FROM LEG 28 SITES271, 272, AND 273, ROSS SEA 815Richard D. McIver

PART IV: PETROLOGICAL AND PALEOMAGNETICSTUDIES 819

29. VOLCANIC ROCKS OF NATURALISTEPLATEAU, EASTERN INDIAN OCEAN,SITE 264, DSDP LEG 28 821A. B. Ford

30. ANTARCTIC DEEP-SEA BASALT,SOUTHEAST INDIAN OCEAN ANDBALLENY BASIN, DSDP LEG 28 835A. B. Ford, Peter J. Barrett

31. BASEMENT ROCKS OF THESOUTH-CENTRAL ROSS SEA, SITE270, DSDP LEG 28 861A. B. Ford

32. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF OCEANICBASALT SAMPLES 869William Lowrie, Dennis E. Hayes

33. A PALEOMAGNETIC STRATIGRAPHYFOR OLIGOCENE AND EARLY MIOCENEMARINE GLACIAL SEDIMENTS AT SITE270, ROSS SEA, ANTARCTICA 879Richard G. Allis, Peter J. Barrett,David A. Christoffel

PART V: REGIONAL SYNTHESIS 885

34. A GEOPHYSICAL STUDY OF THEROSS SEA, ANTARCTICA 887Dennis E. Hayes, F. J. Davey

35. PALEOCLIMATIC SIGNIFICANCE OFDIACHRONOUS BIOGENIC FACIES,LEG 28, DEEP SEA DRILLINGPROJECT 909Elizabeth M. Kemp, Lawrence A. Frakes,Dennis E. Hayes

36. GENERAL SYNTHESIS, DEEP SEADRILLING PROJECT LEG 28 919Dennis E. Hayes, Lawrence A. Frakes

PART VI: APPENDICES 943

I. BATHYMETRIC, MAGNETIC, ANDSEISMIC REFLECTION DATA:GLOMAR CHALLENGER, LEG 28 945Dennis E. Hayes, Robert E. Wall

II. DEFORMATION OF STIFF ANDSEMILITHIFIED CORES FROM LEGS18 AND 28 977David J. W. Piper

III. X-RAY MINERALOGY DATA,AUSTRAL-ANTARCTIC REGION, LEG 28,DEEP SEA DRILLING PROJECT 981H. E. Cook, I. Zemmels, J. C. Matti

IV. METHODS OF SAMPLE PREPARATIONAND X-RAY DIFFRACTION DATAANALYSIS, X-RAY MINERALOGYLABORATORY, DEEP SEA DRILLINGPROJECT, UNIVERSITY OFCALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE 999H. E. Cook, P. D. Johnson, J. C. Matti,I. Zemmels

INDEX 1009

xx

ACKNOWLEDGMENTSUnpublished geological and geophysical data were provid-

ed by several sources, mainly Lamont-Doherty GeologicalObservatory, Florida State University, and the University ofRhode Island1 The bulk of these data was collected as a partof the Antarctic circumpolar survey conducted aboard theUSNS Eltanin, the polar research vessel supported by the Of-fice of Polar Programs (OPP) of the National Science Foun-dation. Special efforts were made by OPP to insure ad-ditional, needed geophysical survey data from the Ross Seaarea by implementing a site surveying cruise in the Ross Sea{Eltanin Cruise 52). R. Houtz and F. Davey served as chiefscientists on that cruise, and their contribution is gratefullyacknowledged. The LDGO seismic profiler data (includingrecords from research vessels Vema and Conrad as well asEltanin) constituted the primary source of information on thebasis of which the sites drilled on this leg were selected. Thesedata together with piston core descriptions provided by FSUhave provided an extremely valuable basis for the regionalsynthesis of our results.

Shore-lab studies by Paul Ciesielski (FSU) on silicoflagel-lates have provided an important contribution to thebiostratigraphic analysis of high-latitude sediments recoveredon Leg 28. In addition, his participation in the postcruisemeeting and preparation of the final site reports were ex-tremely valuable.

R. H. Fillon, University of Rhode Island, providedpreliminary and final copies of his Ph.D. thesis on sedimentsof the Ross continental shelf to members of the ShipboardParty.

We wish to thank the Global Marine shipboard staff, andin particular, Captain R. Dill; Drilling Superintendent, C.Guess; and Operations Manager, L. Hayes (SIO).

The shipboard technicians under the direction of R. Iuliuc-ci, competently provided essential scientific support services,often operating under difficult environmental conditions.

Lastly, we thank the JOIDES Antarctic Advisory Panel andDSDP for their roles in formulating and implementing a verysuccessful first Antarctic drilling leg.

In parts of East Antarctica West Antarctica is east, inothers west. This of course depends on if you are in east EastAntarctica or west. However, if you are in west West Ant-arctica, East Antarctica is west unless you want to go to westEast Antarctica in which case it is east. The same holds foreast West Antarctica only in reverse except that if you want togo to west East Antarctica, you still go east.

No wonder we don't know what we found!D. E. H.

Deep Sea Drilling Project Inital Reports Volume 28

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