DEDUCTING E-MOBILITY LOADING STATIONS ......6 Galeria Duisburg 333 22 Papendelle 94 7 Galeria...

DEDUCTING E-MOBILITY LOADING

STATIONS LOCATIONS FROM CITY

PARKING DATA

Sascha Bioly

Viktor Kuchshaus*

Matthias Klumpp

17th International Working Seminar on

Production Economics

Innsbruck, 22. February 2012

Agenda

1. Introduction

2. Climate change

3. E-vehicles

4. Environmental balance

5. Climate program

6. Concept for Duisburg

2 Bioly/Kuchshaus/Klumpp: E-Mobility - Locations for loading stations Feb-22

1. Introduction

Car traffic : outstanding importance for our mobility

Undeniable: global dependence on oil as an energy source

Oil Shortages:

Resource is finite

Security problems,

political unrest

- 62% of reserves

in the middle east

Constant increasing demand

- BRICS countries *

More speculative markets

Statistical range: about 40 years

3 Feb-22

*) Brazil, Russia, India, China, Southafrica (since 12/2010)

49%

27%

13%

7% 4%

Year 2003

52%

24%

12%

6% 6%

Yahr 2030

Feb-22 3 Bioly/Kuchshaus/Klumpp: E-Mobility - Locations for loading stations

1. Introduction

Combustion of fossil fuels CO2 emissions

Goal of many nations: reducing emitted GHG quantities

see Kyoto Protocol - 11 December 1997, Kyoto (Japan)

Canada: “dropped out” on 13th December 2011

U.S. & China: never participated

Russia and Japan will not extend after 2012

Raw oil shortage + climatic goals = Search for alternatives

Solution: electric mobility (e-mobility)?

Problem: range of electric vehicles


for comparison:

coal: 6.670 Wh/kg

Uranium (235U): 18,7 Mio. kWh/kg

1 kg Uranium = 2.800 t coal

Energy density of in Wh/kg Energy density of in Wh/kg

rech

arg

ea

bl

a

lead-acid 35

fue

l

diesel 12.800

Ni-MH 90 benzine 11.800

Li-Ionen 130 methanol 6.370

2. Climate change

5 Feb-22

trace gas anthropogenic origin development trend

1800 – 2000*

share to anth. greenhouse

effect

carbon dioxide

(CO2)

• use of fosil energy

• deforestation 280 ppm 370 ppm 61 %

methane (CH4) • use of fosil energy

• animal breeding, rice cultivation 0,28 ppm 0,31 ppm 15 %

nitrous oxide

(N2O) • espacially field work (fertilizer) k.A. 4 %

CFC-gases • man-made blowing gas (aerosol can)

• cooling liquid 0 ppb 0,5 ppb 11 %

sulfur

hexafluoride (SF6)

• e.g. cover gas at the technical

production of magnesium 0 ppb 40 ppb 4 %

* estimation ppm ≙ parts per million (10-6) ppb ≙ parts per billion (10-9)

CO2 (ppm) CH4 (ppb) N2O (ppb)


Announcement by the Federal Government (03/05/2010):

Till 2020 at least 1 million electric vehicles should be on Germany's

streets

42,3 Mio. cars in Germany (FMTA: 01.01.2011)

Alternative technologies are considered only slightly (40,000

vehicles)

Current infrastructure for loading stations is not sufficient

Option 1: Change batteries (China - standards?)

Option 2: widespread deployment of loading stations

Exemplary Investigation of Alternative 2 using the

example of the city of Duisburg

6 Feb-22

3. E-vehicles


Locations for loading stations in

the city of Dusiburg

- West germany (Ruhr area)

- population: 489.599 inhabitants

- biggest inland port in Europe

(Rhein)

7 Feb-22

3. E-vehicles


3. E-vehicles

Model VMax

(km/h)

Charging

duration

(hours

with

230V)

Charging

duration

(hours with

400V) for 80%

capacity

Seats

(adults)

Battery

capacity

(kWh)

consumption

(kWh/100km)

range

(km)

Monthly

procution

(state)

Citroën

C-Zero 130 6 0,5 4 16 13,5 150 ?

Mitsubishi

i-MiEV 130 6 0,5 4 16 13,5 150 2.100 (2011)

Nissan

Leaf 150 7 0,5 5 24 21 175 3.300 (2012)

Peugeot iOn 130 6 0,5 4 16 13,5 150 ?

Renault

Fluence Z.E. 135 7 0,5 5 22 ? 185 ?

Renault

Kangoo Z.E. 130 7 0,5 2 22 ? 170 ?



How many CO₂-Emissions are really caused by E-vehicles

‚Local„: zero emission, thus 0 gramm CO₂ per km

Next to the emissions in the production of the vehicles (scope

3!) the carbon dioxide from electricity generation is relevant


types of power plants in the

CO₂- comparison

CO₂-emission

[g/kWh]

Wind energy Offshore 23

Wind energy Onshore 24

Solar power [Import from spain] 27

Nuclear power station 32

Hydroelectric power station 40

Multicrystalline solar cell 101

Combined Cycle Power Plant

(heating) 148

Combined Cycle Power Plant 428

Importing Coal-fired power plant 622

Brown coal heating plant 729

Importing blue coal power plant 949

Brown coal power plant 1.153

744 744 711 708 704 697

676 651 653

632 629 643 637 625

603 597 590 605

570 565 563

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800 CO₂ emission factor of the electricity mix [g/kWh]

Feb-22 Bioly/Kuchshaus/Klumpp: E-Mobility - Locations for loading stations 10


Energy mix in different states

(Germany)

government decision to

phase out nuclear energy

No change in e.g.

North Rhine-Westphalia

Strong change in e.g.

Bavaria

replaced nuclear energy by

renewable forms of energy

not possible

Even more Emissions

caused by more coal plants

Feb-22 11

5. Climate program

Global programs

- USA, Germany, China -


E-vehicles model regions

in Germany

Feb-22 12

5. Climate program

8 model regions in Germany

Budget of 130 million EUR

Cooperation of science, industry

and the participating communes

different research and development

projects to set up infrastructure

Aim:

research and production site for

e-mobility

location for electric vehicles

training capacity for e-mobility



Managed parking areas in Duisburg




Name Parking

lots Name

Parking

lots

1 Averdunk 479 17 Burgplatz 133

2 CityPalais 670 18 Nahestr. 80

3 City-Parkhaus 544 19 Obermauerstr. 70

4 Düsseldorfer Str. 191 20 Oberstr. 60

5 Friedrich-Wilhelm-Str. 100 21 Oranienstr. 100

6 Galeria Duisburg 333 22 Papendelle 94

7 Galeria Kaufhof 426 23 Sinn-Leffers 86

8 Hauptbahnhof 97 24 Steinische Gasse 85

9 Hauptbahnhof Ost 100 25 Steinische Gasse 84

10 Immobiliencenter Sparkasse 214 26 Stresemannstr. 450

11 Innenhafen 77 27 UCI-Parkhaus 398

12 Königstr. 568 28 Universitätsstr. 65

13 Köhnenstr. 30 29 Schifferstr. 150

14 Köhnenstr. 60 30 Schifferstr. 200

15 Kuhlenwall 45 31 Forum 600

16 Marktplatz 150 ∑ total 6.739


Current loading stations in Duisburg



concept 1: proposal


Further concepts (ideas):

• Non-clustered distribution of the loading stations at all managed

Parking areas

• 1 central location with the total contingent for loading stations in the

city of Duisburg

• Involvement of ‚private„ parking lots

In the Silberpalais an underground parking park with 3 storeys is

availible that is not mentioned in any statistics

• Preferation in the distribution of loading stations

espacially for parking lots that are provided

longterm parking

UCI-cinema parking parc; Mo-Fr, 06:00 – 18:00 rent to

an long-term parking



To get more detailed results more data has to be collected,

e.g.:

• Will the 2-3% e-vehicles in Germany be distributed equally or is it

more reasonable to set up clusters like „Ruhr-area“

• How many people living in Duisburg but working outside of

Duisburg will use E-vehicles (charging in the night)?

• How many people not living in Duisburg but working in Duisburg

will switch to E-vehicles (charging a day)?

• Average occupancy of parking areas

• Average spending duration per car

• Share of short-term or long-term needs to be determined for

loading stations



DEDUCTING E-MOBILITY LOADING

STATIONS LOCATIONS FROM CITY

PARKING DATA

Thanks for your attention!

Sascha Bioly, Viktor Kuchshaus, Matthias Klumpp

Contact: Sascha Bioly

+49 (0) 201 81004-553

[email protected]

www.fom-ild.de

DEDUCTING E-MOBILITY LOADING STATIONS ......6 Galeria Duisburg 333 22 Papendelle 94 7 Galeria...

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