Decreasing Mass Cosmology and the Accelerating Expansion of the Universe

4
8/20/2019 Decreasing Mass Cosmology and the Accelerating Expansion of the Universe http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/decreasing-mass-cosmology-and-the-accelerating-expansion-of-the-universe 1/4 ILA]LNQBJE-FNQQ ADQFD@DER NJI YCL NAAL@L]NYBJE LS_NJQBDJ DH YCL \JBXL]QL Ibfbtrb Il`bybnjjbs _cysbas Ilpnrtfljt, Nrbstdt`l \jbvlrsbty dh Yclssn`djbkb. lfnb`7 il`bybnjjbsOyncdd.er (Intli7 Gu`y >1, =?><) Ul anj lxp`nbj tcl naal`lrntbje lxpnjsbdj dh tcl ujbvlrsl my gust nssufbje tcnt tcl rlst fnss dh njy pnrtba`l ilarlnsls wbtc tcl tbfl nji tcl jdj-rl`ntbvbstba fnss idfbjntls dvlr njy dtclr adjtljt dh tcl ujbvlrsl tdiny. Adjalpts, suac ns inrk ljlrey, qubjtlssljal, vnauuf ljlrey, rlpu`sbvl hdrals nji sd dj nrl adfp`ltl`y ujjlalssnry. Ycl adsfd`deban` fdil`, wcbac bs mnsli dj tcbs biln ts plrhlat`y td tcl nstrdjdfban` intn. B. BJY]DI\AYBDJ. @lt‒s nssufl tcnt tcl rlst fnss dh njy pnrtba`l il- arlnsls wbtc tcl tbfl naadribje td tcl rl`ntbdj f 6  f ?  (t) (>) f bs tcl rlst fnss nt tbfl  t ,  f ?  bs tcl prlsljt rlst fnss. Hrdf jdw dj wl wb`` kjdw tcnt tcl sumsarbpt ‐?‖ bjib- antls tcl prlsljt vn`ul dh n qunjtbty.  h (t) bs n ilarlns- bje hujatbdj, wcbac wb`` ml iltlrfbjli `ntlr. Qbjal h (t) acnjels vlry s`dw`y wbtc tcl tbfl, npprdxbfntl`y bt anj ml wrbttlj (t) (> ¼t) (=) sd tcnt f f ? (> ¼t) Ns wl wb`` sll `ntlr,  ¼  6 (>.82 ¾ ?.?<) µ >? >3 sla > Hrdf (>) nji (=) ˒ f f  6 ˒  ≃∝¼  (1) Idts nrl scdrtcnji hdr tbfl ilrbvntbvls. Bj tcbs ansl, Jlwtdj‒s sladji `nw mladfls   6  i(f ό) it  6 fα  + ˒ f ό nji usbje (1), nhtlr rlnrrnjebje α  6  f  ∝ ˒  ό  ≃  f  + ¼ ό  (9)   bs n hdral natbje dj n fnss pdbjt  f, wcbac bs fdvbje wbtc vl`dabty  ό  nji naal`lrntbdj α . Bt‒s dmvbdus tcnt, lvlj, bh tclrl bs jd hdral natbje dj tcl fnss pdbjt (   6 ?) tclrl bs naal`lrntbdj, wcbac bs prdpdr- tbdjn` td tcl vl`dabty (α  ≃ ¼ ό). Ycbs cnppljs mlanusl dh tcl adjslrvntbdj dh fdfljtuf. Ycl fdfljtuf dh tcl pnrtba`l bs prdpdrtbdjn` td bts fnss  f  nji tcl vl`da- bty ό . Qbjal tcl fnss ilarlnsls naadribje td tcl rl`ntbdj f ≃ f ? (> ¼t) tcl vl`dabty scdu`i bjarlnsls naadribje td tcl rl`ntbdj  ό  ≃ ό ? (> + ¼t). Yclrl bs adjslrvntbdj dh fdfljtuf, mut tcl `nw dh adjslrvntbdj dh ljlrey bs vbd`ntli, mlanusl, sbjal tcl rlst fnss ilarlnsls tcl lqubvn`ljt ljlrey dh tcl pnrtba`l il- arlnsls tdd. Cdwlvlr tclrl bs nj ‐ljlrey pnrnidx‖ clrl7 Bj spbtl tcnt tcl tdtn` ljlrey ilarlnsls wbtc tcl tbfl tcl kbjltba ljlrey bjarlnsls wbtc tcl tbfl7 Ycl tdtn` ljlrey dh n pnrtba`l nt tbfl  t  6 ?, wclj bt fdvls hrll`y wbtc jdj-rl`ntbvbstba vl`dabty, bs ?  6  f ? a = +  > = f ? ό = ?  (<) Ynkbje bjtd naadujt tcnt  f f ? (> ¼t) nji mlanusl dh tcl adjslrvntbdj dh fdfljtuf  ό  ≃ ό ? (> + ¼t), tcl tdtn` ljlrey nt tbfl  t  wb`` ml ?  6  f ? a = (> ¼t) +  > = f ? ό = ? (> + ¼t) (8) Ns ydu anj sll, tcl sladji tlrf dj tcl rbect cnji sbil dh lquntbdj (8), wcbac rlprlsljts tcl kbjltba ljlrey, bj- arlnsls wbtc tcl tbfl, n`tcduec, my adfpnrbje (<) nji (8) nji kjdwbje tcnt  f ? a =  > = f ? ό = ? , wl rln`bzl tcnt tcl tdtn` ljlrey ilarlnsls wbtc tcl tbfl (L 0 L ? ). Hbjn``y, B scdu`i jdtl tcnt fnss`lss pnrtba`ls, suac ns pcdtdjs, nrl jdt nlatli dh tcl acnjel dh tcl rlst fnss. Yclrlhdrl, tcl `nw dh adjslrvntbdj dh ljlrey bs jdt vbd- `ntli my tclsl pnrtba`ls. BB. ADQFD@DEBAN@ L^\NYBDJQ. @lt‒s adjsbilr tcl ujbvlrsl ns n ujbhdrf lxpnjibje flibuf, wbtc fnss iljsbty ώ  nji nj dmslrvlr bj bt. Jdw adjsbilr n pnrtba`l n ibstnjal  r  nwny wbtc fnss  f. Iul td Jlwtdj‒s tcldrlf, tcbs pnrtba`l dj`y hll`s n hdral hrdf tcl fntlrbn` nt sfn``lr rnibus. Ycbs fntlrbn` cns tdtn` fnss ebvlj my  F  6 9Ϗώr 1 /1 adjtrbmutbje n hdral   6 EFf r =  ˈ r ?  6 9ϏEώrf 1  ˈ r ?  (5)

Transcript of Decreasing Mass Cosmology and the Accelerating Expansion of the Universe

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ILA]LNQBJE-FNQQ ADQFD@DER

NJI YCL

NAAL@L]NYBJE LS_NJQBDJ DH YCL \JBXL]QL

Ibfbtrb Il`bybnjjbs_cysbas Ilpnrtfljt,Nrbstdt`l \jbvlrsbty 

dh Yclssn`djbkb.

lfnb`7 il`bybnjjbsOyncdd.er (Intli7 Gu`y >1, =?><)

Ul anj lxp`nbj tcl naal`lrntbje lxpnjsbdj dh tcl ujbvlrsl my gust nssufbje tcnt tcl rlst fnss dh njy pnrtba`l ilarlnsls wbtc tcl tbfl nji tcl jdj-rl`ntbvbstba fnss idfbjntls dvlr njy dtclr adjtljtdh tcl ujbvlrsl tdiny. Adjalpts, suac ns inrk ljlrey, qubjtlssljal, vnauuf ljlrey, rlpu`sbvl hdralsnji sd dj nrl adfp l̀tl`y ujjlalssnry. Ycl adsfd`deban` fdil`, wcbac bs mnsli dj tcbs biln tsplrhlat`y td tcl nstrdjdfban` intn.

B. BJY]DI\AYBDJ.

@lt‒s nssufl tcnt tcl rlst fnss dh njy pnrtba`l il-arlnsls wbtc tcl tbfl naadribje td tcl rl`ntbdj

f 6  f?h  (t) (>)

f bs tcl rlst fnss nt tbfl  t, f?  bs tcl prlsljt rlst fnss.Hrdf jdw dj wl wb`` kjdw tcnt tcl sumsarbpt ‐?‖ bjib-antls tcl prlsljt vn`ul dh n qunjtbty.   h (t) bs n ilarlns-bje hujatbdj, wcbac wb`` ml iltlrfbjli `ntlr. Qbjal h (t)acnjels vlry s`dw`y wbtc tcl tbfl, npprdxbfntl`y bt anjml wrbttlj

h (t) ≃ (> ∝ ¼t) (=)

sd tcnt

f≃

f?

(>∝

¼t)Ns wl wb`` sll `ntlr,  ¼  6 (>.82 ¾ ?.?<) µ >?∝>3sla∝>

Hrdf (>) nji (=)

f 6

h˒ 

h   ≃ ∝¼   (1)

Idts nrl scdrtcnji hdr tbfl ilrbvntbvls. Bj tcbs ansl,Jlwtdj‒s sladji `nw mladfls

 H  6 i(fό)

it  6 fα  + f˒ό

nji usbje (1), nhtlr rlnrrnjebje

α  6 H 

f ∝

h˒ 

h  ό  ≃

 H 

f +  ¼ό   (9)

 H   bs n hdral natbje dj n fnss pdbjt  f, wcbac bs fdvbjewbtc vl`dabty ό  nji naal`lrntbdj α .Bt‒s dmvbdus tcnt, lvlj, bh tclrl bs jd hdral natbje dj tcl

fnss pdbjt (  H  6 ?) tclrl bs naal`lrntbdj, wcbac bs prdpdr-tbdjn` td tcl vl`dabty (α   ≃   ¼ό). Ycbs cnppljs mlanusldh tcl adjslrvntbdj dh fdfljtuf. Ycl fdfljtuf dh 

tcl pnrtba`l bs prdpdrtbdjn` td bts fnss  f  nji tcl vl`da-bty ό. Qbjal tcl fnss ilarlnsls naadribje td tcl rl`ntbdjf  ≃ f?(> ∝ ¼t) tcl vl`dabty scdu`i bjarlnsls naadribjetd tcl rl`ntbdj  ό  ≃ ό?(> + ¼t).

Yclrl bs adjslrvntbdj dh fdfljtuf, mut tcl `nw dh adjslrvntbdj dh ljlrey bs vbd`ntli, mlanusl, sbjal tcl rlstfnss ilarlnsls tcl lqubvn`ljt ljlrey dh tcl pnrtba`l il-arlnsls tdd. Cdwlvlr tclrl bs nj ‐ljlrey pnrnidx‖ clrl7Bj spbtl tcnt tcl tdtn` ljlrey ilarlnsls wbtc tcl tbfl tclkbjltba ljlrey bjarlnsls wbtc tcl tbfl7 Ycl tdtn` ljlreydh n pnrtba`l nt tbfl   t   6 ?, wclj bt fdvls hrll`y wbtcjdj-rl`ntbvbstba vl`dabty, bs

L ?  6  f?a= + >

=f?ό=

?  (<)

Ynkbje bjtd naadujt tcnt  f ≃ f?(>∝¼t) nji mlanusl dh tcl adjslrvntbdj dh fdfljtuf  ό  ≃ ό?(> + ¼t), tcl tdtn`ljlrey nt tbfl  t  wb`` ml

L ?  6  f?a=(>∝ ¼t) + >=

f?ό=

?(> + ¼t) (8)

Ns ydu anj sll, tcl sladji tlrf dj tcl rbect cnji sbildh lquntbdj (8), wcbac rlprlsljts tcl kbjltba ljlrey, bj-arlnsls wbtc tcl tbfl, n`tcduec, my adfpnrbje (<) nji(8) nji kjdwbje tcnt   f?a=

  >

=f?ό=

? , wl rln`bzl tcnttcl tdtn` ljlrey ilarlnsls wbtc tcl tbfl (L 0 L ?).Hbjn``y, B scdu`i jdtl tcnt fnss`lss pnrtba`ls, suac nspcdtdjs, nrl jdt nlatli dh tcl acnjel dh tcl rlst fnss.Yclrlhdrl, tcl `nw dh adjslrvntbdj dh ljlrey bs jdt vbd-`ntli my tclsl pnrtba`ls.

BB. ADQFD@DEBAN@ L^\NYBDJQ.

@lt‒s adjsbilr tcl ujbvlrsl ns n ujbhdrf lxpnjibjeflibuf, wbtc fnss iljsbty ώ  nji nj dmslrvlr bj bt. Jdwadjsbilr n pnrtba`l n ibstnjal  r  nwny wbtc fnss  f. Iultd Jlwtdj‒s tcldrlf, tcbs pnrtba`l dj`y hll`s n hdral hrdftcl fntlrbn` nt sfn``lr rnibus. Ycbs fntlrbn` cns tdtn`fnss ebvlj my  F  6 9Ϗώr1/1 adjtrbmutbje n hdral

 H  6 ∝EFf

r=  r̍?  6 ∝

9ϏEώrf

1  r̍?   (5)

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=

Ycl ujbt vlatdr r̍? bs tnjeljt td tcl ibstnjal r, nji pdbjtsbj tcl ibrlatbdj dh   r   bjarlnsbje.   E   bs tcl ernvbtntbdjn`adjstnjt.Naadribje td Cumm`l‒s `nw, tcl vl`dabty dh tcl pnrtba`l bs

ό 6  C rr̍?   (3)

wclrl C   bs tcl Cumm`l‒s pnrnfltlr.Bjslrtbje (5) nji (3) bj (9) wl dmtnbj

α  6 ∝9ϏEώ

1  rr̍? ∝

h˒ 

h  Crr̍?   (2)

Qbjal  ∝ h˒ h 

C   bs jlnr`y adjstnjt wl anj trlnt  α  ns n adj-

slrvntbvl l`i, sd tcnt wl anj slt

α  6 ∝ Ψ (>?)

wclrl Ψ bs n san`nr pdtljtbn`.Qumstbtutbje (>?) bj (2)

 Ψ 6 9ώ

1 rr̍? +

h˒ 

h  Crr̍?   (>>)

=Ψ 6

 9ώ1

 (rr̍?) +h˒ h 

 C  (rr̍?)

nji sbjal   (rr̍?) 6 1

=Ψ ∝ 1

h˒ 

h  C  6 9ϏEώ   (>=)

Lquntbdj (>=) bs tcl _dbssdj‒s lquntbdj wbtc tcl niib-

tbdjn` tlrf   ∝1 h˒ h C . Ycl njn`de lxtljsbdj dh lquntbdj

(>=) bj tcl eljlrn` tcldry dh rl`ntbvbty bs tcl lquntbdj

E¼ζ  + Λ(t)e¼ζ  6 3ϏE

a9  Y ¼ζ    (>1)

wclrl

Λ(t) 6 ∝1

a=h˒ 

h  C 

E¼ζ  bs Lbjstlbj‒s tljsdr, e¼ζ  bs tcl fltrba tljsdr nji  Y ¼ζ bs tcl ljlrey-fdfljtuf tljsdr.Bj hnat, lquntbdj (>1) bs Lbjstlbj‒s lquntbdj wbtc adsfd-`deban` adjstnjt Λ, mut wbtc djl iblrljal7 Λ bs jdt adj-stnjt. Bt acnjels vlry s`dw`y wbtc tcl tbfl. Ycnt‒s wcytcl `nw dh adjslrvntbdj dh ljlrey bs vbd`ntli, ns n`rlniycns mllj fljtbdjli.

Jdw `lt‒s nssufl n nt Hrblifnj-]dmlrtsdj-Un`klrujbvlrsl, bj wcbac tcl jdj-rl`ntbvbstba fnss idfbjntls

dvlr njy dtclr adjtljt dh tcl ujbvlrsl. Bj Anrtlsbnj addr-ibjntls  xb 6 (x?, x>, x=, x1) 6 (t ,x,y,z) tcl ]dmlrtsdj-Un`klr `bjl l`lfljt is  nji tcl tljsdrs e¼ζ , E¼ζ  nji Y ¼ζ nrl ebvlj my tcl lquntbdjs ml``dw.

is= 6 a=it= ∝ ξ=(t)[ix= + iy= + iz=V

e¼ζ  6 ibne(a=,∝ξ=,∝ξ=,∝ξ=)

E¼ζ  6 ibne(1 ξ˒

ξ,∝

ξ˒= + =ξξ̈

a=  ,∝

ξ˒= + =ξξ̈

a=  ,∝

ξ˒= + =ξξ̈

a=  )

Y ¼ζ  6 ibne(ώa9, ?, ?, ?)

¼, ζ   6 ?, >, =, 1 nji   ξ(t) bs tcl san`l hnatdr dh tcl ujb-vlrsl.Bjslrtbje tcl `nst tcrll lquntbdjs bj (>1), bj tcl usun`wny, wl dmtnbj tcl rst nji sladji dh tcl hd``dwbje lqun-tbdjs

Naal`lrntbdj lquntbdj 7

ξ̈

ξ   6∝

9ϏEώ

1  ∝

h˒ 

h  C Hrblifnj lquntbdj 7

C = 6 3ϏE

1  ώ ∝

h˒ 

h  C 

H`ubi lquntbdj 7

ώ˒

ώ + 1C  6

h˒ 

(>9)

C  6  ξ˒ξ   bs tcl Cumm`l‒s pnrnfltlr.

Ycl lnsy ilrbvntbdj dh tcl ubi lquntbdj, tcl tcbri dh lquntbdjs (>9), bs ns hd`̀ dws7 Bh   F ?   bs tcl fnss dh tclfntlrbn` bj n spclrban` rlebdj dh rnibus  r  nt   t 6 ?, tcljnt tbfl  t  bt wb`` ml  F  6 F ?h   dr   9

1Ϗώξ1 6   9

1Ϗώ?ξ1

?h   nji

jn``y

ώξ1 6 ώ?ξ1

?h    (><)

My iblrljtbntbje lquntbdj (><) wbtc rlsplat td tcl tbflwl dmtnbj tcl ubi lquntbdj.

BBB. ILYL]FBJNYBDJ DH YCL H\JAYBDJh (t).

Ul nrl stb`` jdt bj n pdsbtbdj td sd`vl tcl lquntbdjs(>9), mlanusl wl idj‒t kjdw tcl hujatbdj  h (t). Hdr tcliltlrfbjntbdj dh tcl hujatbdj h (t) nji hdr juflrban` sbf-u`ntbdjs, lquntbdjs scdu`i ml put bj ibfljsbdj`lss hdrf.Ns n rst stlp td tcbs ibrlatbdj wl wb`` usl tcl `denrbtcfbatbfl vnrbnm`l

ω  6 `j ξ

ξ?

(>8)

\sbje lquntbdj (>8) wl dmtnbj tcl hd``dwbje lquntbdjs7

iω 

it  6 C,  ώ˒ 6  ώC,  h˒  6 h C,  ξ˒ 6  ξC 

ξ̈ 6  ξ

C =

+ ξ

C, ξ 6  ξ

6 ξ

(>5)

_rbfls nrl scdrtcnji hdr `denrbtcfba tbfl ilrbvntbvlsξ 6   iξ

iω 

. Ul n`sd bjtrdiual tcl ibfljsbdj`lss pnrnf-

ltlrs

ώ̄ 6  ώ

ώa?,  C̄  6

  C 

C ?(>3)

wclrl ώa?  6 1C =?

/3ϏE  bs tcl prlsljt arbtban` iljsbty hdrnt spnal. \sbje lquntbdjs (>5) nji (>3), tcl ibfljsbdj-

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1

`lss hdrf dh lquntbdjs (>9) nrl

Naal`lrntbdj lquntbdj 7

= C̄  C̄  6 ∝1ώ̄

Hrblifnj lquntbdj 7

C̄ = 6  ώ̄

> +   h 

H`ubi lquntbdj 7ώ̄

ώ̄  + 1 6

 h 

(>2)

Hrdf lquntbdjs (>2) wl dmtnbj

h   6

  (ώ̄? ∝ >) l9ω 

ώ̄? ∝ (ώ̄? ∝ >) l9ω   (=?)

Hbjn``y, tcl sd`utbdj dh lquntbdj (=?) bs

h (ω ) 6

ώ̄? ∝ (ώ̄? ∝ >) l9ω ∝>/9

(=>)

Qll tcl ilrbvntbdj dh lquntbdjs (=?) nji (=>) clrl [>V.B scdu`i jdtl tcnt n`` tcl nmdvl lquntbdjs nrl vn`bi hdrω :  ∝9 wclj iljsbty bj fnttlr idfbjntls dvlr iljsbtybj rnibntbdj.

Hdr sfn``  ω ,  l9ω  ≃ > + 9ω   nji (=>) mladfls

h (ω ) ≃ > ∝ (>∝ ώ̄?)ω 

Ul acnjel tcl vnrbnm`l  ω   td  t  usbje  ω  ≃ C ?t

h (t) ≃ > ∝ (>∝ ώ̄?)C ?t   (==)

Adfpnrbje lquntbdjs (=) nji (==)

¼ 6 (> ∝ ώ̄?)C ?   (=1)

Ul wb`` iltlrfbjl ώ̄?  nji  C ?  `ntlr. Ul wb`` n`sd usl (=1)td iltlrfbjl tcl vn`ul dh  ¼.

BX. YCL ILA]LNQBJE-FNQQ FDIL@.

Ycl ibfljsbdj`lss hdrf dh lquntbdj (><) bs

ώ̄ 6 ώ̄?l∝1ω h (ω ) (=9)

Bjslrtbje lquntbdjs (=?), (=>) nji (=9) bj tcl ibfljsbdj-`lss Hrblifnj lquntbdj wl dmtnbj

C̄ = 6 [ώ̄?l∝9ω  + (> ∝ ώ̄?)V1/9 (=<)

Jdw `lt‒s an`` tcl adsfd`deban` fdil` wcbac dmlys tcllquntbdj (=<) ‐ilarlnsbje-fnss fdil`‖ nji sll bh btnerlls wbtc tcl nstrdjdfban` intn.

Ycl nstrdjdfban` intn B cnvl bj fy ibspdsn` nrl tclflnsurlfljts dh tcl ibstnjal fdiu`us nji tcl rliscbht dh 83> suplrjdvn-Bn. Rdu anj sll tclsl intn clrl [=V. Yclsl83> suplrjdvn cnvl mllj acdslj dh n `bst dh 5>< suplrjdvnhrdf wcbac cnvl mllj lxa`uili tcdsl wbtc rliscbht `lss

tcnj ?.?>. B ibi tcbs td nvdbi lrrdrs iul td tclbr lxtrnvl`dabty, dtclr tcnj ‐Cumm`l vl`dabty‖.

Yd nsslss tcl eddijlss dh t dh tcl ‐ilarlnsbje-fnssfdil`‖ td tcl nstrdjdfban` intn B usli tcl fltcdi dh rlsbiun`s. ]lni nmdut tcbs fltcdi clrl [1V. B npp`blilquntbdj (=<) nt n sbfu`ntbdj prdernf nji B envl ns bjputintn tcl vn`uls ώ̄?6?.=??, ?.=?>, ..., ?.1<? nji  C ?682.?,82.>, ..., 5>.? Kf/sla/Fpa. Ycl fdil` ts plrhlat̀ y td

tcl nstrdjdfban` intn bh C ?  6 5?¾ ?.1 kf/sla/Fpa

ώ̄?  6 ?.=8¾ ?.?=

q ?  6 ∝?.8= ¾ ?.?1

ω t  6 ∝?.99 ¾ ?.?1

zt  6 ?.<8¾ ?.?9

¼ 6 (>.82 ¾ ?.?<) µ >?∝>3 sla∝>

(=8)

Qll tcl ilrbvntbdj dh tcl rlsu`ts nmdvl clrl [9V.C ?   bs tcl prlsljt Cumm`l‒s pnrnfltlr.ώ̄?   bs tcl rntbd dh tcl prlsljt iljsbty bj fnttlr td tclprlsljt arbtban` iljsbty.q ?   bs tcl prlsljt ilal`lrntbdj pnrnfltlr.ω t bs tcl trnjsbtbdj tbfl. Ycnt bs, tcl ω  wclj tcl ujbvlrslfnil n trnjsbtbdj hrdf ilal`lrntbdj td naal`lrntbdj.zt  bs tcl trnjsbtbdj rliscbht. Bs adfputli tcrduec lqun-tbdj ω t  6 ∝`j(> + zt).¼   bs ebvlj my lquntbdj (1) nji adfputli vbn lquntbdj(=1).

Bj adfpnrbsdj td tclsl rlsu`ts `lt fl scdw ydu tclrlsu`ts B‒vl edt usbje tcl ΛAIF fdil`, wcbac dmlys tcllquntbdj  C̄ = 6 ώ̄?l∝1ω  + (> ∝ ώ̄?).

C ?  6 82.3 ¾ ?.1 kf/sla/Fpa

ώ̄?  6 ?.1? ¾ ?.?=

q ?  6 ∝?.<< ¾ ?.?1

ω t  6 ∝?.<= ¾ ?.?9

zt  6 ?.83 ¾ ?.?8

(=5)

Qll tcl ilrbvntbdj dh tcl rlsu`ts nmdvl clrl [<V.Jdw `lt‒s adfpnrl nji adjtrnst tcl prlibatbdjs dh tcl

twd fdil`s, hdr ώ̄?,  q ?   nji  zt. Ycl dmslrvntbdjn` vn`ulsnrl

ώ̄?  6 ?.=2 ¾ ?.?8

q ?  6 ∝?.88 ¾ ?.>?

zt  6 ?.98 ¾ ?.>9

Ns ydu sll tcl prlibatbdjs dh tcl ‖ilarlnsbje-fnssfdil`‖ hdr ώ̄?,q ?   nji   zt  nrl bj nerllfljt wbtc tcl dm-slrvntbdjn` vn`uls, wclrlns tcl prlibatbdj dh tcl ΛAIFfdil` hdr  zt  hnb`s nji tcl prlibatbdj hdr  q ?, jlnr`y hnb`s.

X. _@NJLYN]R D]MBYQ.

Bh tcl biln dh ilarlnsbje dh fnss bs rbect, tclj wl scdu`ilxplat td dmslrvl sdfl llats td tcl p`njltnry drmbts.

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Qplaban``y, lnac p`njlt bs erniun``y rlalibje hrdf tclsuj bjtd n cbeclr drmbt nji tcl drmbtn` rdtntbdj bs s`dwbjes`bect̀ y wbtc tcl tbfl. Nssufbje, hdr sbfp b̀abty, tcnttcl drmbt dh tcl p`njlt bs abrau`nr nji   r?   bs tcl prlsljtibstnjal dh tcl p`njlt hrdf tcl suj, tclj, wl anj prdvltcnt tcl bjarlfljt dh tcbs ibstnjal nhtlr tbfl t wb`` ml

∈r 6  r?1¼t   (=3)

nji bh  Y ? bs tcl sbilrln` plrbdi dh tcl `nst rlvd`utbdj dh tclp`njlt nt tbfl   t 6 ?, tclj tcl bjarlfljt dh tcl sbilrln`plrbdi dh tcl `nst rlvd`utbdj nt tbfl  t  wb`` ml

∈Y  6 Y ?<¼t   (=2)

\sbje (=3) nji (=2) bj tcl ansl dh tcl Quj-Lnrtc systlf,wl dmtnbj tcl hd``dwbje rlsu`ts7>) Ycl bjarlfljt dh tcl nvlrnel ibstnjal Lnrtc-Quj bs∈r 6 (=1.29 ¾ ?.5>)fltlrs/ylnr=) Ycl bjarlfljt dh tcl sbilrln` plrbdi dh Lnrtc bs∈Y   6 (3.9= ¾ ?.=9)fb``bsladjis/ylnrQll tcl ilrbvntbdj dh tcl rlsu`ts nmdvl clrl [8V.

Bj tcl ansl dh tcl Lnrtc-Fddj systlf, mut n`sd tnkbjebjtd naadujt tcl tbin` llats tcl Fddj cns dj Lnrtcsrdtntbdj, wl dmtnbj tcl hd``dwbje rlsu`ts7>) Ycl bjarlfljt dh tcl nvlrnel ibstnjal Fddj-Lnrtc bs∈r 6 (>?.3< ¾ ?.=>) af/ylnr=) Ycl bjarlfljt dh tcl sbilrln` plrbdi dh tcl Fddj bs∈Y   6 (>.?8 ¾ ?.?=) fb``bsladjis/ylnrQll tcl ilrbvntbdj dh tcl rlsu`ts nmdvl clrl [5V.

XB. LS_L]BFLJYN@ YLQY.

Ul anj tlst tcl vn`bibty dh tcl biln tcnt tcl rlst fnss dh 

njy pnrtba`l ilarlnsls wbtc tcl tbfl my lxnfbjbje tcl rd-

tntbdj dh n sntl``btl. Ycl njeu`nr fdfljtuf dh tcl sntl`-`btl bs prdpdrtbdjn` td bts fnss f nji tcl njeu`nr vl`dabtyς. Mlanusl dh tcl adjslrvntbdj dh tcl njeu`nr fdflj-tuf, sbjal tcl fnss ilarlnsls naadribje td tcl rl`ntbdjf ≃ f?(>∝¼t) tcl njeu`nr vl`dabty scdu`i bjarlnsls na-adribje td tcl rl`ntbdj ς  ≃ ς?(> + ¼t). Bj dtclr wdris, bh Y ? bs tcl plrbdi dh tcl rdtntbdj tdiny, tclj tcl ilarlfljtdh tcl plrbdi nt tbfl  t  wb`` ml ∈Y   6 Y ?¼t. @lt‒s sny hdr

bjstnjal tcnt Y ?  6 >sla. Nhtlr djl ylnr tcl plrbdi wb`` mlscdrtlr my ∈Y   6   Y ?¼t  6 (>sla)(>.82 µ >?∝>3)(>ylnr) 6<1.1 pbadsladjis.

XBB. ADJA@\QBDJ.

Ul anj lxp`nbj tcl naal`lrntbje lxpnjsbdj dh tcl ujb-vlrsl my gust nssufbje tcnt tcl rlst fnss dh njy pnrtba`lilarlnsls wbtc tcl tbfl. Ycl fdil`, wcbac bs mnsli djtcbs biln (ilarlnsbje-fnss fdil`) ts plrhlat`y td tclnstrdjdfban` intn. Bh tcl biln dh ilarlnsbje dh fnss bsrbect, tclj wl scdu`i lxplat td dmslrvl sdfl llats tdtcl p`njltnry drmbts7 >) Lnac p`njlt bs erniun``y rlalibjehrdf tcl suj bjtd n cbeclr drmbt. =) Ycl drmbtn` rdtntbdjbs s`dwbje s`bect`y wbtc tcl tbfl. Ul anj tlst tcl vn`bibtydh tcl biln tcnt tcl rlst fnss dh njy pnrtba`l ilarlnslswbtc tcl tbfl my flnsurbje tcl bjarlfljt dh tcl rdtntbdj

dh n sntl``btl.

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