Decreased clouds and convection Decreased net radiation Increased albedo Reduced vegetation cover...

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km km km km km 3 Atmosphere LandOcean km km km km km 3 Atmosphere LandOcean Desert planetGreen planet Figure 27.3 Net solar radiation Net longwave radiation Sensible heat flux Latent heat flux 125 W m W m W m W m -2 Land surface air temperature, 9.1  C Net solar radiation Net longwave radiation Sensible heat flux Latent heat flux 130 W m W m -2 8 W m W m -2 Land surface air temperature, 7.9  C Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

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Decreased clouds and convection Decreased net radiation Increased albedo Reduced vegetation cover Decreased latent heat flux Decreased sensible heat flux Reduced water vapor Reduced boundary layer heating Reduced soil water Decreased solar radiation absorption Increased solar radiation Figure 27.1 Ecological Climatology 2008 G. Bonan Decreased clouds and convection Decreased roughness length Reduced vegetation cover Decreased latent heat flux Decreased sensible heat flux Reduced water vapor Reduced boundary layer heating Reduced soil water Increased aerodynamic resistance Figure 27.2 Increased surface temperature Ecological Climatology 2008 G. Bonan km km km km km 3 Atmosphere LandOcean km km km km km 3 Atmosphere LandOcean Desert planetGreen planet Figure 27.3 Net solar radiation Net longwave radiation Sensible heat flux Latent heat flux 125 W m W m W m W m -2 Land surface air temperature, 9.1 C Net solar radiation Net longwave radiation Sensible heat flux Latent heat flux 130 W m W m -2 8 W m W m -2 Land surface air temperature, 7.9 C Ecological Climatology 2008 G. Bonan Days Since Rain Mexico-U.S. Difference (W m -2 ) Latent Heat Sensible Heat Days Since Rain Mexico-U.S. Difference ( C) Air Temperature Surface Temperature 9-13 August 1988, 1100 local time Figure 27.4 Ecological Climatology 2008 G. Bonan Figure 27.5 Ecological Climatology 2008 G. Bonan Figure 27.6 Ecological Climatology 2008 G. Bonan Overgrazing Less rainfall Decreased clouds and convection Subsidence Decreased net radiation Surface cooling Increased albedo Drought Reduced vegetation cover Figure 27.7 Ecological Climatology 2008 G. Bonan Figure Precipitation Difference (mm day -1 ) W10W010E20E30E40E50E 20N 15N 10N 5N5N EQ Ecological Climatology 2008 G. Bonan Figure AridSemi-aridDry sub- humid Moist sub- humid Humid Annual Precipitation (mm) AridSemi-aridDry sub- humid Moist sub- humid Humid Annual Albedo Open shrub Closed shrub GrassWooded grass Crop Annual Precipitation (mm) Annual Albedo Open shrub Closed shrub GrassWooded grass Crop Ecological Climatology 2008 G. Bonan Figure Annual Rainfall Anomaly (mm per year) Observed Atmosphere-Ocean Atmosphere-Ocean-Land Atmosphere-Ocean-Land-Vegetation Ecological Climatology 2008 G. Bonan Forest Woodland Open Woodland Mallee Saltbush Grassland Crops Pasture 500 km North Adelaide Melbourne Sydney Brisbane Remaining Woodland Remaining Forest Remaining Mallee Some Tree Loss Greatest Tree Loss Other Vegetation Unchanged North 500 km Adelaide Melbourne Sydney Brisbane Area (thousand km 2 ) Area (thousand km 2 ) Figure Ecological Climatology 2008 G. Bonan Legend 1, trees to shrub 2, trees to grass 3, shrub to trees 4, shrub to grass 5, sparse to shrub 6, sparse to grass Figure Ecological Climatology 2008 G. Bonan 15S 18S 21S 24S 27S 30S 33S 36S 39S 120E130E140E150E 15S 18S 21S 24S 27S 30S 33S 36S 39S 120E130E140E150E 15S 18S 21S 24S 27S 30S 33S 36S 39S 120E130E140E150E Figure S 18S 21S 24S 27S 30S 33S 36S 39S 120E130E140E150E 20 W m -2 10 W m -2 >0.8 C>0.2 C