Deconvolution applied to aeromagnetic data of the Debbagh … · 2016-10-20 · Deconvolution...

Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica ed Applicata Vol. 57, n. 3, pp. 247-260; September 2016

DOI 10.4430/bgta0177

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Deconvolution applied to aeromagnetic data of the Debbagh massive, neritic Constantinois (north-eastern Algeria)

L. Beguiret1, 2, F. AssAssi1 and L. HArroucHi2

1 Laboratory of Geology, Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria2 Kasdi Merbah University, Ouargla, Algeria

(Received: June 26, 2015; accepted: May 30, 2016)

ABSTRACT TheDebbaghmassiverepresentsthemostimportantmassiveoftheeasternConstantinoisneriticzone(NEAlgeria)andischaracterizedbyitspotentialminingresources,withtwotypesofmineralization(kaolinandgossans).ItconsistsofautochthonousformationsofTriassictoMioceneage,whicharehostedincarbonateformationsfromtheCretaceous.In the present study, Euler deconvolution has been applied to real aeromagneticanomaliesdataoftheDebbaghareareducedtothepoletolocatethemagneticsourcesandestimatetheirdepthsusingastructuralindexof0.25forcontactsand1.25forfaults,amovingwindowsize(gridpoints)of11x11cellsandatoleranceof15%.ThedepthsobtainedbyEulersolutionsrangefrom0.047to5kmforcontacts,andabout0.128to8kmforfaults.Thesynthesisoftheresultsdeducedfromthemodellingofaeromagneticdatahastrackedandhighlightedmajorevents,aswellasmajortectonicandlithologicalcontacts,anddelineatedthemagneticsourcesofthisarea.

Key words: Debbagh massive, north-easternAlgeria, Euler deconvolution, aeromagnetic data, tectonic,contacts.

© 2016 – OGS

1. Introduction

Geophysical investigation is applied to investigate various fields of Earth sciences: hydrogeology,petroleumexploration,andmapping.

Particularly inmining,geophysicalmethodsare essential to characterizedifferent typesofdeposits.Themagneticmethodisoneofthebestgeophysicaltechniquestodelineatesubsurfacestructures. Geophysical mapping with magnetic field methods is a very effective tool for the detection of magnetic anomalies, and it reflects the spatial variations in the magnetic field of the Earth.

Euler deconvolution is one of the optimal methods for delineating different structural andlithological features (Thompson, 1982; Keating, 1998; Asfirane-Haddadji and Galdeano, 2000) by integrating the Euler homogeneity equation that relates the magnetic field and its gradient componentsusingthreeparameters;structural index,onamovingwindowsize,andthresholdtolerance.Thestructuralindexmustbeassumedasa prioriinformationbecausethechoiceoftheoptimumstructuralindexprovidesthebestsolutions.

Inthepresentstudy,EulerdeconvolutionhasbeenappliedtorealaeromagneticdatacollectedintheDebbagharea,themostimportantmassifofneriticeasternConstantinoisinnorth-eastern

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Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 57, 247-260 Beguiret et al.

Algeria, aims to determine the magnetic anomalies. It also aims to develop a structural andlithological characterization of the study area representing the most important mineralizationguide, because basement faults can influence and identify the overall field structure, tectonic history,andcancontrolmineralizationsites.

2. Geological and mining setting

Innorth-easternAlgeria,themassivesoftheneriticConstantinoisseriesaredividedintothreegroups (Vila, 1980): the southern group around Ain M’lila, the central group around Constantine, andthenorth-easterngrouparoundGuelma,wheretheDebbaghmassiveislocated,17kmeastofHammam Debbagh and 35 km NE of Guelma (Fig. 1).

In the Debbagh area, from the west to the east, the north-eastern neritic Constantinois ismainly composed of the Kef Hahouner, Grar, Taya, and the Debbagh massive, which is the most importantoneamongthem.

TheDebbaghmassiveispartoftheexternalzonesoftheMaghrebidesbelt;itistheeasternextensionofthenorthernneriticConstantinois.ItissurroundedbyDjebelBouAsloudjandtheRoknia depression in the north (Vila and Magne, 1969; Vila, 1980), Roknia in the west, Hammam Debbagh basin and Mechtet Labaïda in the south, and the hills of Fedjoudj and Bou Zitoune in the east (Fig. 2).

ThegeologyoftheDebbaghhasbeenthesubjectofimportantrevisionsbyBlayac(1912),Deleau (1938), Durand-Delga (1969), Vila (1980), and Lahondère and Magne (1983). The Debbagh massive is characterized by autochthonous formation of neritic limestones from theTriassic to the Miocene (Vila, 1980; Lahondère and Magne, 1983). Details about lithology are presented in Fig. 2.

The autochthonous units are topped by four allochthonous geological units: Numidian unit, the lower Cretaceous Tithonic flysch, Senonian flysch with micro breccias, and the Tellian unit (Vila andMagne,1969).

Fig. 1 - Location map of study area.

Deconvolution applied to aeromagnetic data of NE Algeria Boll. Geof. Teor. Appl., 57, 247-260

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The Debbagh massive is bounded by normal faults trending NW-SE, intersected by older faults trending E-W in Mechtet Brahima. N-S oriented faults also intersect the E-W ones and affect sandstones in the Numidian unit. South of Mechtet Brahima, the event trending N75° is intersected by the NW-SE faults. Finally, the large event post-Miocene oriented E-W (Raoult, 1974)limitstheDebbaghmassiveinthesouthandconnectstheneriticConstantinoisserieswiththe Mio-Pliocene formations of the Hammam Debbagh basin. The biggest fault crosses the Kef Hahouner, Grar, Taya, and Debbagh.

Fig. 2 - Geological map of the Debbagh region (modified from Deleau, 1938; SO.NA.R.E.M., 1978; Vila, 1980).

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With regard to economic geology, the Debbagh massive is more important than Kef Hahouner, Grar, and Taya. It is characterized by the presence on its territory of well-known kaolin andgossans deposits, which are hosted in carbonate formations ofAptian andAlbo-Cenomanianlimestones.Thisareaischaracterizedbyawell-developedkarstphenomenon.

Inthethreepartsof theDebbaghmassive(eastern,central,andwestern) thekaolindeposit isdivided into three categories. The first category is the most important because of its high quality, and islocatedinkarstandinoutcropsofkaolin.Thegossans(surfaceformationsrichinsecondaryironmineralssuchasgoethiteandhematite)capadeepermineralbodyrepresentedbysulfur,carbonate,orironsilicate.Thissecondarymineralizationcappingthekaolinischaracterizedbylimoniticoutcropsdominated by iron and silica deposited mainly as goethite and hematite. The limonite texturesobservedpresentanexotictype,indicatingamigrationofironinacidsolution.Thegossansareofasmallsizeinthecentralpart,arehostedinsandstoneformationsoftheTellianunit,andarecomposedof hematite. However, those from the eastern and western parts are large and contain goethite.

In theTayamassive, themineralization is sulfuric, representedmainly as a stebinewith atrace of cinabre. Other oriental Constantinois massives (Kef Haouner and Grar) do not present an importanteconomicinterest.

3. Methodology

Inthepresentstudy,theEulerdeconvolutionmethodhasbeenappliedtorealmagneticdatatodeterminatethedepthandlocationofmagneticsources.Theaeromagneticdatacollectedweresubjectedtomathematicalprocessing(reductiontothepole,derivativegrids,andapplicationofEuler deconvolution) using Oasis Montaj software.

The aeromagnetic data are represented as contour maps of the total magnetic field. These maps are part of the results of a survey covering all parts of Algeria. For this study, the aeromagnetic datausedwereextractedfromaregional-scaleaeromagneticsurveyofnorthernAlgeriarealizedbyAeroserviceCorporation in1975.Thesurveywasdesignedtodescribetheregionalgeologyofthe country and its mining and petroleum potential. The survey consisted of profiles perpendicular tothegeneralgeologicalstructuresinthestudyareaatanaveragegroundclearanceof150mandalinespacingof2.5kmfortraversesand50kmfortielines.Thedatawerecollectedatanintervalof 46.2 m. The technical characteristics and the results of this survey are detailed in Fig. 3.

The map of the residual aeromagnetic field (anomalous magnetic field) is obtained by subtracting the regional field from the total magnetic field; the residual magnetic field varies between a minimum of -13 nT and a maximum of +13 nT. The maps of magnetic anomaly fields are shown in Figs. 4, 5, and 6. From the residual map, we calculated the field map of the anomalous magnetic field reduced to the pole. Here we adopted the parameters of the magnetic field of the study area which are mentioned in the report of the contractor (Aeroservice Corporation, 1975), i.e.: total field T = 42,900 nT, Inclination I = 51° N, and declination D = −2.6°, by using the geomagnetic model IGRF 1975 (International Geomagnetic Reference Field). The values of the magnetic field vary between a minimum of 33,774 nT and a maximum of 33,807 nT, with an average value of 33,788 nT. This treatment is intended to eliminate the distortions of the anomalies caused by the inclination of the magnetic field. It allows the definition of the anomalies whose maximum is centeredonmagneticsources.


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3.1. Euler deconvolution methodThe Euler deconvolution method is used for rapid interpretation using potential field derivatives

to image subsurface depth of a magnetic or gravity source (Hsu, 2002). It allows the localization anddeterminationoftheparametersofmagneticsources,delineationofcontactsandrapiddepthestimation. It isbasedonamathematicalprocessrepresentedbyEulerhomogeneityequation,which can be written for magnetic data (Reid, 1980; Thompson, 1982) in the form:

(1)

where(x0,y0,z0) is the position of a magnetic source whose total field Tismeasuredat(x,y,z),B is the regional magnetic field and N isthestructuralindex;itisthedegreeofthehomogeneity

Fig. 3 - Location map of study area with characteristics based on a survey by Aeroservice Corporation (1975).

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Fig. 4 - Map of total magnetic field of the Debbagh area.

Fig. 5 - Map of regional (normal) magnetic field of the Debbagh area.


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(Yaghoobianet al., 1992), interpreted physically as the fall-off rate of the field with distance from the source and geophysically as a Structural Index [SI: Thompson (1982)]. The SI depends on the geometry of the source: N = 0 for a contact; N = 1 for a thin layer, dyke, fault; N = 2 for a homogeneouscylinder,andN = 3 for a linear source, or line of dipoles or poles (Thompson, 1982; Barongo,1984;Reidet al.,1990;ElDawiet al.,2004).

Byconsideringfourormoreneighboringobservations,sourcelocation(x0, y0,z0)andB canbecomputedbysolvingalinearsystemofequationsgeneratedfromEulerhomogeneityequation.Then,bymovingtheoperatedwindowfromonelocationtothenextovertheanomaly,multiplesolutionsforthesamesourceareobtained.

The successful application of Euler deconvolution is conditioned by the best choice of the SI, whichhasbeenextensivelydiscussedbyReidet al.(1990)andThomaset al.(1992).Anincorrectchoice of the SI leads to errors in estimated source depths (Ravart, 1996; Barbosa et al.,1999;Nogueira, 2008) and dispersed solutions associated with isolated anomalies (Silva et al.,2001).Twootherparametersshouldalsobecautiouslyselectedtoobtainreliableresults(thewindowsizeandthetolerance).Thechoiceofthespatialwindowsizeisanimportantparameterforthesuccessfulimplementationofthemethod(Munis,2009).ThewindowsizedeterminestheareaingridcellsusedtocarryoutEulerdeconvolution.AllpointswithinthewindowareusedtosolveEulerequationforsourcelocation.Itshouldbelargeenoughtoincorporatetheentireanomalybeing interpreted and small enough to avoid significant effects from adjacent or multiple sources (Bournaset al., 2003). The depth tolerance controls the accepted solutions with an error estimate lessthanthistolerance.Ifthedeptherrorisgreaterthanthisvalue,theassociateddepthwillbeautomaticallyrejected.

Fig. 6 - Map of residual magnetic field of the Debbagh area.

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TheapplicationofEulerdeconvolutioniswellknownandhasbeenappliedsuccessfullybyBeasley and Golden (1993), SalemSalem et al. (2005), Saheel et al. (2010), Amigun and Adelusi (2013), and Saraiva Rodrigues et al.(2014).

In thepresent study,Eulerdeconvolutionhasbeenapplied to real aeromagneticdata fromtheDebbagharea.Itissensitivetonoise,becauseitisbasedonthederivativesofthemagneticanomaly. This method uses the magnetic field and its horizontal and vertical gradients to compute anomalysource locations(KeatingandPilkington,2004).TheEulermethodhasbeenappliedassuming two models (contact and faults), for the location of magnetic sources (fault andlithological contacts) and estimation of their depths by integrating the Euler parameters: SI = 0.25 for contacts and SI = 1.25 for the faults, window size W = 11x11 cells, and tolerance TZ=15%.

4. Results and discussion

From the residual map (Fig. 6), in general, the positive residual anomalies observed are the effect ofoutcropsandoftheheterogeneousbasementcomplex.Thesepositiveanomaliesarelocatedinthenorthandthesouthpartsofthemap,andarerelatedwiththeCretaceoustoQuaternaryoutcrops.ThenegativeanomaliesarelocatedindifferentpartsofthemapandcoincidewiththeJurassictoCretaceousoutcrops.

The reduced map to the pole of the Debbagh area shown in Fig. 7 reflects the degree of distribution of both low- and high-frequency anomalies which characterized the magnetic field.

Fig. 7 - Map of magnetic anomalies reduced to the pole.


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Thevariabledistributionofmagneticanomaliesisduemainlytothegeologicalcomplexityofthestudyarea.IntheDebbagharea,themagneticstructurescoincidewiththelimitsofthegeologicalstructures. The map of the field reduced to the pole (Fig. 7) allows the identification of the various structures,suchasfaultsandlithologicalcontacts.Thedifferentfaultsobservedthroughouttheareaareregionallyassociatedwiththepositiveanomalieswhicharemovedslightlytothenorth.ThemostimportantoneisslightlyangledtotheNWandcoincideswithCretaceousoutcrops(NEof the Kef Er Zaounia structure). In the SE and the SW parts, a positive anomaly distinguishable by its high amplitude is located SE of Jebel Abd Allah and from the east to the NW to the Kef El Hadjedje respectively, corresponding to the Miocene and Quaternary sedimentary units, with Numidiansandstoneandalluvions.

Thenegativeanomaliesoccupythemajorpartsofthemap,andextendfromthewesttotheeast, corresponding to Kef Haouner, Jebel Grar, Jebel Taya, and Jebel Debbagh respectively, and coincidewith the Jurassic andLowerCretaceous limestoneanddolostoneoccurrenceswithadiamagneticcharacterwithlowornegativemagneticsignature.EspeciallyintheJebelDebbagh,thenegativeanomalycoincideswiththegossansoutcropswhichtoppedtheCretaceousformation,agreeing with the results of geological study and confirming the origin of exotic textures of limoniteoftheDebbaghmassive.Thisindicatesthatthegossansarenotautochthonous;theyaretransported (Ouaddah and Assassi, 2008).

The second negative anomaly connected the first one, coincides with the Upper Eocene formation with marls and sandstones series of Jebel Mermera (SE of Jebel Taya), Jebel Bou Aslouge,andJebelBetoumandJebelArara(NEandsouthofJebelDebbaghrespectively),Kt.ErRas in the northern part of Jebel Grar, and Kt. Toumiat between Kef Haouner and Jebel Grar.

The lineaments identified represent sub-meridian magnetic structures which coincide with the outcropofsedimentaryunits(marlandsandstone).

Fig. 8 (panels a, b, and c) shows respectively the maps of the X, Y, and Z derivative grids of the aeromagneticdataofthestudyarea.Basedontheanalysisofthethreemaps,itcanbenoticedthattheYderivativeisthemostrepresentativemap,becausethelithologicalcontactsintheDebbaghareagenerallyfollowtheE-Wdirection.TheYderivativealsopresentsacleardifferentiationinthe intensity of themagnetic anomalies characterizing thedifferent lithological and structuraldomains. The X derivative represents the NE-SW trending which interested the E-W lineaments. The Z derivative shows that the study area is characterized by shorter wavelength anomalies.

Euler solutions obtained (contacts and faults), using SI of 0.25 and 1.25 respectively, and keeping a constant window size (W = 11x11 cells), as well as threshold tolerance (TZ = 15%), arespreadoutinthreeranges,eachonerepresentingoneoftheestimateddepths.Thesesolutionshave been projected on the geological map of the Debbagh area and presented in Figs. 9 and 10.

Fig. 9 shows that magnetic sources detected are shallow to deep, with ranges between 0.03 and 1.25km.Theresultscorrelatedwiththeknowngeologicalcontactsinthestudyareaevidencedthat the groups trending E-W to NW-SE in the western, central, and eastern parts are related to the Jurassic to Cretaceous outcrops of the Kef Haouner-Debbagh unit. In the northern and southernregions,thesolutionsindicatethepresenceofdeepgeologicalstructuresofMioceneandQuaternary formation which are bordered by shallower contacts, and show major E-W to NE-SW trending,correspondingmainlytotheEoceneandMioceneoutcrops.

Fig. 10 shows that the computed depths range between 0.43 and 6 km. The northern and southernpartsoftheDebbaghareaarecharacterizedbyarelativeabundanceofdeepstructures

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Fig. 8 - The derivative gridofaeromagneticdataof the Debbagh area: a) X derivative,b)Yderivative,and c) Z derivative.

a)

b)

c)


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which are limited by the shallower NW-SE and NNE-SSW fault systems. The lowest depths of thefaultsareobservedintheeastern,central,andwesternpartsofthemapandshowmajorE-Wand WNW-ESE trending features that delimit the kef Haouner-Debbagh unit and relate to the importantfaultwhichalignedthesemassivesfromthewesttotheeastandborderedtheJurassictoCretaceousoutcrops.Thisisexplainedbyhighextensionsofanomaliescharacterizedbyshortwavelengths and justified by the absence of significant magnetic sources in this part of the study area. The N-S faults intersected the E-W faults and affected the sandstones in the Numidian unit inthecentralpartoftheDebbagharea.

The consolidation of positive anomalies along faults and lithological formations can beexplainedbythepresenceofstrongmagneticsourceslocatedinthesub-surface.ThesetectonicstructuresaretrapsforpolymetallicconcentrationintheDebbaghandTayamassives.

The comparative study of the map of magnetic anomalies reduced to the pole (Fig. 7) and the geological map of the Debbagh area (Fig. 2) showed a strong correlation, indicating that the

Fig. 9 - Euler solution of lithological contacts projected on the geological map of the Debbagh area.

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magneticstructuresgenerallyfollowthedirectionofthegeologicalstructures.Thesubverticalmagnetic sources indicateagoodagreementbetweenmagnetic signaturesand the transportedgossansintheDebbaghmassive.

5. Conclusion

Through this study, we attempted to provide new insight into the structural setting of theDebbaghareausingrealmagneticdata.TheapplicationoftheEulerdeconvolutionmethodseemsveryeffective for thedetectionofmagnetic sourcesand theestimationof theirdepths. It is afundamental method of geological and structural characterization, that allows the location oflithologicalcontactsandfaultsandprovestheexistenceofanomaliesassociatedwithoutcropsoftransportedgossans.TheEulersolutionsobtainedarevalidandareconsistentwiththegeologicaland structural studies in the investigated area. This confirms that the value of the structural index andmovingwindowwerewellchosen.

Fig. 10 - Euler solution of faults projected on the geological map of the Debbagh area.


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The Euler deconvolution method of magnetic anomalies highlighted the presence featurestrending similarly to the tectonic lineaments and geological formation in the Debbagh area: the WNW-ESE, SW-NE, WSW-ENE, W-E, N-S and NW-SE trends characterize the shallower structuralsettingofthestudyarea.

Acknowledgements. This paper is part of a doctoral thesis submitted by the first author to Badji Mokhtar University, Annaba, Algeria. We are grateful to the Commissariat of Atomic Energy (COMENA) for permitting us to use their geophysical data for this study. Special thanks to R. Dridi and Z.N. Zeghidi, who helped us to collect data, and to M. Boualoul (Meknes University) for the correction of this paper.

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Corresponding author: Lilia Beguiret Laboratory of Geology, Badji Mokhtar University B.P. 12, 23000 Annaba, Algeria Tel: +213 77 2744997; e-mail: [email protected]

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