Decomposing partial wh-movement in Shona · Introduction BantuWh-Questions IslandEffects...
135
Introduction Bantu Wh-estions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References Decomposing partial wh-movement in Shona Jason Zentz Yale University eens College March 16, 2015 1 / 37
Transcript of Decomposing partial wh-movement in Shona · Introduction BantuWh-Questions IslandEffects...
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Decomposing partial wh-movement in Shona
Jason ZentzYale University
Queens CollegeMarch 16, 2015
1 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Wh-questions
(1) What do You think I found my phone yesterday.what ?youscopal thematic
The what is interpreted in two positions:
▶ It fulfills the thematic role of the “findee.”▶ It takes scope over the whole sentence, turning it into a question.
2 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Wh-questions
(1) What do You think I found my phone yesterday.what ?youscopal thematic
The what is interpreted in two positions:
▶ It fulfills the thematic role of the “findee.”▶ It takes scope over the whole sentence, turning it into a question.
2 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Wh-questions
(1) What do You think I found my phone yesterday.what ?youscopal thematic
The what is interpreted in two positions:
▶ It fulfills the thematic role of the “findee.”▶ It takes scope over the whole sentence, turning it into a question.
2 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Wh-questions
(1) What do You think I found my phone yesterday.what ?youscopal thematic
The what is interpreted in two positions:
▶ It fulfills the thematic role of the “findee.”▶ It takes scope over the whole sentence, turning it into a question.
2 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Wh-questions
(1) What do You think I found my phone yesterday.what ?youscopal thematic
The what is interpreted in two positions:
▶ It fulfills the thematic role of the “findee.”▶ It takes scope over the whole sentence, turning it into a question.
2 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Wh-questions
(1) What do You think I found my phone yesterday.what ?youscopal thematic
The what is interpreted in two positions:▶ It fulfills the thematic role of the “findee.”
▶ It takes scope over the whole sentence, turning it into a question.
2 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Wh-questions
(1) What do You think I found my phone yesterday.what ?youscopal thematic
The what is interpreted in two positions:▶ It fulfills the thematic role of the “findee.”▶ It takes scope over the whole sentence, turning it into a question.
2 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Wh-question formation strategies
(2) Full wh-movement in EnglishWhat do you think [cp we found ]?
(3) Wh-in-situ in Mandarin ChineseHuǎngróngHuangrong
xiāngxìnbelieve
[cp GuójìngGuojing
mǎilebought
shěnme]?what
‘What does Huangrong believe that Guojing bought?’ (Cheng 2009: 770 (9))
(4) Right-peripheral wh-phrase in American Sign LanguageIX2
youBUYbuy
YESTERDAYyesterday
WHATwhat
‘What did you buy yesterday?’ (Abner 2011: 25 (5a))
3 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Wh-question formation strategies
(2) Full wh-movement in EnglishWhat do you think [cp we found ]?
(3) Wh-in-situ in Mandarin ChineseHuǎngróngHuangrong
xiāngxìnbelieve
[cp GuójìngGuojing
mǎilebought
shěnme]?what
‘What does Huangrong believe that Guojing bought?’ (Cheng 2009: 770 (9))
(4) Right-peripheral wh-phrase in American Sign LanguageIX2
youBUYbuy
YESTERDAYyesterday
WHATwhat
‘What did you buy yesterday?’ (Abner 2011: 25 (5a))
3 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Wh-question formation strategies
(2) Full wh-movement in EnglishWhat do you think [cp we found ]?
(3) Wh-in-situ in Mandarin ChineseHuǎngróngHuangrong
xiāngxìnbelieve
[cp GuójìngGuojing
mǎilebought
shěnme]?what
‘What does Huangrong believe that Guojing bought?’ (Cheng 2009: 770 (9))
(4) Right-peripheral wh-phrase in American Sign LanguageIX2
youBUYbuy
YESTERDAYyesterday
WHATwhat
‘What did you buy yesterday?’ (Abner 2011: 25 (5a))
3 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Wh-question formation strategies
(2) Full wh-movement in EnglishWhat do you think [cp we found ]?
(3) Wh-in-situ in Mandarin ChineseHuǎngróngHuangrong
xiāngxìnbelieve
[cp GuójìngGuojing
mǎilebought
shěnme]?what
‘What does Huangrong believe that Guojing bought?’ (Cheng 2009: 770 (9))
(4) Right-peripheral wh-phrase in American Sign LanguageIX2
youBUYbuy
YESTERDAYyesterday
WHATwhat
‘What did you buy yesterday?’ (Abner 2011: 25 (5a))
3 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Wh-question formation strategies
(5) Wh-copying in RomaniKaswho
othe
DemìriDemir
mislinolathink
[cp kaswho
ithe
ArìfaArifa
dikhlasaw
]?
‘Who(m) does Demir think Arifa saw?’ (McDaniel 1989: 569 n.5 (ii))
(6) Partial wh-movement in Singaporean MalayKamuyou
percayabelieve
[cp keto
manawhere
MaryMary
pergigo
]?
‘Where do you believe Mary went?’ (Cole & Hermon 1998: 225 (3b))
4 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Wh-question formation strategies
(5) Wh-copying in RomaniKaswho
othe
DemìriDemir
mislinolathink
[cp kaswho
ithe
ArìfaArifa
dikhlasaw
]?
‘Who(m) does Demir think Arifa saw?’ (McDaniel 1989: 569 n.5 (ii))
(6) Partial wh-movement in Singaporean MalayKamuyou
percayabelieve
[cp keto
manawhere
MaryMary
pergigo
]?
‘Where do you believe Mary went?’ (Cole & Hermon 1998: 225 (3b))
4 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Main idea
Question: In a language that has several wh-question strategies, are they all derived indifferent ways, or can we reduce the number of independent mechanisms needed toexplain them?
Claim: In Shona, a Bantu language spoken by about 14 million people in Zimbabwe andMozambique, partial wh-movement is a composite of wh-in-situ and fullwh-movement.
5 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Main idea
Question: In a language that has several wh-question strategies, are they all derived indifferent ways, or can we reduce the number of independent mechanisms needed toexplain them?
Claim: In Shona, a Bantu language spoken by about 14 million people in Zimbabwe andMozambique, partial wh-movement is a composite of wh-in-situ and fullwh-movement.
5 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Roadmap
Bantu wh-questions
Island effects as a diagnostic for movement
Island sensitivity in Shona
Composite derivation of Shona partial wh-movement
Conclusion
6 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Roadmap
Bantu wh-questions
Island effects as a diagnostic for movement
Island sensitivity in Shona
Composite derivation of Shona partial wh-movement
Conclusion
6 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Roadmap
Bantu wh-questions
Island effects as a diagnostic for movement
Island sensitivity in Shona
Composite derivation of Shona partial wh-movement
Conclusion
6 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Roadmap
Bantu wh-questions
Island effects as a diagnostic for movement
Island sensitivity in Shona
Composite derivation of Shona partial wh-movement
Conclusion
6 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Roadmap
Bantu wh-questions
Island effects as a diagnostic for movement
Island sensitivity in Shona
Composite derivation of Shona partial wh-movement
Conclusion
6 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Outline
Bantu wh-questions
Island effects as a diagnostic for movement
Island sensitivity in Shona
Composite derivation of Shona partial wh-movement
Conclusion
7 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Dazaga
Tedaga
Fur
Nuer
DazagaTedaga
Tedaga
Zarma
Zaghawa
Efe
Tadaksahak
Maasai
Turkana
Bari
Gumuz
Runga
Lese
Central Kanuri
Maba
Acholi
Maasai
Zaghawa
Bagirmi
Toposa
Manga Kanuri
Pokoot
Mangbetu
Kibet
Naba
Korandje
Southwestern Dinka
Samburu
Sar
Teso
Murle
Shilluk
Lango
Anuak
Gula
Nuer
Logo
Tama
Fur
Ngambay
Meen
Masalit
Lombi
Laka
Berta
Kunama
Moru
Otuho
Madi
Gor
Dagba
Tama
Manga Kanuri
Kaba
Kipsigis
Ngam
Yulu
Kanembu
Karamojong
Northeastern Dinka
Nobiin
Bilma Kanuri
Dholuo
Mamvu
South Central Dinka
Luwo
Dar Sila Daju
Runga
Alur
Mandari
Mabaan
Okiek
Runga
Tugen
Ngam Gbaya
Burun
Madi
Masalit
Furu
Datooga
Fongoro
Koyra Chiini Songhay
Sara Kaba Naa
Alur
Lendu
Nandi
Runga
Gulay
Majang
Berta
Northwestern Dinka
Keiyo
Komo
Baka
Kenuzi-Dongola
Mbay
Sara Kaba
Kenga
Southeastern DinkaBelanda Bor
Beli
Sara Kaba
Central Kanuri
Suri
Koyraboro Senni Songhay
Maasai
Dendi
Ik
Ndo
Sara Dunjo
Lutos
Anuak
Yulu
Dar Daju Daju
Sara Kaba Deme
Bilma Kanuri
Kaba
Lango
Jur Modo
Nara
Morokodo
Masalit
Didinga
Mango
Mursi
Zarma
Lutos
Acholi
MararitTumari Kanuri
Lugbara
Amdang
Datooga
Reel
Narim
Kulfa
Luo
Kakwa
Jaya
Uduk
Jumjum
Sinyar
Avokaya
Aringa
Zarmaci
Omi
Midob
Lugbara
Vale
Thuri
Bedjond
Mangbutu
Avokaya
Markweeta
Kwama
Sabaot
Karanga
Lopit
LutosMbay
Karko
Bendi
Kumam
Assangori
LokoyaOlubo
Datooga
Terik
Kunama
Beli
Baka
Lutos
Ama
Asoa
Okiek
Kakwa
Gaam
Murle
Murle
Southern Madi
BedjondThuri
Gula
Kupsabiny
Opuuo
Teso
Ngiti
Adhola
Thuri
Ngambay Yulu
Central KanuriCentral Kanuri
Sara Kaba
Dar Sila Daju
Kadaru
NyangatomTurkana
Datooga
Bongo
Dar Fur Daju
Yulu
Morom
Soo
DairKaranga
Ghulfan
Majang
Gula
Disa
Sinyar
Zarma
Humburi Senni Songhay
Bongo
Kacipo-Balesi
Laka
Komo
Kacipo-Balesi
Pokoot
Krongo
Tasawaq
KeigaKatcha-Kadugli-Miri
Pari
El Hugeirat
Kelo
Songhay
Bari
Dar Fur DajuWali
Gumuz
Opuuo
Majang
Central Kanuri
Mvuba
Njalgulgule
Ndo
Surbakhal
DendiDendi
Okiek
Nyangatom
Nyamusa-Molo
Kendeje
Tedaga
Soo
Molo
Songhay
Tumtum
Keiga
TumtumShatt
Soo
Aka
Tennet
Kwegu
Songhay
Kadaru
Tumtum
Ngasa
Tulishi
Furu
Songhay
Nobiin
ZarmaZarma
Zarma
Spanish
Afrikaans
Italian
Afrikaans
Greek
Bulgarian
Northern Kurdish
Portuguese
FrenchOccitan
Western Farsi
Galician
Sicilian
Bakhtiari
Kirmanjki
Serbian
Extremaduran
Armenian
Central Kurdish
Afrikaans
Southern Kurdish
Macedonian
Laki
Pontic
Asturian
Serbian
Catalan-Valencian-Balear
Central Kurdish
Afrikaans
Slavic
French
Bosnian
Greek
Gilaki
Northern Kurdish
Greek
Galician
Northern Luri
Tosk Albanian
Corsican
Gheg Albanian
Southern Luri
Northern Kurdish
Gheg AlbanianAragoneseOsetin
Southern Kurdish
Campidanese Sardinian
Talysh
Logudorese Sardinian
Muslim Tat
Talysh
English
Northern Luri
Croatian
Armenian
Armenian
Gheg Albanian
Northern Kurdish
Western Farsi
Arvanitika Albanian
Armenian
English
Armenian
Aromanian
Serbian
Gurani
English
Serbian
Russian
Catalan-Valencian-Balear
CroatianCatalan-Valencian-Balear
Mazanderani
Laki
English
Arvanitika Albanian
Macedonian
Aromanian
Serbian
Russian
Northern Kurdish
English
Osetin
Northern Kurdish
Gallurese Sardinian
BulgarianFrench
Mirandese
OsetinSerbian
Fala
Bulgarian
Aromanian
Dezfuli
Aromanian
Croatian
Northern Kurdish
Armenian
Arvanitika Albanian
Russian
Sassarese Sardinian
Arvanitika Albanian
English
Serbian
Croatian
Dimli
Aranese Gascon
Northern Kurdish
Armenian
Aromanian
Russian
Greek
English
Alviri-Vidari
Croatian
Northern Kurdish
Megleno Romanian
Northern Kurdish
Vafsi
GreekBarranquian
English
English
Aromanian Bulgarian
Northern Kurdish
Kabatei
Gallurese Sardinian Aromanian
English
Arbereshe Albanian
Greek
Greek
Arbereshe Albanian
Northern Kurdish
Arbereshe Albanian
Balkan Romani
BulgarianArbereshe Albanian
Balkan Romani
Ladino
Balkan Romani
Sassarese SardinianCorsican Judeo-Tat
English
Domari
Tswana
Zulu
Shona
Xhosa
Kgalagadi
Cokwe
Nyemba
Tswana
Aka
Yeyi
Yao
Umbundu
Sena
Tsonga
Kimbundu
Herero
Mongo-Nkundu
Tswa
Ndau
Bemba
Luvale
Tonga
Kalanga
Bulu
Fang
Luba-Katanga
Fang
Tetela
LambaMbwela
Makhuwa
Lucazi
Songe
Lunda
Herero
Lala-Bisa
Komo
Ruund
Hemba
Ndebele
Nyanja
Zemba
Lenje
Aushi
Yaka
Gogo
Bali
Southern Sotho
Tswa
Lomwe
Ewondo
Kaonde
Koongo
Yao
Luvale
Nyamwezi
Songo
Bwa
Lozi
Northern Sotho
Nyanja
Kota
Kwanyama
Sukuma
Ganda
Zezuru
Hehe
Kamba
Ngando
Ha
Zemba
Luba-Kasai
Sanga
Taabwa
Fang
Lamba
Rundi
Kikongo
Bemba
Lunda
Luimbi
Lozi
Yansi
Nyanja
Lunda
Nyungwe
Yela
Chokwe
Sira
Birwa
Ila
Makhuwa-Meetto
Swati
Venda
Ngoni
Mbole
Swati
Mbala
Gikuyu
Ndonga
Yao
Lele
Tonga
Ndebele
Ngombe
Rwanda
Nkoya
Njebi
Herero
Lunda
Bena
Lega-Shabunda
Fipa
Makonde
Kele
Suku
Tewe
Laari
Kimbu
Kusu
Ndau
Nkutu
Nambya
Oshiwambo
Sakata
Basaa
Nsenga
Kaonde
Lolo
Myene
Kete
Bwile
Punu
Zigula
Ngindo
Kalanga
Mwera
Ngelima
Manyika
San Salvador Kongo
Ndonga
Tetela
Lengola
Venda
Nkumbi
Taabwa
Phende
Bila
Southern Sotho
Buyu
Nyoro
Asu
Ibali Teke
Sama
Budza
Lunda
Mbangala
Yombe
Tumbuka
Bushoong
Nsenga
Ndonga
Mbukushu
Mbunda
Ngulu
GcirikuDiriku
Shi
Bende
Dengese
Totela
Tooro
Ding
Sangu
Nyankore
Lalia
Bolo
Tswapong
Chuwabu
Kwangali
Makonde
Rufiji
Nyaturu
Kwangali
Tawara
Kanyok
Bhele
Kango
Bembe
Hamba
Kutu
Nande
Swahili
Tsogo
Zimba
Shubi
Teke-Fuumu
Eboo Teke
Sala
Zinza
Ombo
Yeyi
Mbosi
Nambya
Binji
Kagulu
Mbere
Ngombe
Eton
Sumbwa
Soli
Kimiiru
Holu
Diriku Fwe
Ndaka
Mbunda
Teke-Eboo
Kunda
Songomeno
Zulu
Ndombe
Makhuwa-Shirima
Nyanja
Tumbuka
Kuhane
Mashi
Soga
Bwa
Yaka
Vili
Chopi
Haya
Bekwil
Ngombe
Mituku
Zaramo
Kigiryama
Songoora
Dawida
Yaka
BuduTembo
Makaa
Sagala
Kako
Akwa
Mbunda
Subi
Nyaneka
Chokwe
Tswana
Ruuli
Simaa
Baloi
Langi
Tonga
Lumbu
BoliaNyambo
Aushi
Bungu
Mpuono
Ndendeule
Mambwe-Lungu
Kunyi
Chokwe
Nyamwanga
Digo
Nyanga
Koyo
Luyana
Mashi
Oroko
Takwane
Ntomba
Lobala
Chiga
Sangu
Nilamba
Poke
Babango
Konongo
Koonzime
Sengele
Pogolo
Nsenga
Pelende
Tonga
NtombaMbere
Bangubangu
Mbesa
Ronga
Lega-Mwenga
Mbo
MatumbiSafwa
Northern Teke
Kunda
Nkangala
Kela
Vinza
Manyika
Chokwe
Pagibete
Salampasu
Mambwe-Lungu
Sonde
Lala-Bisa
Likuba
Tembo
Ruund
Yombe
Mbunda
Kwambi
Ngom
Kaonde
Mbunga
Mpiemo
Jita
Hemba
Lwalu
Libinza
Lombo
Tsonga
Teke-Tyee
Njebi
Suundi
Tswana
Teke-Tege
MoiKuria
Bangubangu
Shambala
Teke-Nzikou
Tongwe
Tiene
Songe
Kinga
Seba
Lonzo
Kanu
Pangwa
Kwere
Hunde
Bangubangu
Salampasu
Kwese
Mwani
Luyana
Mfinu
Kokola
Gyele
Makhuwa-Saka
Ngombe
Matengo
Luguru
Makhuwa-Marrevone
Kaiku
Punu
Bebele
Manyawa
Phimbi
Maraba
Lefa
Swati
Bomitaba
Chokwe
Kuhane
Mbala
Ngungwel
Luchazi
Nyungwe
Mbukushu
Chokwe
Mbati
Makhuwa-Meetto
Bera
Kiswahili
Lozi
Chiduruma
Kiembu
Bakoko Boma
Konzo
Mbowe
Wanda
Lumbu
Holoholo
Machinga
Bangi
Lika
Dibole
Barwe
Luna
Likwala
Ndengereko
Wongo
Ndamba
Pande
Nyamwanga
Pimbwe
Nyengo
Beembe
Mbo
Makhuwa-Moniga
Duala
Lubukusu
So
Tsaangi
SoBube
KisikongoBinji
Shona
Sake
Makwe
Ndobo
Tanzania Nyiha
Doondo
Nyali
Kaamba
Pol
Ndali
Ekegusii
Ngongo
Ndobo
Bebil
Tsonga
Byep
Rwanda
Mbukushu
Rwa
Ronga
Kwasio
Swahili
Lozi
Kami
Ligenza
Manda
Barama
Kunda
Joba
Ndebele
Vili
Mbukushu
Swahili
Akoose
Gwere
Nyiha
Yombe
Kipfokomo
Kuhane
Marenje
Ngombe
Kol
KeleNgombe
Mpongmpong
Likila
Teke-Tsaayi
Yaka
Dema
Bomboma
Mbangwe Subi
Kunda
Holu
Ngoni
Vwanji
Kwese
Teke-Kukuya
Fuliiru
Hangaza
Hema
Lumbu
Bhele
Nyole
Kwami
Mbugwe
Doe
Malawi Sena
Havu
Wandji
Chidigo
KeleNdolo
Kenyi
Wumbvu
Nyindu
Kitharaka
Mochi
Pimbwe
Nyakyusa-Ngonde
Njyem
Temi
Samba
Bubi
Lusengo
Bassossi
Ndonde Hamba
Ikizu
Gichuka
Maindo
LikwalaKande
Bongili
Nyika
Gungu
Kota
Koti
Vunjo
Lusengo
Ngoreme
Kuria
Lambya
Ombamba
Machame
Kisi
Swahili
Bwisi
Zanaki
Bondei
Tsaangi
Teke-Laali
Kisikongo
Boko
Ngul
Ndasa
Taveta
Yasa
Enya
Hema
Wumboko
BozabaBomwali
Nande
Mpoto
Bakaka
Foma
Seki
Kiwilwana
Kwaya
Bafia
Suba
Enya
Isanzu
Rwanda
Tembo
Kokola
Suba-Simbiti
Nindi
MokpwePol
Saamia
Mpongmpong
Pomo
Ikoma-Nata-Isenye
Swahili
Bakoko
Bwisi
Songo
Bobangi
Bongili
Ngom
Ngumbi
Pinji
Gweno
Nathembo
Gbati-ri
Ngul
Mahongwe
Bafaw-Balong
Malimba
Wumbvu
Bekwil
Songo
Tembo
SwahiliSimba
Zulu
Rwanda
Mboko
MpiemoMpiemo
Bwisi
Kerewe
Maore
Nindi
Tembo
Barama
Kango
Kwasio
Duma
Shona
Ngazidja Comorian
Kabwari
Havu
Molengue
Mpiemo
Boguru
Rungwa
Salampasu
Mpongmpong
Bolondo
Vidunda
Xhosa
Lambya
Kako
Pagibete
Ndumu
Luna
Tanzania Nyiha
MahongweMboko
Ngando
Mushungulu
Koongo
Boloki
Kwakum
Kele
Tibea
NyalaBongili
Mwera
Bakole
Kwakum
Bubia
Seki
Xhosa
Batanga
Kele
Kwese
Mengisa
Fang
SwahiliKele
Tsonga
Lulogooli
Koti
Phuthi
Batanga
Kango
Benga
Tsonga
Gyele
Segeju
Kako
Byep
Vumbu
Mpyemo
So
Kwese
Ndzwani Comorian
Rwanda
Hungana
Yangho
Phuthi
Benga
Kari
Kara
Kango
Kari
Kerewe
Kako
Kari
Sighu
Mwali Comorian
Bomwali
Suba
Suba
UkhwejoNyanga-li
Chichonyi-Chidzihana-ChikaumaSagalla
Bembe
Bafaw-Balong
Benga
Mbugu
Maasina Fulfulde
Zande
Yoruba
Pular
PulaarCentral-Eastern Niger FulfuldePulaar
Akan
Moore
Bamanankan
Tiv
Baka
Soninke
Igbo
Banda-Ndele
Susu
Dii
Zande
Manza
Anyin
Vute
Wolof
Mende
Baoule
Kita Maninkakan
Eastern Maninkakan
Ngbaka
Zande
Kabiye
Baatonum
Western Niger Fulfulde
Gourmanchema
Wolof
Izon
Baka
Gbagyi
Cishingini
Pulaar
Guro
Gbanu
Bokoto
Dan
Nzakara
Themne
Igala
Northwest GbayaBassa
Edo
Dagbani
Ewe
Ife
Cebaara Senoufo
EweKare
Attie
Wasa
Abron
Tem
Ali
Bua
Gbari
Lobi
Mba
Gola
Tikar
Kuranko
Liberia KpelleFon
Dibo
Pulaar
Dan
Bissa
Tem
Kuranko
Kono
Bofi
Mbum
Yom
Godie
Basa
Bolgo
Vai
Ife
Buamu
Banda-BambariNorthwest Gbaya
Western Maninkakan
Lama
Northern Ngbandi
JulaWojenaka
Boko
Adamawa Fulfulde
Banda-Banda
Bomu
Mahou
Banda-Banda
Klao
Southwest Gbaya
Marka
Bamun
Sehwi
Abe
We Southern
Barambu
Pulaar
Nupe-Nupe-Tako
Jibu
Southern Nuni
Mamara Senoufo
Konyanka Maninka
Pular
SumaBanda-Mbres
Mann
Adamawa Fulfulde
KoroGonja
Esan
Gundi
Bakwe
Loma
Serer-Sine Northeastern Burkina Faso FulfuldeXaasongaxango
Abron
Lobi
Bada
Boko
Tarok Adamawa Fulfulde
Vai Idoma
Supyire Senoufo
Susu
Mbum
Western Maninkakan
Samba Daka
Fania
Mumuye
Koyaga
Clela
Dogose
AjaKare
Ngbaka Manza
Worodougou Bondoukou Kulango
Jula
Aja
Deg
Tsuvadi
Agatu
Jola-Fonyi
Gbaya-Bozoum
Lyele
Gbaya-Mbodomo
Sapo
Wali
Adamawa Fulfulde
Tagwana Senoufo
Peere
Djimini Senoufo
Balanta-Kentohe
Duguri
Ebira
Buli
Bokyi
Mampruli
Pana
Jamsay Dogon
Guiberoua Bete
Mono
Wolof
Kono
Northern Kissi
Jarawa
Toma
Gourmanchema
Ga
Tsishingini
Efik
Lama
Kasem
Mandjak
Wapan
Tunen
Langbashe
Soninke
Baatonum
Nigerian Fulfulde
Ejagham
Mundang
Ede Cabe
Waama
Lakota Dida
Nyabwa
Yalunka
Dangme
Manya
Mid-Southern Banda
Mandinka
Ngbaka Mabo
Urhobo
Mandinka
Northern Grebo
Soninke
Ibibio
Yekhee
Anyin
Guinea Kpelle
Bokobaru
Konkomba
Kpala
Banda-BandaIsekiri
Togbo-Vara Banda
Bambara
Gbaya-Bossangoa
Nzema
Gonja
Igede
Lama
Ikposo
Kusaal
Nawdm
Toura
Banda-Yangere
Pular
Maxi Gbe
Gagu
Mandinka
Ma
Eloyi
Tomo Kan Dogon
Jju
Biali
Bandi
Mbum
Western Krahn
Tuki
Cerma
Suga
Southern Bobo Madare
Ejagham
Gbii
Bouna Kulango
Tupuri
Ebira
Yalunka
LamaJula Hone Adamawa Fulfulde
Loko
Adamawa Fulfulde
Tyap
Anufo
Ikwere
Gade
Mundu
Southern Dagaare
Karang
Anii
Koalib
Isoko
MobaFarefare
South Central Banda
Mann
Nawdm
DoyayoToma
Bonjo
Jenaama Bozo
Biafada
Koromfe
Ndogo
Kasem
Jukun Takum
YalunkaKabiye
Denya
Ntcham
Mbandja
Oniyan
Landoma
Kuo
Izere
Pana
Nzakara
Busa
Koromfe
Pye Krumen
Isu
Turka
Gola
Gilima
Lukpa
Biali
Bai
Hun-Saare
Mayogo
Alago
East Limba
Bangba
KonkombaTeenWajaTsikimba
Kupa
Bonjo
IkuluGula Iro
Konabere
Khisa
PaasaalSankaran Maninka
Kirike
Pongu
Koke
Vute
Northern Dagara
Syenara SenoufoJere
KadaraMalba Birifor
Ayizo Gbe
Gagnoa Bete
ut-Ma’in
Dongo
Mom Jango
Tajuasohn
Obolo
Day
Lamnso
Tita
Baka
Wamey
Adamawa Fulfulde
Lijili
Ditammari
Tepo Krumen
Peere
Abidji
Matya Samo
Ede Nago
Yocoboue Dida
Bassari
Ede Idaca
AbureEbrie
Gourmanchema
Mbandja
Waci Gbe
Zhire
Zan Gula
Kenyang
Day
Berom
Jenaama Bozo
Ede Ica
Gobu
Southeast Ijo
Konkomba
Eastern Krahn
Nanerige Senoufo
Fefe
Daloa Bete
Tupuri
Tegali
Dan
Southern Samo
Nafaanra
Ndoola
Kodia
Anaang
Kim
Meta
Sissala
Gun
Nzakambay
Tem
Hyam
Nalu
Vagla
Kagoro Tene Kan Dogon
Sherbro
Gonja
We NorthernKutep
Kuwaa
Cinda-Regi-Tiyal
Banda-Banda
Nzema
Ditammari
Oro
Phuie
Tagoi
Yala
Pana
Khisa
Krim
Southern Birifor
Bolon
Mandinka Marka
Mokole
Kom
Nalu Tira
Bonjo
Adioukrou
Duungooma
Eggon
Usaghade
Dwang
Adele
Jiba
Kurama
Pulaar
Palaka Senoufo
Belanda Viri
Busa
Kouya
Maya Samo
Southern Ngbandi
Mada
Sicite Senoufo
Banda-Mbres
Kalabari
Beng
Heiban
Viemo
Anufo
Pulaar
Yakoma
Izi-Ezaa-Ikwo-Mgbo Esimbi Limbum
Mankanya
Gourmanchema
Bena
Kakabe
Gun
Tingal
Reshe
Akpa
Nigeria Mambila
Nalu
Mundang
Niellim
Kagoro
Central Grebo
Etkywan
Eastern Acipa
Begbere-Ejar
Mama
Nzakara
Amo
Nalu
Anii
Jwira-Pepesa
Kolum So Dogon
Bon Gula
Mundu
Wan
Northern Nuni
Chumburung
Ngbaka
Bati
Ko
Mono
West-Central Limba
Kano-Katsina-Bororro Fulfulde
Bile
Ekpeye
Ninkare
Tula
North Fali
Ngwe
Serer-Sine
Bangandu
Bayot
Plapo Krumen
Samba Leko
Senara Senoufo
West Central Banda
WannuLongto
Gbayi
Atsam
Jalunga
Tieyaxo Bozo
Umon
Sherbro
Krache
Mbandja
Banda-Ndele
Dendi
Jenaama Bozo
South Fali
Gonja
Okpamheri
Bondum Dom Dogon
Southern Kisi
Banda-Mbres
Kagoro
Kano-Katsina-Bororro Fulfulde
Lelemi
Banda-Banda
Bada
Neyo
Bedik
Duupa
Nyarafolo Senoufo
Mwan
Ahanta
Mundang
Gaa
Baangi
Jula
Adamawa Fulfulde
Papel
Banda-Banda
Sherbro
Kakanda
Western Maninkakan
YukubenMbum
Jola-Kasa
PeKagoma
Southern Grebo
Nigerian Fulfulde
Jiru
Belanda Viri
We Western
Seeku
Kolbila
Shanga
Lele
Marka
Jalunga
Mayogo
KwanjaIka
Eruwa
Soninke
Etulo
Borgu Fulfulde
Ndoe
Pulaar
Awutu
Ede Ije
Feroge
Wane
Marka
Nkukoli
Mende
Ogbah
Winye
Manigri-Kambole Ede Nago
Baga SitemuNalu
Adangbe
Gambian Wolof
Yace
Gwamhi-Wuri
Northern Bobo Madare
Dadiya
Agoi
Avikam
Mayogo
Nupe-Nupe-Tako
Anyin Morofo
Ebira
Arigidi
Awutu
Ngbaka Mabo
Moingi
Chakali
Hainyaxo Bozo
Karon
Gambian Wolof
Dong
MbeEmai-Iuleha-Ora
Barclayville Grebo
Aja
East Limba
Kam
Serer-Sine
Kukele
Kami
Jola-Felupe
Ukwa
Besme
Dewoin
Sur
Gourmanchema
Noon
Tampulma
Bidyogo
Hanga
Gen
Uvbie
Saafi-Saafi
Ahan
Lame
Iyive
Mak
Ngbundu
Bondoukou Kulango
West Central Banda
Jola-Kasa
Kagoro
Kagoro
Bullom So
Moba
Toro Tegu Dogon
Kplang
East Limba
Ulukwumi
Kulung
KagoroSoninke
MankanyaLandoma
Geme
Tiemacewe Bozo
Cherepon
Kudu-Camo
Kakabe
Northern Bobo Madare
Kpatili
BidyogoBidyogo
Jalunga
Yaoure
Ija-Zuba
MalaBorgu Fulfulde
Adangbe
Tchumbuli
Wushi
Warnang
Tagoi
Mbonga
Sere
Kagoro
Buraka
Western Xwla Gbe
Dan
Uneme
Mandjak
Ega
Laalaa
Pam
Mono
Oblo
Logol
Dagaari Dioula
Xoo
Naro
Nama
Nama
Kua
GwiTsoa
Shua
Juhoan
Hua
Khwe
Kxauein
Nama
Juhoan
GanaNaro
HaiomTsoa
Xoo
Khwe
Kung-Ekoka
Khwe
Kxauein
Kung-Ekoka
Nama
Sandawe
Nama
Ani
Hadza
Oung
Oung
Hadza
Oung
Sakalava Malagasy
Plateau Malagasy
Bara Malagasy
Tsimihety Malagasy
Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy
Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy
Antankarana Malagasy
Tanosy Malagasy
Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy
Tanosy Malagasy
Masikoro Malagasy
Bara Malagasy
Bushi
Hassaniyya
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Tamasheq
Somali
Libyan Spoken Arabic
Algerian Saharan Spoken Arabic
Somali
Sudanese Spoken Arabic
Hasanya Arabic
Hausa
Bedawiyet
Hausa
Afar
Tahaggart Tamahaq
Borana
Somali
Amharic
Maay
Hassaniyya ArabicHijazi Spoken Arabic
Tayart Tamajeq
Tachelhit
Somali
Saidi Spoken Arabic
Algerian Spoken Arabic
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Tamajaq
Tunisian Spoken Arabic
Tigre
Central Atlas Tamazight
Tawallammat Tamajaq
Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo
Orma
Tigrigna
West Central Oromo
Sanaani Spoken Arabic
Tachawit
Afar
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Tahaggart Tamahaq
Afar
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Taizzi-Adeni Spoken Arabic
Chadian Spoken Arabic
Hadrami Spoken Arabic
Kabyle
Tarifit
Mehri
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Eastern Oromo
Bole
TigrignaSaho
Rendille
Saho
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Putai
Taznatit
Tigre
Egyptian Spoken Arabic
Birgit
Buduma
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Kafa
Tumzabt
Jiiddu
Kajakse
Tamajaq
Nafusi
Aari
Awjilah
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Bedawiyet
Iraqw
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Chadian Spoken Arabic
Hebrew
North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Tunni
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Tahaggart Tamahaq
North Levantine Spoken Arabic
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Mubi
Aweer
Chadian Spoken Arabic
Tidikelt Tamazight
Western Egyptian Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Tachelhit
Dabarre
Awngi
Masana
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Wolaytta
Marghi South
Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Kwang
Sidamo
Aweer
Marghi Central
Musey
Hamer-Banna
Bade
Tidikelt Tamazight
Gamo-Gofa-Dawro
Barein
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Hassaniyya Arabic
Ghadames
Ron
Zenaga
Dizi
Bura-Pabir
Ndam
Gera
Silte
Somali
Musgu
Central Atlas Tamazight
Shuwa Arabic
Mpade
Herde
Garre
Sokoro
North Levantine Spoken Arabic
Temacine Tamazight
Lagwan
Shuwa Arabic
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Saba
HadiyyaShekkacho
Peve
Ngizim
Musgu
Somrai
Shilha
Gidar
Sheko
Huba
Gorowa
Libyan Spoken Arabic
Tobanga
Bilen
Bench
Masana
Sawknah
Tagargrent
Dera
Maaka
Zari
Koorete
Shuwa Arabic
Male
Borna
Arbore
Karekare
Toram
Central Atlas Tamazight
Bata
North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Daasanach
Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Goemai
Yedina
Inor
Bidiyo
Borna
Burunge
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Burji
Marba
Yemsa
Tera
Bambassi
Yaaku
North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Xamtanga
Tsamai
NgamoMogum
Zay
Masmaje
Nayi
Qimant
Shuwa Arabic
Anfillo
Melo
Siri
Awngi
Central Atlas Tamazight
Dime
NancereLele
Diri
Konso
Yaaku
Migaama
Tunni
Gedeo
Borna
Kistane
Basketo
Aasax
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Psikye
Algerian Saharan Spoken Arabic
Gadang
Mpade
Sebat Bet Gurage
Wandala
Mser
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Kera
Hozo
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Seze
Waata
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Warji
North Levantine Spoken Arabic
Shilha
Kimre
Kambaata
Dahalo
Miltu
Burji
Tal
Alagwa
SaruaGiiwo
Waata
Wolane
Alaba-Kabeena
Hadiyya
Daasanach
Duwai
Ganza
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Daasanach
Maltese
Burji
Kambaata
Argobba
Tarifit
Turoyo
Burji
Borna
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Argobba
Deno
Argobba
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Baharna Spoken Arabic
Miya
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Cibak
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Maltese
Judeo-Moroccan Arabic Western Neo-Aramaic
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Siwi
Baharna Spoken Arabic
Koy Sanjaq Surat
Harari
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Chenoua
Cypriot Spoken Arabic
Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
HausaHausa
Languages of Africa
0 250 500 750 1,000Miles
Map by Steve HuffmanData from World Language Mapping System 16 - www.worldgeodatasets.com
Language FamiliesAfroAsiatic
NigerCongo, Non-Bantu
NiloSaharan
Bantu
Khoisan
Austronesian
IndoEuropean
Dazaga
Tedaga
Fur
Nuer
DazagaTedaga
Tedaga
Zarma
Zaghawa
Efe
Tadaksahak
Maasai
Turkana
Bari
Gumuz
Runga
Lese
Central Kanuri
Maba
Acholi
Maasai
Zaghawa
Bagirmi
Toposa
Manga Kanuri
Pokoot
Mangbetu
Kibet
Naba
Korandje
Southwestern Dinka
Samburu
Sar
Teso
Murle
Shilluk
Lango
Anuak
Gula
Nuer
Logo
Tama
Fur
Ngambay
Meen
Masalit
Lombi
Laka
Berta
Kunama
Moru
Otuho
Madi
Gor
Dagba
Tama
Manga Kanuri
Kaba
Kipsigis
Ngam
Yulu
Kanembu
Karamojong
Northeastern Dinka
Nobiin
Bilma Kanuri
Dholuo
Mamvu
South Central Dinka
Luwo
Dar Sila Daju
Runga
Alur
Mandari
Mabaan
Okiek
Runga
Tugen
Ngam Gbaya
Burun
Madi
Masalit
Furu
Datooga
Fongoro
Koyra Chiini Songhay
Sara Kaba Naa
Alur
Lendu
Nandi
Runga
Gulay
Majang
Berta
Northwestern Dinka
Keiyo
Komo
Baka
Kenuzi-Dongola
Mbay
Sara Kaba
Kenga
Southeastern DinkaBelanda Bor
Beli
Sara Kaba
Central Kanuri
Suri
Koyraboro Senni Songhay
Maasai
Dendi
Ik
Ndo
Sara Dunjo
Lutos
Anuak
Yulu
Dar Daju Daju
Sara Kaba Deme
Bilma Kanuri
Kaba
Lango
Jur Modo
Nara
Morokodo
Masalit
Didinga
Mango
Mursi
Zarma
Lutos
Acholi
MararitTumari Kanuri
Lugbara
Amdang
Datooga
Reel
Narim
Kulfa
Luo
Kakwa
Jaya
Uduk
Jumjum
Sinyar
Avokaya
Aringa
Zarmaci
Omi
Midob
Lugbara
Vale
Thuri
Bedjond
Mangbutu
Avokaya
Markweeta
Kwama
Sabaot
Karanga
Lopit
LutosMbay
Karko
Bendi
Kumam
Assangori
LokoyaOlubo
Datooga
Terik
Kunama
Beli
Baka
Lutos
Ama
Asoa
Okiek
Kakwa
Gaam
Murle
Murle
Southern Madi
BedjondThuri
Gula
Kupsabiny
Opuuo
Teso
Ngiti
Adhola
Thuri
Ngambay Yulu
Central KanuriCentral Kanuri
Sara Kaba
Dar Sila Daju
Kadaru
NyangatomTurkana
Datooga
Bongo
Dar Fur Daju
Yulu
Morom
Soo
DairKaranga
Ghulfan
Majang
Gula
Disa
Sinyar
Zarma
Humburi Senni Songhay
Bongo
Kacipo-Balesi
Laka
Komo
Kacipo-Balesi
Pokoot
Krongo
Tasawaq
KeigaKatcha-Kadugli-Miri
Pari
El Hugeirat
Kelo
Songhay
Bari
Dar Fur DajuWali
Gumuz
Opuuo
Majang
Central Kanuri
Mvuba
Njalgulgule
Ndo
Surbakhal
DendiDendi
Okiek
Nyangatom
Nyamusa-Molo
Kendeje
Tedaga
Soo
Molo
Songhay
Tumtum
Keiga
TumtumShatt
Soo
Aka
Tennet
Kwegu
Songhay
Kadaru
Tumtum
Ngasa
Tulishi
Furu
Songhay
Nobiin
ZarmaZarma
Zarma
Spanish
Afrikaans
Italian
Afrikaans
Greek
Bulgarian
Northern Kurdish
Portuguese
FrenchOccitan
Western Farsi
Galician
Sicilian
Bakhtiari
Kirmanjki
Serbian
Extremaduran
Armenian
Central Kurdish
Afrikaans
Southern Kurdish
Macedonian
Laki
Pontic
Asturian
Serbian
Catalan-Valencian-Balear
Central Kurdish
Afrikaans
Slavic
French
Bosnian
Greek
Gilaki
Northern Kurdish
Greek
Galician
Northern Luri
Tosk Albanian
Corsican
Gheg Albanian
Southern Luri
Northern Kurdish
Gheg AlbanianAragoneseOsetin
Southern Kurdish
Campidanese Sardinian
Talysh
Logudorese Sardinian
Muslim Tat
Talysh
English
Northern Luri
Croatian
Armenian
Armenian
Gheg Albanian
Northern Kurdish
Western Farsi
Arvanitika Albanian
Armenian
English
Armenian
Aromanian
Serbian
Gurani
English
Serbian
Russian
Catalan-Valencian-Balear
CroatianCatalan-Valencian-Balear
Mazanderani
Laki
English
Arvanitika Albanian
Macedonian
Aromanian
Serbian
Russian
Northern Kurdish
English
Osetin
Northern Kurdish
Gallurese Sardinian
BulgarianFrench
Mirandese
OsetinSerbian
Fala
Bulgarian
Aromanian
Dezfuli
Aromanian
Croatian
Northern Kurdish
Armenian
Arvanitika Albanian
Russian
Sassarese Sardinian
Arvanitika Albanian
English
Serbian
Croatian
Dimli
Aranese Gascon
Northern Kurdish
Armenian
Aromanian
Russian
Greek
English
Alviri-Vidari
Croatian
Northern Kurdish
Megleno Romanian
Northern Kurdish
Vafsi
GreekBarranquian
English
English
Aromanian Bulgarian
Northern Kurdish
Kabatei
Gallurese Sardinian Aromanian
English
Arbereshe Albanian
Greek
Greek
Arbereshe Albanian
Northern Kurdish
Arbereshe Albanian
Balkan Romani
BulgarianArbereshe Albanian
Balkan Romani
Ladino
Balkan Romani
Sassarese SardinianCorsican Judeo-Tat
English
Domari
Tswana
Zulu
Shona
Xhosa
Kgalagadi
Cokwe
Nyemba
Tswana
Aka
Yeyi
Yao
Umbundu
Sena
Tsonga
Kimbundu
Herero
Mongo-Nkundu
Tswa
Ndau
Bemba
Luvale
Tonga
Kalanga
Bulu
Fang
Luba-Katanga
Fang
Tetela
LambaMbwela
Makhuwa
Lucazi
Songe
Lunda
Herero
Lala-Bisa
Komo
Ruund
Hemba
Ndebele
Nyanja
Zemba
Lenje
Aushi
Yaka
Gogo
Bali
Southern Sotho
Tswa
Lomwe
Ewondo
Kaonde
Koongo
Yao
Luvale
Nyamwezi
Songo
Bwa
Lozi
Northern Sotho
Nyanja
Kota
Kwanyama
Sukuma
Ganda
Zezuru
Hehe
Kamba
Ngando
Ha
Zemba
Luba-Kasai
Sanga
Taabwa
Fang
Lamba
Rundi
Kikongo
Bemba
Lunda
Luimbi
Lozi
Yansi
Nyanja
Lunda
Nyungwe
Yela
Chokwe
Sira
Birwa
Ila
Makhuwa-Meetto
Swati
Venda
Ngoni
Mbole
Swati
Mbala
Gikuyu
Ndonga
Yao
Lele
Tonga
Ndebele
Ngombe
Rwanda
Nkoya
Njebi
Herero
Lunda
Bena
Lega-Shabunda
Fipa
Makonde
Kele
Suku
Tewe
Laari
Kimbu
Kusu
Ndau
Nkutu
Nambya
Oshiwambo
Sakata
Basaa
Nsenga
Kaonde
Lolo
Myene
Kete
Bwile
Punu
Zigula
Ngindo
Kalanga
Mwera
Ngelima
Manyika
San Salvador Kongo
Ndonga
Tetela
Lengola
Venda
Nkumbi
Taabwa
Phende
Bila
Southern Sotho
Buyu
Nyoro
Asu
Ibali Teke
Sama
Budza
Lunda
Mbangala
Yombe
Tumbuka
Bushoong
Nsenga
Ndonga
Mbukushu
Mbunda
Ngulu
GcirikuDiriku
Shi
Bende
Dengese
Totela
Tooro
Ding
Sangu
Nyankore
Lalia
Bolo
Tswapong
Chuwabu
Kwangali
Makonde
Rufiji
Nyaturu
Kwangali
Tawara
Kanyok
Bhele
Kango
Bembe
Hamba
Kutu
Nande
Swahili
Tsogo
Zimba
Shubi
Teke-Fuumu
Eboo Teke
Sala
Zinza
Ombo
Yeyi
Mbosi
Nambya
Binji
Kagulu
Mbere
Ngombe
Eton
Sumbwa
Soli
Kimiiru
Holu
Diriku Fwe
Ndaka
Mbunda
Teke-Eboo
Kunda
Songomeno
Zulu
Ndombe
Makhuwa-Shirima
Nyanja
Tumbuka
Kuhane
Mashi
Soga
Bwa
Yaka
Vili
Chopi
Haya
Bekwil
Ngombe
Mituku
Zaramo
Kigiryama
Songoora
Dawida
Yaka
BuduTembo
Makaa
Sagala
Kako
Akwa
Mbunda
Subi
Nyaneka
Chokwe
Tswana
Ruuli
Simaa
Baloi
Langi
Tonga
Lumbu
BoliaNyambo
Aushi
Bungu
Mpuono
Ndendeule
Mambwe-Lungu
Kunyi
Chokwe
Nyamwanga
Digo
Nyanga
Koyo
Luyana
Mashi
Oroko
Takwane
Ntomba
Lobala
Chiga
Sangu
Nilamba
Poke
Babango
Konongo
Koonzime
Sengele
Pogolo
Nsenga
Pelende
Tonga
NtombaMbere
Bangubangu
Mbesa
Ronga
Lega-Mwenga
Mbo
MatumbiSafwa
Northern Teke
Kunda
Nkangala
Kela
Vinza
Manyika
Chokwe
Pagibete
Salampasu
Mambwe-Lungu
Sonde
Lala-Bisa
Likuba
Tembo
Ruund
Yombe
Mbunda
Kwambi
Ngom
Kaonde
Mbunga
Mpiemo
Jita
Hemba
Lwalu
Libinza
Lombo
Tsonga
Teke-Tyee
Njebi
Suundi
Tswana
Teke-Tege
MoiKuria
Bangubangu
Shambala
Teke-Nzikou
Tongwe
Tiene
Songe
Kinga
Seba
Lonzo
Kanu
Pangwa
Kwere
Hunde
Bangubangu
Salampasu
Kwese
Mwani
Luyana
Mfinu
Kokola
Gyele
Makhuwa-Saka
Ngombe
Matengo
Luguru
Makhuwa-Marrevone
Kaiku
Punu
Bebele
Manyawa
Phimbi
Maraba
Lefa
Swati
Bomitaba
Chokwe
Kuhane
Mbala
Ngungwel
Luchazi
Nyungwe
Mbukushu
Chokwe
Mbati
Makhuwa-Meetto
Bera
Kiswahili
Lozi
Chiduruma
Kiembu
Bakoko Boma
Konzo
Mbowe
Wanda
Lumbu
Holoholo
Machinga
Bangi
Lika
Dibole
Barwe
Luna
Likwala
Ndengereko
Wongo
Ndamba
Pande
Nyamwanga
Pimbwe
Nyengo
Beembe
Mbo
Makhuwa-Moniga
Duala
Lubukusu
So
Tsaangi
SoBube
KisikongoBinji
Shona
Sake
Makwe
Ndobo
Tanzania Nyiha
Doondo
Nyali
Kaamba
Pol
Ndali
Ekegusii
Ngongo
Ndobo
Bebil
Tsonga
Byep
Rwanda
Mbukushu
Rwa
Ronga
Kwasio
Swahili
Lozi
Kami
Ligenza
Manda
Barama
Kunda
Joba
Ndebele
Vili
Mbukushu
Swahili
Akoose
Gwere
Nyiha
Yombe
Kipfokomo
Kuhane
Marenje
Ngombe
Kol
KeleNgombe
Mpongmpong
Likila
Teke-Tsaayi
Yaka
Dema
Bomboma
Mbangwe Subi
Kunda
Holu
Ngoni
Vwanji
Kwese
Teke-Kukuya
Fuliiru
Hangaza
Hema
Lumbu
Bhele
Nyole
Kwami
Mbugwe
Doe
Malawi Sena
Havu
Wandji
Chidigo
KeleNdolo
Kenyi
Wumbvu
Nyindu
Kitharaka
Mochi
Pimbwe
Nyakyusa-Ngonde
Njyem
Temi
Samba
Bubi
Lusengo
Bassossi
Ndonde Hamba
Ikizu
Gichuka
Maindo
LikwalaKande
Bongili
Nyika
Gungu
Kota
Koti
Vunjo
Lusengo
Ngoreme
Kuria
Lambya
Ombamba
Machame
Kisi
Swahili
Bwisi
Zanaki
Bondei
Tsaangi
Teke-Laali
Kisikongo
Boko
Ngul
Ndasa
Taveta
Yasa
Enya
Hema
Wumboko
BozabaBomwali
Nande
Mpoto
Bakaka
Foma
Seki
Kiwilwana
Kwaya
Bafia
Suba
Enya
Isanzu
Rwanda
Tembo
Kokola
Suba-Simbiti
Nindi
MokpwePol
Saamia
Mpongmpong
Pomo
Ikoma-Nata-Isenye
Swahili
Bakoko
Bwisi
Songo
Bobangi
Bongili
Ngom
Ngumbi
Pinji
Gweno
Nathembo
Gbati-ri
Ngul
Mahongwe
Bafaw-Balong
Malimba
Wumbvu
Bekwil
Songo
Tembo
SwahiliSimba
Zulu
Rwanda
Mboko
MpiemoMpiemo
Bwisi
Kerewe
Maore
Nindi
Tembo
Barama
Kango
Kwasio
Duma
Shona
Ngazidja Comorian
Kabwari
Havu
Molengue
Mpiemo
Boguru
Rungwa
Salampasu
Mpongmpong
Bolondo
Vidunda
Xhosa
Lambya
Kako
Pagibete
Ndumu
Luna
Tanzania Nyiha
MahongweMboko
Ngando
Mushungulu
Koongo
Boloki
Kwakum
Kele
Tibea
NyalaBongili
Mwera
Bakole
Kwakum
Bubia
Seki
Xhosa
Batanga
Kele
Kwese
Mengisa
Fang
SwahiliKele
Tsonga
Lulogooli
Koti
Phuthi
Batanga
Kango
Benga
Tsonga
Gyele
Segeju
Kako
Byep
Vumbu
Mpyemo
So
Kwese
Ndzwani Comorian
Rwanda
Hungana
Yangho
Phuthi
Benga
Kari
Kara
Kango
Kari
Kerewe
Kako
Kari
Sighu
Mwali Comorian
Bomwali
Suba
Suba
UkhwejoNyanga-li
Chichonyi-Chidzihana-ChikaumaSagalla
Bembe
Bafaw-Balong
Benga
Mbugu
Maasina Fulfulde
Zande
Yoruba
Pular
PulaarCentral-Eastern Niger FulfuldePulaar
Akan
Moore
Bamanankan
Tiv
Baka
Soninke
Igbo
Banda-Ndele
Susu
Dii
Zande
Manza
Anyin
Vute
Wolof
Mende
Baoule
Kita Maninkakan
Eastern Maninkakan
Ngbaka
Zande
Kabiye
Baatonum
Western Niger Fulfulde
Gourmanchema
Wolof
Izon
Baka
Gbagyi
Cishingini
Pulaar
Guro
Gbanu
Bokoto
Dan
Nzakara
Themne
Igala
Northwest GbayaBassa
Edo
Dagbani
Ewe
Ife
Cebaara Senoufo
EweKare
Attie
Wasa
Abron
Tem
Ali
Bua
Gbari
Lobi
Mba
Gola
Tikar
Kuranko
Liberia KpelleFon
Dibo
Pulaar
Dan
Bissa
Tem
Kuranko
Kono
Bofi
Mbum
Yom
Godie
Basa
Bolgo
Vai
Ife
Buamu
Banda-BambariNorthwest Gbaya
Western Maninkakan
Lama
Northern Ngbandi
JulaWojenaka
Boko
Adamawa Fulfulde
Banda-Banda
Bomu
Mahou
Banda-Banda
Klao
Southwest Gbaya
Marka
Bamun
Sehwi
Abe
We Southern
Barambu
Pulaar
Nupe-Nupe-Tako
Jibu
Southern Nuni
Mamara Senoufo
Konyanka Maninka
Pular
SumaBanda-Mbres
Mann
Adamawa Fulfulde
KoroGonja
Esan
Gundi
Bakwe
Loma
Serer-Sine Northeastern Burkina Faso FulfuldeXaasongaxango
Abron
Lobi
Bada
Boko
Tarok Adamawa Fulfulde
Vai Idoma
Supyire Senoufo
Susu
Mbum
Western Maninkakan
Samba Daka
Fania
Mumuye
Koyaga
Clela
Dogose
AjaKare
Ngbaka Manza
Worodougou Bondoukou Kulango
Jula
Aja
Deg
Tsuvadi
Agatu
Jola-Fonyi
Gbaya-Bozoum
Lyele
Gbaya-Mbodomo
Sapo
Wali
Adamawa Fulfulde
Tagwana Senoufo
Peere
Djimini Senoufo
Balanta-Kentohe
Duguri
Ebira
Buli
Bokyi
Mampruli
Pana
Jamsay Dogon
Guiberoua Bete
Mono
Wolof
Kono
Northern Kissi
Jarawa
Toma
Gourmanchema
Ga
Tsishingini
Efik
Lama
Kasem
Mandjak
Wapan
Tunen
Langbashe
Soninke
Baatonum
Nigerian Fulfulde
Ejagham
Mundang
Ede Cabe
Waama
Lakota Dida
Nyabwa
Yalunka
Dangme
Manya
Mid-Southern Banda
Mandinka
Ngbaka Mabo
Urhobo
Mandinka
Northern Grebo
Soninke
Ibibio
Yekhee
Anyin
Guinea Kpelle
Bokobaru
Konkomba
Kpala
Banda-BandaIsekiri
Togbo-Vara Banda
Bambara
Gbaya-Bossangoa
Nzema
Gonja
Igede
Lama
Ikposo
Kusaal
Nawdm
Toura
Banda-Yangere
Pular
Maxi Gbe
Gagu
Mandinka
Ma
Eloyi
Tomo Kan Dogon
Jju
Biali
Bandi
Mbum
Western Krahn
Tuki
Cerma
Suga
Southern Bobo Madare
Ejagham
Gbii
Bouna Kulango
Tupuri
Ebira
Yalunka
LamaJula Hone Adamawa Fulfulde
Loko
Adamawa Fulfulde
Tyap
Anufo
Ikwere
Gade
Mundu
Southern Dagaare
Karang
Anii
Koalib
Isoko
MobaFarefare
South Central Banda
Mann
Nawdm
DoyayoToma
Bonjo
Jenaama Bozo
Biafada
Koromfe
Ndogo
Kasem
Jukun Takum
YalunkaKabiye
Denya
Ntcham
Mbandja
Oniyan
Landoma
Kuo
Izere
Pana
Nzakara
Busa
Koromfe
Pye Krumen
Isu
Turka
Gola
Gilima
Lukpa
Biali
Bai
Hun-Saare
Mayogo
Alago
East Limba
Bangba
KonkombaTeenWajaTsikimba
Kupa
Bonjo
IkuluGula Iro
Konabere
Khisa
PaasaalSankaran Maninka
Kirike
Pongu
Koke
Vute
Northern Dagara
Syenara SenoufoJere
KadaraMalba Birifor
Ayizo Gbe
Gagnoa Bete
ut-Ma’in
Dongo
Mom Jango
Tajuasohn
Obolo
Day
Lamnso
Tita
Baka
Wamey
Adamawa Fulfulde
Lijili
Ditammari
Tepo Krumen
Peere
Abidji
Matya Samo
Ede Nago
Yocoboue Dida
Bassari
Ede Idaca
AbureEbrie
Gourmanchema
Mbandja
Waci Gbe
Zhire
Zan Gula
Kenyang
Day
Berom
Jenaama Bozo
Ede Ica
Gobu
Southeast Ijo
Konkomba
Eastern Krahn
Nanerige Senoufo
Fefe
Daloa Bete
Tupuri
Tegali
Dan
Southern Samo
Nafaanra
Ndoola
Kodia
Anaang
Kim
Meta
Sissala
Gun
Nzakambay
Tem
Hyam
Nalu
Vagla
Kagoro Tene Kan Dogon
Sherbro
Gonja
We NorthernKutep
Kuwaa
Cinda-Regi-Tiyal
Banda-Banda
Nzema
Ditammari
Oro
Phuie
Tagoi
Yala
Pana
Khisa
Krim
Southern Birifor
Bolon
Mandinka Marka
Mokole
Kom
Nalu Tira
Bonjo
Adioukrou
Duungooma
Eggon
Usaghade
Dwang
Adele
Jiba
Kurama
Pulaar
Palaka Senoufo
Belanda Viri
Busa
Kouya
Maya Samo
Southern Ngbandi
Mada
Sicite Senoufo
Banda-Mbres
Kalabari
Beng
Heiban
Viemo
Anufo
Pulaar
Yakoma
Izi-Ezaa-Ikwo-Mgbo Esimbi Limbum
Mankanya
Gourmanchema
Bena
Kakabe
Gun
Tingal
Reshe
Akpa
Nigeria Mambila
Nalu
Mundang
Niellim
Kagoro
Central Grebo
Etkywan
Eastern Acipa
Begbere-Ejar
Mama
Nzakara
Amo
Nalu
Anii
Jwira-Pepesa
Kolum So Dogon
Bon Gula
Mundu
Wan
Northern Nuni
Chumburung
Ngbaka
Bati
Ko
Mono
West-Central Limba
Kano-Katsina-Bororro Fulfulde
Bile
Ekpeye
Ninkare
Tula
North Fali
Ngwe
Serer-Sine
Bangandu
Bayot
Plapo Krumen
Samba Leko
Senara Senoufo
West Central Banda
WannuLongto
Gbayi
Atsam
Jalunga
Tieyaxo Bozo
Umon
Sherbro
Krache
Mbandja
Banda-Ndele
Dendi
Jenaama Bozo
South Fali
Gonja
Okpamheri
Bondum Dom Dogon
Southern Kisi
Banda-Mbres
Kagoro
Kano-Katsina-Bororro Fulfulde
Lelemi
Banda-Banda
Bada
Neyo
Bedik
Duupa
Nyarafolo Senoufo
Mwan
Ahanta
Mundang
Gaa
Baangi
Jula
Adamawa Fulfulde
Papel
Banda-Banda
Sherbro
Kakanda
Western Maninkakan
YukubenMbum
Jola-Kasa
PeKagoma
Southern Grebo
Nigerian Fulfulde
Jiru
Belanda Viri
We Western
Seeku
Kolbila
Shanga
Lele
Marka
Jalunga
Mayogo
KwanjaIka
Eruwa
Soninke
Etulo
Borgu Fulfulde
Ndoe
Pulaar
Awutu
Ede Ije
Feroge
Wane
Marka
Nkukoli
Mende
Ogbah
Winye
Manigri-Kambole Ede Nago
Baga SitemuNalu
Adangbe
Gambian Wolof
Yace
Gwamhi-Wuri
Northern Bobo Madare
Dadiya
Agoi
Avikam
Mayogo
Nupe-Nupe-Tako
Anyin Morofo
Ebira
Arigidi
Awutu
Ngbaka Mabo
Moingi
Chakali
Hainyaxo Bozo
Karon
Gambian Wolof
Dong
MbeEmai-Iuleha-Ora
Barclayville Grebo
Aja
East Limba
Kam
Serer-Sine
Kukele
Kami
Jola-Felupe
Ukwa
Besme
Dewoin
Sur
Gourmanchema
Noon
Tampulma
Bidyogo
Hanga
Gen
Uvbie
Saafi-Saafi
Ahan
Lame
Iyive
Mak
Ngbundu
Bondoukou Kulango
West Central Banda
Jola-Kasa
Kagoro
Kagoro
Bullom So
Moba
Toro Tegu Dogon
Kplang
East Limba
Ulukwumi
Kulung
KagoroSoninke
MankanyaLandoma
Geme
Tiemacewe Bozo
Cherepon
Kudu-Camo
Kakabe
Northern Bobo Madare
Kpatili
BidyogoBidyogo
Jalunga
Yaoure
Ija-Zuba
MalaBorgu Fulfulde
Adangbe
Tchumbuli
Wushi
Warnang
Tagoi
Mbonga
Sere
Kagoro
Buraka
Western Xwla Gbe
Dan
Uneme
Mandjak
Ega
Laalaa
Pam
Mono
Oblo
Logol
Dagaari Dioula
Xoo
Naro
Nama
Nama
Kua
GwiTsoa
Shua
Juhoan
Hua
Khwe
Kxauein
Nama
Juhoan
GanaNaro
HaiomTsoa
Xoo
Khwe
Kung-Ekoka
Khwe
Kxauein
Kung-Ekoka
Nama
Sandawe
Nama
Ani
Hadza
Oung
Oung
Hadza
Oung
Sakalava Malagasy
Plateau Malagasy
Bara Malagasy
Tsimihety Malagasy
Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy
Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy
Antankarana Malagasy
Tanosy Malagasy
Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy
Tanosy Malagasy
Masikoro Malagasy
Bara Malagasy
Bushi
Hassaniyya
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Tamasheq
Somali
Libyan Spoken Arabic
Algerian Saharan Spoken Arabic
Somali
Sudanese Spoken Arabic
Hasanya Arabic
Hausa
Bedawiyet
Hausa
Afar
Tahaggart Tamahaq
Borana
Somali
Amharic
Maay
Hassaniyya ArabicHijazi Spoken Arabic
Tayart Tamajeq
Tachelhit
Somali
Saidi Spoken Arabic
Algerian Spoken Arabic
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Tamajaq
Tunisian Spoken Arabic
Tigre
Central Atlas Tamazight
Tawallammat Tamajaq
Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo
Orma
Tigrigna
West Central Oromo
Sanaani Spoken Arabic
Tachawit
Afar
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Tahaggart Tamahaq
Afar
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Taizzi-Adeni Spoken Arabic
Chadian Spoken Arabic
Hadrami Spoken Arabic
Kabyle
Tarifit
Mehri
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Eastern Oromo
Bole
TigrignaSaho
Rendille
Saho
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Putai
Taznatit
Tigre
Egyptian Spoken Arabic
Birgit
Buduma
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Kafa
Tumzabt
Jiiddu
Kajakse
Tamajaq
Nafusi
Aari
Awjilah
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Bedawiyet
Iraqw
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Chadian Spoken Arabic
Hebrew
North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Tunni
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Tahaggart Tamahaq
North Levantine Spoken Arabic
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Mubi
Aweer
Chadian Spoken Arabic
Tidikelt Tamazight
Western Egyptian Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Tachelhit
Dabarre
Awngi
Masana
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Wolaytta
Marghi South
Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Kwang
Sidamo
Aweer
Marghi Central
Musey
Hamer-Banna
Bade
Tidikelt Tamazight
Gamo-Gofa-Dawro
Barein
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Hassaniyya Arabic
Ghadames
Ron
Zenaga
Dizi
Bura-Pabir
Ndam
Gera
Silte
Somali
Musgu
Central Atlas Tamazight
Shuwa Arabic
Mpade
Herde
Garre
Sokoro
North Levantine Spoken Arabic
Temacine Tamazight
Lagwan
Shuwa Arabic
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Saba
HadiyyaShekkacho
Peve
Ngizim
Musgu
Somrai
Shilha
Gidar
Sheko
Huba
Gorowa
Libyan Spoken Arabic
Tobanga
Bilen
Bench
Masana
Sawknah
Tagargrent
Dera
Maaka
Zari
Koorete
Shuwa Arabic
Male
Borna
Arbore
Karekare
Toram
Central Atlas Tamazight
Bata
North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Daasanach
Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Goemai
Yedina
Inor
Bidiyo
Borna
Burunge
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Burji
Marba
Yemsa
Tera
Bambassi
Yaaku
North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Xamtanga
Tsamai
NgamoMogum
Zay
Masmaje
Nayi
Qimant
Shuwa Arabic
Anfillo
Melo
Siri
Awngi
Central Atlas Tamazight
Dime
NancereLele
Diri
Konso
Yaaku
Migaama
Tunni
Gedeo
Borna
Kistane
Basketo
Aasax
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Psikye
Algerian Saharan Spoken Arabic
Gadang
Mpade
Sebat Bet Gurage
Wandala
Mser
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Kera
Hozo
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Seze
Waata
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Warji
North Levantine Spoken Arabic
Shilha
Kimre
Kambaata
Dahalo
Miltu
Burji
Tal
Alagwa
SaruaGiiwo
Waata
Wolane
Alaba-Kabeena
Hadiyya
Daasanach
Duwai
Ganza
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Daasanach
Maltese
Burji
Kambaata
Argobba
Tarifit
Turoyo
Burji
Borna
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Argobba
Deno
Argobba
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Baharna Spoken Arabic
Miya
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Cibak
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Maltese
Judeo-Moroccan Arabic Western Neo-Aramaic
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Siwi
Baharna Spoken Arabic
Koy Sanjaq Surat
Harari
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Chenoua
Cypriot Spoken Arabic
Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
HausaHausa
Languages of Africa
0 250 500 750 1,000Miles
Map by Steve HuffmanData from World Language Mapping System 16 - www.worldgeodatasets.com
Language FamiliesAfroAsiatic
NigerCongo, Non-Bantu
NiloSaharan
Bantu
Khoisan
Austronesian
IndoEuropean
The languages of Africa.
Dazaga
Tedaga
Fur
Nuer
DazagaTedaga
Tedaga
Zarma
Zaghawa
Efe
Tadaksahak
Maasai
Turkana
Bari
Gumuz
Runga
Lese
Central Kanuri
Maba
Acholi
Maasai
Zaghawa
Bagirmi
Toposa
Manga Kanuri
Pokoot
Mangbetu
Kibet
Naba
Korandje
Southwestern Dinka
Samburu
Sar
Teso
Murle
Shilluk
Lango
Anuak
Gula
Nuer
Logo
Tama
Fur
Ngambay
Meen
Masalit
Lombi
Laka
Berta
Kunama
Moru
Otuho
Madi
Gor
Dagba
Tama
Manga Kanuri
Kaba
Kipsigis
Ngam
Yulu
Kanembu
Karamojong
Northeastern Dinka
Nobiin
Bilma Kanuri
Dholuo
Mamvu
South Central Dinka
Luwo
Dar Sila Daju
Runga
Alur
Mandari
Mabaan
Okiek
Runga
Tugen
Ngam Gbaya
Burun
Madi
Masalit
Furu
Datooga
Fongoro
Koyra Chiini Songhay
Sara Kaba Naa
Alur
Lendu
Nandi
Runga
Gulay
Majang
Berta
Northwestern Dinka
Keiyo
Komo
Baka
Kenuzi-Dongola
Mbay
Sara Kaba
Kenga
Southeastern DinkaBelanda Bor
Beli
Sara Kaba
Central Kanuri
Suri
Koyraboro Senni Songhay
Maasai
Dendi
Ik
Ndo
Sara Dunjo
Lutos
Anuak
Yulu
Dar Daju Daju
Sara Kaba Deme
Bilma Kanuri
Kaba
Lango
Jur Modo
Nara
Morokodo
Masalit
Didinga
Mango
Mursi
Zarma
Lutos
Acholi
MararitTumari Kanuri
Lugbara
Amdang
Datooga
Reel
Narim
Kulfa
Luo
Kakwa
Jaya
Uduk
Jumjum
Sinyar
Avokaya
Aringa
Zarmaci
Omi
Midob
Lugbara
Vale
Thuri
Bedjond
Mangbutu
Avokaya
Markweeta
Kwama
Sabaot
Karanga
Lopit
LutosMbay
Karko
Bendi
Kumam
Assangori
LokoyaOlubo
Datooga
Terik
Kunama
Beli
Baka
Lutos
Ama
Asoa
Okiek
Kakwa
Gaam
Murle
Murle
Southern Madi
BedjondThuri
Gula
Kupsabiny
Opuuo
Teso
Ngiti
Adhola
Thuri
Ngambay Yulu
Central KanuriCentral Kanuri
Sara Kaba
Dar Sila Daju
Kadaru
NyangatomTurkana
Datooga
Bongo
Dar Fur Daju
Yulu
Morom
Soo
DairKaranga
Ghulfan
Majang
Gula
Disa
Sinyar
Zarma
Humburi Senni Songhay
Bongo
Kacipo-Balesi
Laka
Komo
Kacipo-Balesi
Pokoot
Krongo
Tasawaq
KeigaKatcha-Kadugli-Miri
Pari
El Hugeirat
Kelo
Songhay
Bari
Dar Fur DajuWali
Gumuz
Opuuo
Majang
Central Kanuri
Mvuba
Njalgulgule
Ndo
Surbakhal
DendiDendi
Okiek
Nyangatom
Nyamusa-Molo
Kendeje
Tedaga
Soo
Molo
Songhay
Tumtum
Keiga
TumtumShatt
Soo
Aka
Tennet
Kwegu
Songhay
Kadaru
Tumtum
Ngasa
Tulishi
Furu
Songhay
Nobiin
ZarmaZarma
Zarma
Spanish
Afrikaans
Italian
Afrikaans
Greek
Bulgarian
Northern Kurdish
Portuguese
FrenchOccitan
Western Farsi
Galician
Sicilian
Bakhtiari
Kirmanjki
Serbian
Extremaduran
Armenian
Central Kurdish
Afrikaans
Southern Kurdish
Macedonian
Laki
Pontic
Asturian
Serbian
Catalan-Valencian-Balear
Central Kurdish
Afrikaans
Slavic
French
Bosnian
Greek
Gilaki
Northern Kurdish
Greek
Galician
Northern Luri
Tosk Albanian
Corsican
Gheg Albanian
Southern Luri
Northern Kurdish
Gheg AlbanianAragoneseOsetin
Southern Kurdish
Campidanese Sardinian
Talysh
Logudorese Sardinian
Muslim Tat
Talysh
English
Northern Luri
Croatian
Armenian
Armenian
Gheg Albanian
Northern Kurdish
Western Farsi
Arvanitika Albanian
Armenian
English
Armenian
Aromanian
Serbian
Gurani
English
Serbian
Russian
Catalan-Valencian-Balear
CroatianCatalan-Valencian-Balear
Mazanderani
Laki
English
Arvanitika Albanian
Macedonian
Aromanian
Serbian
Russian
Northern Kurdish
English
Osetin
Northern Kurdish
Gallurese Sardinian
BulgarianFrench
Mirandese
OsetinSerbian
Fala
Bulgarian
Aromanian
Dezfuli
Aromanian
Croatian
Northern Kurdish
Armenian
Arvanitika Albanian
Russian
Sassarese Sardinian
Arvanitika Albanian
English
Serbian
Croatian
Dimli
Aranese Gascon
Northern Kurdish
Armenian
Aromanian
Russian
Greek
English
Alviri-Vidari
Croatian
Northern Kurdish
Megleno Romanian
Northern Kurdish
Vafsi
GreekBarranquian
English
English
Aromanian Bulgarian
Northern Kurdish
Kabatei
Gallurese Sardinian Aromanian
English
Arbereshe Albanian
Greek
Greek
Arbereshe Albanian
Northern Kurdish
Arbereshe Albanian
Balkan Romani
BulgarianArbereshe Albanian
Balkan Romani
Ladino
Balkan Romani
Sassarese SardinianCorsican Judeo-Tat
English
Domari
Tswana
Zulu
Shona
Xhosa
Kgalagadi
Cokwe
Nyemba
Tswana
Aka
Yeyi
Yao
Umbundu
Sena
Tsonga
Kimbundu
Herero
Mongo-Nkundu
Tswa
Ndau
Bemba
Luvale
Tonga
Kalanga
Bulu
Fang
Luba-Katanga
Fang
Tetela
LambaMbwela
Makhuwa
Lucazi
Songe
Lunda
Herero
Lala-Bisa
Komo
Ruund
Hemba
Ndebele
Nyanja
Zemba
Lenje
Aushi
Yaka
Gogo
Bali
Southern Sotho
Tswa
Lomwe
Ewondo
Kaonde
Koongo
Yao
Luvale
Nyamwezi
Songo
Bwa
Lozi
Northern Sotho
Nyanja
Kota
Kwanyama
Sukuma
Ganda
Zezuru
Hehe
Kamba
Ngando
Ha
Zemba
Luba-Kasai
Sanga
Taabwa
Fang
Lamba
Rundi
Kikongo
Bemba
Lunda
Luimbi
Lozi
Yansi
Nyanja
Lunda
Nyungwe
Yela
Chokwe
Sira
Birwa
Ila
Makhuwa-Meetto
Swati
Venda
Ngoni
Mbole
Swati
Mbala
Gikuyu
Ndonga
Yao
Lele
Tonga
Ndebele
Ngombe
Rwanda
Nkoya
Njebi
Herero
Lunda
Bena
Lega-Shabunda
Fipa
Makonde
Kele
Suku
Tewe
Laari
Kimbu
Kusu
Ndau
Nkutu
Nambya
Oshiwambo
Sakata
Basaa
Nsenga
Kaonde
Lolo
Myene
Kete
Bwile
Punu
Zigula
Ngindo
Kalanga
Mwera
Ngelima
Manyika
San Salvador Kongo
Ndonga
Tetela
Lengola
Venda
Nkumbi
Taabwa
Phende
Bila
Southern Sotho
Buyu
Nyoro
Asu
Ibali Teke
Sama
Budza
Lunda
Mbangala
Yombe
Tumbuka
Bushoong
Nsenga
Ndonga
Mbukushu
Mbunda
Ngulu
GcirikuDiriku
Shi
Bende
Dengese
Totela
Tooro
Ding
Sangu
Nyankore
Lalia
Bolo
Tswapong
Chuwabu
Kwangali
Makonde
Rufiji
Nyaturu
Kwangali
Tawara
Kanyok
Bhele
Kango
Bembe
Hamba
Kutu
Nande
Swahili
Tsogo
Zimba
Shubi
Teke-Fuumu
Eboo Teke
Sala
Zinza
Ombo
Yeyi
Mbosi
Nambya
Binji
Kagulu
Mbere
Ngombe
Eton
Sumbwa
Soli
Kimiiru
Holu
Diriku Fwe
Ndaka
Mbunda
Teke-Eboo
Kunda
Songomeno
Zulu
Ndombe
Makhuwa-Shirima
Nyanja
Tumbuka
Kuhane
Mashi
Soga
Bwa
Yaka
Vili
Chopi
Haya
Bekwil
Ngombe
Mituku
Zaramo
Kigiryama
Songoora
Dawida
Yaka
BuduTembo
Makaa
Sagala
Kako
Akwa
Mbunda
Subi
Nyaneka
Chokwe
Tswana
Ruuli
Simaa
Baloi
Langi
Tonga
Lumbu
BoliaNyambo
Aushi
Bungu
Mpuono
Ndendeule
Mambwe-Lungu
Kunyi
Chokwe
Nyamwanga
Digo
Nyanga
Koyo
Luyana
Mashi
Oroko
Takwane
Ntomba
Lobala
Chiga
Sangu
Nilamba
Poke
Babango
Konongo
Koonzime
Sengele
Pogolo
Nsenga
Pelende
Tonga
NtombaMbere
Bangubangu
Mbesa
Ronga
Lega-Mwenga
Mbo
MatumbiSafwa
Northern Teke
Kunda
Nkangala
Kela
Vinza
Manyika
Chokwe
Pagibete
Salampasu
Mambwe-Lungu
Sonde
Lala-Bisa
Likuba
Tembo
Ruund
Yombe
Mbunda
Kwambi
Ngom
Kaonde
Mbunga
Mpiemo
Jita
Hemba
Lwalu
Libinza
Lombo
Tsonga
Teke-Tyee
Njebi
Suundi
Tswana
Teke-Tege
MoiKuria
Bangubangu
Shambala
Teke-Nzikou
Tongwe
Tiene
Songe
Kinga
Seba
Lonzo
Kanu
Pangwa
Kwere
Hunde
Bangubangu
Salampasu
Kwese
Mwani
Luyana
Mfinu
Kokola
Gyele
Makhuwa-Saka
Ngombe
Matengo
Luguru
Makhuwa-Marrevone
Kaiku
Punu
Bebele
Manyawa
Phimbi
Maraba
Lefa
Swati
Bomitaba
Chokwe
Kuhane
Mbala
Ngungwel
Luchazi
Nyungwe
Mbukushu
Chokwe
Mbati
Makhuwa-Meetto
Bera
Kiswahili
Lozi
Chiduruma
Kiembu
Bakoko Boma
Konzo
Mbowe
Wanda
Lumbu
Holoholo
Machinga
Bangi
Lika
Dibole
Barwe
Luna
Likwala
Ndengereko
Wongo
Ndamba
Pande
Nyamwanga
Pimbwe
Nyengo
Beembe
Mbo
Makhuwa-Moniga
Duala
Lubukusu
So
Tsaangi
SoBube
KisikongoBinji
Shona
Sake
Makwe
Ndobo
Tanzania Nyiha
Doondo
Nyali
Kaamba
Pol
Ndali
Ekegusii
Ngongo
Ndobo
Bebil
Tsonga
Byep
Rwanda
Mbukushu
Rwa
Ronga
Kwasio
Swahili
Lozi
Kami
Ligenza
Manda
Barama
Kunda
Joba
Ndebele
Vili
Mbukushu
Swahili
Akoose
Gwere
Nyiha
Yombe
Kipfokomo
Kuhane
Marenje
Ngombe
Kol
KeleNgombe
Mpongmpong
Likila
Teke-Tsaayi
Yaka
Dema
Bomboma
Mbangwe Subi
Kunda
Holu
Ngoni
Vwanji
Kwese
Teke-Kukuya
Fuliiru
Hangaza
Hema
Lumbu
Bhele
Nyole
Kwami
Mbugwe
Doe
Malawi Sena
Havu
Wandji
Chidigo
KeleNdolo
Kenyi
Wumbvu
Nyindu
Kitharaka
Mochi
Pimbwe
Nyakyusa-Ngonde
Njyem
Temi
Samba
Bubi
Lusengo
Bassossi
Ndonde Hamba
Ikizu
Gichuka
Maindo
LikwalaKande
Bongili
Nyika
Gungu
Kota
Koti
Vunjo
Lusengo
Ngoreme
Kuria
Lambya
Ombamba
Machame
Kisi
Swahili
Bwisi
Zanaki
Bondei
Tsaangi
Teke-Laali
Kisikongo
Boko
Ngul
Ndasa
Taveta
Yasa
Enya
Hema
Wumboko
BozabaBomwali
Nande
Mpoto
Bakaka
Foma
Seki
Kiwilwana
Kwaya
Bafia
Suba
Enya
Isanzu
Rwanda
Tembo
Kokola
Suba-Simbiti
Nindi
MokpwePol
Saamia
Mpongmpong
Pomo
Ikoma-Nata-Isenye
Swahili
Bakoko
Bwisi
Songo
Bobangi
Bongili
Ngom
Ngumbi
Pinji
Gweno
Nathembo
Gbati-ri
Ngul
Mahongwe
Bafaw-Balong
Malimba
Wumbvu
Bekwil
Songo
Tembo
SwahiliSimba
Zulu
Rwanda
Mboko
MpiemoMpiemo
Bwisi
Kerewe
Maore
Nindi
Tembo
Barama
Kango
Kwasio
Duma
Shona
Ngazidja Comorian
Kabwari
Havu
Molengue
Mpiemo
Boguru
Rungwa
Salampasu
Mpongmpong
Bolondo
Vidunda
Xhosa
Lambya
Kako
Pagibete
Ndumu
Luna
Tanzania Nyiha
MahongweMboko
Ngando
Mushungulu
Koongo
Boloki
Kwakum
Kele
Tibea
NyalaBongili
Mwera
Bakole
Kwakum
Bubia
Seki
Xhosa
Batanga
Kele
Kwese
Mengisa
Fang
SwahiliKele
Tsonga
Lulogooli
Koti
Phuthi
Batanga
Kango
Benga
Tsonga
Gyele
Segeju
Kako
Byep
Vumbu
Mpyemo
So
Kwese
Ndzwani Comorian
Rwanda
Hungana
Yangho
Phuthi
Benga
Kari
Kara
Kango
Kari
Kerewe
Kako
Kari
Sighu
Mwali Comorian
Bomwali
Suba
Suba
UkhwejoNyanga-li
Chichonyi-Chidzihana-ChikaumaSagalla
Bembe
Bafaw-Balong
Benga
Mbugu
Maasina Fulfulde
Zande
Yoruba
Pular
PulaarCentral-Eastern Niger FulfuldePulaar
Akan
Moore
Bamanankan
Tiv
Baka
Soninke
Igbo
Banda-Ndele
Susu
Dii
Zande
Manza
Anyin
Vute
Wolof
Mende
Baoule
Kita Maninkakan
Eastern Maninkakan
Ngbaka
Zande
Kabiye
Baatonum
Western Niger Fulfulde
Gourmanchema
Wolof
Izon
Baka
Gbagyi
Cishingini
Pulaar
Guro
Gbanu
Bokoto
Dan
Nzakara
Themne
Igala
Northwest GbayaBassa
Edo
Dagbani
Ewe
Ife
Cebaara Senoufo
EweKare
Attie
Wasa
Abron
Tem
Ali
Bua
Gbari
Lobi
Mba
Gola
Tikar
Kuranko
Liberia KpelleFon
Dibo
Pulaar
Dan
Bissa
Tem
Kuranko
Kono
Bofi
Mbum
Yom
Godie
Basa
Bolgo
Vai
Ife
Buamu
Banda-BambariNorthwest Gbaya
Western Maninkakan
Lama
Northern Ngbandi
JulaWojenaka
Boko
Adamawa Fulfulde
Banda-Banda
Bomu
Mahou
Banda-Banda
Klao
Southwest Gbaya
Marka
Bamun
Sehwi
Abe
We Southern
Barambu
Pulaar
Nupe-Nupe-Tako
Jibu
Southern Nuni
Mamara Senoufo
Konyanka Maninka
Pular
SumaBanda-Mbres
Mann
Adamawa Fulfulde
KoroGonja
Esan
Gundi
Bakwe
Loma
Serer-Sine Northeastern Burkina Faso FulfuldeXaasongaxango
Abron
Lobi
Bada
Boko
Tarok Adamawa Fulfulde
Vai Idoma
Supyire Senoufo
Susu
Mbum
Western Maninkakan
Samba Daka
Fania
Mumuye
Koyaga
Clela
Dogose
AjaKare
Ngbaka Manza
Worodougou Bondoukou Kulango
Jula
Aja
Deg
Tsuvadi
Agatu
Jola-Fonyi
Gbaya-Bozoum
Lyele
Gbaya-Mbodomo
Sapo
Wali
Adamawa Fulfulde
Tagwana Senoufo
Peere
Djimini Senoufo
Balanta-Kentohe
Duguri
Ebira
Buli
Bokyi
Mampruli
Pana
Jamsay Dogon
Guiberoua Bete
Mono
Wolof
Kono
Northern Kissi
Jarawa
Toma
Gourmanchema
Ga
Tsishingini
Efik
Lama
Kasem
Mandjak
Wapan
Tunen
Langbashe
Soninke
Baatonum
Nigerian Fulfulde
Ejagham
Mundang
Ede Cabe
Waama
Lakota Dida
Nyabwa
Yalunka
Dangme
Manya
Mid-Southern Banda
Mandinka
Ngbaka Mabo
Urhobo
Mandinka
Northern Grebo
Soninke
Ibibio
Yekhee
Anyin
Guinea Kpelle
Bokobaru
Konkomba
Kpala
Banda-BandaIsekiri
Togbo-Vara Banda
Bambara
Gbaya-Bossangoa
Nzema
Gonja
Igede
Lama
Ikposo
Kusaal
Nawdm
Toura
Banda-Yangere
Pular
Maxi Gbe
Gagu
Mandinka
Ma
Eloyi
Tomo Kan Dogon
Jju
Biali
Bandi
Mbum
Western Krahn
Tuki
Cerma
Suga
Southern Bobo Madare
Ejagham
Gbii
Bouna Kulango
Tupuri
Ebira
Yalunka
LamaJula Hone Adamawa Fulfulde
Loko
Adamawa Fulfulde
Tyap
Anufo
Ikwere
Gade
Mundu
Southern Dagaare
Karang
Anii
Koalib
Isoko
MobaFarefare
South Central Banda
Mann
Nawdm
DoyayoToma
Bonjo
Jenaama Bozo
Biafada
Koromfe
Ndogo
Kasem
Jukun Takum
YalunkaKabiye
Denya
Ntcham
Mbandja
Oniyan
Landoma
Kuo
Izere
Pana
Nzakara
Busa
Koromfe
Pye Krumen
Isu
Turka
Gola
Gilima
Lukpa
Biali
Bai
Hun-Saare
Mayogo
Alago
East Limba
Bangba
KonkombaTeenWajaTsikimba
Kupa
Bonjo
IkuluGula Iro
Konabere
Khisa
PaasaalSankaran Maninka
Kirike
Pongu
Koke
Vute
Northern Dagara
Syenara SenoufoJere
KadaraMalba Birifor
Ayizo Gbe
Gagnoa Bete
ut-Ma’in
Dongo
Mom Jango
Tajuasohn
Obolo
Day
Lamnso
Tita
Baka
Wamey
Adamawa Fulfulde
Lijili
Ditammari
Tepo Krumen
Peere
Abidji
Matya Samo
Ede Nago
Yocoboue Dida
Bassari
Ede Idaca
AbureEbrie
Gourmanchema
Mbandja
Waci Gbe
Zhire
Zan Gula
Kenyang
Day
Berom
Jenaama Bozo
Ede Ica
Gobu
Southeast Ijo
Konkomba
Eastern Krahn
Nanerige Senoufo
Fefe
Daloa Bete
Tupuri
Tegali
Dan
Southern Samo
Nafaanra
Ndoola
Kodia
Anaang
Kim
Meta
Sissala
Gun
Nzakambay
Tem
Hyam
Nalu
Vagla
Kagoro Tene Kan Dogon
Sherbro
Gonja
We NorthernKutep
Kuwaa
Cinda-Regi-Tiyal
Banda-Banda
Nzema
Ditammari
Oro
Phuie
Tagoi
Yala
Pana
Khisa
Krim
Southern Birifor
Bolon
Mandinka Marka
Mokole
Kom
Nalu Tira
Bonjo
Adioukrou
Duungooma
Eggon
Usaghade
Dwang
Adele
Jiba
Kurama
Pulaar
Palaka Senoufo
Belanda Viri
Busa
Kouya
Maya Samo
Southern Ngbandi
Mada
Sicite Senoufo
Banda-Mbres
Kalabari
Beng
Heiban
Viemo
Anufo
Pulaar
Yakoma
Izi-Ezaa-Ikwo-Mgbo Esimbi Limbum
Mankanya
Gourmanchema
Bena
Kakabe
Gun
Tingal
Reshe
Akpa
Nigeria Mambila
Nalu
Mundang
Niellim
Kagoro
Central Grebo
Etkywan
Eastern Acipa
Begbere-Ejar
Mama
Nzakara
Amo
Nalu
Anii
Jwira-Pepesa
Kolum So Dogon
Bon Gula
Mundu
Wan
Northern Nuni
Chumburung
Ngbaka
Bati
Ko
Mono
West-Central Limba
Kano-Katsina-Bororro Fulfulde
Bile
Ekpeye
Ninkare
Tula
North Fali
Ngwe
Serer-Sine
Bangandu
Bayot
Plapo Krumen
Samba Leko
Senara Senoufo
West Central Banda
WannuLongto
Gbayi
Atsam
Jalunga
Tieyaxo Bozo
Umon
Sherbro
Krache
Mbandja
Banda-Ndele
Dendi
Jenaama Bozo
South Fali
Gonja
Okpamheri
Bondum Dom Dogon
Southern Kisi
Banda-Mbres
Kagoro
Kano-Katsina-Bororro Fulfulde
Lelemi
Banda-Banda
Bada
Neyo
Bedik
Duupa
Nyarafolo Senoufo
Mwan
Ahanta
Mundang
Gaa
Baangi
Jula
Adamawa Fulfulde
Papel
Banda-Banda
Sherbro
Kakanda
Western Maninkakan
YukubenMbum
Jola-Kasa
PeKagoma
Southern Grebo
Nigerian Fulfulde
Jiru
Belanda Viri
We Western
Seeku
Kolbila
Shanga
Lele
Marka
Jalunga
Mayogo
KwanjaIka
Eruwa
Soninke
Etulo
Borgu Fulfulde
Ndoe
Pulaar
Awutu
Ede Ije
Feroge
Wane
Marka
Nkukoli
Mende
Ogbah
Winye
Manigri-Kambole Ede Nago
Baga SitemuNalu
Adangbe
Gambian Wolof
Yace
Gwamhi-Wuri
Northern Bobo Madare
Dadiya
Agoi
Avikam
Mayogo
Nupe-Nupe-Tako
Anyin Morofo
Ebira
Arigidi
Awutu
Ngbaka Mabo
Moingi
Chakali
Hainyaxo Bozo
Karon
Gambian Wolof
Dong
MbeEmai-Iuleha-Ora
Barclayville Grebo
Aja
East Limba
Kam
Serer-Sine
Kukele
Kami
Jola-Felupe
Ukwa
Besme
Dewoin
Sur
Gourmanchema
Noon
Tampulma
Bidyogo
Hanga
Gen
Uvbie
Saafi-Saafi
Ahan
Lame
Iyive
Mak
Ngbundu
Bondoukou Kulango
West Central Banda
Jola-Kasa
Kagoro
Kagoro
Bullom So
Moba
Toro Tegu Dogon
Kplang
East Limba
Ulukwumi
Kulung
KagoroSoninke
MankanyaLandoma
Geme
Tiemacewe Bozo
Cherepon
Kudu-Camo
Kakabe
Northern Bobo Madare
Kpatili
BidyogoBidyogo
Jalunga
Yaoure
Ija-Zuba
MalaBorgu Fulfulde
Adangbe
Tchumbuli
Wushi
Warnang
Tagoi
Mbonga
Sere
Kagoro
Buraka
Western Xwla Gbe
Dan
Uneme
Mandjak
Ega
Laalaa
Pam
Mono
Oblo
Logol
Dagaari Dioula
Xoo
Naro
Nama
Nama
Kua
GwiTsoa
Shua
Juhoan
Hua
Khwe
Kxauein
Nama
Juhoan
GanaNaro
HaiomTsoa
Xoo
Khwe
Kung-Ekoka
Khwe
Kxauein
Kung-Ekoka
Nama
Sandawe
Nama
Ani
Hadza
Oung
Oung
Hadza
Oung
Sakalava Malagasy
Plateau Malagasy
Bara Malagasy
Tsimihety Malagasy
Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy
Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy
Antankarana Malagasy
Tanosy Malagasy
Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy
Tanosy Malagasy
Masikoro Malagasy
Bara Malagasy
Bushi
Hassaniyya
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Tamasheq
Somali
Libyan Spoken Arabic
Algerian Saharan Spoken Arabic
Somali
Sudanese Spoken Arabic
Hasanya Arabic
Hausa
Bedawiyet
Hausa
Afar
Tahaggart Tamahaq
Borana
Somali
Amharic
Maay
Hassaniyya ArabicHijazi Spoken Arabic
Tayart Tamajeq
Tachelhit
Somali
Saidi Spoken Arabic
Algerian Spoken Arabic
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Tamajaq
Tunisian Spoken Arabic
Tigre
Central Atlas Tamazight
Tawallammat Tamajaq
Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo
Orma
Tigrigna
West Central Oromo
Sanaani Spoken Arabic
Tachawit
Afar
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Tahaggart Tamahaq
Afar
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Taizzi-Adeni Spoken Arabic
Chadian Spoken Arabic
Hadrami Spoken Arabic
Kabyle
Tarifit
Mehri
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Eastern Oromo
Bole
TigrignaSaho
Rendille
Saho
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Putai
Taznatit
Tigre
Egyptian Spoken Arabic
Birgit
Buduma
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Kafa
Tumzabt
Jiiddu
Kajakse
Tamajaq
Nafusi
Aari
Awjilah
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Bedawiyet
Iraqw
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Chadian Spoken Arabic
Hebrew
North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Tunni
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Tahaggart Tamahaq
North Levantine Spoken Arabic
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Mubi
Aweer
Chadian Spoken Arabic
Tidikelt Tamazight
Western Egyptian Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Tachelhit
Dabarre
Awngi
Masana
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Wolaytta
Marghi South
Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Kwang
Sidamo
Aweer
Marghi Central
Musey
Hamer-Banna
Bade
Tidikelt Tamazight
Gamo-Gofa-Dawro
Barein
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Hassaniyya Arabic
Ghadames
Ron
Zenaga
Dizi
Bura-Pabir
Ndam
Gera
Silte
Somali
Musgu
Central Atlas Tamazight
Shuwa Arabic
Mpade
Herde
Garre
Sokoro
North Levantine Spoken Arabic
Temacine Tamazight
Lagwan
Shuwa Arabic
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Saba
HadiyyaShekkacho
Peve
Ngizim
Musgu
Somrai
Shilha
Gidar
Sheko
Huba
Gorowa
Libyan Spoken Arabic
Tobanga
Bilen
Bench
Masana
Sawknah
Tagargrent
Dera
Maaka
Zari
Koorete
Shuwa Arabic
Male
Borna
Arbore
Karekare
Toram
Central Atlas Tamazight
Bata
North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Daasanach
Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Goemai
Yedina
Inor
Bidiyo
Borna
Burunge
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Burji
Marba
Yemsa
Tera
Bambassi
Yaaku
North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Xamtanga
Tsamai
NgamoMogum
Zay
Masmaje
Nayi
Qimant
Shuwa Arabic
Anfillo
Melo
Siri
Awngi
Central Atlas Tamazight
Dime
NancereLele
Diri
Konso
Yaaku
Migaama
Tunni
Gedeo
Borna
Kistane
Basketo
Aasax
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Psikye
Algerian Saharan Spoken Arabic
Gadang
Mpade
Sebat Bet Gurage
Wandala
Mser
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Kera
Hozo
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Seze
Waata
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Warji
North Levantine Spoken Arabic
Shilha
Kimre
Kambaata
Dahalo
Miltu
Burji
Tal
Alagwa
SaruaGiiwo
Waata
Wolane
Alaba-Kabeena
Hadiyya
Daasanach
Duwai
Ganza
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Daasanach
Maltese
Burji
Kambaata
Argobba
Tarifit
Turoyo
Burji
Borna
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Argobba
Deno
Argobba
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Baharna Spoken Arabic
Miya
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Cibak
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Maltese
Judeo-Moroccan Arabic Western Neo-Aramaic
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Siwi
Baharna Spoken Arabic
Koy Sanjaq Surat
Harari
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Chenoua
Cypriot Spoken Arabic
Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
HausaHausa
Languages of Africa
0 250 500 750 1,000Miles
Map by Steve HuffmanData from World Language Mapping System 16 - www.worldgeodatasets.com
Language FamiliesAfroAsiatic
NigerCongo, Non-Bantu
NiloSaharan
Bantu
Khoisan
Austronesian
IndoEuropean
The Bantu language area.
8 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Dazaga
Tedaga
Fur
Nuer
DazagaTedaga
Tedaga
Zarma
Zaghawa
Efe
Tadaksahak
Maasai
Turkana
Bari
Gumuz
Runga
Lese
Central Kanuri
Maba
Acholi
Maasai
Zaghawa
Bagirmi
Toposa
Manga Kanuri
Pokoot
Mangbetu
Kibet
Naba
Korandje
Southwestern Dinka
Samburu
Sar
Teso
Murle
Shilluk
Lango
Anuak
Gula
Nuer
Logo
Tama
Fur
Ngambay
Meen
Masalit
Lombi
Laka
Berta
Kunama
Moru
Otuho
Madi
Gor
Dagba
Tama
Manga Kanuri
Kaba
Kipsigis
Ngam
Yulu
Kanembu
Karamojong
Northeastern Dinka
Nobiin
Bilma Kanuri
Dholuo
Mamvu
South Central Dinka
Luwo
Dar Sila Daju
Runga
Alur
Mandari
Mabaan
Okiek
Runga
Tugen
Ngam Gbaya
Burun
Madi
Masalit
Furu
Datooga
Fongoro
Koyra Chiini Songhay
Sara Kaba Naa
Alur
Lendu
Nandi
Runga
Gulay
Majang
Berta
Northwestern Dinka
Keiyo
Komo
Baka
Kenuzi-Dongola
Mbay
Sara Kaba
Kenga
Southeastern DinkaBelanda Bor
Beli
Sara Kaba
Central Kanuri
Suri
Koyraboro Senni Songhay
Maasai
Dendi
Ik
Ndo
Sara Dunjo
Lutos
Anuak
Yulu
Dar Daju Daju
Sara Kaba Deme
Bilma Kanuri
Kaba
Lango
Jur Modo
Nara
Morokodo
Masalit
Didinga
Mango
Mursi
Zarma
Lutos
Acholi
MararitTumari Kanuri
Lugbara
Amdang
Datooga
Reel
Narim
Kulfa
Luo
Kakwa
Jaya
Uduk
Jumjum
Sinyar
Avokaya
Aringa
Zarmaci
Omi
Midob
Lugbara
Vale
Thuri
Bedjond
Mangbutu
Avokaya
Markweeta
Kwama
Sabaot
Karanga
Lopit
LutosMbay
Karko
Bendi
Kumam
Assangori
LokoyaOlubo
Datooga
Terik
Kunama
Beli
Baka
Lutos
Ama
Asoa
Okiek
Kakwa
Gaam
Murle
Murle
Southern Madi
BedjondThuri
Gula
Kupsabiny
Opuuo
Teso
Ngiti
Adhola
Thuri
Ngambay Yulu
Central KanuriCentral Kanuri
Sara Kaba
Dar Sila Daju
Kadaru
NyangatomTurkana
Datooga
Bongo
Dar Fur Daju
Yulu
Morom
Soo
DairKaranga
Ghulfan
Majang
Gula
Disa
Sinyar
Zarma
Humburi Senni Songhay
Bongo
Kacipo-Balesi
Laka
Komo
Kacipo-Balesi
Pokoot
Krongo
Tasawaq
KeigaKatcha-Kadugli-Miri
Pari
El Hugeirat
Kelo
Songhay
Bari
Dar Fur DajuWali
Gumuz
Opuuo
Majang
Central Kanuri
Mvuba
Njalgulgule
Ndo
Surbakhal
DendiDendi
Okiek
Nyangatom
Nyamusa-Molo
Kendeje
Tedaga
Soo
Molo
Songhay
Tumtum
Keiga
TumtumShatt
Soo
Aka
Tennet
Kwegu
Songhay
Kadaru
Tumtum
Ngasa
Tulishi
Furu
Songhay
Nobiin
ZarmaZarma
Zarma
Spanish
Afrikaans
Italian
Afrikaans
Greek
Bulgarian
Northern Kurdish
Portuguese
FrenchOccitan
Western Farsi
Galician
Sicilian
Bakhtiari
Kirmanjki
Serbian
Extremaduran
Armenian
Central Kurdish
Afrikaans
Southern Kurdish
Macedonian
Laki
Pontic
Asturian
Serbian
Catalan-Valencian-Balear
Central Kurdish
Afrikaans
Slavic
French
Bosnian
Greek
Gilaki
Northern Kurdish
Greek
Galician
Northern Luri
Tosk Albanian
Corsican
Gheg Albanian
Southern Luri
Northern Kurdish
Gheg AlbanianAragoneseOsetin
Southern Kurdish
Campidanese Sardinian
Talysh
Logudorese Sardinian
Muslim Tat
Talysh
English
Northern Luri
Croatian
Armenian
Armenian
Gheg Albanian
Northern Kurdish
Western Farsi
Arvanitika Albanian
Armenian
English
Armenian
Aromanian
Serbian
Gurani
English
Serbian
Russian
Catalan-Valencian-Balear
CroatianCatalan-Valencian-Balear
Mazanderani
Laki
English
Arvanitika Albanian
Macedonian
Aromanian
Serbian
Russian
Northern Kurdish
English
Osetin
Northern Kurdish
Gallurese Sardinian
BulgarianFrench
Mirandese
OsetinSerbian
Fala
Bulgarian
Aromanian
Dezfuli
Aromanian
Croatian
Northern Kurdish
Armenian
Arvanitika Albanian
Russian
Sassarese Sardinian
Arvanitika Albanian
English
Serbian
Croatian
Dimli
Aranese Gascon
Northern Kurdish
Armenian
Aromanian
Russian
Greek
English
Alviri-Vidari
Croatian
Northern Kurdish
Megleno Romanian
Northern Kurdish
Vafsi
GreekBarranquian
English
English
Aromanian Bulgarian
Northern Kurdish
Kabatei
Gallurese Sardinian Aromanian
English
Arbereshe Albanian
Greek
Greek
Arbereshe Albanian
Northern Kurdish
Arbereshe Albanian
Balkan Romani
BulgarianArbereshe Albanian
Balkan Romani
Ladino
Balkan Romani
Sassarese SardinianCorsican Judeo-Tat
English
Domari
Tswana
Zulu
Shona
Xhosa
Kgalagadi
Cokwe
Nyemba
Tswana
Aka
Yeyi
Yao
Umbundu
Sena
Tsonga
Kimbundu
Herero
Mongo-Nkundu
Tswa
Ndau
Bemba
Luvale
Tonga
Kalanga
Bulu
Fang
Luba-Katanga
Fang
Tetela
LambaMbwela
Makhuwa
Lucazi
Songe
Lunda
Herero
Lala-Bisa
Komo
Ruund
Hemba
Ndebele
Nyanja
Zemba
Lenje
Aushi
Yaka
Gogo
Bali
Southern Sotho
Tswa
Lomwe
Ewondo
Kaonde
Koongo
Yao
Luvale
Nyamwezi
Songo
Bwa
Lozi
Northern Sotho
Nyanja
Kota
Kwanyama
Sukuma
Ganda
Zezuru
Hehe
Kamba
Ngando
Ha
Zemba
Luba-Kasai
Sanga
Taabwa
Fang
Lamba
Rundi
Kikongo
Bemba
Lunda
Luimbi
Lozi
Yansi
Nyanja
Lunda
Nyungwe
Yela
Chokwe
Sira
Birwa
Ila
Makhuwa-Meetto
Swati
Venda
Ngoni
Mbole
Swati
Mbala
Gikuyu
Ndonga
Yao
Lele
Tonga
Ndebele
Ngombe
Rwanda
Nkoya
Njebi
Herero
Lunda
Bena
Lega-Shabunda
Fipa
Makonde
Kele
Suku
Tewe
Laari
Kimbu
Kusu
Ndau
Nkutu
Nambya
Oshiwambo
Sakata
Basaa
Nsenga
Kaonde
Lolo
Myene
Kete
Bwile
Punu
Zigula
Ngindo
Kalanga
Mwera
Ngelima
Manyika
San Salvador Kongo
Ndonga
Tetela
Lengola
Venda
Nkumbi
Taabwa
Phende
Bila
Southern Sotho
Buyu
Nyoro
Asu
Ibali Teke
Sama
Budza
Lunda
Mbangala
Yombe
Tumbuka
Bushoong
Nsenga
Ndonga
Mbukushu
Mbunda
Ngulu
GcirikuDiriku
Shi
Bende
Dengese
Totela
Tooro
Ding
Sangu
Nyankore
Lalia
Bolo
Tswapong
Chuwabu
Kwangali
Makonde
Rufiji
Nyaturu
Kwangali
Tawara
Kanyok
Bhele
Kango
Bembe
Hamba
Kutu
Nande
Swahili
Tsogo
Zimba
Shubi
Teke-Fuumu
Eboo Teke
Sala
Zinza
Ombo
Yeyi
Mbosi
Nambya
Binji
Kagulu
Mbere
Ngombe
Eton
Sumbwa
Soli
Kimiiru
Holu
Diriku Fwe
Ndaka
Mbunda
Teke-Eboo
Kunda
Songomeno
Zulu
Ndombe
Makhuwa-Shirima
Nyanja
Tumbuka
Kuhane
Mashi
Soga
Bwa
Yaka
Vili
Chopi
Haya
Bekwil
Ngombe
Mituku
Zaramo
Kigiryama
Songoora
Dawida
Yaka
BuduTembo
Makaa
Sagala
Kako
Akwa
Mbunda
Subi
Nyaneka
Chokwe
Tswana
Ruuli
Simaa
Baloi
Langi
Tonga
Lumbu
BoliaNyambo
Aushi
Bungu
Mpuono
Ndendeule
Mambwe-Lungu
Kunyi
Chokwe
Nyamwanga
Digo
Nyanga
Koyo
Luyana
Mashi
Oroko
Takwane
Ntomba
Lobala
Chiga
Sangu
Nilamba
Poke
Babango
Konongo
Koonzime
Sengele
Pogolo
Nsenga
Pelende
Tonga
NtombaMbere
Bangubangu
Mbesa
Ronga
Lega-Mwenga
Mbo
MatumbiSafwa
Northern Teke
Kunda
Nkangala
Kela
Vinza
Manyika
Chokwe
Pagibete
Salampasu
Mambwe-Lungu
Sonde
Lala-Bisa
Likuba
Tembo
Ruund
Yombe
Mbunda
Kwambi
Ngom
Kaonde
Mbunga
Mpiemo
Jita
Hemba
Lwalu
Libinza
Lombo
Tsonga
Teke-Tyee
Njebi
Suundi
Tswana
Teke-Tege
MoiKuria
Bangubangu
Shambala
Teke-Nzikou
Tongwe
Tiene
Songe
Kinga
Seba
Lonzo
Kanu
Pangwa
Kwere
Hunde
Bangubangu
Salampasu
Kwese
Mwani
Luyana
Mfinu
Kokola
Gyele
Makhuwa-Saka
Ngombe
Matengo
Luguru
Makhuwa-Marrevone
Kaiku
Punu
Bebele
Manyawa
Phimbi
Maraba
Lefa
Swati
Bomitaba
Chokwe
Kuhane
Mbala
Ngungwel
Luchazi
Nyungwe
Mbukushu
Chokwe
Mbati
Makhuwa-Meetto
Bera
Kiswahili
Lozi
Chiduruma
Kiembu
Bakoko Boma
Konzo
Mbowe
Wanda
Lumbu
Holoholo
Machinga
Bangi
Lika
Dibole
Barwe
Luna
Likwala
Ndengereko
Wongo
Ndamba
Pande
Nyamwanga
Pimbwe
Nyengo
Beembe
Mbo
Makhuwa-Moniga
Duala
Lubukusu
So
Tsaangi
SoBube
KisikongoBinji
Shona
Sake
Makwe
Ndobo
Tanzania Nyiha
Doondo
Nyali
Kaamba
Pol
Ndali
Ekegusii
Ngongo
Ndobo
Bebil
Tsonga
Byep
Rwanda
Mbukushu
Rwa
Ronga
Kwasio
Swahili
Lozi
Kami
Ligenza
Manda
Barama
Kunda
Joba
Ndebele
Vili
Mbukushu
Swahili
Akoose
Gwere
Nyiha
Yombe
Kipfokomo
Kuhane
Marenje
Ngombe
Kol
KeleNgombe
Mpongmpong
Likila
Teke-Tsaayi
Yaka
Dema
Bomboma
Mbangwe Subi
Kunda
Holu
Ngoni
Vwanji
Kwese
Teke-Kukuya
Fuliiru
Hangaza
Hema
Lumbu
Bhele
Nyole
Kwami
Mbugwe
Doe
Malawi Sena
Havu
Wandji
Chidigo
KeleNdolo
Kenyi
Wumbvu
Nyindu
Kitharaka
Mochi
Pimbwe
Nyakyusa-Ngonde
Njyem
Temi
Samba
Bubi
Lusengo
Bassossi
Ndonde Hamba
Ikizu
Gichuka
Maindo
LikwalaKande
Bongili
Nyika
Gungu
Kota
Koti
Vunjo
Lusengo
Ngoreme
Kuria
Lambya
Ombamba
Machame
Kisi
Swahili
Bwisi
Zanaki
Bondei
Tsaangi
Teke-Laali
Kisikongo
Boko
Ngul
Ndasa
Taveta
Yasa
Enya
Hema
Wumboko
BozabaBomwali
Nande
Mpoto
Bakaka
Foma
Seki
Kiwilwana
Kwaya
Bafia
Suba
Enya
Isanzu
Rwanda
Tembo
Kokola
Suba-Simbiti
Nindi
MokpwePol
Saamia
Mpongmpong
Pomo
Ikoma-Nata-Isenye
Swahili
Bakoko
Bwisi
Songo
Bobangi
Bongili
Ngom
Ngumbi
Pinji
Gweno
Nathembo
Gbati-ri
Ngul
Mahongwe
Bafaw-Balong
Malimba
Wumbvu
Bekwil
Songo
Tembo
SwahiliSimba
Zulu
Rwanda
Mboko
MpiemoMpiemo
Bwisi
Kerewe
Maore
Nindi
Tembo
Barama
Kango
Kwasio
Duma
Shona
Ngazidja Comorian
Kabwari
Havu
Molengue
Mpiemo
Boguru
Rungwa
Salampasu
Mpongmpong
Bolondo
Vidunda
Xhosa
Lambya
Kako
Pagibete
Ndumu
Luna
Tanzania Nyiha
MahongweMboko
Ngando
Mushungulu
Koongo
Boloki
Kwakum
Kele
Tibea
NyalaBongili
Mwera
Bakole
Kwakum
Bubia
Seki
Xhosa
Batanga
Kele
Kwese
Mengisa
Fang
SwahiliKele
Tsonga
Lulogooli
Koti
Phuthi
Batanga
Kango
Benga
Tsonga
Gyele
Segeju
Kako
Byep
Vumbu
Mpyemo
So
Kwese
Ndzwani Comorian
Rwanda
Hungana
Yangho
Phuthi
Benga
Kari
Kara
Kango
Kari
Kerewe
Kako
Kari
Sighu
Mwali Comorian
Bomwali
Suba
Suba
UkhwejoNyanga-li
Chichonyi-Chidzihana-ChikaumaSagalla
Bembe
Bafaw-Balong
Benga
Mbugu
Maasina Fulfulde
Zande
Yoruba
Pular
PulaarCentral-Eastern Niger FulfuldePulaar
Akan
Moore
Bamanankan
Tiv
Baka
Soninke
Igbo
Banda-Ndele
Susu
Dii
Zande
Manza
Anyin
Vute
Wolof
Mende
Baoule
Kita Maninkakan
Eastern Maninkakan
Ngbaka
Zande
Kabiye
Baatonum
Western Niger Fulfulde
Gourmanchema
Wolof
Izon
Baka
Gbagyi
Cishingini
Pulaar
Guro
Gbanu
Bokoto
Dan
Nzakara
Themne
Igala
Northwest GbayaBassa
Edo
Dagbani
Ewe
Ife
Cebaara Senoufo
EweKare
Attie
Wasa
Abron
Tem
Ali
Bua
Gbari
Lobi
Mba
Gola
Tikar
Kuranko
Liberia KpelleFon
Dibo
Pulaar
Dan
Bissa
Tem
Kuranko
Kono
Bofi
Mbum
Yom
Godie
Basa
Bolgo
Vai
Ife
Buamu
Banda-BambariNorthwest Gbaya
Western Maninkakan
Lama
Northern Ngbandi
JulaWojenaka
Boko
Adamawa Fulfulde
Banda-Banda
Bomu
Mahou
Banda-Banda
Klao
Southwest Gbaya
Marka
Bamun
Sehwi
Abe
We Southern
Barambu
Pulaar
Nupe-Nupe-Tako
Jibu
Southern Nuni
Mamara Senoufo
Konyanka Maninka
Pular
SumaBanda-Mbres
Mann
Adamawa Fulfulde
KoroGonja
Esan
Gundi
Bakwe
Loma
Serer-Sine Northeastern Burkina Faso FulfuldeXaasongaxango
Abron
Lobi
Bada
Boko
Tarok Adamawa Fulfulde
Vai Idoma
Supyire Senoufo
Susu
Mbum
Western Maninkakan
Samba Daka
Fania
Mumuye
Koyaga
Clela
Dogose
AjaKare
Ngbaka Manza
Worodougou Bondoukou Kulango
Jula
Aja
Deg
Tsuvadi
Agatu
Jola-Fonyi
Gbaya-Bozoum
Lyele
Gbaya-Mbodomo
Sapo
Wali
Adamawa Fulfulde
Tagwana Senoufo
Peere
Djimini Senoufo
Balanta-Kentohe
Duguri
Ebira
Buli
Bokyi
Mampruli
Pana
Jamsay Dogon
Guiberoua Bete
Mono
Wolof
Kono
Northern Kissi
Jarawa
Toma
Gourmanchema
Ga
Tsishingini
Efik
Lama
Kasem
Mandjak
Wapan
Tunen
Langbashe
Soninke
Baatonum
Nigerian Fulfulde
Ejagham
Mundang
Ede Cabe
Waama
Lakota Dida
Nyabwa
Yalunka
Dangme
Manya
Mid-Southern Banda
Mandinka
Ngbaka Mabo
Urhobo
Mandinka
Northern Grebo
Soninke
Ibibio
Yekhee
Anyin
Guinea Kpelle
Bokobaru
Konkomba
Kpala
Banda-BandaIsekiri
Togbo-Vara Banda
Bambara
Gbaya-Bossangoa
Nzema
Gonja
Igede
Lama
Ikposo
Kusaal
Nawdm
Toura
Banda-Yangere
Pular
Maxi Gbe
Gagu
Mandinka
Ma
Eloyi
Tomo Kan Dogon
Jju
Biali
Bandi
Mbum
Western Krahn
Tuki
Cerma
Suga
Southern Bobo Madare
Ejagham
Gbii
Bouna Kulango
Tupuri
Ebira
Yalunka
LamaJula Hone Adamawa Fulfulde
Loko
Adamawa Fulfulde
Tyap
Anufo
Ikwere
Gade
Mundu
Southern Dagaare
Karang
Anii
Koalib
Isoko
MobaFarefare
South Central Banda
Mann
Nawdm
DoyayoToma
Bonjo
Jenaama Bozo
Biafada
Koromfe
Ndogo
Kasem
Jukun Takum
YalunkaKabiye
Denya
Ntcham
Mbandja
Oniyan
Landoma
Kuo
Izere
Pana
Nzakara
Busa
Koromfe
Pye Krumen
Isu
Turka
Gola
Gilima
Lukpa
Biali
Bai
Hun-Saare
Mayogo
Alago
East Limba
Bangba
KonkombaTeenWajaTsikimba
Kupa
Bonjo
IkuluGula Iro
Konabere
Khisa
PaasaalSankaran Maninka
Kirike
Pongu
Koke
Vute
Northern Dagara
Syenara SenoufoJere
KadaraMalba Birifor
Ayizo Gbe
Gagnoa Bete
ut-Ma’in
Dongo
Mom Jango
Tajuasohn
Obolo
Day
Lamnso
Tita
Baka
Wamey
Adamawa Fulfulde
Lijili
Ditammari
Tepo Krumen
Peere
Abidji
Matya Samo
Ede Nago
Yocoboue Dida
Bassari
Ede Idaca
AbureEbrie
Gourmanchema
Mbandja
Waci Gbe
Zhire
Zan Gula
Kenyang
Day
Berom
Jenaama Bozo
Ede Ica
Gobu
Southeast Ijo
Konkomba
Eastern Krahn
Nanerige Senoufo
Fefe
Daloa Bete
Tupuri
Tegali
Dan
Southern Samo
Nafaanra
Ndoola
Kodia
Anaang
Kim
Meta
Sissala
Gun
Nzakambay
Tem
Hyam
Nalu
Vagla
Kagoro Tene Kan Dogon
Sherbro
Gonja
We NorthernKutep
Kuwaa
Cinda-Regi-Tiyal
Banda-Banda
Nzema
Ditammari
Oro
Phuie
Tagoi
Yala
Pana
Khisa
Krim
Southern Birifor
Bolon
Mandinka Marka
Mokole
Kom
Nalu Tira
Bonjo
Adioukrou
Duungooma
Eggon
Usaghade
Dwang
Adele
Jiba
Kurama
Pulaar
Palaka Senoufo
Belanda Viri
Busa
Kouya
Maya Samo
Southern Ngbandi
Mada
Sicite Senoufo
Banda-Mbres
Kalabari
Beng
Heiban
Viemo
Anufo
Pulaar
Yakoma
Izi-Ezaa-Ikwo-Mgbo Esimbi Limbum
Mankanya
Gourmanchema
Bena
Kakabe
Gun
Tingal
Reshe
Akpa
Nigeria Mambila
Nalu
Mundang
Niellim
Kagoro
Central Grebo
Etkywan
Eastern Acipa
Begbere-Ejar
Mama
Nzakara
Amo
Nalu
Anii
Jwira-Pepesa
Kolum So Dogon
Bon Gula
Mundu
Wan
Northern Nuni
Chumburung
Ngbaka
Bati
Ko
Mono
West-Central Limba
Kano-Katsina-Bororro Fulfulde
Bile
Ekpeye
Ninkare
Tula
North Fali
Ngwe
Serer-Sine
Bangandu
Bayot
Plapo Krumen
Samba Leko
Senara Senoufo
West Central Banda
WannuLongto
Gbayi
Atsam
Jalunga
Tieyaxo Bozo
Umon
Sherbro
Krache
Mbandja
Banda-Ndele
Dendi
Jenaama Bozo
South Fali
Gonja
Okpamheri
Bondum Dom Dogon
Southern Kisi
Banda-Mbres
Kagoro
Kano-Katsina-Bororro Fulfulde
Lelemi
Banda-Banda
Bada
Neyo
Bedik
Duupa
Nyarafolo Senoufo
Mwan
Ahanta
Mundang
Gaa
Baangi
Jula
Adamawa Fulfulde
Papel
Banda-Banda
Sherbro
Kakanda
Western Maninkakan
YukubenMbum
Jola-Kasa
PeKagoma
Southern Grebo
Nigerian Fulfulde
Jiru
Belanda Viri
We Western
Seeku
Kolbila
Shanga
Lele
Marka
Jalunga
Mayogo
KwanjaIka
Eruwa
Soninke
Etulo
Borgu Fulfulde
Ndoe
Pulaar
Awutu
Ede Ije
Feroge
Wane
Marka
Nkukoli
Mende
Ogbah
Winye
Manigri-Kambole Ede Nago
Baga SitemuNalu
Adangbe
Gambian Wolof
Yace
Gwamhi-Wuri
Northern Bobo Madare
Dadiya
Agoi
Avikam
Mayogo
Nupe-Nupe-Tako
Anyin Morofo
Ebira
Arigidi
Awutu
Ngbaka Mabo
Moingi
Chakali
Hainyaxo Bozo
Karon
Gambian Wolof
Dong
MbeEmai-Iuleha-Ora
Barclayville Grebo
Aja
East Limba
Kam
Serer-Sine
Kukele
Kami
Jola-Felupe
Ukwa
Besme
Dewoin
Sur
Gourmanchema
Noon
Tampulma
Bidyogo
Hanga
Gen
Uvbie
Saafi-Saafi
Ahan
Lame
Iyive
Mak
Ngbundu
Bondoukou Kulango
West Central Banda
Jola-Kasa
Kagoro
Kagoro
Bullom So
Moba
Toro Tegu Dogon
Kplang
East Limba
Ulukwumi
Kulung
KagoroSoninke
MankanyaLandoma
Geme
Tiemacewe Bozo
Cherepon
Kudu-Camo
Kakabe
Northern Bobo Madare
Kpatili
BidyogoBidyogo
Jalunga
Yaoure
Ija-Zuba
MalaBorgu Fulfulde
Adangbe
Tchumbuli
Wushi
Warnang
Tagoi
Mbonga
Sere
Kagoro
Buraka
Western Xwla Gbe
Dan
Uneme
Mandjak
Ega
Laalaa
Pam
Mono
Oblo
Logol
Dagaari Dioula
Xoo
Naro
Nama
Nama
Kua
GwiTsoa
Shua
Juhoan
Hua
Khwe
Kxauein
Nama
Juhoan
GanaNaro
HaiomTsoa
Xoo
Khwe
Kung-Ekoka
Khwe
Kxauein
Kung-Ekoka
Nama
Sandawe
Nama
Ani
Hadza
Oung
Oung
Hadza
Oung
Sakalava Malagasy
Plateau Malagasy
Bara Malagasy
Tsimihety Malagasy
Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy
Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy
Antankarana Malagasy
Tanosy Malagasy
Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy
Tanosy Malagasy
Masikoro Malagasy
Bara Malagasy
Bushi
Hassaniyya
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Tamasheq
Somali
Libyan Spoken Arabic
Algerian Saharan Spoken Arabic
Somali
Sudanese Spoken Arabic
Hasanya Arabic
Hausa
Bedawiyet
Hausa
Afar
Tahaggart Tamahaq
Borana
Somali
Amharic
Maay
Hassaniyya ArabicHijazi Spoken Arabic
Tayart Tamajeq
Tachelhit
Somali
Saidi Spoken Arabic
Algerian Spoken Arabic
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Tamajaq
Tunisian Spoken Arabic
Tigre
Central Atlas Tamazight
Tawallammat Tamajaq
Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo
Orma
Tigrigna
West Central Oromo
Sanaani Spoken Arabic
Tachawit
Afar
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Tahaggart Tamahaq
Afar
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Taizzi-Adeni Spoken Arabic
Chadian Spoken Arabic
Hadrami Spoken Arabic
Kabyle
Tarifit
Mehri
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Eastern Oromo
Bole
TigrignaSaho
Rendille
Saho
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Putai
Taznatit
Tigre
Egyptian Spoken Arabic
Birgit
Buduma
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Kafa
Tumzabt
Jiiddu
Kajakse
Tamajaq
Nafusi
Aari
Awjilah
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Bedawiyet
Iraqw
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Chadian Spoken Arabic
Hebrew
North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Tunni
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Tahaggart Tamahaq
North Levantine Spoken Arabic
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Mubi
Aweer
Chadian Spoken Arabic
Tidikelt Tamazight
Western Egyptian Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Tachelhit
Dabarre
Awngi
Masana
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Wolaytta
Marghi South
Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Kwang
Sidamo
Aweer
Marghi Central
Musey
Hamer-Banna
Bade
Tidikelt Tamazight
Gamo-Gofa-Dawro
Barein
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Hassaniyya Arabic
Ghadames
Ron
Zenaga
Dizi
Bura-Pabir
Ndam
Gera
Silte
Somali
Musgu
Central Atlas Tamazight
Shuwa Arabic
Mpade
Herde
Garre
Sokoro
North Levantine Spoken Arabic
Temacine Tamazight
Lagwan
Shuwa Arabic
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Saba
HadiyyaShekkacho
Peve
Ngizim
Musgu
Somrai
Shilha
Gidar
Sheko
Huba
Gorowa
Libyan Spoken Arabic
Tobanga
Bilen
Bench
Masana
Sawknah
Tagargrent
Dera
Maaka
Zari
Koorete
Shuwa Arabic
Male
Borna
Arbore
Karekare
Toram
Central Atlas Tamazight
Bata
North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Daasanach
Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Goemai
Yedina
Inor
Bidiyo
Borna
Burunge
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Burji
Marba
Yemsa
Tera
Bambassi
Yaaku
North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Xamtanga
Tsamai
NgamoMogum
Zay
Masmaje
Nayi
Qimant
Shuwa Arabic
Anfillo
Melo
Siri
Awngi
Central Atlas Tamazight
Dime
NancereLele
Diri
Konso
Yaaku
Migaama
Tunni
Gedeo
Borna
Kistane
Basketo
Aasax
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Psikye
Algerian Saharan Spoken Arabic
Gadang
Mpade
Sebat Bet Gurage
Wandala
Mser
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Kera
Hozo
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Seze
Waata
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Warji
North Levantine Spoken Arabic
Shilha
Kimre
Kambaata
Dahalo
Miltu
Burji
Tal
Alagwa
SaruaGiiwo
Waata
Wolane
Alaba-Kabeena
Hadiyya
Daasanach
Duwai
Ganza
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Daasanach
Maltese
Burji
Kambaata
Argobba
Tarifit
Turoyo
Burji
Borna
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Argobba
Deno
Argobba
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Baharna Spoken Arabic
Miya
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Cibak
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Maltese
Judeo-Moroccan Arabic Western Neo-Aramaic
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Siwi
Baharna Spoken Arabic
Koy Sanjaq Surat
Harari
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Chenoua
Cypriot Spoken Arabic
Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
HausaHausa
Languages of Africa
0 250 500 750 1,000Miles
Map by Steve HuffmanData from World Language Mapping System 16 - www.worldgeodatasets.com
Language FamiliesAfroAsiatic
NigerCongo, Non-Bantu
NiloSaharan
Bantu
Khoisan
Austronesian
IndoEuropean
Dazaga
Tedaga
Fur
Nuer
DazagaTedaga
Tedaga
Zarma
Zaghawa
Efe
Tadaksahak
Maasai
Turkana
Bari
Gumuz
Runga
Lese
Central Kanuri
Maba
Acholi
Maasai
Zaghawa
Bagirmi
Toposa
Manga Kanuri
Pokoot
Mangbetu
Kibet
Naba
Korandje
Southwestern Dinka
Samburu
Sar
Teso
Murle
Shilluk
Lango
Anuak
Gula
Nuer
Logo
Tama
Fur
Ngambay
Meen
Masalit
Lombi
Laka
Berta
Kunama
Moru
Otuho
Madi
Gor
Dagba
Tama
Manga Kanuri
Kaba
Kipsigis
Ngam
Yulu
Kanembu
Karamojong
Northeastern Dinka
Nobiin
Bilma Kanuri
Dholuo
Mamvu
South Central Dinka
Luwo
Dar Sila Daju
Runga
Alur
Mandari
Mabaan
Okiek
Runga
Tugen
Ngam Gbaya
Burun
Madi
Masalit
Furu
Datooga
Fongoro
Koyra Chiini Songhay
Sara Kaba Naa
Alur
Lendu
Nandi
Runga
Gulay
Majang
Berta
Northwestern Dinka
Keiyo
Komo
Baka
Kenuzi-Dongola
Mbay
Sara Kaba
Kenga
Southeastern DinkaBelanda Bor
Beli
Sara Kaba
Central Kanuri
Suri
Koyraboro Senni Songhay
Maasai
Dendi
Ik
Ndo
Sara Dunjo
Lutos
Anuak
Yulu
Dar Daju Daju
Sara Kaba Deme
Bilma Kanuri
Kaba
Lango
Jur Modo
Nara
Morokodo
Masalit
Didinga
Mango
Mursi
Zarma
Lutos
Acholi
MararitTumari Kanuri
Lugbara
Amdang
Datooga
Reel
Narim
Kulfa
Luo
Kakwa
Jaya
Uduk
Jumjum
Sinyar
Avokaya
Aringa
Zarmaci
Omi
Midob
Lugbara
Vale
Thuri
Bedjond
Mangbutu
Avokaya
Markweeta
Kwama
Sabaot
Karanga
Lopit
LutosMbay
Karko
Bendi
Kumam
Assangori
LokoyaOlubo
Datooga
Terik
Kunama
Beli
Baka
Lutos
Ama
Asoa
Okiek
Kakwa
Gaam
Murle
Murle
Southern Madi
BedjondThuri
Gula
Kupsabiny
Opuuo
Teso
Ngiti
Adhola
Thuri
Ngambay Yulu
Central KanuriCentral Kanuri
Sara Kaba
Dar Sila Daju
Kadaru
NyangatomTurkana
Datooga
Bongo
Dar Fur Daju
Yulu
Morom
Soo
DairKaranga
Ghulfan
Majang
Gula
Disa
Sinyar
Zarma
Humburi Senni Songhay
Bongo
Kacipo-Balesi
Laka
Komo
Kacipo-Balesi
Pokoot
Krongo
Tasawaq
KeigaKatcha-Kadugli-Miri
Pari
El Hugeirat
Kelo
Songhay
Bari
Dar Fur DajuWali
Gumuz
Opuuo
Majang
Central Kanuri
Mvuba
Njalgulgule
Ndo
Surbakhal
DendiDendi
Okiek
Nyangatom
Nyamusa-Molo
Kendeje
Tedaga
Soo
Molo
Songhay
Tumtum
Keiga
TumtumShatt
Soo
Aka
Tennet
Kwegu
Songhay
Kadaru
Tumtum
Ngasa
Tulishi
Furu
Songhay
Nobiin
ZarmaZarma
Zarma
Spanish
Afrikaans
Italian
Afrikaans
Greek
Bulgarian
Northern Kurdish
Portuguese
FrenchOccitan
Western Farsi
Galician
Sicilian
Bakhtiari
Kirmanjki
Serbian
Extremaduran
Armenian
Central Kurdish
Afrikaans
Southern Kurdish
Macedonian
Laki
Pontic
Asturian
Serbian
Catalan-Valencian-Balear
Central Kurdish
Afrikaans
Slavic
French
Bosnian
Greek
Gilaki
Northern Kurdish
Greek
Galician
Northern Luri
Tosk Albanian
Corsican
Gheg Albanian
Southern Luri
Northern Kurdish
Gheg AlbanianAragoneseOsetin
Southern Kurdish
Campidanese Sardinian
Talysh
Logudorese Sardinian
Muslim Tat
Talysh
English
Northern Luri
Croatian
Armenian
Armenian
Gheg Albanian
Northern Kurdish
Western Farsi
Arvanitika Albanian
Armenian
English
Armenian
Aromanian
Serbian
Gurani
English
Serbian
Russian
Catalan-Valencian-Balear
CroatianCatalan-Valencian-Balear
Mazanderani
Laki
English
Arvanitika Albanian
Macedonian
Aromanian
Serbian
Russian
Northern Kurdish
English
Osetin
Northern Kurdish
Gallurese Sardinian
BulgarianFrench
Mirandese
OsetinSerbian
Fala
Bulgarian
Aromanian
Dezfuli
Aromanian
Croatian
Northern Kurdish
Armenian
Arvanitika Albanian
Russian
Sassarese Sardinian
Arvanitika Albanian
English
Serbian
Croatian
Dimli
Aranese Gascon
Northern Kurdish
Armenian
Aromanian
Russian
Greek
English
Alviri-Vidari
Croatian
Northern Kurdish
Megleno Romanian
Northern Kurdish
Vafsi
GreekBarranquian
English
English
Aromanian Bulgarian
Northern Kurdish
Kabatei
Gallurese Sardinian Aromanian
English
Arbereshe Albanian
Greek
Greek
Arbereshe Albanian
Northern Kurdish
Arbereshe Albanian
Balkan Romani
BulgarianArbereshe Albanian
Balkan Romani
Ladino
Balkan Romani
Sassarese SardinianCorsican Judeo-Tat
English
Domari
Tswana
Zulu
Shona
Xhosa
Kgalagadi
Cokwe
Nyemba
Tswana
Aka
Yeyi
Yao
Umbundu
Sena
Tsonga
Kimbundu
Herero
Mongo-Nkundu
Tswa
Ndau
Bemba
Luvale
Tonga
Kalanga
Bulu
Fang
Luba-Katanga
Fang
Tetela
LambaMbwela
Makhuwa
Lucazi
Songe
Lunda
Herero
Lala-Bisa
Komo
Ruund
Hemba
Ndebele
Nyanja
Zemba
Lenje
Aushi
Yaka
Gogo
Bali
Southern Sotho
Tswa
Lomwe
Ewondo
Kaonde
Koongo
Yao
Luvale
Nyamwezi
Songo
Bwa
Lozi
Northern Sotho
Nyanja
Kota
Kwanyama
Sukuma
Ganda
Zezuru
Hehe
Kamba
Ngando
Ha
Zemba
Luba-Kasai
Sanga
Taabwa
Fang
Lamba
Rundi
Kikongo
Bemba
Lunda
Luimbi
Lozi
Yansi
Nyanja
Lunda
Nyungwe
Yela
Chokwe
Sira
Birwa
Ila
Makhuwa-Meetto
Swati
Venda
Ngoni
Mbole
Swati
Mbala
Gikuyu
Ndonga
Yao
Lele
Tonga
Ndebele
Ngombe
Rwanda
Nkoya
Njebi
Herero
Lunda
Bena
Lega-Shabunda
Fipa
Makonde
Kele
Suku
Tewe
Laari
Kimbu
Kusu
Ndau
Nkutu
Nambya
Oshiwambo
Sakata
Basaa
Nsenga
Kaonde
Lolo
Myene
Kete
Bwile
Punu
Zigula
Ngindo
Kalanga
Mwera
Ngelima
Manyika
San Salvador Kongo
Ndonga
Tetela
Lengola
Venda
Nkumbi
Taabwa
Phende
Bila
Southern Sotho
Buyu
Nyoro
Asu
Ibali Teke
Sama
Budza
Lunda
Mbangala
Yombe
Tumbuka
Bushoong
Nsenga
Ndonga
Mbukushu
Mbunda
Ngulu
GcirikuDiriku
Shi
Bende
Dengese
Totela
Tooro
Ding
Sangu
Nyankore
Lalia
Bolo
Tswapong
Chuwabu
Kwangali
Makonde
Rufiji
Nyaturu
Kwangali
Tawara
Kanyok
Bhele
Kango
Bembe
Hamba
Kutu
Nande
Swahili
Tsogo
Zimba
Shubi
Teke-Fuumu
Eboo Teke
Sala
Zinza
Ombo
Yeyi
Mbosi
Nambya
Binji
Kagulu
Mbere
Ngombe
Eton
Sumbwa
Soli
Kimiiru
Holu
Diriku Fwe
Ndaka
Mbunda
Teke-Eboo
Kunda
Songomeno
Zulu
Ndombe
Makhuwa-Shirima
Nyanja
Tumbuka
Kuhane
Mashi
Soga
Bwa
Yaka
Vili
Chopi
Haya
Bekwil
Ngombe
Mituku
Zaramo
Kigiryama
Songoora
Dawida
Yaka
BuduTembo
Makaa
Sagala
Kako
Akwa
Mbunda
Subi
Nyaneka
Chokwe
Tswana
Ruuli
Simaa
Baloi
Langi
Tonga
Lumbu
BoliaNyambo
Aushi
Bungu
Mpuono
Ndendeule
Mambwe-Lungu
Kunyi
Chokwe
Nyamwanga
Digo
Nyanga
Koyo
Luyana
Mashi
Oroko
Takwane
Ntomba
Lobala
Chiga
Sangu
Nilamba
Poke
Babango
Konongo
Koonzime
Sengele
Pogolo
Nsenga
Pelende
Tonga
NtombaMbere
Bangubangu
Mbesa
Ronga
Lega-Mwenga
Mbo
MatumbiSafwa
Northern Teke
Kunda
Nkangala
Kela
Vinza
Manyika
Chokwe
Pagibete
Salampasu
Mambwe-Lungu
Sonde
Lala-Bisa
Likuba
Tembo
Ruund
Yombe
Mbunda
Kwambi
Ngom
Kaonde
Mbunga
Mpiemo
Jita
Hemba
Lwalu
Libinza
Lombo
Tsonga
Teke-Tyee
Njebi
Suundi
Tswana
Teke-Tege
MoiKuria
Bangubangu
Shambala
Teke-Nzikou
Tongwe
Tiene
Songe
Kinga
Seba
Lonzo
Kanu
Pangwa
Kwere
Hunde
Bangubangu
Salampasu
Kwese
Mwani
Luyana
Mfinu
Kokola
Gyele
Makhuwa-Saka
Ngombe
Matengo
Luguru
Makhuwa-Marrevone
Kaiku
Punu
Bebele
Manyawa
Phimbi
Maraba
Lefa
Swati
Bomitaba
Chokwe
Kuhane
Mbala
Ngungwel
Luchazi
Nyungwe
Mbukushu
Chokwe
Mbati
Makhuwa-Meetto
Bera
Kiswahili
Lozi
Chiduruma
Kiembu
Bakoko Boma
Konzo
Mbowe
Wanda
Lumbu
Holoholo
Machinga
Bangi
Lika
Dibole
Barwe
Luna
Likwala
Ndengereko
Wongo
Ndamba
Pande
Nyamwanga
Pimbwe
Nyengo
Beembe
Mbo
Makhuwa-Moniga
Duala
Lubukusu
So
Tsaangi
SoBube
KisikongoBinji
Shona
Sake
Makwe
Ndobo
Tanzania Nyiha
Doondo
Nyali
Kaamba
Pol
Ndali
Ekegusii
Ngongo
Ndobo
Bebil
Tsonga
Byep
Rwanda
Mbukushu
Rwa
Ronga
Kwasio
Swahili
Lozi
Kami
Ligenza
Manda
Barama
Kunda
Joba
Ndebele
Vili
Mbukushu
Swahili
Akoose
Gwere
Nyiha
Yombe
Kipfokomo
Kuhane
Marenje
Ngombe
Kol
KeleNgombe
Mpongmpong
Likila
Teke-Tsaayi
Yaka
Dema
Bomboma
Mbangwe Subi
Kunda
Holu
Ngoni
Vwanji
Kwese
Teke-Kukuya
Fuliiru
Hangaza
Hema
Lumbu
Bhele
Nyole
Kwami
Mbugwe
Doe
Malawi Sena
Havu
Wandji
Chidigo
KeleNdolo
Kenyi
Wumbvu
Nyindu
Kitharaka
Mochi
Pimbwe
Nyakyusa-Ngonde
Njyem
Temi
Samba
Bubi
Lusengo
Bassossi
Ndonde Hamba
Ikizu
Gichuka
Maindo
LikwalaKande
Bongili
Nyika
Gungu
Kota
Koti
Vunjo
Lusengo
Ngoreme
Kuria
Lambya
Ombamba
Machame
Kisi
Swahili
Bwisi
Zanaki
Bondei
Tsaangi
Teke-Laali
Kisikongo
Boko
Ngul
Ndasa
Taveta
Yasa
Enya
Hema
Wumboko
BozabaBomwali
Nande
Mpoto
Bakaka
Foma
Seki
Kiwilwana
Kwaya
Bafia
Suba
Enya
Isanzu
Rwanda
Tembo
Kokola
Suba-Simbiti
Nindi
MokpwePol
Saamia
Mpongmpong
Pomo
Ikoma-Nata-Isenye
Swahili
Bakoko
Bwisi
Songo
Bobangi
Bongili
Ngom
Ngumbi
Pinji
Gweno
Nathembo
Gbati-ri
Ngul
Mahongwe
Bafaw-Balong
Malimba
Wumbvu
Bekwil
Songo
Tembo
SwahiliSimba
Zulu
Rwanda
Mboko
MpiemoMpiemo
Bwisi
Kerewe
Maore
Nindi
Tembo
Barama
Kango
Kwasio
Duma
Shona
Ngazidja Comorian
Kabwari
Havu
Molengue
Mpiemo
Boguru
Rungwa
Salampasu
Mpongmpong
Bolondo
Vidunda
Xhosa
Lambya
Kako
Pagibete
Ndumu
Luna
Tanzania Nyiha
MahongweMboko
Ngando
Mushungulu
Koongo
Boloki
Kwakum
Kele
Tibea
NyalaBongili
Mwera
Bakole
Kwakum
Bubia
Seki
Xhosa
Batanga
Kele
Kwese
Mengisa
Fang
SwahiliKele
Tsonga
Lulogooli
Koti
Phuthi
Batanga
Kango
Benga
Tsonga
Gyele
Segeju
Kako
Byep
Vumbu
Mpyemo
So
Kwese
Ndzwani Comorian
Rwanda
Hungana
Yangho
Phuthi
Benga
Kari
Kara
Kango
Kari
Kerewe
Kako
Kari
Sighu
Mwali Comorian
Bomwali
Suba
Suba
UkhwejoNyanga-li
Chichonyi-Chidzihana-ChikaumaSagalla
Bembe
Bafaw-Balong
Benga
Mbugu
Maasina Fulfulde
Zande
Yoruba
Pular
PulaarCentral-Eastern Niger FulfuldePulaar
Akan
Moore
Bamanankan
Tiv
Baka
Soninke
Igbo
Banda-Ndele
Susu
Dii
Zande
Manza
Anyin
Vute
Wolof
Mende
Baoule
Kita Maninkakan
Eastern Maninkakan
Ngbaka
Zande
Kabiye
Baatonum
Western Niger Fulfulde
Gourmanchema
Wolof
Izon
Baka
Gbagyi
Cishingini
Pulaar
Guro
Gbanu
Bokoto
Dan
Nzakara
Themne
Igala
Northwest GbayaBassa
Edo
Dagbani
Ewe
Ife
Cebaara Senoufo
EweKare
Attie
Wasa
Abron
Tem
Ali
Bua
Gbari
Lobi
Mba
Gola
Tikar
Kuranko
Liberia KpelleFon
Dibo
Pulaar
Dan
Bissa
Tem
Kuranko
Kono
Bofi
Mbum
Yom
Godie
Basa
Bolgo
Vai
Ife
Buamu
Banda-BambariNorthwest Gbaya
Western Maninkakan
Lama
Northern Ngbandi
JulaWojenaka
Boko
Adamawa Fulfulde
Banda-Banda
Bomu
Mahou
Banda-Banda
Klao
Southwest Gbaya
Marka
Bamun
Sehwi
Abe
We Southern
Barambu
Pulaar
Nupe-Nupe-Tako
Jibu
Southern Nuni
Mamara Senoufo
Konyanka Maninka
Pular
SumaBanda-Mbres
Mann
Adamawa Fulfulde
KoroGonja
Esan
Gundi
Bakwe
Loma
Serer-Sine Northeastern Burkina Faso FulfuldeXaasongaxango
Abron
Lobi
Bada
Boko
Tarok Adamawa Fulfulde
Vai Idoma
Supyire Senoufo
Susu
Mbum
Western Maninkakan
Samba Daka
Fania
Mumuye
Koyaga
Clela
Dogose
AjaKare
Ngbaka Manza
Worodougou Bondoukou Kulango
Jula
Aja
Deg
Tsuvadi
Agatu
Jola-Fonyi
Gbaya-Bozoum
Lyele
Gbaya-Mbodomo
Sapo
Wali
Adamawa Fulfulde
Tagwana Senoufo
Peere
Djimini Senoufo
Balanta-Kentohe
Duguri
Ebira
Buli
Bokyi
Mampruli
Pana
Jamsay Dogon
Guiberoua Bete
Mono
Wolof
Kono
Northern Kissi
Jarawa
Toma
Gourmanchema
Ga
Tsishingini
Efik
Lama
Kasem
Mandjak
Wapan
Tunen
Langbashe
Soninke
Baatonum
Nigerian Fulfulde
Ejagham
Mundang
Ede Cabe
Waama
Lakota Dida
Nyabwa
Yalunka
Dangme
Manya
Mid-Southern Banda
Mandinka
Ngbaka Mabo
Urhobo
Mandinka
Northern Grebo
Soninke
Ibibio
Yekhee
Anyin
Guinea Kpelle
Bokobaru
Konkomba
Kpala
Banda-BandaIsekiri
Togbo-Vara Banda
Bambara
Gbaya-Bossangoa
Nzema
Gonja
Igede
Lama
Ikposo
Kusaal
Nawdm
Toura
Banda-Yangere
Pular
Maxi Gbe
Gagu
Mandinka
Ma
Eloyi
Tomo Kan Dogon
Jju
Biali
Bandi
Mbum
Western Krahn
Tuki
Cerma
Suga
Southern Bobo Madare
Ejagham
Gbii
Bouna Kulango
Tupuri
Ebira
Yalunka
LamaJula Hone Adamawa Fulfulde
Loko
Adamawa Fulfulde
Tyap
Anufo
Ikwere
Gade
Mundu
Southern Dagaare
Karang
Anii
Koalib
Isoko
MobaFarefare
South Central Banda
Mann
Nawdm
DoyayoToma
Bonjo
Jenaama Bozo
Biafada
Koromfe
Ndogo
Kasem
Jukun Takum
YalunkaKabiye
Denya
Ntcham
Mbandja
Oniyan
Landoma
Kuo
Izere
Pana
Nzakara
Busa
Koromfe
Pye Krumen
Isu
Turka
Gola
Gilima
Lukpa
Biali
Bai
Hun-Saare
Mayogo
Alago
East Limba
Bangba
KonkombaTeenWajaTsikimba
Kupa
Bonjo
IkuluGula Iro
Konabere
Khisa
PaasaalSankaran Maninka
Kirike
Pongu
Koke
Vute
Northern Dagara
Syenara SenoufoJere
KadaraMalba Birifor
Ayizo Gbe
Gagnoa Bete
ut-Ma’in
Dongo
Mom Jango
Tajuasohn
Obolo
Day
Lamnso
Tita
Baka
Wamey
Adamawa Fulfulde
Lijili
Ditammari
Tepo Krumen
Peere
Abidji
Matya Samo
Ede Nago
Yocoboue Dida
Bassari
Ede Idaca
AbureEbrie
Gourmanchema
Mbandja
Waci Gbe
Zhire
Zan Gula
Kenyang
Day
Berom
Jenaama Bozo
Ede Ica
Gobu
Southeast Ijo
Konkomba
Eastern Krahn
Nanerige Senoufo
Fefe
Daloa Bete
Tupuri
Tegali
Dan
Southern Samo
Nafaanra
Ndoola
Kodia
Anaang
Kim
Meta
Sissala
Gun
Nzakambay
Tem
Hyam
Nalu
Vagla
Kagoro Tene Kan Dogon
Sherbro
Gonja
We NorthernKutep
Kuwaa
Cinda-Regi-Tiyal
Banda-Banda
Nzema
Ditammari
Oro
Phuie
Tagoi
Yala
Pana
Khisa
Krim
Southern Birifor
Bolon
Mandinka Marka
Mokole
Kom
Nalu Tira
Bonjo
Adioukrou
Duungooma
Eggon
Usaghade
Dwang
Adele
Jiba
Kurama
Pulaar
Palaka Senoufo
Belanda Viri
Busa
Kouya
Maya Samo
Southern Ngbandi
Mada
Sicite Senoufo
Banda-Mbres
Kalabari
Beng
Heiban
Viemo
Anufo
Pulaar
Yakoma
Izi-Ezaa-Ikwo-Mgbo Esimbi Limbum
Mankanya
Gourmanchema
Bena
Kakabe
Gun
Tingal
Reshe
Akpa
Nigeria Mambila
Nalu
Mundang
Niellim
Kagoro
Central Grebo
Etkywan
Eastern Acipa
Begbere-Ejar
Mama
Nzakara
Amo
Nalu
Anii
Jwira-Pepesa
Kolum So Dogon
Bon Gula
Mundu
Wan
Northern Nuni
Chumburung
Ngbaka
Bati
Ko
Mono
West-Central Limba
Kano-Katsina-Bororro Fulfulde
Bile
Ekpeye
Ninkare
Tula
North Fali
Ngwe
Serer-Sine
Bangandu
Bayot
Plapo Krumen
Samba Leko
Senara Senoufo
West Central Banda
WannuLongto
Gbayi
Atsam
Jalunga
Tieyaxo Bozo
Umon
Sherbro
Krache
Mbandja
Banda-Ndele
Dendi
Jenaama Bozo
South Fali
Gonja
Okpamheri
Bondum Dom Dogon
Southern Kisi
Banda-Mbres
Kagoro
Kano-Katsina-Bororro Fulfulde
Lelemi
Banda-Banda
Bada
Neyo
Bedik
Duupa
Nyarafolo Senoufo
Mwan
Ahanta
Mundang
Gaa
Baangi
Jula
Adamawa Fulfulde
Papel
Banda-Banda
Sherbro
Kakanda
Western Maninkakan
YukubenMbum
Jola-Kasa
PeKagoma
Southern Grebo
Nigerian Fulfulde
Jiru
Belanda Viri
We Western
Seeku
Kolbila
Shanga
Lele
Marka
Jalunga
Mayogo
KwanjaIka
Eruwa
Soninke
Etulo
Borgu Fulfulde
Ndoe
Pulaar
Awutu
Ede Ije
Feroge
Wane
Marka
Nkukoli
Mende
Ogbah
Winye
Manigri-Kambole Ede Nago
Baga SitemuNalu
Adangbe
Gambian Wolof
Yace
Gwamhi-Wuri
Northern Bobo Madare
Dadiya
Agoi
Avikam
Mayogo
Nupe-Nupe-Tako
Anyin Morofo
Ebira
Arigidi
Awutu
Ngbaka Mabo
Moingi
Chakali
Hainyaxo Bozo
Karon
Gambian Wolof
Dong
MbeEmai-Iuleha-Ora
Barclayville Grebo
Aja
East Limba
Kam
Serer-Sine
Kukele
Kami
Jola-Felupe
Ukwa
Besme
Dewoin
Sur
Gourmanchema
Noon
Tampulma
Bidyogo
Hanga
Gen
Uvbie
Saafi-Saafi
Ahan
Lame
Iyive
Mak
Ngbundu
Bondoukou Kulango
West Central Banda
Jola-Kasa
Kagoro
Kagoro
Bullom So
Moba
Toro Tegu Dogon
Kplang
East Limba
Ulukwumi
Kulung
KagoroSoninke
MankanyaLandoma
Geme
Tiemacewe Bozo
Cherepon
Kudu-Camo
Kakabe
Northern Bobo Madare
Kpatili
BidyogoBidyogo
Jalunga
Yaoure
Ija-Zuba
MalaBorgu Fulfulde
Adangbe
Tchumbuli
Wushi
Warnang
Tagoi
Mbonga
Sere
Kagoro
Buraka
Western Xwla Gbe
Dan
Uneme
Mandjak
Ega
Laalaa
Pam
Mono
Oblo
Logol
Dagaari Dioula
Xoo
Naro
Nama
Nama
Kua
GwiTsoa
Shua
Juhoan
Hua
Khwe
Kxauein
Nama
Juhoan
GanaNaro
HaiomTsoa
Xoo
Khwe
Kung-Ekoka
Khwe
Kxauein
Kung-Ekoka
Nama
Sandawe
Nama
Ani
Hadza
Oung
Oung
Hadza
Oung
Sakalava Malagasy
Plateau Malagasy
Bara Malagasy
Tsimihety Malagasy
Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy
Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy
Antankarana Malagasy
Tanosy Malagasy
Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy
Tanosy Malagasy
Masikoro Malagasy
Bara Malagasy
Bushi
Hassaniyya
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Tamasheq
Somali
Libyan Spoken Arabic
Algerian Saharan Spoken Arabic
Somali
Sudanese Spoken Arabic
Hasanya Arabic
Hausa
Bedawiyet
Hausa
Afar
Tahaggart Tamahaq
Borana
Somali
Amharic
Maay
Hassaniyya ArabicHijazi Spoken Arabic
Tayart Tamajeq
Tachelhit
Somali
Saidi Spoken Arabic
Algerian Spoken Arabic
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Tamajaq
Tunisian Spoken Arabic
Tigre
Central Atlas Tamazight
Tawallammat Tamajaq
Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo
Orma
Tigrigna
West Central Oromo
Sanaani Spoken Arabic
Tachawit
Afar
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Tahaggart Tamahaq
Afar
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Taizzi-Adeni Spoken Arabic
Chadian Spoken Arabic
Hadrami Spoken Arabic
Kabyle
Tarifit
Mehri
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Eastern Oromo
Bole
TigrignaSaho
Rendille
Saho
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Putai
Taznatit
Tigre
Egyptian Spoken Arabic
Birgit
Buduma
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Kafa
Tumzabt
Jiiddu
Kajakse
Tamajaq
Nafusi
Aari
Awjilah
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Bedawiyet
Iraqw
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Chadian Spoken Arabic
Hebrew
North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Tunni
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Tahaggart Tamahaq
North Levantine Spoken Arabic
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Mubi
Aweer
Chadian Spoken Arabic
Tidikelt Tamazight
Western Egyptian Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Tachelhit
Dabarre
Awngi
Masana
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Wolaytta
Marghi South
Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Kwang
Sidamo
Aweer
Marghi Central
Musey
Hamer-Banna
Bade
Tidikelt Tamazight
Gamo-Gofa-Dawro
Barein
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Hassaniyya Arabic
Ghadames
Ron
Zenaga
Dizi
Bura-Pabir
Ndam
Gera
Silte
Somali
Musgu
Central Atlas Tamazight
Shuwa Arabic
Mpade
Herde
Garre
Sokoro
North Levantine Spoken Arabic
Temacine Tamazight
Lagwan
Shuwa Arabic
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Saba
HadiyyaShekkacho
Peve
Ngizim
Musgu
Somrai
Shilha
Gidar
Sheko
Huba
Gorowa
Libyan Spoken Arabic
Tobanga
Bilen
Bench
Masana
Sawknah
Tagargrent
Dera
Maaka
Zari
Koorete
Shuwa Arabic
Male
Borna
Arbore
Karekare
Toram
Central Atlas Tamazight
Bata
North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Daasanach
Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Goemai
Yedina
Inor
Bidiyo
Borna
Burunge
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Burji
Marba
Yemsa
Tera
Bambassi
Yaaku
North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Xamtanga
Tsamai
NgamoMogum
Zay
Masmaje
Nayi
Qimant
Shuwa Arabic
Anfillo
Melo
Siri
Awngi
Central Atlas Tamazight
Dime
NancereLele
Diri
Konso
Yaaku
Migaama
Tunni
Gedeo
Borna
Kistane
Basketo
Aasax
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Psikye
Algerian Saharan Spoken Arabic
Gadang
Mpade
Sebat Bet Gurage
Wandala
Mser
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Kera
Hozo
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Seze
Waata
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Warji
North Levantine Spoken Arabic
Shilha
Kimre
Kambaata
Dahalo
Miltu
Burji
Tal
Alagwa
SaruaGiiwo
Waata
Wolane
Alaba-Kabeena
Hadiyya
Daasanach
Duwai
Ganza
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Daasanach
Maltese
Burji
Kambaata
Argobba
Tarifit
Turoyo
Burji
Borna
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Argobba
Deno
Argobba
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Baharna Spoken Arabic
Miya
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Cibak
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Maltese
Judeo-Moroccan Arabic Western Neo-Aramaic
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Siwi
Baharna Spoken Arabic
Koy Sanjaq Surat
Harari
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Chenoua
Cypriot Spoken Arabic
Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
HausaHausa
Languages of Africa
0 250 500 750 1,000Miles
Map by Steve HuffmanData from World Language Mapping System 16 - www.worldgeodatasets.com
Language FamiliesAfroAsiatic
NigerCongo, Non-Bantu
NiloSaharan
Bantu
Khoisan
Austronesian
IndoEuropean
The languages of Africa.
Dazaga
Tedaga
Fur
Nuer
DazagaTedaga
Tedaga
Zarma
Zaghawa
Efe
Tadaksahak
Maasai
Turkana
Bari
Gumuz
Runga
Lese
Central Kanuri
Maba
Acholi
Maasai
Zaghawa
Bagirmi
Toposa
Manga Kanuri
Pokoot
Mangbetu
Kibet
Naba
Korandje
Southwestern Dinka
Samburu
Sar
Teso
Murle
Shilluk
Lango
Anuak
Gula
Nuer
Logo
Tama
Fur
Ngambay
Meen
Masalit
Lombi
Laka
Berta
Kunama
Moru
Otuho
Madi
Gor
Dagba
Tama
Manga Kanuri
Kaba
Kipsigis
Ngam
Yulu
Kanembu
Karamojong
Northeastern Dinka
Nobiin
Bilma Kanuri
Dholuo
Mamvu
South Central Dinka
Luwo
Dar Sila Daju
Runga
Alur
Mandari
Mabaan
Okiek
Runga
Tugen
Ngam Gbaya
Burun
Madi
Masalit
Furu
Datooga
Fongoro
Koyra Chiini Songhay
Sara Kaba Naa
Alur
Lendu
Nandi
Runga
Gulay
Majang
Berta
Northwestern Dinka
Keiyo
Komo
Baka
Kenuzi-Dongola
Mbay
Sara Kaba
Kenga
Southeastern DinkaBelanda Bor
Beli
Sara Kaba
Central Kanuri
Suri
Koyraboro Senni Songhay
Maasai
Dendi
Ik
Ndo
Sara Dunjo
Lutos
Anuak
Yulu
Dar Daju Daju
Sara Kaba Deme
Bilma Kanuri
Kaba
Lango
Jur Modo
Nara
Morokodo
Masalit
Didinga
Mango
Mursi
Zarma
Lutos
Acholi
MararitTumari Kanuri
Lugbara
Amdang
Datooga
Reel
Narim
Kulfa
Luo
Kakwa
Jaya
Uduk
Jumjum
Sinyar
Avokaya
Aringa
Zarmaci
Omi
Midob
Lugbara
Vale
Thuri
Bedjond
Mangbutu
Avokaya
Markweeta
Kwama
Sabaot
Karanga
Lopit
LutosMbay
Karko
Bendi
Kumam
Assangori
LokoyaOlubo
Datooga
Terik
Kunama
Beli
Baka
Lutos
Ama
Asoa
Okiek
Kakwa
Gaam
Murle
Murle
Southern Madi
BedjondThuri
Gula
Kupsabiny
Opuuo
Teso
Ngiti
Adhola
Thuri
Ngambay Yulu
Central KanuriCentral Kanuri
Sara Kaba
Dar Sila Daju
Kadaru
NyangatomTurkana
Datooga
Bongo
Dar Fur Daju
Yulu
Morom
Soo
DairKaranga
Ghulfan
Majang
Gula
Disa
Sinyar
Zarma
Humburi Senni Songhay
Bongo
Kacipo-Balesi
Laka
Komo
Kacipo-Balesi
Pokoot
Krongo
Tasawaq
KeigaKatcha-Kadugli-Miri
Pari
El Hugeirat
Kelo
Songhay
Bari
Dar Fur DajuWali
Gumuz
Opuuo
Majang
Central Kanuri
Mvuba
Njalgulgule
Ndo
Surbakhal
DendiDendi
Okiek
Nyangatom
Nyamusa-Molo
Kendeje
Tedaga
Soo
Molo
Songhay
Tumtum
Keiga
TumtumShatt
Soo
Aka
Tennet
Kwegu
Songhay
Kadaru
Tumtum
Ngasa
Tulishi
Furu
Songhay
Nobiin
ZarmaZarma
Zarma
Spanish
Afrikaans
Italian
Afrikaans
Greek
Bulgarian
Northern Kurdish
Portuguese
FrenchOccitan
Western Farsi
Galician
Sicilian
Bakhtiari
Kirmanjki
Serbian
Extremaduran
Armenian
Central Kurdish
Afrikaans
Southern Kurdish
Macedonian
Laki
Pontic
Asturian
Serbian
Catalan-Valencian-Balear
Central Kurdish
Afrikaans
Slavic
French
Bosnian
Greek
Gilaki
Northern Kurdish
Greek
Galician
Northern Luri
Tosk Albanian
Corsican
Gheg Albanian
Southern Luri
Northern Kurdish
Gheg AlbanianAragoneseOsetin
Southern Kurdish
Campidanese Sardinian
Talysh
Logudorese Sardinian
Muslim Tat
Talysh
English
Northern Luri
Croatian
Armenian
Armenian
Gheg Albanian
Northern Kurdish
Western Farsi
Arvanitika Albanian
Armenian
English
Armenian
Aromanian
Serbian
Gurani
English
Serbian
Russian
Catalan-Valencian-Balear
CroatianCatalan-Valencian-Balear
Mazanderani
Laki
English
Arvanitika Albanian
Macedonian
Aromanian
Serbian
Russian
Northern Kurdish
English
Osetin
Northern Kurdish
Gallurese Sardinian
BulgarianFrench
Mirandese
OsetinSerbian
Fala
Bulgarian
Aromanian
Dezfuli
Aromanian
Croatian
Northern Kurdish
Armenian
Arvanitika Albanian
Russian
Sassarese Sardinian
Arvanitika Albanian
English
Serbian
Croatian
Dimli
Aranese Gascon
Northern Kurdish
Armenian
Aromanian
Russian
Greek
English
Alviri-Vidari
Croatian
Northern Kurdish
Megleno Romanian
Northern Kurdish
Vafsi
GreekBarranquian
English
English
Aromanian Bulgarian
Northern Kurdish
Kabatei
Gallurese Sardinian Aromanian
English
Arbereshe Albanian
Greek
Greek
Arbereshe Albanian
Northern Kurdish
Arbereshe Albanian
Balkan Romani
BulgarianArbereshe Albanian
Balkan Romani
Ladino
Balkan Romani
Sassarese SardinianCorsican Judeo-Tat
English
Domari
Tswana
Zulu
Shona
Xhosa
Kgalagadi
Cokwe
Nyemba
Tswana
Aka
Yeyi
Yao
Umbundu
Sena
Tsonga
Kimbundu
Herero
Mongo-Nkundu
Tswa
Ndau
Bemba
Luvale
Tonga
Kalanga
Bulu
Fang
Luba-Katanga
Fang
Tetela
LambaMbwela
Makhuwa
Lucazi
Songe
Lunda
Herero
Lala-Bisa
Komo
Ruund
Hemba
Ndebele
Nyanja
Zemba
Lenje
Aushi
Yaka
Gogo
Bali
Southern Sotho
Tswa
Lomwe
Ewondo
Kaonde
Koongo
Yao
Luvale
Nyamwezi
Songo
Bwa
Lozi
Northern Sotho
Nyanja
Kota
Kwanyama
Sukuma
Ganda
Zezuru
Hehe
Kamba
Ngando
Ha
Zemba
Luba-Kasai
Sanga
Taabwa
Fang
Lamba
Rundi
Kikongo
Bemba
Lunda
Luimbi
Lozi
Yansi
Nyanja
Lunda
Nyungwe
Yela
Chokwe
Sira
Birwa
Ila
Makhuwa-Meetto
Swati
Venda
Ngoni
Mbole
Swati
Mbala
Gikuyu
Ndonga
Yao
Lele
Tonga
Ndebele
Ngombe
Rwanda
Nkoya
Njebi
Herero
Lunda
Bena
Lega-Shabunda
Fipa
Makonde
Kele
Suku
Tewe
Laari
Kimbu
Kusu
Ndau
Nkutu
Nambya
Oshiwambo
Sakata
Basaa
Nsenga
Kaonde
Lolo
Myene
Kete
Bwile
Punu
Zigula
Ngindo
Kalanga
Mwera
Ngelima
Manyika
San Salvador Kongo
Ndonga
Tetela
Lengola
Venda
Nkumbi
Taabwa
Phende
Bila
Southern Sotho
Buyu
Nyoro
Asu
Ibali Teke
Sama
Budza
Lunda
Mbangala
Yombe
Tumbuka
Bushoong
Nsenga
Ndonga
Mbukushu
Mbunda
Ngulu
GcirikuDiriku
Shi
Bende
Dengese
Totela
Tooro
Ding
Sangu
Nyankore
Lalia
Bolo
Tswapong
Chuwabu
Kwangali
Makonde
Rufiji
Nyaturu
Kwangali
Tawara
Kanyok
Bhele
Kango
Bembe
Hamba
Kutu
Nande
Swahili
Tsogo
Zimba
Shubi
Teke-Fuumu
Eboo Teke
Sala
Zinza
Ombo
Yeyi
Mbosi
Nambya
Binji
Kagulu
Mbere
Ngombe
Eton
Sumbwa
Soli
Kimiiru
Holu
Diriku Fwe
Ndaka
Mbunda
Teke-Eboo
Kunda
Songomeno
Zulu
Ndombe
Makhuwa-Shirima
Nyanja
Tumbuka
Kuhane
Mashi
Soga
Bwa
Yaka
Vili
Chopi
Haya
Bekwil
Ngombe
Mituku
Zaramo
Kigiryama
Songoora
Dawida
Yaka
BuduTembo
Makaa
Sagala
Kako
Akwa
Mbunda
Subi
Nyaneka
Chokwe
Tswana
Ruuli
Simaa
Baloi
Langi
Tonga
Lumbu
BoliaNyambo
Aushi
Bungu
Mpuono
Ndendeule
Mambwe-Lungu
Kunyi
Chokwe
Nyamwanga
Digo
Nyanga
Koyo
Luyana
Mashi
Oroko
Takwane
Ntomba
Lobala
Chiga
Sangu
Nilamba
Poke
Babango
Konongo
Koonzime
Sengele
Pogolo
Nsenga
Pelende
Tonga
NtombaMbere
Bangubangu
Mbesa
Ronga
Lega-Mwenga
Mbo
MatumbiSafwa
Northern Teke
Kunda
Nkangala
Kela
Vinza
Manyika
Chokwe
Pagibete
Salampasu
Mambwe-Lungu
Sonde
Lala-Bisa
Likuba
Tembo
Ruund
Yombe
Mbunda
Kwambi
Ngom
Kaonde
Mbunga
Mpiemo
Jita
Hemba
Lwalu
Libinza
Lombo
Tsonga
Teke-Tyee
Njebi
Suundi
Tswana
Teke-Tege
MoiKuria
Bangubangu
Shambala
Teke-Nzikou
Tongwe
Tiene
Songe
Kinga
Seba
Lonzo
Kanu
Pangwa
Kwere
Hunde
Bangubangu
Salampasu
Kwese
Mwani
Luyana
Mfinu
Kokola
Gyele
Makhuwa-Saka
Ngombe
Matengo
Luguru
Makhuwa-Marrevone
Kaiku
Punu
Bebele
Manyawa
Phimbi
Maraba
Lefa
Swati
Bomitaba
Chokwe
Kuhane
Mbala
Ngungwel
Luchazi
Nyungwe
Mbukushu
Chokwe
Mbati
Makhuwa-Meetto
Bera
Kiswahili
Lozi
Chiduruma
Kiembu
Bakoko Boma
Konzo
Mbowe
Wanda
Lumbu
Holoholo
Machinga
Bangi
Lika
Dibole
Barwe
Luna
Likwala
Ndengereko
Wongo
Ndamba
Pande
Nyamwanga
Pimbwe
Nyengo
Beembe
Mbo
Makhuwa-Moniga
Duala
Lubukusu
So
Tsaangi
SoBube
KisikongoBinji
Shona
Sake
Makwe
Ndobo
Tanzania Nyiha
Doondo
Nyali
Kaamba
Pol
Ndali
Ekegusii
Ngongo
Ndobo
Bebil
Tsonga
Byep
Rwanda
Mbukushu
Rwa
Ronga
Kwasio
Swahili
Lozi
Kami
Ligenza
Manda
Barama
Kunda
Joba
Ndebele
Vili
Mbukushu
Swahili
Akoose
Gwere
Nyiha
Yombe
Kipfokomo
Kuhane
Marenje
Ngombe
Kol
KeleNgombe
Mpongmpong
Likila
Teke-Tsaayi
Yaka
Dema
Bomboma
Mbangwe Subi
Kunda
Holu
Ngoni
Vwanji
Kwese
Teke-Kukuya
Fuliiru
Hangaza
Hema
Lumbu
Bhele
Nyole
Kwami
Mbugwe
Doe
Malawi Sena
Havu
Wandji
Chidigo
KeleNdolo
Kenyi
Wumbvu
Nyindu
Kitharaka
Mochi
Pimbwe
Nyakyusa-Ngonde
Njyem
Temi
Samba
Bubi
Lusengo
Bassossi
Ndonde Hamba
Ikizu
Gichuka
Maindo
LikwalaKande
Bongili
Nyika
Gungu
Kota
Koti
Vunjo
Lusengo
Ngoreme
Kuria
Lambya
Ombamba
Machame
Kisi
Swahili
Bwisi
Zanaki
Bondei
Tsaangi
Teke-Laali
Kisikongo
Boko
Ngul
Ndasa
Taveta
Yasa
Enya
Hema
Wumboko
BozabaBomwali
Nande
Mpoto
Bakaka
Foma
Seki
Kiwilwana
Kwaya
Bafia
Suba
Enya
Isanzu
Rwanda
Tembo
Kokola
Suba-Simbiti
Nindi
MokpwePol
Saamia
Mpongmpong
Pomo
Ikoma-Nata-Isenye
Swahili
Bakoko
Bwisi
Songo
Bobangi
Bongili
Ngom
Ngumbi
Pinji
Gweno
Nathembo
Gbati-ri
Ngul
Mahongwe
Bafaw-Balong
Malimba
Wumbvu
Bekwil
Songo
Tembo
SwahiliSimba
Zulu
Rwanda
Mboko
MpiemoMpiemo
Bwisi
Kerewe
Maore
Nindi
Tembo
Barama
Kango
Kwasio
Duma
Shona
Ngazidja Comorian
Kabwari
Havu
Molengue
Mpiemo
Boguru
Rungwa
Salampasu
Mpongmpong
Bolondo
Vidunda
Xhosa
Lambya
Kako
Pagibete
Ndumu
Luna
Tanzania Nyiha
MahongweMboko
Ngando
Mushungulu
Koongo
Boloki
Kwakum
Kele
Tibea
NyalaBongili
Mwera
Bakole
Kwakum
Bubia
Seki
Xhosa
Batanga
Kele
Kwese
Mengisa
Fang
SwahiliKele
Tsonga
Lulogooli
Koti
Phuthi
Batanga
Kango
Benga
Tsonga
Gyele
Segeju
Kako
Byep
Vumbu
Mpyemo
So
Kwese
Ndzwani Comorian
Rwanda
Hungana
Yangho
Phuthi
Benga
Kari
Kara
Kango
Kari
Kerewe
Kako
Kari
Sighu
Mwali Comorian
Bomwali
Suba
Suba
UkhwejoNyanga-li
Chichonyi-Chidzihana-ChikaumaSagalla
Bembe
Bafaw-Balong
Benga
Mbugu
Maasina Fulfulde
Zande
Yoruba
Pular
PulaarCentral-Eastern Niger FulfuldePulaar
Akan
Moore
Bamanankan
Tiv
Baka
Soninke
Igbo
Banda-Ndele
Susu
Dii
Zande
Manza
Anyin
Vute
Wolof
Mende
Baoule
Kita Maninkakan
Eastern Maninkakan
Ngbaka
Zande
Kabiye
Baatonum
Western Niger Fulfulde
Gourmanchema
Wolof
Izon
Baka
Gbagyi
Cishingini
Pulaar
Guro
Gbanu
Bokoto
Dan
Nzakara
Themne
Igala
Northwest GbayaBassa
Edo
Dagbani
Ewe
Ife
Cebaara Senoufo
EweKare
Attie
Wasa
Abron
Tem
Ali
Bua
Gbari
Lobi
Mba
Gola
Tikar
Kuranko
Liberia KpelleFon
Dibo
Pulaar
Dan
Bissa
Tem
Kuranko
Kono
Bofi
Mbum
Yom
Godie
Basa
Bolgo
Vai
Ife
Buamu
Banda-BambariNorthwest Gbaya
Western Maninkakan
Lama
Northern Ngbandi
JulaWojenaka
Boko
Adamawa Fulfulde
Banda-Banda
Bomu
Mahou
Banda-Banda
Klao
Southwest Gbaya
Marka
Bamun
Sehwi
Abe
We Southern
Barambu
Pulaar
Nupe-Nupe-Tako
Jibu
Southern Nuni
Mamara Senoufo
Konyanka Maninka
Pular
SumaBanda-Mbres
Mann
Adamawa Fulfulde
KoroGonja
Esan
Gundi
Bakwe
Loma
Serer-Sine Northeastern Burkina Faso FulfuldeXaasongaxango
Abron
Lobi
Bada
Boko
Tarok Adamawa Fulfulde
Vai Idoma
Supyire Senoufo
Susu
Mbum
Western Maninkakan
Samba Daka
Fania
Mumuye
Koyaga
Clela
Dogose
AjaKare
Ngbaka Manza
Worodougou Bondoukou Kulango
Jula
Aja
Deg
Tsuvadi
Agatu
Jola-Fonyi
Gbaya-Bozoum
Lyele
Gbaya-Mbodomo
Sapo
Wali
Adamawa Fulfulde
Tagwana Senoufo
Peere
Djimini Senoufo
Balanta-Kentohe
Duguri
Ebira
Buli
Bokyi
Mampruli
Pana
Jamsay Dogon
Guiberoua Bete
Mono
Wolof
Kono
Northern Kissi
Jarawa
Toma
Gourmanchema
Ga
Tsishingini
Efik
Lama
Kasem
Mandjak
Wapan
Tunen
Langbashe
Soninke
Baatonum
Nigerian Fulfulde
Ejagham
Mundang
Ede Cabe
Waama
Lakota Dida
Nyabwa
Yalunka
Dangme
Manya
Mid-Southern Banda
Mandinka
Ngbaka Mabo
Urhobo
Mandinka
Northern Grebo
Soninke
Ibibio
Yekhee
Anyin
Guinea Kpelle
Bokobaru
Konkomba
Kpala
Banda-BandaIsekiri
Togbo-Vara Banda
Bambara
Gbaya-Bossangoa
Nzema
Gonja
Igede
Lama
Ikposo
Kusaal
Nawdm
Toura
Banda-Yangere
Pular
Maxi Gbe
Gagu
Mandinka
Ma
Eloyi
Tomo Kan Dogon
Jju
Biali
Bandi
Mbum
Western Krahn
Tuki
Cerma
Suga
Southern Bobo Madare
Ejagham
Gbii
Bouna Kulango
Tupuri
Ebira
Yalunka
LamaJula Hone Adamawa Fulfulde
Loko
Adamawa Fulfulde
Tyap
Anufo
Ikwere
Gade
Mundu
Southern Dagaare
Karang
Anii
Koalib
Isoko
MobaFarefare
South Central Banda
Mann
Nawdm
DoyayoToma
Bonjo
Jenaama Bozo
Biafada
Koromfe
Ndogo
Kasem
Jukun Takum
YalunkaKabiye
Denya
Ntcham
Mbandja
Oniyan
Landoma
Kuo
Izere
Pana
Nzakara
Busa
Koromfe
Pye Krumen
Isu
Turka
Gola
Gilima
Lukpa
Biali
Bai
Hun-Saare
Mayogo
Alago
East Limba
Bangba
KonkombaTeenWajaTsikimba
Kupa
Bonjo
IkuluGula Iro
Konabere
Khisa
PaasaalSankaran Maninka
Kirike
Pongu
Koke
Vute
Northern Dagara
Syenara SenoufoJere
KadaraMalba Birifor
Ayizo Gbe
Gagnoa Bete
ut-Ma’in
Dongo
Mom Jango
Tajuasohn
Obolo
Day
Lamnso
Tita
Baka
Wamey
Adamawa Fulfulde
Lijili
Ditammari
Tepo Krumen
Peere
Abidji
Matya Samo
Ede Nago
Yocoboue Dida
Bassari
Ede Idaca
AbureEbrie
Gourmanchema
Mbandja
Waci Gbe
Zhire
Zan Gula
Kenyang
Day
Berom
Jenaama Bozo
Ede Ica
Gobu
Southeast Ijo
Konkomba
Eastern Krahn
Nanerige Senoufo
Fefe
Daloa Bete
Tupuri
Tegali
Dan
Southern Samo
Nafaanra
Ndoola
Kodia
Anaang
Kim
Meta
Sissala
Gun
Nzakambay
Tem
Hyam
Nalu
Vagla
Kagoro Tene Kan Dogon
Sherbro
Gonja
We NorthernKutep
Kuwaa
Cinda-Regi-Tiyal
Banda-Banda
Nzema
Ditammari
Oro
Phuie
Tagoi
Yala
Pana
Khisa
Krim
Southern Birifor
Bolon
Mandinka Marka
Mokole
Kom
Nalu Tira
Bonjo
Adioukrou
Duungooma
Eggon
Usaghade
Dwang
Adele
Jiba
Kurama
Pulaar
Palaka Senoufo
Belanda Viri
Busa
Kouya
Maya Samo
Southern Ngbandi
Mada
Sicite Senoufo
Banda-Mbres
Kalabari
Beng
Heiban
Viemo
Anufo
Pulaar
Yakoma
Izi-Ezaa-Ikwo-Mgbo Esimbi Limbum
Mankanya
Gourmanchema
Bena
Kakabe
Gun
Tingal
Reshe
Akpa
Nigeria Mambila
Nalu
Mundang
Niellim
Kagoro
Central Grebo
Etkywan
Eastern Acipa
Begbere-Ejar
Mama
Nzakara
Amo
Nalu
Anii
Jwira-Pepesa
Kolum So Dogon
Bon Gula
Mundu
Wan
Northern Nuni
Chumburung
Ngbaka
Bati
Ko
Mono
West-Central Limba
Kano-Katsina-Bororro Fulfulde
Bile
Ekpeye
Ninkare
Tula
North Fali
Ngwe
Serer-Sine
Bangandu
Bayot
Plapo Krumen
Samba Leko
Senara Senoufo
West Central Banda
WannuLongto
Gbayi
Atsam
Jalunga
Tieyaxo Bozo
Umon
Sherbro
Krache
Mbandja
Banda-Ndele
Dendi
Jenaama Bozo
South Fali
Gonja
Okpamheri
Bondum Dom Dogon
Southern Kisi
Banda-Mbres
Kagoro
Kano-Katsina-Bororro Fulfulde
Lelemi
Banda-Banda
Bada
Neyo
Bedik
Duupa
Nyarafolo Senoufo
Mwan
Ahanta
Mundang
Gaa
Baangi
Jula
Adamawa Fulfulde
Papel
Banda-Banda
Sherbro
Kakanda
Western Maninkakan
YukubenMbum
Jola-Kasa
PeKagoma
Southern Grebo
Nigerian Fulfulde
Jiru
Belanda Viri
We Western
Seeku
Kolbila
Shanga
Lele
Marka
Jalunga
Mayogo
KwanjaIka
Eruwa
Soninke
Etulo
Borgu Fulfulde
Ndoe
Pulaar
Awutu
Ede Ije
Feroge
Wane
Marka
Nkukoli
Mende
Ogbah
Winye
Manigri-Kambole Ede Nago
Baga SitemuNalu
Adangbe
Gambian Wolof
Yace
Gwamhi-Wuri
Northern Bobo Madare
Dadiya
Agoi
Avikam
Mayogo
Nupe-Nupe-Tako
Anyin Morofo
Ebira
Arigidi
Awutu
Ngbaka Mabo
Moingi
Chakali
Hainyaxo Bozo
Karon
Gambian Wolof
Dong
MbeEmai-Iuleha-Ora
Barclayville Grebo
Aja
East Limba
Kam
Serer-Sine
Kukele
Kami
Jola-Felupe
Ukwa
Besme
Dewoin
Sur
Gourmanchema
Noon
Tampulma
Bidyogo
Hanga
Gen
Uvbie
Saafi-Saafi
Ahan
Lame
Iyive
Mak
Ngbundu
Bondoukou Kulango
West Central Banda
Jola-Kasa
Kagoro
Kagoro
Bullom So
Moba
Toro Tegu Dogon
Kplang
East Limba
Ulukwumi
Kulung
KagoroSoninke
MankanyaLandoma
Geme
Tiemacewe Bozo
Cherepon
Kudu-Camo
Kakabe
Northern Bobo Madare
Kpatili
BidyogoBidyogo
Jalunga
Yaoure
Ija-Zuba
MalaBorgu Fulfulde
Adangbe
Tchumbuli
Wushi
Warnang
Tagoi
Mbonga
Sere
Kagoro
Buraka
Western Xwla Gbe
Dan
Uneme
Mandjak
Ega
Laalaa
Pam
Mono
Oblo
Logol
Dagaari Dioula
Xoo
Naro
Nama
Nama
Kua
GwiTsoa
Shua
Juhoan
Hua
Khwe
Kxauein
Nama
Juhoan
GanaNaro
HaiomTsoa
Xoo
Khwe
Kung-Ekoka
Khwe
Kxauein
Kung-Ekoka
Nama
Sandawe
Nama
Ani
Hadza
Oung
Oung
Hadza
Oung
Sakalava Malagasy
Plateau Malagasy
Bara Malagasy
Tsimihety Malagasy
Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy
Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy
Antankarana Malagasy
Tanosy Malagasy
Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy
Tanosy Malagasy
Masikoro Malagasy
Bara Malagasy
Bushi
Hassaniyya
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Tamasheq
Somali
Libyan Spoken Arabic
Algerian Saharan Spoken Arabic
Somali
Sudanese Spoken Arabic
Hasanya Arabic
Hausa
Bedawiyet
Hausa
Afar
Tahaggart Tamahaq
Borana
Somali
Amharic
Maay
Hassaniyya ArabicHijazi Spoken Arabic
Tayart Tamajeq
Tachelhit
Somali
Saidi Spoken Arabic
Algerian Spoken Arabic
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Tamajaq
Tunisian Spoken Arabic
Tigre
Central Atlas Tamazight
Tawallammat Tamajaq
Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo
Orma
Tigrigna
West Central Oromo
Sanaani Spoken Arabic
Tachawit
Afar
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Tahaggart Tamahaq
Afar
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Taizzi-Adeni Spoken Arabic
Chadian Spoken Arabic
Hadrami Spoken Arabic
Kabyle
Tarifit
Mehri
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Eastern Oromo
Bole
TigrignaSaho
Rendille
Saho
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Putai
Taznatit
Tigre
Egyptian Spoken Arabic
Birgit
Buduma
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Kafa
Tumzabt
Jiiddu
Kajakse
Tamajaq
Nafusi
Aari
Awjilah
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Bedawiyet
Iraqw
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Chadian Spoken Arabic
Hebrew
North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Tunni
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Tahaggart Tamahaq
North Levantine Spoken Arabic
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Mubi
Aweer
Chadian Spoken Arabic
Tidikelt Tamazight
Western Egyptian Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Tachelhit
Dabarre
Awngi
Masana
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Wolaytta
Marghi South
Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Kwang
Sidamo
Aweer
Marghi Central
Musey
Hamer-Banna
Bade
Tidikelt Tamazight
Gamo-Gofa-Dawro
Barein
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Hassaniyya Arabic
Ghadames
Ron
Zenaga
Dizi
Bura-Pabir
Ndam
Gera
Silte
Somali
Musgu
Central Atlas Tamazight
Shuwa Arabic
Mpade
Herde
Garre
Sokoro
North Levantine Spoken Arabic
Temacine Tamazight
Lagwan
Shuwa Arabic
Najdi Spoken Arabic
Saba
HadiyyaShekkacho
Peve
Ngizim
Musgu
Somrai
Shilha
Gidar
Sheko
Huba
Gorowa
Libyan Spoken Arabic
Tobanga
Bilen
Bench
Masana
Sawknah
Tagargrent
Dera
Maaka
Zari
Koorete
Shuwa Arabic
Male
Borna
Arbore
Karekare
Toram
Central Atlas Tamazight
Bata
North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Daasanach
Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Goemai
Yedina
Inor
Bidiyo
Borna
Burunge
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Burji
Marba
Yemsa
Tera
Bambassi
Yaaku
North Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Xamtanga
Tsamai
NgamoMogum
Zay
Masmaje
Nayi
Qimant
Shuwa Arabic
Anfillo
Melo
Siri
Awngi
Central Atlas Tamazight
Dime
NancereLele
Diri
Konso
Yaaku
Migaama
Tunni
Gedeo
Borna
Kistane
Basketo
Aasax
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Psikye
Algerian Saharan Spoken Arabic
Gadang
Mpade
Sebat Bet Gurage
Wandala
Mser
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Kera
Hozo
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Seze
Waata
Mesopotamian Spoken Arabic
Warji
North Levantine Spoken Arabic
Shilha
Kimre
Kambaata
Dahalo
Miltu
Burji
Tal
Alagwa
SaruaGiiwo
Waata
Wolane
Alaba-Kabeena
Hadiyya
Daasanach
Duwai
Ganza
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Levantine Bedawi Spoken Arabic
Daasanach
Maltese
Burji
Kambaata
Argobba
Tarifit
Turoyo
Burji
Borna
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Argobba
Deno
Argobba
Moroccan Spoken Arabic
Baharna Spoken Arabic
Miya
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Cibak
South Levantine Spoken Arabic
Maltese
Judeo-Moroccan Arabic Western Neo-Aramaic
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Siwi
Baharna Spoken Arabic
Koy Sanjaq Surat
Harari
Gulf Spoken Arabic
Chenoua
Cypriot Spoken Arabic
Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
HausaHausa
Languages of Africa
0 250 500 750 1,000Miles
Map by Steve HuffmanData from World Language Mapping System 16 - www.worldgeodatasets.com
Language FamiliesAfroAsiatic
NigerCongo, Non-Bantu
NiloSaharan
Bantu
Khoisan
Austronesian
IndoEuropean
The Bantu language area.
8 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Shona
9 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Shona elicitation with Thabani Dhlakama.
10 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Wh-in-situ in Bantu
(7) Shona wh-in-situ
a. In-situ wh-indirect objectVakatengerathey.bought.for
aniwho
rokwe?dress
‘Who(m) did they buy a dress (for)?’
b. Long-distance in-situ wh-indirect objectWaifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
vakatengerathey.bought.for
aniwho
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think they bought a dress(for)?’
Xhosa
ZuluSotho
Shona
Ikalanga
Chichea
LundaBena
Swahili
Sambaa
Ktharaka
GichukaKikuyu
Kuria
Lubukusu
Kinande
Kilega
Runyoro
Lingala
Dzamba
Likila
Akɔɔse
Duala
Gyeli
Wh-in-situ
No wh-in-situ
11 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Wh-in-situ in Bantu
(7) Shona wh-in-situ
a. In-situ wh-indirect objectVakatengerathey.bought.for
aniwho
rokwe?dress
‘Who(m) did they buy a dress (for)?’
b. Long-distance in-situ wh-indirect objectWaifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
vakatengerathey.bought.for
aniwho
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think they bought a dress(for)?’
Xhosa
ZuluSotho
Shona
Ikalanga
Chichea
LundaBena
Swahili
Sambaa
Ktharaka
GichukaKikuyu
Kuria
Lubukusu
Kinande
Kilega
Runyoro
Lingala
Dzamba
Likila
Akɔɔse
Duala
Gyeli
Wh-in-situ
No wh-in-situ
11 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Wh-in-situ in Bantu
(7) Shona wh-in-situ
a. In-situ wh-indirect objectVakatengerathey.bought.for
aniwho
rokwe?dress
‘Who(m) did they buy a dress (for)?’
b. Long-distance in-situ wh-indirect objectWaifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
vakatengerathey.bought.for
aniwho
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think they bought a dress(for)?’
Xhosa
ZuluSotho
Shona
Ikalanga
Chichea
LundaBena
Swahili
Sambaa
Ktharaka
GichukaKikuyu
Kuria
Lubukusu
Kinande
Kilega
Runyoro
Lingala
Dzamba
Likila
Akɔɔse
Duala
Gyeli
Wh-in-situ
No wh-in-situ
11 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Wh-in-situ in Bantu
(7) Shona wh-in-situ
a. In-situ wh-indirect objectVakatengerathey.bought.for
aniwho
rokwe?dress
‘Who(m) did they buy a dress (for)?’
b. Long-distance in-situ wh-indirect objectWaifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
vakatengerathey.bought.for
aniwho
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think they bought a dress(for)?’
Xhosa
ZuluSotho
Shona
Ikalanga
Chichea
LundaBena
Swahili
Sambaa
Ktharaka
GichukaKikuyu
Kuria
Lubukusu
Kinande
Kilega
Runyoro
Lingala
Dzamba
Likila
Akɔɔse
Duala
Gyeli
Wh-in-situ
No wh-in-situ
11 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Full wh-movement in Bantu
(8) Shona full wh-movement
a. Full movement of a wh-indirect objectNdi-anibe-who
wavakatengerathat.they.bought.for
rokwe?dress
‘Who(m) did they buy a dress (for)?’
b. Long-distance full movement of a wh-indirect objectNdi-anibe-who
wawaifungathat.you.thought
[cp kutithat
vakatengerathey.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think they bought a dress (for)?’
Xhosa
ZuluSotho
Shona
Ikalanga
Chichea
LundaBena
Swahili
Sambaa
Ktharaka
GichukaKikuyu
Kuria
Lubukusu
Kinande
Kilega
Runyoro
Lingala
Dzamba
Likila
Akɔɔse
Duala
Gyeli
Full
wh-movement
12 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Full wh-movement in Bantu
(8) Shona full wh-movement
a. Full movement of a wh-indirect objectNdi-anibe-who
wavakatengerathat.they.bought.for
rokwe?dress
‘Who(m) did they buy a dress (for)?’
b. Long-distance full movement of a wh-indirect objectNdi-anibe-who
wawaifungathat.you.thought
[cp kutithat
vakatengerathey.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think they bought a dress (for)?’
Xhosa
ZuluSotho
Shona
Ikalanga
Chichea
LundaBena
Swahili
Sambaa
Ktharaka
GichukaKikuyu
Kuria
Lubukusu
Kinande
Kilega
Runyoro
Lingala
Dzamba
Likila
Akɔɔse
Duala
Gyeli
Full
wh-movement
12 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Full wh-movement in Bantu
(8) Shona full wh-movement
a. Full movement of a wh-indirect objectNdi-anibe-who
wavakatengerathat.they.bought.for
rokwe?dress
‘Who(m) did they buy a dress (for)?’
b. Long-distance full movement of a wh-indirect objectNdi-anibe-who
wawaifungathat.you.thought
[cp kutithat
vakatengerathey.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think they bought a dress (for)?’
Xhosa
ZuluSotho
Shona
Ikalanga
Chichea
LundaBena
Swahili
Sambaa
Ktharaka
GichukaKikuyu
Kuria
Lubukusu
Kinande
Kilega
Runyoro
Lingala
Dzamba
Likila
Akɔɔse
Duala
Gyeli
Full
wh-movement
12 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Full wh-movement in Bantu
(8) Shona full wh-movement
a. Full movement of a wh-indirect objectNdi-anibe-who
wavakatengerathat.they.bought.for
rokwe?dress
‘Who(m) did they buy a dress (for)?’
b. Long-distance full movement of a wh-indirect objectNdi-anibe-who
wawaifungathat.you.thought
[cp kutithat
vakatengerathey.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think they bought a dress (for)?’Xhosa
ZuluSotho
Shona
Ikalanga
Chichea
LundaBena
Swahili
Sambaa
Ktharaka
GichukaKikuyu
Kuria
Lubukusu
Kinande
Kilega
Runyoro
Lingala
Dzamba
Likila
Akɔɔse
Duala
Gyeli
Full
wh-movement
12 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Partial wh-movement in Bantu
(9) Shona partial wh-movement
a. Partial movement of a wh-indirect objectWaifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
ndi-anibe-who
wavakatengerathat.they.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think they bought a dress (for)?’
b. Partial movement of a wh-indirect objectWaifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
ndi-anibe-who
watakafemberathat.we.guessed
[cp kutithat
vakatengerathey.bought.for
rokwe]]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we guessed they bought a dress (for)?’
Zulu
Shona
Ikalanga
Ktharaka
Kikuyu
Lubukusu
Duala
Partial
wh-movement
No partial
wh-movement
Gichuka
13 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Partial wh-movement in Bantu
(9) Shona partial wh-movement
a. Partial movement of a wh-indirect objectWaifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
ndi-anibe-who
wavakatengerathat.they.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think they bought a dress (for)?’
b. Partial movement of a wh-indirect objectWaifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
ndi-anibe-who
watakafemberathat.we.guessed
[cp kutithat
vakatengerathey.bought.for
rokwe]]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we guessed they bought a dress (for)?’
Zulu
Shona
Ikalanga
Ktharaka
Kikuyu
Lubukusu
Duala
Partial
wh-movement
No partial
wh-movement
Gichuka
13 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Partial wh-movement in Bantu
(9) Shona partial wh-movement
a. Partial movement of a wh-indirect objectWaifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
ndi-anibe-who
wavakatengerathat.they.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think they bought a dress (for)?’
b. Partial movement of a wh-indirect objectWaifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
ndi-anibe-who
watakafemberathat.we.guessed
[cp kutithat
vakatengerathey.bought.for
rokwe]]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we guessed they bought a dress (for)?’
Zulu
Shona
Ikalanga
Ktharaka
Kikuyu
Lubukusu
Duala
Partial
wh-movement
No partial
wh-movement
Gichuka
13 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Partial wh-movement in Bantu
(9) Shona partial wh-movement
a. Partial movement of a wh-indirect objectWaifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
ndi-anibe-who
wavakatengerathat.they.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think they bought a dress (for)?’
b. Partial movement of a wh-indirect objectWaifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
ndi-anibe-who
watakafemberathat.we.guessed
[cp kutithat
vakatengerathey.bought.for
rokwe]]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we guessed they bought a dress (for)?’Zulu
Shona
Ikalanga
Ktharaka
Kikuyu
Lubukusu
Duala
Partial
wh-movement
No partial
wh-movement
Gichuka
13 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
SummaryShona wh-question formation strategies
(10) a. In Situ: [cp Waifunga [cp kuti vakatengera ani rokwe]]?
b. Full: [cp Ndiani wawaifunga [cp kuti vakatengera rokwe]]?
c. Partial: [cp Waifunga [cp kuti ndiani wavakatengera rokwe]]?
like the higher relation
like the lower relation
higher lower
scopal thematic
‘Who(m) do you think they bought a dress (for)?’
14 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
SummaryShona wh-question formation strategies
(10) a. In Situ: [cp Waifunga [cp kuti vakatengera ani rokwe]]?
b. Full: [cp Ndiani wawaifunga [cp kuti vakatengera rokwe]]?
c. Partial: [cp Waifunga [cp kuti ndiani wavakatengera rokwe]]?
like the higher relation
like the lower relation
higher lower
scopal thematic
‘Who(m) do you think they bought a dress (for)?’
14 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
SummaryShona wh-question formation strategies
(10) a. In Situ: [cp Waifunga [cp kuti vakatengera ani rokwe]]?
b. Full: [cp Ndiani wawaifunga [cp kuti vakatengera rokwe]]?
c. Partial: [cp Waifunga [cp kuti ndiani wavakatengera rokwe]]?
like the higher relation
like the lower relation
higher lower
scopal thematic
‘Who(m) do you think they bought a dress (for)?’
14 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
SummaryShona wh-question formation strategies
(10) a. In Situ: [cp Waifunga [cp kuti vakatengera ani rokwe]]?
b. Full: [cp Ndiani wawaifunga [cp kuti vakatengera rokwe]]?
c. Partial: [cp Waifunga [cp kuti ndiani wavakatengera rokwe]]?
like the higher relation
like the lower relation
higher lower
scopal thematic
‘Who(m) do you think they bought a dress (for)?’
14 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
SummaryShona wh-question formation strategies
(10) a. In Situ: [cp Waifunga [cp kuti vakatengera ani rokwe]]?
b. Full: [cp Ndiani wawaifunga [cp kuti vakatengera rokwe]]?
c. Partial: [cp Waifunga [cp kuti ndiani wavakatengera rokwe]]?
like the higher relation
like the lower relation
higher lower
scopal thematic
‘Who(m) do you think they bought a dress (for)?’
14 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
SummaryShona wh-question formation strategies
(10) a. In Situ: [cp Waifunga [cp kuti vakatengera ani rokwe]]?
b. Full: [cp Ndiani wawaifunga [cp kuti vakatengera rokwe]]?
c. Partial: [cp Waifunga [cp kuti ndiani wavakatengera rokwe]]?
like the higher relation
like the lower relation
higher lower
scopal thematic
‘Who(m) do you think they bought a dress (for)?’
14 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
SummaryShona wh-question formation strategies
(10) a. In Situ: [cp Waifunga [cp kuti vakatengera ani rokwe]]?
b. Full: [cp Ndiani wawaifunga [cp kuti vakatengera rokwe]]?
c. Partial: [cp Waifunga [cp kuti ndiani wavakatengera rokwe]]?
like the higher relation
like the lower relation
higher lower
scopal thematic
‘Who(m) do you think they bought a dress (for)?’
14 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
SummaryShona wh-question formation strategies
(10) a. In Situ: [cp Waifunga [cp kuti vakatengera ani rokwe]]?
b. Full: [cp Ndiani wawaifunga [cp kuti vakatengera rokwe]]?
c. Partial: [cp Waifunga [cp kuti ndiani wavakatengera rokwe]]?
like the higher relation
like the lower relation
higher lower
scopal thematic
‘Who(m) do you think they bought a dress (for)?’
14 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
SummaryShona wh-question formation strategies
(10) a. In Situ: [cp Waifunga [cp kuti vakatengera ani rokwe]]?
b. Full: [cp Ndiani wawaifunga [cp kuti vakatengera rokwe]]?
c. Partial: [cp Waifunga [cp kuti ndiani wavakatengera rokwe]]?
like the higher relation
like the lower relation
higher lower
scopal thematic
‘Who(m) do you think they bought a dress (for)?’
14 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Outline
Bantu wh-questions
Island effects as a diagnostic for movement
Island sensitivity in Shona
Composite derivation of Shona partial wh-movement
Conclusion
15 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Islands in EnglishRoss 1967
(11) a. No islandWhat do You think [cp I found my phone yesterday].what ?you
ok
b. Adjunct island*Who(m) did you call Emily [island after you saw who(m)].You called [cp after you saw Aaron ]?]?
×c. Complex NP island
*What did Mateo choose [island the T-shirt that said I❤ NY].Mateo chose [np the T-shirt that said ]?]?what×
d. Coordinate structure island*Where did they go to [island the pet store and the grocery store].They went to [np the pet store and ]?]?where
×
16 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Islands in EnglishRoss 1967
(11) a. No islandWhat do You think [cp I found my phone yesterday].what ?you
ok
b. Adjunct island*Who(m) did you call Emily [island after you saw who(m)].You called [cp after you saw Aaron ]?]?
×c. Complex NP island
*What did Mateo choose [island the T-shirt that said I❤ NY].Mateo chose [np the T-shirt that said ]?]?what×
d. Coordinate structure island*Where did they go to [island the pet store and the grocery store].They went to [np the pet store and ]?]?where
×
16 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Islands in EnglishRoss 1967
(11) a. No islandWhat do You think [cp I found my phone yesterday].what ?you
ok
b. Adjunct island*Who(m) did you call Emily [island after you saw who(m)].You called [cp after you saw Aaron ]?]?
×c. Complex NP island
*What did Mateo choose [island the T-shirt that said I❤ NY].Mateo chose [np the T-shirt that said ]?]?what×
d. Coordinate structure island*Where did they go to [island the pet store and the grocery store].They went to [np the pet store and ]?]?where
×
16 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Islands in EnglishRoss 1967
(11) a. No islandWhat do You think [cp I found my phone yesterday].what ?you
ok
b. Adjunct island*Who(m) did you call Emily [island after you saw who(m)].You called [cp after you saw Aaron ]?]?
×c. Complex NP island
*What did Mateo choose [island the T-shirt that said I❤ NY].Mateo chose [np the T-shirt that said ]?]?what×
d. Coordinate structure island*Where did they go to [island the pet store and the grocery store].They went to [np the pet store and ]?]?where
×
16 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Islands in EnglishRoss 1967
(11) a. No islandWhat do You think [cp I found my phone yesterday].what ?you
ok
b. Adjunct island*Who(m) did you call Emily [island after you saw who(m)].You called [cp after you saw Aaron ]?]?
×
c. Complex NP island*What did Mateo choose [island the T-shirt that said I❤ NY].Mateo chose [np the T-shirt that said ]?]?what
×d. Coordinate structure island
*Where did they go to [island the pet store and the grocery store].They went to [np the pet store and ]?]?where×
16 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Islands in EnglishRoss 1967
(11) a. No islandWhat do You think [cp I found my phone yesterday].what ?you
ok
b. Adjunct island*Who(m) did you call Emily [island after you saw who(m)].You called [cp after you saw Aaron ]?]?
×
c. Complex NP island*What did Mateo choose [island the T-shirt that said I❤ NY].Mateo chose [np the T-shirt that said ]?]?what
×d. Coordinate structure island
*Where did they go to [island the pet store and the grocery store].They went to [np the pet store and ]?]?where×
16 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Islands in EnglishRoss 1967
(11) a. No islandWhat do You think [cp I found my phone yesterday].what ?you
ok
b. Adjunct island*Who(m) did you call Emily [island after you saw who(m)].You called [cp after you saw Aaron ]?]?
×
c. Complex NP island*What did Mateo choose [island the T-shirt that said I❤ NY].Mateo chose [np the T-shirt that said ]?]?what
×d. Coordinate structure island
*Where did they go to [island the pet store and the grocery store].They went to [np the pet store and ]?]?where×
16 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Islands in EnglishRoss 1967
(11) a. No islandWhat do You think [cp I found my phone yesterday].what ?you
ok
b. Adjunct island*Who(m) did you call Emily [island after you saw who(m)].You called [cp after you saw Aaron ]?]?
×c. Complex NP island
*What did Mateo choose [island the T-shirt that said I❤ NY].Mateo chose [np the T-shirt that said ]?]?what×
d. Coordinate structure island*Where did they go to [island the pet store and the grocery store].They went to [np the pet store and ]?]?where
×
16 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Islands in EnglishRoss 1967
(11) a. No islandWhat do You think [cp I found my phone yesterday].what ?you
ok
b. Adjunct island*Who(m) did you call Emily [island after you saw who(m)].You called [cp after you saw Aaron ]?]?
×c. Complex NP island
*What did Mateo choose [island the T-shirt that said I❤ NY].Mateo chose [np the T-shirt that said ]?]?what×
d. Coordinate structure island*Where did they go to [island the pet store and the grocery store].They went to [np the pet store and ]?]?where
×
16 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Islands in EnglishRoss 1967
(11) a. No islandWhat do You think [cp I found my phone yesterday].what ?you
ok
b. Adjunct island*Who(m) did you call Emily [island after you saw who(m)].You called [cp after you saw Aaron ]?]?
×c. Complex NP island
*What did Mateo choose [island the T-shirt that said I❤ NY].Mateo chose [np the T-shirt that said ]?]?what×
d. Coordinate structure island*Where did they go to [island the pet store and the grocery store].They went to [np the pet store and ]?]?where
×
16 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Islands in EnglishRoss 1967
(11) a. No islandWhat do You think [cp I found my phone yesterday].what ?you
ok
b. Adjunct island*Who(m) did you call Emily [island after you saw who(m)].You called [cp after you saw Aaron ]?]?
×c. Complex NP island
*What did Mateo choose [island the T-shirt that said I❤ NY].Mateo chose [np the T-shirt that said ]?]?what×
d. Coordinate structure island*Where did they go to [island the pet store and the grocery store].They went to [np the pet store and ]?]?where
×
16 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Islands in EnglishRoss 1967
(11) a. No islandWhat do You think [cp I found my phone yesterday].what ?you
ok
b. Adjunct island*Who(m) did you call Emily [island after you saw who(m)].You called [cp after you saw Aaron ]?]?
×c. Complex NP island
*What did Mateo choose [island the T-shirt that said I❤ NY].Mateo chose [np the T-shirt that said ]?]?what×
d. Coordinate structure island*Where did they go to [island the pet store and the grocery store].They went to [np the pet store and ]?]?where
×
16 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Islands in EnglishRoss 1967
(11) a. No islandWhat do You think [cp I found my phone yesterday].what ?you
ok
b. Adjunct island*Who(m) did you call Emily [island after you saw who(m)].You called [cp after you saw Aaron ]?]?
×c. Complex NP island
*What did Mateo choose [island the T-shirt that said I❤ NY].Mateo chose [np the T-shirt that said ]?]?what×
d. Coordinate structure island*Where did they go to [island the pet store and the grocery store].They went to [np the pet store and ]?]?where
×
16 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Island sensitivity of Vietnamese wh-in-situTran 2009
(12) a. Adjunct island
b. Complex NP island
Islands can diagnose silent movement.
17 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Island sensitivity of Vietnamese wh-in-situTran 2009
(12) a. Adjunct island
b. Complex NP island
Islands can diagnose silent movement.
17 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Island sensitivity of Vietnamese wh-in-situTran 2009
(12) a. Adjunct island* Tân sẽ thua cuộc [island vì ai làm hư xe của anh.ta]?
Tan will lose event because who make damage vehicle belong he×
‘Who will Tan lose the race because will damage his car?’ (Tran 2009: 175 (10a))
b. Complex NP island
Islands can diagnose silent movement.
17 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Island sensitivity of Vietnamese wh-in-situTran 2009
(12) a. Adjunct island* Tân sẽ thua cuộc [island vì ai làm hư xe của anh.ta]?
Tan will lose event because who make damage vehicle belong he×
‘Who will Tan lose the race because will damage his car?’ (Tran 2009: 175 (10a))
b. Complex NP island
Islands can diagnose silent movement.
17 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Island sensitivity of Vietnamese wh-in-situTran 2009
(12) a. Adjunct island* Tân sẽ thua cuộc [island vì ai làm hư xe của anh.ta]?
Tan will lose event because who make damage vehicle belong he×
‘Who will Tan lose the race because will damage his car?’ (Tran 2009: 175 (10a))
b. Complex NP island* Tân sẽ chụp hình [island con hổ đã dọa ai]?
Tan will catch picture clf tiger asp scare who×
‘Who(m) will Tan take a picture of the tiger that scared ?’ (Tran 2009: 174 (8a))
Islands can diagnose silent movement.
17 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Island sensitivity of Vietnamese wh-in-situTran 2009
(12) a. Adjunct island* Tân sẽ thua cuộc [island vì ai làm hư xe của anh.ta]?
Tan will lose event because who make damage vehicle belong he×
‘Who will Tan lose the race because will damage his car?’ (Tran 2009: 175 (10a))
b. Complex NP island* Tân sẽ chụp hình [island con hổ đã dọa ai]?
Tan will catch picture clf tiger asp scare who×
‘Who(m) will Tan take a picture of the tiger that scared ?’ (Tran 2009: 174 (8a))
Islands can diagnose silent movement.
17 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Island sensitivity in Singaporean MalayCole & Hermon 1998
(13) Complex NP islanda. Wh-in-situ within a complex NP
Kamuyou
sayanglove
[island perempuanwoman
yangthat
AliAli
fikirthinks
[cp yangthat
telahalready
makaneat
apa]]?what
‘What do you love the woman who Alithinks ate ?’
(Cole & Hermon 1998: 235 (34b))
a. In Situ: [cp … [island … [cp … wh]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp … [cp wh … [island … ]]]
d. Partial: *[cp … [island … [cp wh … ]]]
ok
×
×
×
scopal thematic
18 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Island sensitivity in Singaporean MalayCole & Hermon 1998
(13) Complex NP islandb. Full wh-movement out of a complex NP
*Diat
manawhere
kamuyou
fikirthink
[cp AliAli
sukalike
[island perempuanwoman
yangthat
tinggallive
]]?
‘Where do you think Ali likes the womanwho lives ?’
(Cole & Hermon 1998: 227 (7a))
a. In Situ: [cp … [island … [cp … wh]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp … [cp wh … [island … ]]]
d. Partial: *[cp … [island … [cp wh … ]]]
ok
×
×
×
scopal thematic
18 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Island sensitivity in Singaporean MalayCole & Hermon 1998
(13) Complex NP islandc. Partial wh-movement out of a complex NP
*AliAli
memberitahutold
kamuyou
[cp apawhat
yangthat
MariMari
fikirthink
[cp diahe
sukalikes
[island perempuanwoman
yangthat
belibuy
]]]?
‘What did Ali tell you that Mary thinks thathe likes a woman who bought ?’
(Cole & Hermon 1998: 235 (33))
a. In Situ: [cp … [island … [cp … wh]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp … [cp wh … [island … ]]]
d. Partial: *[cp … [island … [cp wh … ]]]
ok
×
×
×
scopal thematic
18 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Island sensitivity in Singaporean MalayCole & Hermon 1998
(13) Complex NP islandd. Partial wh-movement within a complex NP
*Kamuyou
sayanglove
[island perempuanwoman
yangthat
AliAli
fikirthinks
[cp apawhat
yangthat
telahalready
makaneat
]]?
‘What do you love the woman who Alithinks ate ?’
(Cole & Hermon 1998: 235 (35b))
a. In Situ: [cp … [island … [cp … wh]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp … [cp wh … [island … ]]]
d. Partial: *[cp … [island … [cp wh … ]]]
ok
×
×
×
scopal thematic
18 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Attested patterns vs. theoretical predictions
(14) Fanselow’s (2006) Generalization S4:A wh-phrase that has undergone (partial) wh-movement must not be separatedfrom its scope position by an island for movement.
But…
Theoretical analyses proposed by Sabel (2000: 441), Sabel & Zeller (2006: 280), and Abels(2012: 155–156) predict there to be languages that falsify this empiricalgeneralization.
Shona is one such language.
19 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Attested patterns vs. theoretical predictions
(14) Fanselow’s (2006) Generalization S4:A wh-phrase that has undergone (partial) wh-movement must not be separatedfrom its scope position by an island for movement.
But…
Theoretical analyses proposed by Sabel (2000: 441), Sabel & Zeller (2006: 280), and Abels(2012: 155–156) predict there to be languages that falsify this empiricalgeneralization.
Shona is one such language.
19 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Attested patterns vs. theoretical predictions
(14) Fanselow’s (2006) Generalization S4:A wh-phrase that has undergone (partial) wh-movement must not be separatedfrom its scope position by an island for movement.
But…
Theoretical analyses proposed by Sabel (2000: 441), Sabel & Zeller (2006: 280), and Abels(2012: 155–156) predict there to be languages that falsify this empiricalgeneralization.
Shona is one such language.
19 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Attested patterns vs. theoretical predictions
(14) Fanselow’s (2006) Generalization S4:A wh-phrase that has undergone (partial) wh-movement must not be separatedfrom its scope position by an island for movement.
But…
Theoretical analyses proposed by Sabel (2000: 441), Sabel & Zeller (2006: 280), and Abels(2012: 155–156) predict there to be languages that falsify this empiricalgeneralization.
Shona is one such language.
19 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Attested patterns vs. theoretical predictions
(14) Fanselow’s (2006) Generalization S4:A wh-phrase that has undergone (partial) wh-movement must not be separatedfrom its scope position by an island for movement.
But…
Theoretical analyses proposed by Sabel (2000: 441), Sabel & Zeller (2006: 280), and Abels(2012: 155–156) predict there to be languages that falsify this empiricalgeneralization.
Shona is one such language.
19 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Outline
Bantu wh-questions
Island effects as a diagnostic for movement
Island sensitivity in Shona
Composite derivation of Shona partial wh-movement
Conclusion
20 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Island sensitivityThe Shona pattern
(15) Adjunct islanda. Wh-in-situ within an adverbial clause
Waifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
vakafonerathey.called
mapurisapolice
[island nokutibecause
vakaonathey.saw
ani]]?who
‘Who(m) did you think they called the policebecause they saw ?’
a. In Situ: [cp … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp … [cp … [island wh … … ]]]
ok
×
×
ok
scopal thematic
21 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Island sensitivityThe Shona pattern
(15) Adjunct islandb. Full wh-movement out of an adverbial clause
*Ndi-anibe-who
wawaifungathat.you.thought
[cp kutithat
vakafonerathey.called
mapurisapolice
[island nokutibecause
vakaonathey.saw
]]?
‘Who(m) did you think they called the policebecause they saw ?’
a. In Situ: [cp … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp … [cp … [island wh … … ]]]
ok
×
×
ok
scopal thematic
21 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Island sensitivityThe Shona pattern
(15) Adjunct islandc. Partial wh-movement out of an adverbial clause
*Waifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
ndi-anibe-who
wavakafonerathat.they.called
mapurisapolice
[island nokutibecause
vakaonathey.saw
]]?
‘Who(m) did you think they called the policebecause they saw ?’
a. In Situ: [cp … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp … [cp … [island wh … … ]]]
ok
×
×
ok
scopal thematic
21 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Island sensitivityThe Shona pattern
(15) Adjunct islandd. Partial wh-movement within an adverbial clause
Waifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
vakafonerathey.called
mapurisapolice
[island nokutibecause
ndi-anibe-who
wavakaonathat.they.saw
]]?
‘Who(m) did you think they called the policebecause they saw ?’
a. In Situ: [cp … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp … [cp … [island wh … … ]]]
ok
×
×
ok
scopal thematic
21 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Island sensitivityThe Shona pattern
(16) Complex NP islanda. Wh-in-situ within a complex NP
Wakanzwayou.heard
[cp kutithat
vakarambathey.denied
[island nyayastory
yekutiof.that
yakarumait.bit
aniwho
pagumbo]]?on.leg
‘Who(m) did you hear that they denied the storythat it (their dog) bit on the leg?’
a. In Situ: [cp … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp … [cp … [island wh … … ]]]
ok
×
×
ok
scopal thematic
22 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Island sensitivityThe Shona pattern
(16) Complex NP islandb. Full wh-movement out of a complex NP
*Ndi-anibe-who
wawakanzwathat.you.heard
[cp kutithat
vakarambathey.denied
[island nyayastory
yekutiof.that
yakarumait.bit
pagumbo]]?on.leg
‘Who(m) did you hear that they denied the storythat it (their dog) bit on the leg?’
a. In Situ: [cp … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp … [cp … [island wh … … ]]]
ok
×
×
ok
scopal thematic
22 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Island sensitivityThe Shona pattern
(16) Complex NP islandc. Partial wh-movement out of a complex NP
*Wakanzwayou.heard
[cp kutithat
ndi-anibe-who
wavakarambathat.they.denied
[island nyayastory
yekutiof.that
yakarumait.bit
pagumbo]]?on.leg
‘Who(m) did you hear that they denied the storythat it (their dog) bit on the leg?’
a. In Situ: [cp … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp … [cp … [island wh … … ]]]
ok
×
×
ok
scopal thematic
22 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Island sensitivityThe Shona pattern
(16) Complex NP islandd. Partial wh-movement within a complex NP
Wakanzwayou.heard
[cp kutithat
vakarambathey.denied
[island nyayastory
yekutiof.that
ndi-anibe-who
wayakarumathat.it.bit
pagumbo]]?on.leg
‘Who(m) did you hear that they denied the storythat it (their dog) bit on the leg?’
a. In Situ: [cp … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp … [cp … [island wh … … ]]]
ok
×
×
ok
scopal thematic
22 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Outline
Bantu wh-questions
Island effects as a diagnostic for movement
Island sensitivity in Shona
Composite derivation of Shona partial wh-movement
Conclusion
23 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Composite derivation of partial wh-movement
▶ Lower relation:like full wh-movement
▶ syntactic movement(Sabel 2000, 2006, Sabel & Zeller2006, Abels & Muriungi 2008, Abels2012, among others)
▶ Higher relation:like wh-in-situ
▶ semantic non-movementrelation(Sabel 2000, Sabel & Zeller 2006)
(17) Proposal for Shona
a. In Situ: [cp Op … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp Op … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp Op … [cp … [island wh … … ]]]
oknon-movement
××movement
××movement
oknon-movement
scopal thematic
scopal thematic
24 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Composite derivation of partial wh-movement
▶ Lower relation:like full wh-movement
▶ syntactic movement(Sabel 2000, 2006, Sabel & Zeller2006, Abels & Muriungi 2008, Abels2012, among others)
▶ Higher relation:like wh-in-situ
▶ semantic non-movementrelation(Sabel 2000, Sabel & Zeller 2006)
(17) Proposal for Shona
a. In Situ: [cp Op … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp Op … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp Op … [cp … [island wh … … ]]]
oknon-movement
××movement
××movement
oknon-movement
scopal thematic
scopal thematic
24 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Composite derivation of partial wh-movement
▶ Lower relation:like full wh-movement
▶ syntactic movement(Sabel 2000, 2006, Sabel & Zeller2006, Abels & Muriungi 2008, Abels2012, among others)
▶ Higher relation:like wh-in-situ
▶ semantic non-movementrelation(Sabel 2000, Sabel & Zeller 2006)
(17) Proposal for Shona
a. In Situ: [cp Op … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp Op … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp Op … [cp … [island wh … … ]]]
oknon-movement
××movement
××movement
oknon-movement
scopal thematic
scopal thematic
24 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Composite derivation of partial wh-movement
▶ Lower relation:like full wh-movement▶ syntactic movement
(Sabel 2000, 2006, Sabel & Zeller2006, Abels & Muriungi 2008, Abels2012, among others)
▶ Higher relation:like wh-in-situ
▶ semantic non-movementrelation(Sabel 2000, Sabel & Zeller 2006)
(17) Proposal for Shona
a. In Situ: [cp Op … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp Op … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp Op … [cp … [island wh … … ]]]
oknon-movement
××movement
××movement
oknon-movement
scopal thematic
scopal thematic
24 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Composite derivation of partial wh-movement
▶ Lower relation:like full wh-movement▶ syntactic movement
(Sabel 2000, 2006, Sabel & Zeller2006, Abels & Muriungi 2008, Abels2012, among others)
▶ Higher relation:like wh-in-situ
▶ semantic non-movementrelation(Sabel 2000, Sabel & Zeller 2006)
(17) Proposal for Shona
a. In Situ: [cp Op … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp Op … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp Op … [cp … [island wh … … ]]]
oknon-movement
××movement
××movement
oknon-movement
scopal thematic
scopal thematic
24 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Composite derivation of partial wh-movement
▶ Lower relation:like full wh-movement▶ syntactic movement
(Sabel 2000, 2006, Sabel & Zeller2006, Abels & Muriungi 2008, Abels2012, among others)
▶ Higher relation:like wh-in-situ▶ semantic non-movementrelation(Sabel 2000, Sabel & Zeller 2006)
(17) Proposal for Shona
a. In Situ: [cp Op … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp Op … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp Op … [cp … [island wh … … ]]]
oknon-movement
××movement
××movement
oknon-movement
scopal thematic
scopal thematic
24 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Composite derivation of partial wh-movement
▶ Lower relation:like full wh-movement▶ syntactic movement
(Sabel 2000, 2006, Sabel & Zeller2006, Abels & Muriungi 2008, Abels2012, among others)
▶ Higher relation:like wh-in-situ▶ semantic non-movementrelation(Sabel 2000, Sabel & Zeller 2006)
(17) Proposal for Shona
a. In Situ: [cp Op … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp Op … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp Op … [cp … [island wh … … ]]]
oknon-movement
××movement
××movement
oknon-movement
scopal thematic
scopal thematic
24 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Composite derivation of partial wh-movement
▶ Lower relation:like full wh-movement▶ syntactic movement
(Sabel 2000, 2006, Sabel & Zeller2006, Abels & Muriungi 2008, Abels2012, among others)
▶ Higher relation:like wh-in-situ▶ semantic non-movementrelation(Sabel 2000, Sabel & Zeller 2006)
(17) Proposal for Shona
a. In Situ: [cp Op … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp Op … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp Op … [cp … [island wh … … ]]]
oknon-movement
××movement
××movement
oknon-movement
scopal thematic
scopal thematic
24 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Lower relation assimilated to full wh-movement
Evidence:
▶ Island sensitivity▶ Cleft structure▶ Extraction marking▶ Reconstruction effects
25 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Lower relation assimilated to full wh-movement
Evidence:▶ Island sensitivity
▶ Cleft structure▶ Extraction marking▶ Reconstruction effects
25 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Lower relation assimilated to full wh-movement
Evidence:▶ Island sensitivity▶ Cleft structure
▶ Extraction marking▶ Reconstruction effects
25 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Lower relation assimilated to full wh-movement
Evidence:▶ Island sensitivity▶ Cleft structure▶ Extraction marking
▶ Reconstruction effects
25 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Lower relation assimilated to full wh-movement
Evidence:▶ Island sensitivity▶ Cleft structure▶ Extraction marking▶ Reconstruction effects
25 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Lower relation assimilated to full wh-movementIsland sensitivity
(18) Wh-phrases cannot be extracted from islands
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
×
×
scopal thematic
26 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Lower relation assimilated to full wh-movementIsland sensitivity
(18) Wh-phrases cannot be extracted from islands
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
×
×
scopal thematic
26 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Lower relation assimilated to full wh-movementCleft structure
(19) Wh-phrases marked with ndi-
a. Full wh-movement requires ndi-*(Ndi)-anibe-who
wawaifungathat.you.thought
[cp kutithat
takatengerawe.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we bought a dress (for)?’
b. Partial wh-movement requires ndi-Waifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
*(ndi)-anibe-who
watakatengerathat.we.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we bought a dress (for)?’
27 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Lower relation assimilated to full wh-movementCleft structure
(19) Wh-phrases marked with ndi-
a. Full wh-movement requires ndi-*(Ndi)-anibe-who
wawaifungathat.you.thought
[cp kutithat
takatengerawe.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we bought a dress (for)?’
b. Partial wh-movement requires ndi-Waifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
*(ndi)-anibe-who
watakatengerathat.we.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we bought a dress (for)?’
27 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Lower relation assimilated to full wh-movementCleft structure
(19) Wh-phrases marked with ndi-
a. Full wh-movement requires ndi-*(Ndi)-anibe-who
wawaifungathat.you.thought
[cp kutithat
takatengerawe.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we bought a dress (for)?’
b. Partial wh-movement requires ndi-Waifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
*(ndi)-anibe-who
watakatengerathat.we.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we bought a dress (for)?’
27 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Lower relation assimilated to full wh-movementExtraction marking (Zentz in press)
(20) Extraction marking
a. Full wh-movement requires extraction marking in the pronunciation clauseNdi-anibe-1a.who
*(wa)-waifunga1a.exm-you.thought
[cp kutithat
takatengerawe.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we bought a dress (for)?’
b. Partial wh-movement requires extraction marking in the pronunciation clauseWaifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
ndi-anibe-1a.who
*(wa)-takatengera1a.exm-we.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we bought a dress (for)?’
28 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Lower relation assimilated to full wh-movementExtraction marking (Zentz in press)
(20) Extraction marking
a. Full wh-movement requires extraction marking in the pronunciation clauseNdi-anibe-1a.who
*(wa)-waifunga1a.exm-you.thought
[cp kutithat
takatengerawe.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we bought a dress (for)?’
b. Partial wh-movement requires extraction marking in the pronunciation clauseWaifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
ndi-anibe-1a.who
*(wa)-takatengera1a.exm-we.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we bought a dress (for)?’
28 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Lower relation assimilated to full wh-movementExtraction marking (Zentz in press)
(20) Extraction marking
a. Full wh-movement requires extraction marking in the pronunciation clauseNdi-anibe-1a.who
*(wa)-waifunga1a.exm-you.thought
[cp kutithat
takatengerawe.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we bought a dress (for)?’
b. Partial wh-movement requires extraction marking in the pronunciation clauseWaifungayou.thought
[cp kutithat
ndi-anibe-1a.who
*(wa)-takatengera1a.exm-we.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we bought a dress (for)?’
28 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Higher relation assimilated to wh-in-situ
Evidence:
▶ Lack of island sensitivity▶ Lack of extraction marking
29 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Higher relation assimilated to wh-in-situ
Evidence:▶ Lack of island sensitivity
▶ Lack of extraction marking
29 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Higher relation assimilated to wh-in-situ
Evidence:▶ Lack of island sensitivity▶ Lack of extraction marking
29 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Lower relation assimilated to full wh-movementLack of island sensitivity
(21) Wh-phrases can remain within islands
a. In Situ: [cp … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp … [cp … [island wh … … ]]]ok
ok
scopal thematic
30 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Lower relation assimilated to full wh-movementLack of island sensitivity
(21) Wh-phrases can remain within islands
a. In Situ: [cp … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp … [cp … [island wh … … ]]]ok
ok
scopal thematic
30 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Higher relation assimilated to wh-in-situLack of extraction marking (Zentz in press)
(22) Extraction marking
a. Wh-in-situ cannot have extraction marking(*Wa)-waifunga1a.exm-you.thought
[cp kutithat
(*wa)-takatengera1a.exm-we.bought.for
ani1a.who
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we bought a dress (for)?’
b. Partial wh-movement cannot have extraction marking above the pronunciationsite(*Wa)-waifunga1a.exm-you.thought
[cp kutithat
ndi-anibe-1a.who
*(wa)-takatengera1a.exm-we.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we bought a dress (for)?’
31 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Higher relation assimilated to wh-in-situLack of extraction marking (Zentz in press)
(22) Extraction marking
a. Wh-in-situ cannot have extraction marking(*Wa)-waifunga1a.exm-you.thought
[cp kutithat
(*wa)-takatengera1a.exm-we.bought.for
ani1a.who
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we bought a dress (for)?’
b. Partial wh-movement cannot have extraction marking above the pronunciationsite(*Wa)-waifunga1a.exm-you.thought
[cp kutithat
ndi-anibe-1a.who
*(wa)-takatengera1a.exm-we.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we bought a dress (for)?’
31 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Higher relation assimilated to wh-in-situLack of extraction marking (Zentz in press)
(22) Extraction marking
a. Wh-in-situ cannot have extraction marking(*Wa)-waifunga1a.exm-you.thought
[cp kutithat
(*wa)-takatengera1a.exm-we.bought.for
ani1a.who
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we bought a dress (for)?’
b. Partial wh-movement cannot have extraction marking above the pronunciationsite(*Wa)-waifunga1a.exm-you.thought
[cp kutithat
ndi-anibe-1a.who
*(wa)-takatengera1a.exm-we.bought.for
rokwe]?dress
‘Who(m) did you think we bought a dress (for)?’
31 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Outline
Bantu wh-questions
Island effects as a diagnostic for movement
Island sensitivity in Shona
Composite derivation of Shona partial wh-movement
Conclusion
32 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Conclusion
Open questions:
▶ Why do some languages have more than one strategy for forming wh-questions?▶ What governs the choice to use one strategy instead of another?▶ Can we predict whether a language will allow partial wh-movement within islands?
33 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Conclusion
Open questions:▶ Why do some languages have more than one strategy for forming wh-questions?
▶ What governs the choice to use one strategy instead of another?▶ Can we predict whether a language will allow partial wh-movement within islands?
33 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Conclusion
Open questions:▶ Why do some languages have more than one strategy for forming wh-questions?▶ What governs the choice to use one strategy instead of another?
▶ Can we predict whether a language will allow partial wh-movement within islands?
33 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Conclusion
Open questions:▶ Why do some languages have more than one strategy for forming wh-questions?▶ What governs the choice to use one strategy instead of another?▶ Can we predict whether a language will allow partial wh-movement within islands?
33 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Conclusion
Old news:
▶ Languages vary considerably in how they construct wh-questions.▶ Islands can be used as a diagnostic for movement.
New news:
▶ Shona allows partial wh-movement within islands, as predicted by several analyses.▶ This provides support for a composite derivation of partial wh-movement, where
the higher relation can be assimilated to wh-in-situ and the lower relation to fullwh-movement.
34 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Conclusion
Old news:▶ Languages vary considerably in how they construct wh-questions.
▶ Islands can be used as a diagnostic for movement.
New news:
▶ Shona allows partial wh-movement within islands, as predicted by several analyses.▶ This provides support for a composite derivation of partial wh-movement, where
the higher relation can be assimilated to wh-in-situ and the lower relation to fullwh-movement.
34 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Conclusion
Old news:▶ Languages vary considerably in how they construct wh-questions.▶ Islands can be used as a diagnostic for movement.
New news:
▶ Shona allows partial wh-movement within islands, as predicted by several analyses.▶ This provides support for a composite derivation of partial wh-movement, where
the higher relation can be assimilated to wh-in-situ and the lower relation to fullwh-movement.
34 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Conclusion
Old news:▶ Languages vary considerably in how they construct wh-questions.▶ Islands can be used as a diagnostic for movement.
New news:
▶ Shona allows partial wh-movement within islands, as predicted by several analyses.▶ This provides support for a composite derivation of partial wh-movement, where
the higher relation can be assimilated to wh-in-situ and the lower relation to fullwh-movement.
34 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Conclusion
Old news:▶ Languages vary considerably in how they construct wh-questions.▶ Islands can be used as a diagnostic for movement.
New news:▶ Shona allows partial wh-movement within islands, as predicted by several analyses.
▶ This provides support for a composite derivation of partial wh-movement, wherethe higher relation can be assimilated to wh-in-situ and the lower relation to fullwh-movement.
34 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Conclusion
Old news:▶ Languages vary considerably in how they construct wh-questions.▶ Islands can be used as a diagnostic for movement.
New news:▶ Shona allows partial wh-movement within islands, as predicted by several analyses.▶ This provides support for a composite derivation of partial wh-movement, where
the higher relation can be assimilated to wh-in-situ and the lower relation to fullwh-movement.
34 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
Acknowledgments
Thank you to:▶ Thabani Dhlakama for Shona data and judgments▶ Yale Linguistics Department for consultant payment funding▶ Yale University Dissertation Fellowship and Yale University Teaching Fellowship▶ Vicki Carstens, Jessica Coon, Dave Embick, Michael Yoshitaka Erlewine, Bob Frank,
Jason Kandybowicz, Richie Kayne, Hadas Kotek, David Pesetsky, Jim Wood, andRaffaella Zanuttini, the audience at LSA 2015, and three anonymous LSA abstractreferees
▶ Ryan Bennett, Sarah Culbertson, Mike Diercks, Rikker Dockum, Bob Frank, MartinFuchs, Chris Geissler, Patti Gonzalez, Jim Wood, Raffaella Zanuttini, and Kim Zentzfor presentation advice
35 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
References I
Abels, Klaus. 2012. Phases: An essay on cyclicity in syntax. (Linguistische Arbeiten 543). Berlin: DeGruyter.
Abels, Klaus & Peter Muriungi. 2008. The focus marker in Kîîtharaka: Syntax and semantics.Lingua 118(5). 687–731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2007.09.003.
Abner, Natasha. 2011. WH-words that go bump in the right. In Mary Byram Washburn,Katherine McKinney-Bock, Erika Varis, Ann Sawyer & Barbara Tomaszewicz (eds.),Proceedings of the 28th West Coast Conference on Formal Linguistics (WCCFL), 24–32.Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Cheng, Lisa Lai-Shen. 2009. Wh-in-situ, from the 1980s to now. Language and LinguisticsCompass 3(3). 767–791. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2009.00133.x.
Cole, Peter & Gabriella Hermon. 1998. The typology of wh-movement: Wh-questions in Malay.Syntax 1(3). 221–258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-9612.00009.
Fanselow, Gisbert. 2006. Partial wh-movement. In Martin Everaert & Henk van Riemsdijk (eds.),The Blackwell companion to syntax, vol. 3 (Blackwell Handbooks in Linguistics 19), 437–492.Malden, MA: Blackwell.
36 / 37
Introduction Bantu Wh-Questions Island Effects Shona Islands Composite Derivation Conclusion References
References IIMcDaniel, Dana. 1989. Partial and multiple Wh-movement. Natural Language & LinguisticTheory 7(4). 565–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00205158.
Ross, John Robert. 1967. Constraints on variables in syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT PhD thesis.Sabel, Joachim. 2000. Partial wh-movement and the typology of wh-questions. In Uli Lutz,
Gereon Müller & Arnim von Stechow (eds.), Wh-scope marking (Linguistik Aktuell/LinguisticsToday 37), 409–446. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Sabel, Joachim. 2006. Typologie des W-Fragesatzes. Linguistische Berichte 2006(206). 147–194.Sabel, Joachim & Jochen Zeller. 2006. Wh-question formation in Nguni. In John Mugane,
John P. Hutchison & Dee A. Worman (eds.), Selected proceedings of the 35th Annual Conferenceon African Linguistics (ACAL), 271–283. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Tran, Thuan. 2009. Wh-quantification in Vietnamese. Newark, DE: University of DelawarePhD thesis.
Zentz, Jason. in press. Bantu wh-agreement and the case against probe impoverishment. InRuth Kramer, Elizabeth Zsiga & One Boyer (eds.), Selected proceedings of the 44rd AnnualConference on African Linguistics (ACAL). Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
37 / 37
More Shona Islands
Island sensitivityThe Shona pattern
(23) Complex NP island (relative clause)a. Wh-in-situ within a relative clause
Unofungayou.think
[cp kutithat
anofariras/he.likes
[island chikwatateam
chìnobvathat.is.from
kupi]]?where
‘Where do you think s/he likes the team that isfrom ?’
a. In Situ: [cp … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
ok
×
×
scopal thematic
1 / 2
More Shona Islands
Island sensitivityThe Shona pattern
(23) Complex NP island (relative clause)b. Full wh-movement out of a relative clause
*Nde-kupibe-where
kwaunofungathat.you.think
[cp kutithat
anofariras/he.likes
[island chikwatateam
chìnobvathat.is.from
]]?
‘Where do you think s/he likes the team that isfrom ?’
a. In Situ: [cp … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
ok
×
×
scopal thematic
1 / 2
More Shona Islands
Island sensitivityThe Shona pattern
(23) Complex NP island (relative clause)c. Partial wh-movement out of a relative clause
*Unofungayou.think
[cp kutithat
nde-kupibe-where
kwaanofarirathat.s/he.likes
[island chikwatateam
chìnobvathat.is.from
]]?
‘Where do you think s/he likes the team that isfrom ?’
a. In Situ: [cp … [cp … [island … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [cp … [island … … ]]]
c. Partial: *[cp … [cp wh … [island … … ]]]
ok
×
×
scopal thematic
1 / 2
More Shona Islands
Island sensitivityThe Shona pattern
(24) Complex NP island (relative clause)a. Wh-in-situ within a relative clause
Anofariras/he.likes
[island chikwatateam
chaunofungathat.you.think
[cp kutithat
chinobvait.is.from
kupi]]?where
‘Where does s/he like the team that you think isfrom ?’
a. In Situ: [cp … [island … [cp … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [island … [cp … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp … [island … [cp wh … … ]]]
ok
×
ok
scopal thematic
2 / 2
More Shona Islands
Island sensitivityThe Shona pattern
(24) Complex NP island (relative clause)b. Full wh-movement out of a relative
clause*Nde-kupibe-where
kwaanofarirathat.s/he.likes
[island chikwatateam
chaunofungathat.you.think
[cp kutithat
chinobvait.is.from
]]?
‘Where does s/he like the team that you think isfrom ?’
a. In Situ: [cp … [island … [cp … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [island … [cp … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp … [island … [cp wh … … ]]]
ok
×
ok
scopal thematic
2 / 2
More Shona Islands
Island sensitivityThe Shona pattern
(24) Complex NP island (relative clause)d. Partial wh-movement within a relative clause
?Anofariras/he.likes
[island chikwatateam
chaunofungathat.you.think
[cp kutithat
nde-kupibe-where
kwachinobvathat.it.is.from
]]?
‘Where does s/he like the team that you think isfrom ?’
a. In Situ: [cp … [island … [cp … wh … ]]]
b. Full: *[cp wh … [island … [cp … … ]]]
d. Partial: [cp … [island … [cp wh … … ]]]
ok
×
ok
scopal thematic
2 / 2
