DECISIO

N MAKIN

G USIN

G

MULTIP

LE C

RITERIA

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

MAKING DECISIONS

We all face decisions in our jobs, in our communities, and in our personal lives such as:

Which college should I attend?Which computer should I buy?Which supplier should we hire?Where should a new airport be located?

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

MULTIPLE-CRITERIA DECISION MAKING

Structured methodology designed to handle the trade-offs inherent in making a decision that involves multiple criteria

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

CHOOSING A COLLEGE

Miguel Ramirez, a high school senior, applied to several colleges and has been accepted at four:

• State University

• Podunk University

• I.Q.U.

• Poly Tech Institute

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

SPECIFY CRITERIA

Miguel has decided that academics, cost, location, and social life are the criteria, or factors, that are most critical in his choice of a college.

Generate a list of criteria that are important to you in choosing a college. You may choose as many criteria as you wish. When you have created your own list, compare lists with a partner. How are your lists similar? How are they different?

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

SCALE EACH MEASURE

They also realized that some of the measures, such as average SAT score, have a natural scale, while other measures, such as athletics, require a constructed scale.

Furthermore, some of the measures are numeric, while others use categories.

For example, Miguel developed a scale of 1 to 4 for athletics:

1.- Top 10 ranking in men’s basketball of football or women’s volley bay or basketball in the past two years

2.- Top 25 ranking in any two of the sports above

3.- Division I status

4.- OtherThis opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

SCALE EACH MEASURE

He also realized that the range of each scale is important. For example, the theoretical range of the average combined SAT score is 400-1600, but realistically, Miguel decided that a range of 900-1400 was sufficient.

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

SPECIFY CRITERIA

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

COLLECT DATA

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

RESCALE TO COMMON UNITS

Miguel has decided to convert the data to “common units”

This means deciding what the most preferred value of each measure is, assigning a value of 1 to it, deciding what the corresponding least preferred value of each measure is and assigning a value of 0 to it.

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

RESCALE TO COMMON UNITS

For intermediate values if the measure has a numeric scale, the common unit value may be assigned proportionally.

On the other hand for categorical measures, after assigning the best value a common unit of 1 and the least value a common unit of 0, Miguel had to decide how to allot the common units.

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

RESCALE TO COMMON UNITS

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

CONDUCT AN INTERVIEW TO CALCULATE WEIGHTS

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

CONDUCT AN INTERVIEW TO CALCULATE WEIGHTS

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

CONDUCT AN INTERVIEW TO CALCULATE WEIGHTSWhich of your criteria has the greatest weight?

Is this the criterion that you feel is the most important for choosing a college? If not, explain why your results are different from you expected.

Is the number of measures an indication of a criterion’s importance? Explain.

Did the criterion with the most measures receive the most points? Explain whether you agree or disagree that this particular criterion is most important to you in choosing a college.

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

CALCULATE TOTAL SCORES

Miguel used the data from the Conversion to Common Units table, in which common units are computed, and the weights calculated in the last column of Miguel’s Rank and Point Assignment table.

To calculate the total scores, Miguel calculated the product of the weight (W) and the corresponding common unit (CU): Score= W*CU (rounded to three decimal places). By totaling the points for each college, Miguel learned which of his college choices best suits his needs.

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

Transportation Fuels: The Future is Today

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

Agenda Biodiesel Electric Vehicles Methanol Hydrogen Fuel Cells

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

Biodiesel Fuel made by chemically reacting

alcohol with vegetable oils, fats, or greases

Often used in blends of two or twenty percent (B20) biodiesel

Can be used in unmodified diesel engines

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 9 : 6/28/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

Biodiesel - Environmental Impacts Renewable Safe Biodegradable Reduces CO2 and hydrocarbon emissions Increases nitrogen oxides emissions

(NOx)

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 11 : 7/02/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

Distribution of Biodiesel Currently available only

through bulk suppliers More practical for those

who have their own fueling facilities

Pure biodiesel costs $3.00 per gallon plus tax

Minnesota and Washington mandate the addition of at least 2% biodiesel in every gallon of diesel

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 11 : 7/02/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

Electric Vehicles Developed in1891 by William Morrison

of Des Moines, Iowa Today, there are about 10,500 EVs Big problem: Battery Efficiency

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 11 : 7/02/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

EVs - Battery Limitations Since most batteries

cannot store large amounts of energy, an EV must carry as many batteries as possible

Replaced ever 3 to 6 years

Limited range of EVs (only 50 to 130 miles between charges)

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 11 : 7/02/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

EVs - Battery Limitations (cont.) Weather conditions,

terrain, and other conditions can significantly reduce the range

Research is being done into scaled-up versions of computer batteries

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 11 : 7/02/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

EVs – Environmental Impacts No tailpipe emissions themselves But the electricity used to charge them

does have emissions associated with it Coal combustion produces more than

half of our electricity

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 11 : 7/02/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

EVs - Maintenance No tune-ups, oil changes, water pumps,

radiators, injectors or tailpipes

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 11 : 7/02/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

Methanol Odorless,

colorless, toxic liquid (CH3OH)

Can be produced from natural gas, coal, oil, or biomass

Steam reformation

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 11 : 7/02/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

Uses of Methanol Can be found in many household

products Main use was production of methyl butyl

ether (MBTE) which is a gasoline additive that reduces CO2 emissions

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 11 : 7/02/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

Methanol as a Vehicle Fuel Although vehicles can operate on M100,

methanol blended with 15% unleaded gasoline (M85) is more practical

No major manufacturers offer M85 vehicles at this time

The cost of M85 is equal to premium blends

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 11 : 7/02/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

Methanol as a Vehicle Fuel (cont.) M85 has a lower energy content per

gallon , but power and acceleration are comparable to gasoline

Vehicles using methanol must have a special, expensive lubricant

No distribution system for methanol Cannot be easily moved through the

existing petroleum pipeline network

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 11 : 7/02/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

Methanol – Environmental Impacts Can help reduce hydrocarbon emissions Increased formaldehyde emissions,

which is toxic and contributes to ozone formation

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 11 : 7/02/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

Methanol – Racing Fuel Superior combustion that gives way to

more horsepower Only fuel used in Indianapolis 500 races

for 30 years

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 11 : 7/02/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

Hydrogen Fuel Cells The space shuttles use

hydrogen for fuel Fuel cells use oxygen and

hydrogen to produce electricity without harmful emissions, with water being the main by-product

Hydrogen, a gas at normal temperature and pressure, presents greater storage and transportation hurdles than liquid fuels

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 11 : 7/02/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

Hydrogen Fuel Cells (cont.) Even though hydrogen is the most

abundant element in the universe, it does not exist on Earth as a gas

It is produced by four methods: electrolysis, photolytic process, synthesis gas production from steam reforming, or partial oxidation

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 11 : 7/02/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

Hydrogen Fuel Cells (cont.) High production

costs Storage: Lower

energy content of hydrogen requires fuel tanks six times larger than gasoline tanks

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 11 : 7/02/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13

Activity #11

BUILDING AN ENERGY PROTOTYPE

This opportunity if funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - DAY 11 : 7/02/2012

This opportunity is funded by the United States Department of Education.

Award # 2010-38422-19963 - WEEK 3 – 6/24/13 – 6/28/13