Decision making and reaction time By: David Nippard Hkin 416 Presented to: Dr. Martell.
-
Upload
shona-tyler -
Category
Documents
-
view
214 -
download
1
Transcript of Decision making and reaction time By: David Nippard Hkin 416 Presented to: Dr. Martell.
What is decision making ?
•The process of making choices among possible alternatives.
▫Example: During a game of hockey there is a 2 on 1 opportunity, do you pass to your teammate? Or do you shoot on the goaltender?
*Note: The number of stimulus effects the decision.
What is reaction time?
•The time between stimulus and response: ”the interval of time between the application of a stimulus and the first indication of a response”
•Senses (eyes, ears)---Brain (formulate response)---Motor Units (nerves)---Action (muscle)
•Athlete’s ability to react to the information that is processed through the nervous system.
Benefits of reaction time• Faster reaction time= advantage
• Athletes with faster reaction time have the ability to monitor movements for longer periods of time.
• Ability to recognize cues in the environment, or even begin the movement earlier.
• E.g., Returning a tennis serve, saving a goal kick, hitting a baseball etc.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0kTxTWwkY6k
3 types of reaction time• Simple Reaction time: Only 1 stimulus and 1
response. (e.g. 100m race)
• Choice Reaction Time: More than 1 stimulus, but each stimulus has a designated response. (what shot to choose in a game of badminton. Forehand, backhand, smash, drop-shot).
• Discriminate Reaction time: Multiple stimuli but 1 response. (determining which colour is brighter by hitting an appropriate button)
Movement Time•The time it takes to complete the
movements of a particular action, from the initiation, to the termination.
Influences on Reaction time and decision making
• Age (Older = slower reaction time)
• Intensity of stimulus (Bigger, Louder, Brighter stimuli= faster reaction time)
• Anticipation (If prepared, reaction time may decrease)
• Gender (females show a slower reaction time compared to men)
• Previous experience of stimuli (faster reaction time when exposed to stimuli repeatedly)
Influences on Reaction time and decision making .con’t•Number of Stimulus response alternatives
▫Hick’s Law Relationship between reaction time and the
number of stimuli presented. The more stimuli available, the longer the reaction time.
-This occurs to a certain point, where the response time remains constant despite the increase of stimulus.
Is it possible to develop faster reaction time?
•Practice- with the same stimulus/response, where the outcome is the same response each time=faster reaction time. The response becomes Automatic.
•Anticipation- the action in predicting or expecting something. ▫E.g. Anticipating where the goal kick is
going to be placed.
Two kinds of anticipation
• Spatial anticipation: ability to predict what will happen in the environment.▫ E.g., predict a badminton player’s type of shot (drop-
shot vs smash)
• Temporal anticipation: ability to predict when an environmental event will occur▫ E.g., predict when the referee will drop the puck, or
when the referee will toss the basketball for a jump-ball• Temporal Occlusion (how much information is needed to make an accurate
judgment)
More information= better anticipatory judgments
Successfully anticipate…. Speed of puck
(impossible to track entire flight)
Dynamic Nature of the game (always changing, adapt accordingly))
Eye movement in SportsRecognizing the cues
• -Eye movements are used to pick up the most important visual cues.
• -Eyes sometimes shift in the area of the saccade (fixation point)
• -Longer fixations to more important areas, and the cognitive processing needed to interpret the information.