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Debt and global health Resources The Determinants of Health

The Cycle of Poverty and Poor Healtho Key Facts: Poverty and Poor Health

o Diarrhoea

o

Tuberculosiso Malariao HIVo Pneumoniao Climate change and healtho Conflict and fragile stateso Neglected Tropical Diseases Tax and health Trade and Health Health Systems Maternal and Child Health

Rights and MarginalisationHealth Poverty Action>Policy & Resources>The Cycle of Poverty and Poor Health> Key Facts: Poverty and Poor Health

Key Facts: Poverty and Poor HealthWhat links poverty and poor health?Poverty and poor health worldwide are inextricably linked. The causes of poor health for millions globally are rooted inpolitical, social and economic injustices. Poverty is both a cause and a consequence of poor health. Poverty increases thechances of poor health. Poor health in turn traps communities in poverty. Infectious and neglected tropical diseases kill andweaken millions of the poorest and most vulnerable people each year.

What other links are there between poverty and poor health? The economic and political structures which sustain poverty and discrimination need to be transformed in order for

poverty and poor health to be tackled.

Marginalised groups and vulnerable individuals are often worst affected, deprived of the information, money oraccess to health services that would help them prevent and treat disease.

Very poor and vulnerable people may have to make harsh choicesknowingly putting their health at risk becausethey cannot see their children go hungry, for example.

The cultural and social barriers faced by marginalised groupsincluding indigenous communitiescan mean theyuse health services less, with serious consequences for their health. This perpetuates their disproportionate levels ofpoverty.

The cost of doctors fees, a course of drugs and transport to reach a health centre can be devastating, both for anindividual and their relatives who need to care for them or help them reach and pay for treatment. In the worst cases,the burden of illness may mean that families sell their property, take children out of school to earn a living or evenstart begging.

The burden of caring is often taken on by a female relative, who may have to give up her education as a result, or take

on waged work to help meet the households costs. Missing out on education has long-term implications for awomans opportunities later in life and for her own health.

Overcrowded and poor living conditions can contribute to the spread of airborne diseases such as tuberculosis andrespiratory infections such as pneumonia. Reliance on open fires or traditional stoves can lead to deadly indoor airpollution. A lack of food, clean water and sanitation can also be fatal.

Which infectious diseases are the main killers worldwide?HIV, diarrhoea, tuberculosis and malaria, as well as communicable respiratory diseases such as pneumonia kill the mostpeople. Diarrhoea, pneumonia and malaria account for nearly half of all child deaths globally.

Neglected tropical diseases affect over one billion people, almost all in the poorest and most marginalised communities. Youmay not have heard of diseases such as leprosy, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, soil-transmittedhelminths and trachoma, but they can cause severe pain and life-long disabilities and mean enormous productivity losses.However, efforts to tackle them have usually taken a back seat to the bigger killers.

Which are the most deadly non-communicable illnesses worldwide?The biggest non-communicable killers are maternal and newborn deaths and deaths related to poor nutrition, cardiovasculardisease and non-communicable respiratory diseases.

http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/debt-and-global-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/debt-and-global-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/resources/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/resources/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-determinants-of-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-determinants-of-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health1/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health1/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/diarrhoea/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/diarrhoea/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/tuberculosis/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/tuberculosis/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/malaria/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/malaria/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/hiv/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/hiv/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/pneumonia/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/pneumonia/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/climate-change-and-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/climate-change-and-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/conflict-and-fragile-states/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/conflict-and-fragile-states/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/neglected-tropical-diseases/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/neglected-tropical-diseases/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/tax-and-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/tax-and-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/trade-and-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/trade-and-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/health-systems/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/health-systems/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/maternal-and-child-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/maternal-and-child-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/rights-and-marginalisation/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/rights-and-marginalisation/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/rights-and-marginalisation/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/maternal-and-child-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/health-systems/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/trade-and-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/tax-and-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/neglected-tropical-diseases/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/conflict-and-fragile-states/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/climate-change-and-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/pneumonia/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/hiv/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/malaria/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/tuberculosis/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/diarrhoea/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health1/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-cycle-of-poverty-and-poor-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/the-determinants-of-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/resources/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy-and-resources/debt-and-global-health/

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How do disease and infection affect economic growth?

Lives lost mean reduced economic productivity as well as personal tragedy. Productivity is further slowed whilepeople are ill or caring for others. There were 1.7 HIV-related deaths in 2007 and 990 thousand deaths fromtuberculosis. Most of these were among young people and adults in their most productive years.

In heavily affected countries billions of dollars of economic activity are lost each year as a result of illness and deathfrom HIV, TB and malaria. This can seriously reduce economic growth in countries that are already struggling.

Malaria reduces economic growth by 1.3% in heavily affected countries, and costs around $12 billion in lost GDPacross Africa. TB costs around 7% of GDP in the worst affected countries.

How has the global community responded?World leaders and international organisations have slowly woken up to the impact of the most prevalent infectious diseases.The World Health Organisation has declared TB, HIV and malaria global emergencies. Reducing the spread and treatingHIV, TB, malaria, and other diseases is also one of the Millennium Development Goals.However, as well as tackling specific diseases, it is crucial that leaders also address the underlying causes. It is widelyaccepted that the key reason for the increase in life expectancy in wealthy countries in the late 19th and early 20th centurywas less to do with the leaps forward in medical science, and more to do with the arrival of better nutrition, clean water andsanitation.

Reducing poverty, improving nutrition and making sure people have access to safe water and sanitation, as well as

strengthening national health systems, is of the utmost importance. Otherwise tackling one particular threat simply leavespeople open to another deadly disease soon afterwards.

Tackling the structural causes of poverty and poor health, for example calling for measures to tackle inequality and injusticessuch as corporate tax evasion, are central to what is needed from the global community.

What is Health Poverty Action doing to help? We are working to reduce the high malaria levels along the Burma/China border by increasing local communities

access to prevention and treatment.

In Preah Vihear province in Cambodia we are getting rural poor people suffering from TB diagnosed and treatedwhich is cutting the number of deaths.

Health Poverty Action is helping stop the spread of HIV and caring for those living with the virus, among 45,000marginalised pastoralist people in two remote districts of South Omo, Ethiopia.

Health Poverty Action is tackling widespread malnutrition amongst resettled hill tribes in a remote part of Laos. In our policy and campaigns work we highlight the importance of tacking the structural causes of poverty and poor

health, for example calling for measures to tackle inequality in the new post-2015 development framework.

Learn more about:

The determinants of health

Health systems Health funding

http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy/the-millennium-development-goals/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy/the-millennium-development-goals/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy/the-millennium-development-goals/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy/the-determinants-of-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy/the-determinants-of-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy/health-systems/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy/health-systems/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy/health-systems/health-funding/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy/health-systems/health-funding/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy/health-systems/health-funding/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy/health-systems/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy/the-determinants-of-health/http://www.healthpovertyaction.org/policy/the-millennium-development-goals/

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Dietary elements(commonly known as dietary mineralsor mineral nutrients) are thechemical elementsrequired by livingorganisms,other than the four elementscarbon,hydrogen,nitrogen,andoxygenpresent in commonorganic molecules.The term "dietarymineral" isarchaic,as the substances it refers to arechemical elementsrather than actualminerals.

Chemical elements in order of abundance in the human body include the seven major dietaryelementscalcium,phosphorus,potassium,sulfur,sodium,chlorine,andmagnesium.Important "trace" or minor dietary elements, necessary for mammalian life, includeiron,cobalt,copper,zinc,manganese,molybdenum,iodine,bromine,andselenium(see below fordetailed discussion).

Over twenty dietary elements are necessary for mammals, and several more for various othertypes of life. The total number of chemical elements that are absolutely needed is not knownfor any organism. Ultratrace amounts of some elements (e.g.,boron,chromium)are known toclearly have a role but the exact biochemical nature is unknown, and others (e.g.arsenic,

silicon)are suspected to have a role in health, but without proof.

Mostchemical elementthat enter into the dietaryphysiologyof organisms are in the form ofsimple compounds. Largerchemical compoundof elements need to be broken down forabsorption. Plants absorb dissolved elements in soils, which are subsequently picked up bythe herbivores that eat them and so on, the elements move up the food chain. Largerorganisms may also consume soil (geophagia)and visitsalt licksto obtain limiting dietaryelements they are unable to acquire through other components of their diet.

Bacteria play an essential role in the weathering of primary elements that results in therelease of nutrients for their own nutrition and for the nutrition of others in the ecologicalfood chain.One element,cobalt,is available for use by animals only after having been

processed into complicated molecules (e.g.,vitamin B12), by bacteria. Scientists are onlyrecently starting to appreciate the magnitude and role thatmicroorganismshave in the globalcycling and formation ofbiominerals.

Contents

1 Essential chemical elements for mammals 2 Blood concentrations of dietary elements 3 Dietary nutrition 4 Other elements 5 Mineral ecology 6 Bioavailability

7 See also 8 References 9 External links

Essential chemical elements for mammals

Main article:Composition of the human body

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophagiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophagiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophagiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_lickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_lickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_lickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomineralizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomineralizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomineralizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Essential_chemical_elements_for_mammalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Essential_chemical_elements_for_mammalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Blood_concentrations_of_dietary_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Blood_concentrations_of_dietary_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Dietary_nutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Dietary_nutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Other_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Other_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Mineral_ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Mineral_ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Bioavailabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Bioavailabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_bodyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Bioavailabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Mineral_ecologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Other_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Dietary_nutritionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Blood_concentrations_of_dietary_elementshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#Essential_chemical_elements_for_mammalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomineralizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microorganismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_lickhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geophagiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_compoundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siliconhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boronhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seleniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brominehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_element

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Some sources state that sixteen chemical elements are requiredto support humanbiochemical processes by serving structural and functional roles as well aselectrolytes:[1]However, as many as 26 elements in total (including the common hydrogen, carbon, nitrogenand oxygen) are suggested to be used by mammals, as a result of studies of biochemical,special uptake, and metabolic handling studies.[2]However, many of these additional

elements have no well-defined biochemical function known at present. Most of the knownand suggested dietary elements are of relatively low atomic weight, and are reasonablycommon on land, or at least, common in the ocean (iodine, sodium):

Periodic tablehighlighting dietary elements

H He

Li Be B C N O F Ne

Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba * Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Fr Ra ** Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo

* La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb

** Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No

The four organic basicelements

Quantityelements

Essentialtraceelements

Possible structural or functionalrole in mammals

The following play important roles in biological processes:

Dietary

element

RDA/A

I (mg)

Descripti

onCategory

High

nutrient

density

dietary

sources

Insufficiency Excess

Potassium4700 mg

Quantity

A systemicelectrolyteandis essential incoregulatingATPwithsodium.

Legumes,potatoskin,

tomatoes,bananas,papayas,lentils, dry

beans,wholegrains,avocados,yams,soybeans,spinach,

chard,sweet

hypokalemia hyperkalemia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-hdl.handle.net-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-hdl.handle.net-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-hdl.handle.net-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table#Structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table#Structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokalemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokalemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperkalemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperkalemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperkalemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypokalemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bananahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato_skinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legumehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace_elementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table#Structurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-hdl.handle.net-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolyte

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Dietary

element

RDA/A

I (mg)

Descripti

onCategory

High

nutrient

density

dietary

sources

Insufficiency Excess

potato,turmeric.[3][4]

Chlorine2300 mg

Quantity

Needed forproduction ofhydrochloricacid in thestomach and incellular pumpfunctions.

Table salt(sodiumchloride)is the maindietarysource.

hypochloremia hyperchloremia

Sodium1500 mg

Quantity

A systemicelectrolyte andis essential incoregulatingATPwith

potassium.

Table salt(sodiumchloride,the mainsource),seavegetables,milk,andspinach.

hyponatremia hypernatremia

Calcium1300 mg

Quantity

Needed formuscle, heartand digestivesystem health,

builds bone,supportssynthesis andfunction of

blood cells.

Dairyproducts,eggs,cannedfish with

bones(salmon,sardines),green leafyvegetables,nuts,seeds,

tofu,thyme,oregano,dill,cinnamon.[3]

hypocalcaemia hypercalcaemia

Phosphorus

700 mg Quantity

A componentof bones (seeapatite), cells,in energy

processing, in

DNA and ATP(as phosphate)

Red meat,dairyfoods,fish,

poultry,

bread, rice,oats.[5][6]

hypophosphatemia

hyperphosphatemia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochloremiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochloremiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperchloremiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperchloremiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponatremiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponatremiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernatremiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernatremiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_%28food%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_%28food%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_%28food%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_%28food%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_leafy_vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalcaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_leafy_vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_leafy_vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_%28fruit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_%28fruit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalcaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalcaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercalcaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercalcaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_%28food%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_%28food%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-NHS_Choices-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-NHS_Choices-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-NHS_Choices-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophosphatemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophosphatemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperphosphatemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperphosphatemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperphosphatemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperphosphatemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophosphatemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophosphatemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-NHS_Choices-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-NHS_Choices-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_%28food%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apatitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphorushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercalcaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypocalcaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seedshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_%28fruit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_leafy_vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_leafy_vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_%28food%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_%28food%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_%28food%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairy_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calciumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernatremiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyponatremiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_vegetablehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperchloremiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypochloremiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_salthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_minerals

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Dietary

element

RDA/A

I (mg)

Descripti

onCategory

High

nutrient

density

dietary

sources

Insufficiency Excess

and many otherfunctions.

Inbiologicalcontexts,usuallyseen as

phosphate.[7]

Magnesium

420 mg Quantity

Required forprocessingATPand for

bones.

Rawnuts,soybeans,cocoa

mass,spinach,chard, seavegetables,tomatoes,halibut,

beans,ginger,cumin,cloves.[8]

hypomagnesemia,magnesiumdeficiency

hypermagnesemia

Zinc 11 mg Trace

Pervasive andrequired forseveralenzymes suchascarboxypeptidase,liveralcoholdehydrogenase, andcarbonic

anhydrase.

Calf liver,

eggs, drybeans,mushrooms, spinach,asparagus,scallops,red meat,green

peas,yogurt,oats,seeds,miso.[3][9]

zinc deficiency zinc toxicity

Iron 18 mg Trace

Required formany proteinsand enzymes,notablyhemoglobinto

preventanemia.

Red meat,fish (tuna,salmon),grains, dry

beans,eggs,spinach,chard,

turmeric,cumin,

anemiairon overloaddisorder

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-urlLinus_Pauling_Institute_at_Oregon_State_University-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-urlLinus_Pauling_Institute_at_Oregon_State_University-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_%28fruit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_%28fruit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_%28fruit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_deficiency_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypomagnesemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypomagnesemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypomagnesemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_deficiency_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_deficiency_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_deficiency_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermagnesemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermagnesemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxypeptidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxypeptidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxypeptidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_alcohol_dehydrogenasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_alcohol_dehydrogenasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_alcohol_dehydrogenasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_alcohol_dehydrogenasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_deficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_toxicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_overload_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_overload_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_overload_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_overload_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_overload_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemoglobinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_toxicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinc_deficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_alcohol_dehydrogenasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_alcohol_dehydrogenasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_alcohol_dehydrogenasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxypeptidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboxypeptidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zinchttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermagnesemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermagnesemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_deficiency_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium_deficiency_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypomagnesemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypomagnesemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocoa_masshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soybeanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nut_%28fruit%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-urlLinus_Pauling_Institute_at_Oregon_State_University-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_minerals

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Dietary

element

RDA/A

I (mg)

Descripti

onCategory

High

nutrient

density

dietary

sources

Insufficiency Excess

parsley,lentils,tofu,asparagus,leafy greenvegetables,soybeans,shrimp,

beans,tomatoes,

olives, anddriedfruit.[3][10]

Manganese 2.3 mg TraceAcofactorinenzymefunctions.

Speltgrain,

brownrice,

beans,spinach,

pineapple,tempeh,

rye,soybeans,thyme,raspberries,strawberries, garlic,squash,eggplant,cloves,cinnamon,

turmeric.[11]

manganesedeficiency

manganism

CopperMainarticle:Copper inhealth

0.900mg

Trace

Requiredcomponent ofmany redoxenzymes,includingcytochrome coxidase.

Mushrooms, spinach,greens,seeds, rawcashews,rawwalnuts,tempeh,

barley.

[12]

copperdeficiency

copper toxicity

Iodine 0.150 Trace Required not Sea iodine iodism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_%28biochemistry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_%28biochemistry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_%28biochemistry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_deficiency_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_deficiency_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_in_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_in_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_in_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_deficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_deficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_toxicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine_deficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine#Toxicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine#Toxicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine_deficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_toxicityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_deficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_deficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochrome_c_oxidasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_in_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copper_in_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_deficiency_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganese_deficiency_%28medicine%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_%28biochemistry%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manganesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_element#cite_note-ad1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_mineralshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake#Vitamins_and_minerals

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Dietary

element

RDA/A

I (mg)

Descripti

onCategory

High

nutrient

density

dietary

sources

Insufficiency Excess

mg only for thesynthesis ofthyroidhormones,thyroxineandtriiodothyronineand to

preventgoiter,but also,probably as an

antioxidant, forextrathyroidalorgans asmammary andsalivary glandsand for gastricmucosa andimmunesystem(thymus):

Iodinein

biology

vegetables,iodizedsalt, eggs.Alternate

butinconsistent sourcesof iodine:strawberries,

mozzarellacheese,yogurt,milk, fish,shellfish.[13]

deficiency

Selenium0.055mg

Trace

Essential to

activity ofantioxidantenzymes likeglutathione

peroxidase.

Brazilnuts, coldwater wildfish (cod,halibut,salmon),tuna,

lamb,turkey,calf liver,mustard,mushrooms, barley,cheese,garlic,tofu,seeds.[14]

seleniumdeficiency

selenosis

Molybdenum 0.045mg Trace Theoxidasesxanthine Tomatoes,onions, molybdenumdeficiency molybdenumtoxicity[17]

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Dietary

element

RDA/A

I (mg)

Descripti

onCategory

High

nutrient

density

dietary

sources

Insufficiency Excess

oxidase,aldehydeoxidase,andsulfiteoxidase.[15]

carrots.

Bromine none Trace

Basementmembranearchitectureand tissuedevelopment.[18]

bromism

Blood concentrations of dietary elements

Dietary elements are present in a healthy human being's blood at certain mass and molarconcentrations. The figure below presents the concentrations of each of the dietary elementsdiscussed in this article, from center-right to the right. Depending on the concentrations, someare in upper part of the picture, while others are in the lower part. The figure includes therelative values of other constituents of blood such as hormones. In the figure, dietaryelements are color highlighted inpurple.

Reference ranges for blood tests,sorted logarithmically bymassabove the scale and by

molaritybelow.

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Dietary nutrition

Dietitiansmay recommend that dietary elements are best supplied by ingesting specific foodsrich with the chemical element(s) of interest. The elements may be naturally present in thefood (e.g., calcium in dairy milk) or added to the food (e.g., orange juicefortifiedwithcalcium;iodized salt,salt fortified withiodine).Dietary supplementscan be formulated tocontain several different chemical elements (as compounds), a combination ofvitaminsand/or other chemical compounds, or a single element (as a compound or mixture ofcompounds), such as calcium(as carbonate, citrate, etc.) ormagnesium(as oxide, etc.),chromium(usually as picolinate) or iron (as bis-glycinate).

The dietary focus on chemical elements derives from an interest in supporting thebiochemical reactionsofmetabolismwith the required elemental components.[19]Appropriateintake levels of certain chemical elements have been demonstrated to be required to maintainoptimal health. Diet can meet all the body's chemical element requirements, although

supplements can be used when some requirements (e.g., calcium, which is found mainly indairy products) are not adequately met by the diet, or when chronic or acute deficiencies arisefrom pathology, injury, etc. Research has supported that altering inorganic mineralcompounds (carbonates, oxides, etc.) by reacting them with organic ligands (amino acids,organic acids, etc.) improves the bioavailability of the supplemented mineral.[20]

Other elements

Many elements have been suggested as essential, but such claims have usually not beenconfirmed. Definitive evidence for efficacy comes from the characterization of a biomoleculecontaining the element with an identifiable and testable function. One problem withidentifying efficacy is that some elements are innocuous at low concentrations and are

pervasive (examples: silicon and nickel in solid and dust), so proof of efficacy is lackingbecause deficiencies are difficult to reproduce.[19]

Element Description Excess

Sulfur

Relatively large quantities of sulfur are required, but there is noRDA,[21]as the sulfur is obtained from and used foraminoacids,and therefore should be adequate in any diet containingenoughprotein.

(primarilyassociated withcompounds)

Cobalt

Cobalt is required in the synthesis ofvitamin B12,but becausebacteriaare required to synthesize thevitamin,it is usuallyconsidered part ofvitamin B12deficiencyrather than its owndietary element deficiency.

Cobalt poisoning

NickelThere have been occasional studies asserting the essentiality ofnickel,[22]but it currently has no RDA.

Nickel toxicity

Chromium

Chromium has been described as nonessential tomammals.[23][24]Some role in sugar metabolism in humans has

been invoked, but evidence is lacking,[25][26]despite a market forthe supplementchromium picolinate.

Chromiumtoxicity

FluorineFluorine (as Fluoride) is not generally considered an essential

element because humans do not require it for growth or tosustain life. However, if one considers the prevention of dental

Fluoridepoisoning

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cavities an important criterion in determining essentiality, thenfluoride might well be considered an essential trace element.However, recent research indicates that the primary action offluoride occurs topically (at the surface).[27][28]

Boron

Boron is an essential plantnutrient,required primarily for

maintaining the integrity of cell walls.[29][30][31]In animals,supplemental boron has been shown to reduce calcium excretionand activate vitamin D.[32]However, whether these effects wereconventionally nutritional, or medicinal, could not bedetermined.[33]

Lithium

It is not known whether lithium has a physiological role in anyspecies,[34]but nutritional studies in mammals have indicated itsimportance to health, leading to a suggestion that it be classedas an essential trace element with an RDA of 1 mg/day.[35]Observational studies in Japan, reported in 2011, suggested that

naturally occurring lithium in drinking water may increasehuman lifespan.[36]

Strontium

Strontium has been found to be involved in the utilization ofcalcium in the body. It has promoting action on calcium uptakeinto bone at moderate dietary strontium levels, but arachitogenic (rickets-producing) action at higher dietarylevels.[37]

Rachitogenic

Other

Arsenic,silicon,andvanadiumhave established, albeitspecialized, biochemical roles as structural or functionalcofactors in other organisms, and are possibly, even probably,used by mammals (including humans). By contrast,tungstenandcadmiumhave specialized biochemical uses in certain lowerorganisms, but these elements appear not to be utilized byhumans.[2]

Multiple

Mineral ecology

Recent studies have shown a tight linkage between living organisms and chemical elementson this planet. This led to the redefinition of minerals as "an element or compound,amorphous or crystalline, formed through 'biogeochemical' processes. The addition of `bio'reflects a greater appreciation, although an incomplete understanding, of the processes ofmineral formation by living forms."[38]:621Biologists and geologists have only recently startedto appreciate the magnitude of mineralbiogeoengineering.Bacteria have contributed to theformation of minerals for billions of years and critically define the biogeochemical mineralcycles on this planet. Microorganisms can precipitate metals from solution contributing to theformation of ore deposits in addition to their ability to catalyze mineral dissolution, to respire,

precipitate, and form minerals.[39][40][41]

Most minerals are inorganic in nature. Mineral nutrients refers to the smaller class ofmineralsthat aremetabolizedfor growth, development, and vitality of livingorganisms.[38][42][43]Mineral nutrients arerecycledbybacteriathat are freely suspended in the

vast water columns of the worlds oceans. They absorb dissolved organic matter containingmineral nutrients as they scavenge through the dying individuals that fall out of large

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phytoplankton blooms.Flagellatesare effectivebacteriovoresand are also commonly foundin the marine water column. The flagellates are preyed upon byzooplanktonwhile the

phytoplanktonconcentrates on the largerparticulate matterthat is suspended in the watercolumn as they areconsumedby larger zooplankton, with fish as thetop predator.Mineralnutrients cycle through this marinefood chain,from bacteria and phytoplankton to flagellates

and zooplankton who are then eaten by fish. The bacteria are important in this chain becauseonly they have the physiological ability to absorb the dissolved mineral nutrients from thesea. These recycling principals from marine environments apply to many soil and freshwaterecosystems as well.[44][45]

Bioavailability

This section is empty.You can help byadding to it.(September 2013)

See alsoFood portal

Essential nutrient Food composition Health food Macronutrient Micronutrient deficiency

References

1. Nelson, David L.; Michael M. Cox (2000-02-15)

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Biomechanicsis the study of the structure and function of biological systems such ashumans,animals,plants,organs,andcells[1]by means of the methods ofmechanics.[2]

Contents

1 Word history 2 Method

3 Subfieldso 3.1 Sports biomechanicso 3.2 Continuum biomechanicso 3.3 Biofluid mechanicso 3.4 Biotribologyo 3.5 Comparative biomechanicso 3.6 Plant biomechanicso 3.7 Computational biomechanics

o

3.8 Injury Biomechanics 4 History

o 4.1 Antiquityo 4.2 Renaissanceo 4.3 Industrial era

5 Applications

6 Scientific journals 7 Societies

8 Software 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links

Word history

The word "biomechanics" (1899) and the related "biomechanical" (1856) were coined byNikolai Bernstein[citation needed]from the Ancient Greek words bios"life" and ,mchanik"mechanics", to refer to the study of the mechanical principles of livingorganisms, particularly their movement and structure.[3]

Method

Biomechanics is closely related toengineering,because it often uses traditional engineeringsciences to analyze biological systems. Some simple applications ofNewtonian mechanicsand/ormaterials sciencescan supply correct approximations to the mechanics of many

biological systems.Applied mechanics, most notablymechanical engineeringdisciplinessuch ascontinuum mechanics,mechanismanalysis,structuralanalysis,kinematicsanddynamicsplay prominent roles in the study of biomechanics.

Usually biological systems are much more complex than man-built systems.Numericalmethodsare hence applied in almost every biomechanical study. Research is done in an

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ttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_%28mechanics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_%28mechanics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_methodshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamics_%28mechanics%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinematicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_%28engineering%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuum_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanical_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materials_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Bernsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Further_readinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Societieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Scientific_journalshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Industrial_erahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Renaissancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Antiquityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Injury_Biomechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Computational_biomechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Plant_biomechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Comparative_biomechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Biotribologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Biofluid_mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Continuum_biomechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Sports_biomechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Subfieldshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Methodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#Word_historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomechanics#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_%28biology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_%28anatomy%29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human

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iterative process of hypothesis and verification, including several steps ofmodeling,computer simulationandexperimental measurements.

Subfields

Applied subfields of biomechanics include:

Soft body dynamics Kinesiology(kinetics + physiology)

Animal locomotion&Gaitanalysis Musculoskeletal& orthopedic biomechanics Cardiovascularbiomechanics Ergonomy Human factors engineering & occupational biomechanics

Implant (medicine),Orthotics&Prosthesis

Rehabilitation Sports biomechanics Allometry Injury biomechanics

Sports biomechanics

Main article:Sports biomechanics

In sports biomechanics, the laws of mechanics are applied to human movement in order togain a greater understanding of athletic performance and to reducesport injuriesas well.

Elements ofmechanical engineering(e.g.,strain gauges),electrical engineering(e.g.,digitalfiltering),computer science(e.g.,numerical methods),gait analysis(e.g.,force platforms),andclinical neurophysiology(e.g.,surface EMG)are common methods used in sports

biomechanics.[4]

Biomechanics in sports, can be stated as the muscular, joint and skeletal actions of the bodyduring the execution of a given task, skill and/or technique. Proper understanding of

biomechanics relating to sports skill has the greatest implications on: sport's performance,rehabilitation and injury prevention, along with sport mastery. As noted by Doctor MichaelYessis, one could say that best athlete is the one that executes his or her skill the best.[5]

Continuum biomechanics

The mechanical analysis ofbiomaterialsand biofluids is usually carried forth with theconcepts ofcontinuum mechanics.This assumption breaks down when thelength scalesofinterest approach the order of the micro structural details of the material. One of the mostremarkable characteristic of biomaterials is theirhierarchicalstructure. In other words, themechanical characteristics of these materials rely on physical phenomena occurring inmultiple levels, from themolecularall the way up to thetissueandorganlevels.

Biomaterials are classified in two groups, hard andsoft tissues.Mechanical deformation of

hard tissues (likewood,shellandbone)may be analysed with the theory oflinear elasticity.On the other hand, soft tissues (likeskin,tendon,muscleandcartilage)usually undergo large

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