Debating in the Schools

8/6/2019 Debating in the Schools

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Debating in the schoolsDebating in the schoolsby Woldeghiorhisby Woldeghiorhis

TesefaiTesefai

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Slide 1

F1 product fiimonFamily, 5/8/2010


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The ancient Greek were among the first toThe ancient Greek were among the first to

organize the value of placing ideas in openorganize the value of placing ideas in open

competition in order to drive at decisionscompetition in order to drive at decisions

about important mattersabout important matters..

This same PRACTICE is followedtoday in LEGISLATION and LAW

COURTS.

Perhaps debating is mostCHALLANGING form ofORAL

communication in which you can


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TheTheBENEFITSBENEFITSyou get or gain fromyou get or gain from

participating in debate isparticipating in debate isMANYMANY.among the.among the

most important aremost important are

The stimulating of yourinterest incurrent issues.

The development ofcritical thinking

ability. The sharpening of your

communication skills and


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Improvement in RESAERCHABILITIES and

You learn howTHOUGHTFUL ,POSITIVE

and ORDERLY CHANGEMAY BE BROUGHT ABOUTin democratic society.

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HISTORY OF DEBATINGHISTORY OF DEBATING

IN ERITREAIN ERITREA

IN DIFFERENT ERASIN DIFFERENT ERAS

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HAILEHAILE--SLASSIESLASSIE With the emergence ofMODERN

education DEBATING did exist in theco-curricula activities where Eritrean

students Like HABTOM & ANDOMthe two

twin brothers from Lul Meconen (now)

Asmara comprehensive,FESSEHAZION BEYENE(nicknamewedi shebetbet) Hail slassie 1st

secondary school now Keyh-bahri in 66


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DR BELAY GEORGIO from Hail-slassie 1st

sec.sch. Now key-bahri 1960;ALEMSEGED TESFAYa known WRITER

in new Eritrea, returned the cup he missed in1962 ;HABTOM GHEBREMICHAELwon the other Ethiopian contests ORATORYin Addis Ababa for4 TIMES

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Derge RegimeDerge Regime Same methods of delivery by

the kebele; political leaders

,CADRES were practiced

excluding students active role

of debating in school andinstitutions.


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In the arm struggleIn the arm struggle

There was a FREE

conversations argument of to

and to do forecasting some

ideas to find REMEDIES or

solution which enable thefighters CONFIDENCE

forwarding their ideas


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AFTER FREEDOMAFTER FREEDOM Every secondary school students begun to

appear on the stage to deliver speeches of

difference topics after the SPEECHBLASTby Asmara comprehensive

sec.sch students chaired by MEMHIR

WOLDEGERGIS TESFAYandsemaetat sec.sch Chaired by teacher

BERHE MIHRETEAB on science is a

bless vs. science is a curse .


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Objectives in debatingObjectives in debating GENERAL OBJECTIVES

To help the students learn hoe to PREPARE

THEIR OWN IDEAS AND SUSTAINTHEM FROM ERRIBLE ATTACK

OF THE OPPONENT forwarding a

burden of proof convincing argument . Are referred to develop students SELF-

ESTEEM being competent in using books of

reference taking notes and organizing ideas or


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It is to serve students practiceIt is to serve students practicedebating to master the techniques ofdebating to master the techniques of

stage management avoid stagestage management avoid stage frightfrightand familiarization them withand familiarization them with

their contestant (compitants )and thetheir contestant (compitants )and the

audienceaudience


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Finally ,as a proverb indicatesFinally ,as a proverb indicatesMAN ISMADEMAN ISMADE,HE IS NOT BORN,HE IS NOT BORNthe designed interschool the designed interschool

debating activities does not only help studentsdebating activities does not only help students

acquire a good command of the language ,becomeacquire a good command of the language ,becomewitty and sharpwitty and sharp--minded ,but it also helps them tominded ,but it also helps them to

develop their skillsdevelop their skillsIN PUBLICIN PUBLIC--speaking whilespeaking while

trying to become notable lectures ,speakers ,trying to become notable lectures ,speakers ,debaters and eventually orators.debaters and eventually orators.


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H. Questions in mindH. Questions in mind

1. To WHOMI am speaking

2. Where do I want to KNOWBELIEVE on to as a result of myspeech.

3. Where is most effective way ofcomposing & presenting my speechto ACCOMPLISH THAT AIM.


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I. Guides for making speechI. Guides for making speech

1. Give all ESSENTIAL information. 2. REPEAT at the most a sprout FACTS

3. Attract attention at the START.

4. be BRIEF & completeness. 5. MEMORIZEitems.

6. START speaking attention.

7. Speak to the BACK-ROW. 8. Attention to KEY WORDS.

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J. subjects for debates areJ. subjects for debates are

expressed in form of prepositionsexpressed in form of prepositions A preposition offact

preposition ofvaluepreposition ofexplanation

preposition ofpolicy.

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K. skills of effective languageK. skills of effective language

choicechoice speak in short simple sentence

use language understand use concrete language andspecific language

use restatementunderstand


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Variety of words &types of sentence.

use contrasts to help your admire toremember what you say .

use rhetorical questions and repetitionto gain attraction of your audience .

use figures ofspeechimaginative andmemorable

use words correctly

use clich and serotypes use slungsparingly in speeches

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L. guides for conversationL. guides for conversation

be friendly, if you do not likewhile being said

be interesting to contribute

be easyand informal.

listen carefully to what things aresaid.


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keep conversation going

Bring out the best in othersby supporting theiropinions

if you dis

agree, do itpleasantly

politely wait yourturn to talk.

keep yoursense ofhumor address yourselfto the group

2020


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M. what are the skills that makesM. what are the skills that makes

someone an effective communicator .someone an effective communicator .

sincerity

knowledge organization

listening

confidence

language (verbal/non verbal)

goalsetting


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N. guides for making speechesN. guides for making speeches

choose the subject which is not too large orto small .

start and end with strong and interestingsentences.

use alternative materials ,if they can helpmake your talkclearand interesting

sentence . organize your ideas so that they are easy to

follow .

use notes written on 3x5 cards .


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speakclearly and carefully

avoid saying err uh . make sure you can be heard

easily by all. lookat your audience.

stand naturally ,neitherstiffnor

too informally avoid useless gestures andbody

movements2323


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O. speech delivery skillsO. speech delivery skills

be aware of the best methodofdelivery .

combine methods ofdelivery for greater

effectiveness . be ware of the non verbal

aspect of speech delivery.


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4. use note cards.

5. be poised, confident & wellgroomed when speaking.

6. use propervolume & pitch.

7. use pause in your speech effectively.

8. use cleararticulation & correctpronunciation.

9. learn to use a lantern &microphoneproperty.

10. develop effective way of dating withdestructions & intimations when given

a speech. 2525


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P. Topics to chooseP. Topics to choose

1. Organize the body of the speech on anoutline

2. Write an introduction that gets theattraction of your audience.

3. Carefully considerstructuring of thebody of your speech.

4. Compose a careful thoughtfulconclusion.

5. Prepare yourvisualaids.2626


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Q. Approach to suit the need of theQ. Approach to suit the need of the

audienceaudience1. Use different approaches for different audience.2. Show ahigh degree of competence and

confidence.

3. Sincerely, dont fake it. Sincerity is the secondpart of a speakers prestige.

4. Good will show a genuine interest in your

audience.5. Use rapid evidence and correct reasoning.

6. Make yourevidence suit your audience.

7. Be res onsible in delivering a speech. 2727


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Q2.Skills Of Persuasive SpeechesQ2.Skills Of Persuasive Speeches

1. Realize the primary goals of a persuasive speech.

2. know when to use a particular type of persuasivespeech.

3. Understand the three primary sources ofpersuasion

Pathos

Ethos Logos

4. Show your audience that youre confidentand

competent. 2828


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5. Be sincere and show good will to

your audience.

6. Be responsible when you speak

to persuade.7. Use evidence that suits your

audience.

8. Use rapid evidence and correct

reasoning.2929


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R2. Speech are of many kinds.R2. Speech are of many kinds.

Speeches need to be approached differentlySpeeches need to be approached differentlyto suit the audience in different waysto suit the audience in different ways..

1. Speeches ofintroduction.2. Speeches ofpresentation.

3. Speeches ofacceptance.

4. Combative speech.

5. Testimonial speech.3030


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6. Speeches forspecial occasions.

7. Key note speeches.

8. Dedication speeches.

9. Public relation speeches.

10. Speeches to entertain.

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R2.Rules and techniques in debatingR2.Rules and techniques in debating

1. Therere two teams 2/3

2. Affirmative must advocate everythingrequired by the topic itself.

3. The affirmative may work out the details of

its plan as it sees for. It may take on theburden of passing anything it desires.

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4. The negative may offer any counter plan

that would be in order in a legislativeassembly discussion the preposition.

5. The affirmative must explain upon demand

by the negative. The major feature andpolicy under which the proposed plan is to

operate.

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S. The speechesS. The speeches1. The speeches and speaking time are divided

equally between the two teams.

2. Each team has two or three constructivespeeches.

3. Each team, although it varies according to the

time, constrains has from one to threerefutespeeches.

4. The affirmative givesthe first constructive

speeches alternate affirmative, negative,3434


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A. Constructive speechA. Constructive speech (8(8--10)10)

First affirmative

First negative Second affirmative

Second negative

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B. Rebuttal speechesB. Rebuttal speeches

First negative

First affirmative Second negative

Second affirmative

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C. Cross examination speech (2C. Cross examination speech (2--3min)3min)

First affirmative

Cross examinationby second negative

First negative

Cross examinationby first affirmative

Second affirmative

Cross

examinationby affirmative Second negative

Cross examinationby second by second

affirmative 3737


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Refute speeches (2Refute speeches (2--5 min)5 min)

First negative

First affirmative

Second negative

Second affirmative

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S2. evaluation formatS2. evaluation format

1) Language appropriateness,clarityof

voice, fluency, accuracy.

2) Manner of presentation, confidence,gesture, movement.

3) Knowledge of subject matter content,

arrangement of ideas, coherence, sticking tothe point.

4) Refutation (rebuttal)3939


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b. Evaluation format tableb. Evaluation format table

GO THE REFERENCE FILE

EVALUATION FORMAT.DOC

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T. Formats to followT. Formats to follow

1. Standard format

Two different kinds of speeches are made by

each of the two speeches on each team. Eachspeeches give both constructive speech and

rebuttal.

2. Cro

ssexamination formathas also towspeakers representing each other. In this

format cross examination follow immediately

after each constructive speech.4141


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3. Lincoln/ Donglessformat it gets itsname from the famous debates between

senatorial candidates. Abram Lincoln and

Stephen A. Douglas in 1858. In Lincoln

Douglas style of debates, each side isrepresented by only one speaker.

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U. Know the audience attitudeU. Know the audience attitude

1. Positive audience agrees

2. Neutral audience has different need.

3. Dis-interested audience careless,irrelevant, to his needs.

4. The opposed audience is the mostdifficult and disagree with your stand on the

topic.

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U2. Use different methods of deliveryU2. Use different methods of delivery

1. The manuscript method-write

2.Memorization method-word by word

3. Extemporaneouslymethod- ideas

4. The imposed method

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V. Steps to follow in deliveringV. Steps to follow in delivering

1. Walkto the platform vigorouslybut nothastily. Arrange any notes on the lectern, turn

your face up toward your listners and look

about at various sides of the audience for

several seconds before beginning to speak.

2. Make eye contact.

3. A primary fact in delivering is the speakers

I. Voice (volume, pitch, rate, ., vocal

Variety, 4545


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.

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All affect the way listeners respond to speakers,

dress & groom can do little to change.

6. Know the ps

ychology of the audience.7. Be careful with consonants that easily slurred

or dropped all together ( madder- mother)

8. Use speakers sound effectively & the ..

9. Use yournoteseffectively

10.Place the cards near the top edge of the

pedium.4747


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11.Feel free to hold one or two cards in yourhand.

12.Plan not to look at your audience card atall during your presentation.

13.Make the

mos

t ofyour audience, much of

the appeal ofglamorousstarts comefrom their appearance.

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W. Stages to follow in deliveryW. Stages to follow in delivery

Voice

Volume

Rates Pauses

Non-verbal

Conversation Psychology ofthe audience

Consonants

Sound effectivity 4949


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THE ENDTHE END

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PROFOUND THANKS

WOLDEGIORGIS TESFAI

E-MAIL: [email protected]

TEL-07263180

Debating in the Schools

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