DE85 00S951 Brookhaven National Laboratory
Transcript of DE85 00S951 Brookhaven National Laboratory
BNL 35809
Invited talk VIII Symp. on Nuclear Physics, Oaxtepec, Mexico, 1/8-10/85.
HEAVY ION PHYSICS AT ENL, THE ACS AND RHIC* B N L 35809
D.I, Lowensteln D E 8 5 0 0 S 9 5 1
Brookhaven National LaboratoryUpton, New York 11973
The advent of heavy Ion acceleration with the AGS at Brookhaven
National Laboratory in 1986 and the proposed Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider
(RHIC) for 1990 brings us into a temperature and density regime well above
anything yet produced and into a time domain of the early universe of 10 ——6
10 seconds. Figure 1, courtesy of Ferailab, shows us that for two
colliding atoms of gold at 100 GeV/nucleon in RHIC, a cer.ter-of-mass energy
of 40 TeV, we would be probing the "Desert". A region only presently probed
by cosmic ray physics and barely touched by the SPPS and the Tevatron.
The physics of high energy heavy ions range from the more traditional
nuclear physics to the formation of new forms of matter. Quantum
Chromodynamcis (QCD) is the latest, and as of yet, the nost successful
theory to describe the Interaction of quarks and gluons. The nature of the
confinement of the quarks and gluons under extremes of tenperature and
density is one of the compelling reasons for this new physics program at
BNL. There are reasons to believe that with collisions of heavy nuclei at
energies in the 10 to 100 GeV/arau range a very large volume of - 10 ftn̂
would be heated to 200-300 MeV and/or acquire a sufficient quark density (5-
10 times normal baryon density) so that the entire contents of the volume
would be deconfined and the quarks and gluons would form a plasma (see
figure 2). Figure 3 describes the kinematic region for the extant machines
and the proposed RHIC. As is shown in figure 4, at AGS energies the baryons
in colliding nuclei bring each other to rest, yielding fragmentation regions
of high baryon density. These are the regions in which supernorvae and
neutron stars exist (figure 5). For energies much higher, such as in RHIC,
nuclei are transparent to each other and one can form a central region of
almost zero baryon density, mostly pions, and very high temperature. This
is the region of the early universe and the quark-gluon plasma.
* Work performed under the auspices of the U.S. Dept. of Energy.
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Brookhaven National Laboratory Is now In a unique position to take the
lead In the area of relativistic heavy Ion physics. At present, the two
Tandem Van de Graaff accelerators are being prepared as Injectors to the
ACS. A Synchrotron Booster has been proposed to extend the isass range from
S^2 (direct Tandem injection) to A u ^ , The AGS is being prepared to ac-
celerate heavy lone to the 10-15 GeV/anu energy region and the Relativistic
Heavy Ion Collider has been proposed to accelerate Au1^7 to 100 GeV/anu (see
figure 6).
The AGS is expected to accelerate heavy ions in 1986. The present high
energy physics program (figure 7) Is very vigorous and exciting with a major
emphasis in the areas of flavor changing neutral current decays of kaons.,
neutrino interactions, glueball spectroscopy and spin pmysics amongst many
other topics. The AGS with 17 east area experimental stations (figure 8)
provides a large number of experimental opportunities for both high energy
and heavy ion physics. The first round of heavy ion experiments were just
recently approved» They include three experiments to search for fractional-
ly charged matter and a major experiment to study particle production at
extreme baryon densities (see figure 9). These experiments are expected to
start data taking in 1986 and 1987.
32After the initial heavy fon runs with S we expect to have available,
assuming the start of funding in October 1985, beans of ions up to gold in
1988. This requires the AGS Synchrotron Booster (see figures 10 & 11). In
addition to heavy ions the Booster would increase the AGS proton intensity
by a factor of 4 to 5x10*3 protons/sec. In addition it would act as a
polarized proton accumulator and increase the polarized proton intensity by
a factor of 25. This Booster is a machine costing $24.6M over a period of
three years (figure 12).
The availability of the CBA tunnel., experimental buildings, refrigera-
tion system and injector represents a unique opportunity to construct RHIC
at minimal cost. The constraints Imposed by existing structures are minimal
and do not limit the performance potential of EHIC.
- 3 -
The design desiderata for RHIC are shown in figure 13. A major point
Is that It cover the energy range from the ACS to the maximum energy
possible. The machine has been optimized for beans of gold at 100 GeV./aiau.
With such an optimization one gets good bean storage lifetimes for beams
down to 7 GeV/anu. From 2.5 to 7.0 GeV/amu one would run a single b.*am with
a fixed target (jet), yielding luminosities of > ID-' cm~^sec~^ (see figures
14 & 15).
There are presently three completed experimental areas (figures 16-19)
and a fourth hard stand area. These areas have a longitudinal free space of
+ 10m and diamond lengths of + 20cm rns. One can run unequal species (with
equaly) and a maximum y of 100 GeV/amu Au x 250 GeV protons.
The general parameters of the collider arc shown in figure 20. The
magnets required have .a maximum field of 3.5T. This requires a very modest
magnet of a single cosine 8 layer of HbTi in a dual configuration, i.e.., two
independent magnets In a single cryostat. Figure 21 shows the magnet to be
used. With a timely funding scenario, RHIC cfculd be built for 5134.4M In a
period of three- <>ir years (see figure 22).
During the last year-and-a-half there have been several meetings at
which heavy ion detectors have been discussed. It has been decided to now
pursue these and new ideas to a point where there is a real design, costs,
time scale etc. Brookhaven National Laboratory will host ,a workshop to
encourage this work In the spring. At this moment an informal group under
W. Willis and T. Ludlam is meeting to organize this spring's workshop.
With heavy ion physics beginning at the AGS and the likely possibilities of
the AGS Booster and the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, It is now tine to
start the experimental program planning process. BNL welcomes participation
from all interested physicists and especially our colleagues in Mexico and
the rest of the Americas.
DISCLAIMER
Government. Neither the United SUM Government nor any Mtmcy thereof, nor «,y of tbeiremploye», ««ke. « y ^ m n t y , expre* or implied or « kH UM ££
proce» docioMd, or lepmeau shit itt <at wmld aot »rrn|e privildy owned ri^t. Refer-enoe herein to my tpecdk oomneroitl prodact, proom, „ m i o e by trade iwmeTwwfamartminufKtyrer, or otberwiK don not neoewtrily o o t t l i t i L r r« « * « f.™* by the VM S L S
United Sutei GoveraeM or u y igeMy dwraoT.
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(b)
Figure 2: Phase transition of the QCD vacuua: (a) quarks and color field*confined inside the observable 'hadrons. The confining medium(shaded) is the ground-state vacuum. OJ) At high temperature anddensity the hadrons coalesce into &u extended volume of confinesentcontaining many quarks.
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CENTRAL REGION PROJECTILEFRAGMENTS
RHIC
SPS ( l 60)RHIC, FIXED
TARGET
AGS
SYNCHROPHASOTRONBEVALAC
-6 -4 -2rC/M.
Figure 3: The kinematic landscape available to Che proposed facility, and someexisting machines. The outer "vee" is the phase space limit—therapiditiy of the incident nucleons. The inner, solid vee delineatesfragmentation regions of width Ay m 2, as observed in proton-protoncollisions. The dashed lines indicate the wider (Ay « 4) fragmenta-tion regions—and hence narrower central region—expected at a. givenenergy for nucleus-nucleus collisions with A $ 200. The horizontallines indicate (AGS,SHIC) as well as in the facilities which pres-ently exist (LBL Bevalac, Dubna Synchrophasotron) and the planned ox-ygen beans in the CERN SPS.
INITIAL STATE BEFORE COLLISION
;S5 GeV: BARYONS STOPPED JN OVER-ALL CM
AT HIGHER ENERGY, NUCLEI ARE TRANSPARENT TO EACH OTHER
NUCLEAR FRAGMENTATIONREGIONS
CENTRALREGION
Figure 4: Schematic illustration of nuclear transparency in high energy colli-sions at zero iapact parameter.
Centra! Regions
Tc~ 2 0 0 MeV
Deconffned Quarksond jSIuons
no Hadrons
Hadrons,
Massless" Pions NuclearFrogmenfafifon
Regions
Neutron Siarsfp)
' Baryon Density1am
Figure 5: Phase diagram of 'Nuclear Matter (G. Saym, ref. 3). Temperature is-plotted vs. net "baryoa density for an extended voluoft of nuclear let-ter in thermal equilibrium. Normal nuclear 'matter appears at thepoint PJ^J at zero Temperature, and this is the neighborhood exploredby low energy nuclear physics. The region of the phase transitionscorresponding to deeonfineoeat (at temperature TQ) and cfairal syxrce-
• try restoration is indicated. Ihe 'two critical temperatures maywell be coincident. Ihe confinement force couples quarks to formhadrons. The chiral force binds, the collective excitation toGoIdstone bosons. Above TQ, hadrons dissolve into quarks andgluons. Above % quarks are aassless. The indicated trajectories .show two avenues for probing the quark-gluon plasma with high energynucleus-nucleus collisions: by reaching high baryon densities amongthe hot, compressed fragments of the colliding nuclei, and at veryhigh temperatures in the central rapidity region among thermallyproduced particles where conditions may approximate those of theearly universe.
iFUTUREMAJORFACILITYMALL •
CMT '
S !] 5 '1 FUTURE| 'j VU EXPERIMENTAL
* w %NARROW.ANGLEHALL
:hE»VT JON SXIftCC
Figure 6: Layout of RHIC Project - Collider & Source
PHYSICS PROGRAM SUMaflRV CFY 1985 — > )APPROVED EXPERIMENTS
STATIONCP VIOLATION
FLAVOR-CHANG IMG NEUTRAL CURRENTS ( K \ )
GLUONIUM
EXOTICS SPECTlROSCOPY
TEST BEAM
B-TARGET STATION
GLUONIUM
FLAVOR-CHANGING NEUTRAL CURRENTS (K°L)
if PRODUCTION AND DECAY MODES
SEARCH FOR QUARKS IN HEAVY ION INTERACTIONS
STUDIES OF PARTICLE PRODUCTION AT EXTREME BARYON DENSITIES
TEST BEAM
C-TARGET STATION , + +
HYPERNUCLEAR SPECTfiOSCOPY I(!C,IT~ v-enlsslon
BOUND LIFETIME
DIBARYON STATES
UP ANNIHILATION CROSS SECTION
SINGLE-SPIN ASYMMETRY, INCLUSIVE P+P
FLAVOR-CHANGING NEUTRAL CURRENTS (K+)
SEARCH FOR S\2"2)
D-TARGET STATION
PP POLARIZATION
QED VACUUM POLARIZATION
KUON SPIN PRECESSION It) CONDENSES MATTER
POLARIZATION IN PP+ ELASTIC SCATTERINS
SPIN-SPIN EFFECTS,, P+P+ ELASTIC SCATTERING
FLAVOR-CHANGING NEUTRAL CURRENTS (K*)
n-TARGET STATION
v-SCATTERING, vE, vp
V-OSCILLATIONS
NUCLEAR SPECTROSCOPY
G20-TARGET STATION
NUCLEAR FRAGMENTS FROM p-JJUCLEUS (fiAS JET)
Figure 7
H t Hitr/C. n.11.11 tt/*lt«liiU 5t*lr
svtil it»tii*n*n, uttle luiii
ACS EAST EXPERIHEHTAi. AftEAPROPOSED EXPERIMENTAL AHjlAhCEMEHT
ft 1104
Figure 8.
Exp. 793 - U.C. Berkeley (Price)
Search for Fractionally Charged Kuclei in 15A GeV Sulfur-OxygenCollisions.
8 hours - Snail Heavy Ion Experiment (SHIE)
Exp. 801 - San Francisco State (Hodges)
A Search for Quarks Produced in Heavy Ion-Mercury Interactions.72 hours - SHIE
Exp. 804 - Indiana/Michigan- (Ahien/Tarle)
Search for Fractional Charge with Heavy Ion Beams at the AGS.8 hours - SHIE
Exp. 802 - BNL/Hiroshima, LBL/MIT/Tokyo (Hansen)
Studies of Particle Production at Extreme Baryon Densities inNuclear Collisions at the AGS.
1000 hours - Large Heavy Ion Experiment {LHIE)
Figure 9: Approved AGS Heavy Ion Experiments.
AGS BOOSTER PARAMETERS
INJECTION ENERGYEJECTION ENERGY/MOMENTUM
CIRCUHFEREHCE1 FOCUSIHS CELLSCELL LENGTHPERIODICITY9 STRAIGHT SECTION/LENGTHPKASZ ADVANCE/CELL
TRANSITION YRF HARMONICSS DIPOLES/LENGTHFIELD INJECTION
EJECTION9 QUADRUPOLE/LENGTH.REPETITION RATE
PROTONS
200 HEV1 GEV
•
3
1.56 KG4 KG
10 Hz
201.7524
8.412
12/3-7100.56-7
16/21.76.5
36/2.4
48/0.5
HEAVY IONS
>
P
M (1/4(FODO)
-M•
•
MM
M> o.
M
0.75 HEV/AMU
- 5 J GEV/C/AHU
AGS)
•
1
105 §12 U
-1
Figure 11: .AGS Booster Parameters.
OBLfGATKWWRS fflfDGFTSAT YFAR DOLLARS
WBS LEVEL WBS MAME1 2 3
ACCELERATOR SYSTEMMAGNET SYSTEMPOWER SYSTEMVACUUM SYSTEM
RF
BEAM INSTR.
• CONTROLS
CONVENTIONAL FACILITIESCONSTRUCTION
AESYSTEM ENG. (EDIA)
PROJECT MGMT. (EDIA)
PROJECT SUBTOTAL
CONTINGENCY
PROJECT TOTAL
FY 86
2469
1259
181
982 "
436
692
1221
295
1879
161
9875
1350
11225
FY 87
2493
1045
1120
1007
344
807
3751 -
1700
143
9031
2052
11086
FY 88
18
91
197
170
31
95
305
563
153
1526
657
2283
TOTAL-
4980
2393
1798
2159
811
1594
1901
295
4142
457
20535 .-
4059
24594
Figure 12: AGS Booster Budget
RELATIVISTIC HEAVY ION COLLIDERRHIC
DESIGN DESIDERATA
ENERGY RANGE FROM 11-100 EEV/AMU
>250 fev (PROTON)
MASS RANGE: P - AU
LUMINOSITY (AtrAu) 1O2S-1Q27 CM"2 sec"1
T ENERGY DEPENDENCE
MINIMUM OF 3 EXPERIMENTAL AREAS
EXPERl MENTAL-FREE SPACE Sift!
HEAD-ON COLLISIONS/X-I NG AT ANGLE
DL AMOND LENGTH - 2 0 CM RMS
OPERATIONAL LIFETIME >10'HOURS a TT >30
COLLISION OF UNEQUAL SPECIES P - flu
- EQUAL Tf
- MAXIMUM i, 100 GEV AU*250 feV p
INTERNAL TARGET OPERATION
FOR LOW CM ENERGY RANGE
Figure 13.
1029
Io0)W
W
5 1027
coO
I1025
(~IO4 iteract./sec)
'AGS-
1.0 1.31.5+> + +
1.0 1.3 1.5
rest mass
—RH!C-
FIXEDTARGET
: - RHICLUMINOSITY vs., COLLIDER
ENERGY (Au BEAMS)
RHIC"COLLIDER"
1
10 hr.
2.5 7 12 30 100+ + + + +
2.5 7 12 30 100(EQUIVALENT)COLLIDER ENERGY (GeV/amu)
Figure 14.
Table IV.2. General Beam Parameters for the Collider
Element
Atomic Mo, Z
Mass No, A
Rest Energy (CeV/amu)
Injection:Kinetic Energy,(SeV/amu)
0
Norm. Emitt., E N(fitnm'mrud)
nunch Ares, S(eV*iec/arau)
Bunch Length (nsec)
Energy Spread,icr*
Mo. ions/Bunch,xlO9
Top Energy:Kinetic Energy,(GeV/amu)
BY
Proton
1
1
0,9383
28.5
.99947
20
0.3
+ 8.6
+ 3.8
100
250.7
268.2
Deuterium
1
2
0.9375
13.6
.99947
10
0.3
i 8.6
+ 7.6
100
124,9
134.2
Carbon
6
12
0.9310
' 13.6
.99793
10
0.3
'i 8-6
+ 7.6
22
124.9
135.2
Sulfur
16
32
0.9302
13.6
.99794
10
0.3
+ 8.6
+ 7.6
6.4
124.9
135.3
Copper
29
63
. 0.9299
12.4
.99757
10
0.3
+ 8.6
+ 8.3
4.5
114.9
124.6
Iodine
53
127
6.9302
11.2
.99704
10
0.3
+ 8.6
+ 9.2
2.6
104.1
112.9
Gold
79
197
0.9308
10.7
.99680
10
0.3
+ 8.6
£ 9.6
1.1
100.0
108.4
f£ (0 mrad)
Se{l mrad) ^
1.2 x 10 3 1 1.2 x 10 3 1 6 x 1 0 2 5 5 x 10 2 8 2 x 102 8 7 x 1027 1.2 x 1027
Unequal species p • Au (1.2 x 10 ) em* see", . Figure 15.
Fig. 19. The Collider Center.(From left to r igh t . Main Control Build-ing, Gryogenie Wing, Compressor Struc-ture and Cooling Towers.)
GENERAL PAR/TOTTERS FOR THE COLLIDER
Cl RCUMFERENCE
REVOLUTION FREQUENCY ( B = 1)
Fl LLING fbDE
Ho. OF BWCHES/RI NS
FiLLiNS TiHE/RING
PERIODICITY
rtWfiETIC 5&6ID17Y, B P
AT ifiJECTlON
AT TOP ENERGY
TRANSITION ENERGY, YJ
BETATRON TUHHS, v ^ y
RF HARMONIC NUMBER
R? VOLTAGE
&CELERATJOM TlME
2833.8 M
78.1972 KHZ
BOX-CAR
57
" 1 » C N
6
9.65 T-M
839.5 T-M
3\A
512
1.2 W
1 nn
Figure 20: RHIC Parameters.'
VACUUM VESSEL
HEAT SHIELD
SUPER-INSULATION
CRYOSTAT
YOKE CLAMPING1AR
DC AMHIGH VACUUM
CHAMDER
CRYOGENIC HEADERS
YOKE SUPPORT STRUCTURE
IRON YOKE
MAIN COIL
21s RHIC Dipele Magnet.
RHIC
AXELERATOR SYSTEMS
INJECTION
nAGNST
POWER SUPPLIES
VACUUM
RF
BEAM INSTRUMENTATION
SEFRIGERATION
CENTRAL CONTROLS
BEAM DUMP
SOB-TOTAL
CflMVEf JTI niJAI. FAC11.1 TT f?S
SITE IMPROVEMENTS
TUMHEL & BUILDINGS
1lTri..!Tf ES
SUB-TOTAL .
flBI-
ED1ASYSTEMS ENGINEERING
PROJECT MANAGEMENT
INCREMENTAL OVERHEAD
SUB-TOTAL
TOTAL
CONTI NGENCY
PROJECT TOTAL (PI 84 MS)
COST ESTWATE(MS)
MSTC
5-751.26.32.33.'1U-9JtJ.9
5.15.0
—
0.62.40.7
0.5
1.21.7
SliWtf
• LABOR
2-112.61.91.50.90.62.11.10.7
13-73.7
TOTAL
7.846.88-23.8ii.31.57.06.27.7
88.5
0.62A0.7
M.1L£
M-95AH.7
25.0
117.5
16.9
Figure 22.