DCCUMENT BESUME - ERIC · Report No Put Date. Note. EDRS Price. Descriptors. DCCUMENT BESUME. EC...
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ED 033 79e AUTHOR TITLE INSTITUTICN Report No Put Date Note EDRS Price Descriptors DCCUMENT BESUME EC 003 811 Hackett, Margie I., Comp. Marpcwer Services tc Arizcna Indians, 1968, Sixteenth Annual Qeport. Research and Information Series Nc. CEB-2-69. Arizcna State Employment Service, Phoenix. RIS-OPR-2-69 Aug 69 36p. EDRS Price MF-$0.25 BC-$1.90 *American Indians, Community Agencies (Public), Cultural Factors, *Employment Patterns, Employment Services, Federal Aid, Human Resources, *Job Placement, *Manpower Development, Population Distribution, *Research Projects, Scciceccncmic Status, State Aid Abstract The Arizcna State Employment Service (ASES) prcvides placement, testing, counseling, and manpower information services to Arizona's Indian labor force. Special services to Indians include Indian branch offices, special communications systems, an Indian job develcpment program, and manpower resources develcpment assistance. Two manpower resources studies providing information for dealing with problems of Indian unemployment and underemployment were completed in 1968 on the Navajo reservation and the Fort Apache, San Carlos, and Papago reservations. Future services planned include expanding training prcgraus under the Manpower Development and Training Act, continuing Indian manpower resources studies, and spcnscring a Wcrk Incentive Prcgram on 2 reservations. Other Arizcna agencies and their activities providing employment and uanpcwer services tc Indians are cited. An appendix presents statistics on Indian placement and ASES services provided. (JH)
Transcript of DCCUMENT BESUME - ERIC · Report No Put Date. Note. EDRS Price. Descriptors. DCCUMENT BESUME. EC...
ED 033 79e
AUTHORTITLE
INSTITUTICNReport NoPut DateNote
EDRS PriceDescriptors
DCCUMENT BESUME
EC 003 811
Hackett, Margie I., Comp.Marpcwer Services tc Arizcna Indians,1968, Sixteenth Annual Qeport. Researchand Information Series Nc. CEB-2-69.Arizcna State Employment Service, Phoenix.RIS-OPR-2-69Aug 6936p.
EDRS Price MF-$0.25 BC-$1.90*American Indians, Community Agencies(Public), Cultural Factors, *EmploymentPatterns, Employment Services, FederalAid, Human Resources, *Job Placement,*Manpower Development, PopulationDistribution, *Research Projects,Scciceccncmic Status, State Aid
AbstractThe Arizcna State Employment Service
(ASES) prcvides placement, testing, counseling, andmanpower information services to Arizona's Indian laborforce. Special services to Indians include Indian branchoffices, special communications systems, an Indian jobdevelcpment program, and manpower resources develcpmentassistance. Two manpower resources studies providinginformation for dealing with problems of Indianunemployment and underemployment were completed in 1968 onthe Navajo reservation and the Fort Apache, San Carlos, andPapago reservations. Future services planned includeexpanding training prcgraus under the Manpower Developmentand Training Act, continuing Indian manpower resourcesstudies, and spcnscring a Wcrk Incentive Prcgram on 2reservations. Other Arizcna agencies and their activitiesproviding employment and uanpcwer services tc Indians arecited. An appendix presents statistics on Indian placementand ASES services provided. (JH)
JAMES A. BEAMANVice Chairman
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF RAIN. EDUCATION & WELFARE
OFFICE OF EDUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRODUCED EXACTLY AS PECEIVED FROM THE
PERSON OR ORGANIZATION ORIGINATING IT. POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS
STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT OFFICIAL OFFICE OF EDUCATION
POSITION OR POLICY.
Employment Security Commission of ArizonaCHARLES J. MINNING
Chairman
ARIZONA STATE EMPLOYMENT SERVICE
CHARLES A. BOYLE, Administrator
MANPOWER SERVICESTO
ARIZONA INDIANS1968
Sixteenth Annual Report
August 1969
Research and Information Series No. OPR-2-69
K. A. PHILLIPSMember
PREFACE
For almost thirty years, the Arizona State Employment Service hascontinually provided and expanded its employment and manpowerservices to Arizona Indians living on and off reservations. Suchservices are an important and integral part of the operations of thisAgency and represent the commitment by the staff of the ArizonaState Employment Service to the employment needs of Arizona'sIndian people.
This report, compiled byMugig j,l-cLettsc Manpower Analyst, is thesixteenth in the series of annual reports on the activities and accom-plishments of the Employment Service on behalf of the Indians ofArizona. Herein are also included descriptions of the services thatother agencies provide to Arizona Indians seeking employment, someof the economic developments on reservations, and programs inoperation to enhance the vocational skills of Arizona Indians.
This year's report has been expanded to include summaries of thefindings in two separate studies covering four reservations "in Arizona.It is hoped that the information from these research projects may beused for further understanding of the problems faced by ArizonaIndians and for renewed efforts in helping to solve these problems.
The Arizona State Employment Service is grateful for the valuableassistance provided by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, the ArizonaCommission of Indian Affairs, the Indian Development District ofArizona, the Indian Community Action Project at Arizona StateUniversity, and the Western Apprenticeship Association, as well asfor the help of all those involved in the preparation of this report,and for the cooperation and assistance of the various Indian tribesin 1968.
CHARLES A. BOYLE, Administrator
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PageI. HIGHLIGHTS
1
II. INDIANS IN ARIZONA TODAY 3A. Reservations and Population 3B. Economic Development arid Employment on Reservations 4C. The Indian's Status in the Arizona Job Market 8
III. ASES SERVICES TO INDIANS 11
A. Indian Branch Offices 11B. Applications 12C. Services 13D. Placements 14E. Human Resource Development 10
IV. OTHER AGENCIES SERVING ARIZONA INDIANS 19
A. Bureau of Indian Affairs 19
B. Arizona Commission of Indian Affairs 20C. Indian Development District of Arizona 21D. Indian Community Action Project 22E, Western Apprenticeship Association 22
V. INDIAN MANPOWER RESEARCH 23A. Navajo Manpower Study 23B. Manpower Resources on Five Southwestern Reservations 25
VI. ASES PLANS FOR FUTURE SERVICES 27
VII. APPENDIX 29Table I. Selected Statistics on ASES Services to Arizona Indians
by Local Office-1968 30Table II. Placement of Indians by Local Office and by Occupational Group-1968 31
Table III. Placement of Indians by Local Office and by Industry-1968 32
Table IV. Indian Placements by Month and by Industry-1968 33
Table V. Agricultural Placements by Month and by Local Office-1968 33
Table VI. Indian Placements in the State of Arizona by Industry-1960-1968 34Table VII. Selected Statistics on ASES Services to Arizona Indians-1960-1968 34
HIGHLIGHTS
Indians on reservations in Arizona now numberapproximately 106,000, and Indians living off-reservation bring the State's Indian population tobetween 115,000 and 120,000. The 19 reservationsin Arizona encompass almost 31,000 square miles28% of the State's total area.Two studies of Indian manpower resources havebeen completed, providing detailed informationon four reservations in Arizonathe Navajo, FortApache, Papago, and San Carlosand two reser-vations in New Mexico.
The Arizona State Employment Service placedIndians in 23,323 jobs in 1968, an increase of 2,322over 1967. Of the total job placements, 9,633 wereagricultural and 13,690 were nonagricultural.
Placements of Indians in agricultural jobs in Ari-zona were 19% higher than the previous year.These involved large-scale recruiting for peak-season harvest work in the State. Also, more than1,500 Indians were recruited for harvesting opera-tions in neighboring states.
Nonagricultural placements included the placingof Indians in every occupational category andmajor industrial group, including 1,044 as fire-
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Automobile mechanic apprentice
r
fighters and 209 as movie extras. Total nonagri-cultural placements were up 763 over 1967.
In-depth counseling interviews were provided to395 Indians, and 1,968 aptitude and proficiencytests were administered ty the EmploymentService.
The Agency maintained Indian branch offices atChinle, Ganado, Kayenta, Tuba City, and WindowRock on the Navajo Reservation; one at KeamsCanyon on the Hopi Reservation; and one each atWhiteriver on the Fort Apache Reservation, atSan Carlos on the San Carlos Reservation, atSells on the Papago Reservation, and at Sacatonon the Gila River Reservation. All of these branchoffices are manned by interviewer-interpreters,who themselves are Indians and members of thereservation tribes which they serve.
To combat unemployment and underemploymentfor some of the Navajos, the Navajo ConcentratedEmployment Program (CEP) Center at SteamboatCanyon took in the first enrollees in mid-Decem-ber 1968. The Program is sponsored by the Officeof Navajo Economic Opportunity, with the Ari-zona State Employment Service as subcontractor.
ARIZONA INDIAN RESERVATIONSAND PRINCIPAL ARIZONA STATE EMPLOYMENT SERVICE
OFFICES SERVING INDIANS
KAIBAB
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()KINGMAN
FORT MOHAVE
FL AGSTAFF0
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1111,PRESCOTT ral0
°WINSLOW
ARKER
COLORADORIVER
FORT McDOWELL
PHOENIXSALT RIVER
°MAU 0GLOBE
GILA BEND1411
ACATON
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LOUGL AS
I.
INDIANS INARIZONA TODAY
There are approximately 600,000 Indians in thiscountry today, about two-thirds of whom live onreservations. Although these "first Americans"and their tribes live in most parts of the UnitedStates, Arizona contains more Indians and moreIndian land than any other state in the nation.
A. Reservations and PopulationArizona's 19 Indian reservations, encompassingsome of the world's most magnificent scenery,comprise a land mass of almost 31,000 squaremiles, make up more than one-third of all landowned by or allotted to Indians in the entire
United States, and cover about 28f7( of the landin Arizona.
Although there were only about 27,000 Indians inArizona in 1900, recent estimates place the totalpopulation of Arizona Indians at between 115,000and 120,000, representing perhaps 6.5 to 7.5ex, ofArizona's total 'population. However, because ofthe mobility of some of its people, there are noaccurate figures available either for on-reserva-tion or off-reservation Indians. Today, on the 19reservations in Arizona, there live about 106,000members of 13 separate tribes. A table showingthe estimated population on Arizona's reserva-tions follows.
POPULATION AND AREA OF ARIZONA RJSERVATXONS
Reservation
Ak-Chin (Maricopa)Camp VerdeCocopahColorado RiverFort ApacheFort McDowellFort MohaveGila BendGila RiverHavasupaiHopiHualapaiKaibabNavajoPapagoSalt RiverSan CarlosSan XavierYavapai
Tribe(s)
PapagoYavapai-ApacheCocopahChemehuevi-MohaveWhite Mt, ApacheMohave-ApacheMohavePapagoPima-MaricopaHavasupaiHopiHualapaiPaiuteNavajoPapagoPima-MaricopaSan Carlos ApachePapagoYavapai
EstimatedPopulation1
240682100
1,6996,288
3273062342
7,685364
6,0091,023
13868,1603
f1,2
92885
Area inSquare Miles
341
1
3532,601
393716
5815
3,8631,550
18814,0144,334
732,898
1112
Estimates from the Bureau of Indian Affairs, as of March 1969.2Most of the Fort Mohave population lives on the California side of the reservation.31968 estimate from the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
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It is estimated that over 10,000 American Indianslive off-reservation in Arizona, primarily in thePhoenix, Tucson, and Flagstaff areas.
B. Economic Development andEmployment On Reservations
There has been some increase in economic devel-opment on tribal lands in recent years, affording
job opportunities to more Indians on or nearreservations. Following are mentioned some ofthe economic developments and types of employ-ment on the reservations.
TRIBAL ENTERPRISES
Tribal enterprises are businesses and industriesowned and operated by Indian tribes. The follow-ing is a list of such enterprises in Arizona.
ARIZONA TRIBAL ENTERPRISES
Tribal Enterprise
Ak-Chin Indian Community
YearEnterprise
Started
No. Jobs HeldBy IndiansJan. 1969
Ak-Chin Farms Enterprise 1962 140
Colorado River Indian TribesBlue Water Marine Park 1964 4
White Mountain Apache TribeFort Apache Timber Company 1961 185White Mountain Recreation Enterprise 1954 12White Mountain Tribal Herd 1945 15White Mountain Apache Enterprise 1968 53*
Gila River Tribe (Gila River Indian Community)Gila River Farms 1951 90
Havasupai TribeHavasupai Trading Co. 1943 2Tourist Enterprise 1945 5
Hopi Tribe notHopi Trailer Court available 3
Hualapai TribeHualapai Trading Company 1944 7Hualapai Tribal Herd 1944 8
Navajo TribeNavajo Forest Products Industry
(located in New Mexico adjacent to state border line)1962 498
Navajo Tribal Utility Authority 1966 140Window Rock Lodge 1949 17Navajo Arts and Crafts Guild 1963 25
PapagoTribal Herd 1953 3
Salt River Tribe notSanitary Land Fill available 5
San Carlos Apache TribeBy las Trading Enterprise 1952 8San Carlos Trading Enterprise 1949 46San Carlos Livestock Enterprise 1965 26Recreational Development Enterprise 1968 11
Source: Bureau of Indian Affairs.* Figure for July 1969.
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OTHER INDUSTRY AND
GOVERNMENT EMPLOYMENT
The Bureau of Indian Affairs and other federaland state agencies employ more Indians on triballands than do tribal enterprises. The followingtable shows total employment on reservations inArizona by type of employer as of March 1969.
RESERVATION EMPLOYMENT
As of March 1969
ReservationNumber onReservation
in TribalEnterprises
Number onReservation
in B. 1. A.
In OtherState orFederal
AgenciesOther
Industries
TOTAL 2,507 2,850* 4,453 3,774
Camp Verde 0 0 0
Cocopah 0 0 0 0
Colorado River 35 80 33 50
Fort Apache 300 100 54 50
Fort McDowell 6 0 0 12
Gila River 275+ 55 50 50
Havasu,ai 8 5 2 0
Hopi 23 126 70 110
Hualapai 10 12 2 1
Kaibab 4 0 0 0
Maricopa-Ak Chin 40 0 5 0
Navajo 1,600 2,333* 4,028 3,431
Papago 40 100 116 25
Salt River 55 10 1 5
San Carlos Apache 111 29 92 40
Yavapai 0 0 0 0
Source: Arizona Commission of Indian Affairs' survey of tribal chairmen.* Figures include Navajos in Utah, New Mexico, Colorado, and Arizona.
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IL
HIJALAPAI HILLTOPPEKING STATION AND TRAIL
A tribal enterprise serving the tourist industry
INDIAN RESERVATION INDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS
Thirty-four years ago, federal legislation was ea-acted (1934 Indian Reorganization Act) establish-ing the Indians' right of self-government throughtheir tribal councils and reorganizing the Bureauof Indian Affairs as a counselor and provider oftechnical assistance and as a trustee of Indianland. The legislation also made it possible fortribes to enter directly into business dealings withnon-Indians concerning the use of their landswith the Bureau of Indian Affairs acting as"umpire." Supporters of this arrangement, whoenvisioned Indians signing leases with industrialleaders and predicted industrial complexesstretching over Indian reservations, saw only afew of these visions come to pass during the first30 years following the legislation. This was dueprimarily to two factors: the geographic isolationof the reservations and the Indian's unsophisti-cated business knowledge.
The advantages a business or industry could gainby locating on Indian land, loW-cost land leasesand real estate tax breaks, did not attract industryto reservations because these advantages wereoff-set by other factors. The Indians could not
compete successfully with more professionallyorganized development boards promoting non-Indian lands which could offer the type of helpthat businessmen seeking new Riant sites need,Thus few industrial developments sprang up andthe jobs which Indians so desperately neededamounted to a trifling number.
A breakthrough came in August of 1965 for thosewishing to bring about industrial development onIndian reservations with the passage of the Eco-nomic Development Act (EDA), an anti povertymeasure administered by the Department ofCommerce and designed to help communities,areas, and regions in the United States whichwere chronically impoverished by stimulatingeconomic activity. All of the Indian reservationsin Arizona could be classified as depressed areasunder EDA's definition; thus, funds became avail-able in 1965 to encourage and bring about eco-nomic development on reservations.
The Industrial Development Branch of the BIA,which was created ten years ago to encourage andaid tribal endeavor to attract industrial and otherbusiness enterprise to reservation localities, wasquick to seize on the opportunity that EDA fundswould provide Arizona Indians. Because only pub-lic or private non-profit agencies in economicallydepressed areas could apply for EDA monies, itbegan to encourage Indian development corpora-tions even before EDA was enacted. In July of1965, with the assistance of the BIA's IndustrialDevelopment Branch, the first Indian industrialdevelopment corporation in Arizona, the San Car-los Apache-Globe Development Corporation, wasformed. Subsequently, seven other Indian devel-opment corporations were created: Fort Apache(operating on the Fort Apache Indian Reserva-tion); Pima-Coolidge (Gila River Reservation);San-Tan (Gila River); Lone Butte (which asso-ciates Chandler with the Gila River Reservation);and more recently Papago-Tucson (San Xavier),Salt River Pima-Maricopa (Salt River Reserva-tion), and Fort Mohave-Needles (Fort MohaveReservation).
These corporations are state-chartered, non-profitorganizations which have boards of directors com-posed of Indians and non-Indians. The Indians ona board of directors are residents of the reserva-tion on which the corporation operates. The non-Indian members, experienced in business, live in
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areas adjacent to the reservation (e.g., Globe vis-a-vis the San Carlos Reservation). These jointventure corporations are in complete charge ofindustrial park development and sub-leasing intheir respective areas. An Indian developmentcorporat',on operates by leasing Indian land for anominal amount (e.g., $100 for a 50-acre site on arenewable 25-year lease on the San Carlos Reser-vation) from a reservation and then, in turn, sub-leasing it to industry with a high percentage ofincome from the lease, approximately 90%, goingto the tribe owning the land. The other 10% ofthe income from the subleases offsets the devel-opment corporation's expenses. Through the vari-ous titles of the Economic Development Act of1965 and with the participation of the bankingcommunity, 100% financing for industrial sitepreparation is available. Federal financing ob-tained by these corporations for reservation in-dustrial park development includes not onlyconstruction costs, but fees for legal, engineering,and interim financing needs. Site preparation in-cludes everything from leveling to landscaping.A total of over seven million dollars in all cat-egories of financing has been obtained thus farfor these various projects and their business ten-ants. An additional seven million dollars has beenmade available to Indian reservations for othertypes of economic development.
By using the funds made available by EDA, thesenon-profit development corporations made up ofIndians and non-Indians can offer interested in-dustry and businessmen attractive plant sites onIndian lands. Through a combination of funding(e.g., EDA, SBA, and private sources), industrialand commercial prospects locating in the parkhave access to very attractive business loans forbuilding and equipment needs and, in someinstances, working capital. The prospects for ac-celerating industrial development on Indian res-ervations now look very encouraging. Each oneof the eight corporations has at least one or moreindustries planning to locate or actually operatingin their industrial parks. Arizona Indians willincreasingly benefit in a number of ways fromthe corporations' endeavors: from jobs that arebeing created on their land which will largely befilled by Indians; in the revenue from the sub-leasing of tribal property; experience gained inthe world of modern business operation; andwhite and Indian cooperation, which is an excel-
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.1111111111111111111011111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111iMilrimill
lent bridge in spanning a narrowing chasm be-tween two societies that have lived in virtualisolation from one another.
Some of the specific businesses now located, orsoon to be located, on or near reservations inArizona are:
a garment factorythe largest factory in northernArizona;
a manufacturer of large metal shipping containers;
a plant for the manufacture of outdoor furniture;
various retail firms;
a pyrotechnic facility;
a prefabricated housing operation;
an electronics manufacturing firm;
a landscaping company;
service stations;
a laundry;
a styrofoam container manufacturer;
tourist and recreation facilities;
mining developments.
Office skills are valuable to industry
C. The Indian's Status in theArizona Job Market
There are no authoritative figures on employment,unemployment ur income of Indians in Arizona.(However, see Section V. of this report for somestatistics from surveys on four reservations in theState.) There is little doubt, however, that Indianunemployment is far higher, and the medianincome lower, than that of any other significantethnic group in the State. The causes of unem-ployment and low income level among Arizona'sIndians are many and are, in turn, problems inthemselves. Below is an enumeration of some ofthese underlying problems.
ISOLATION
Arizona's Indians are isolated from' the main-stream of economic activity in the State by reasoncf the physical separation of their reservations....he changes in the industrial complex of theState, the expansion of existing industry, andinflux of new industry affects the reservationdwelleis least and last.
Communication and transportation facilities onthe reservations, although improving, do not ap-proach the facilities in the rest of the State. Muchof the Indian reservation terrain is beautifuloften spectacularbut the mountains, canyons,and forests do not lend themselves to the buildingof roads and communications lines. The sparse-ness of Indian population over large areas of landalso contributes to transportation and communi-cation problems on the reservations.
EDUCATION
Nationwide, "ten percent of American Indiansover age 14 have had no schooling at all, (and)nearly 60 percent have less than an eighth gradeeducation."1 Current estimates of the mediangrade level of education attained by people 25and over place that of Arizona's Indians at con-siderably less than that of the State as a whole.
The level of education among the Indians varieswidely. Off-setting the relatively few who have
1The American Indian Message from the President ofthe United Siete% March 6, 1968, House of Representa-tives Document No. 272.
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more than a high school education are the greaternumbers with no formal training whatsoever.
Many Indians, with their level of educationalattainment, are ill-prepared to qttalify for any butthe unskilled or lower-paying semiskilled jobsand often cannot even qualify for most kinds, ofjob training.
LANGUAGE
English is not the primary language of any majorreservation tribe in Arizona. Among the Indianswho have little or no formal education, theknowledge of English is at best rudimentary.
CULTURAL FACTORS
Tribal cultural patterns are a most important fac-tor acting as a barrier to the employment ofIndians. Growing up as a member of a tribe, anIndian learns to speak and think in a particularIndian dialect and acquires culturally prescribedbehavior patterns that are not only different, butin many instances diametrically opposed to thosebehavior patterns that are taught and encouragedin the dominant American culture. These be-havior patterns, which include values and atti-tudes, become deeply, ingrained and are verydifficult to change. Many of the behavior patternsactually prevent the unacculturated Indian fromcompeting successfully for jobs with the "whiteman" in the white man's labor market. Some ofthese behavior patterns are the following:
1. Many Indians tend no to think in terms ofabstract goals such as prestige and personaladvancement. They tend to think in concreteterms and usually have no interest in accum-ulating personal assets beyond their everydayneedsfood, shelter, and clothing.
2. In his culture, the Indian has no tradition ofemployment, i.e., one person working foranother on a compensated basis. The majoritytraditionally have lived on a day-to-day basisand possess only rudimentary hunting, pas-toral, or agricultural skills. When they weremoved onto reservations, for many years theyheld the status of wards of the U. S. govern-ment and were not encouraged to acquire jobskills. Living on isolated reservations, theIndian had no alternative but to follow theways of his ancestors. Indian children who
learn the attitudes, values, customs, and be-havior patterns of their parents are not ori-ented to the world of work as are the childrenof the dominant culture.
3. Many Indians do not conceive of time the waythe white man does. They have only a vagueorientation to time and consequently find itdifficult to adjust to the white man's rigidtime schedules.
4. Many Indians have no motivation to accumu-late money because assets customarily must beshared with relatives.
5. The white man's standards of etiquette andinteraction are quite different than those ofthe Indian; for example, some Indians considerit impolite to look at peoplethey consequent-ly avoid eye-to-eye contact; white people willvolunteer informationthe Indian has to beasked specific questions; the Indian rarelygives intense positive or negative responseshis verbal responses often seem superficial.Needless to say, these differences in etiquette,not to mention differences in holidays, religionand family structure, cause many problemsand misunderstandings between the Indianand the white man.
These are generalizations of the American Indian,and, of course, there are many individual casesthat would vary greatly.
TERRAIN
Reservation Indians have plenty of land and muchof it is spectacular. "Navajo land" and "Apache-land" are publicized as tourist attractions, andIndian tribes do derive income from the touristtrade. They derive further income from the tim-berlands, such as those on parts of the NavajoReservation and on the Fort Apache and SanCarlos reservations. Yet the unfortunate fact re-mains that much of Indian reservation land isunproductive.
Raising livestock and growing crops on the desert,or in the mountains and canyons, is quite oftendifficult. Where the soil and precipitation permit,agricultural pursuits are followed, but there ismore barren than fertile land on the reservations,and the fertile land is susceptible to drought.
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INFORMATION
As mentioned, little is known of the characteris-tics of tne actual and potential Indian labor force.More accurate knowledge in these areas is neededin order to pinpoint the area of greatest needand to more effectively plan and carry out man-power services to Indians.
Indians need information also. Many Indians, par-ticularly the inhabitants of the more isolatedportions of the reservations, are not aware ofservices and programs that may be available tothem.
Indians need vocational orientation. The world ofwork off the reservation, other than seasonal farmlabor, is an unknown factor to most reservationIndians. Orientation in the schools is especiallyneeded to help motivate and direct Indian youthtoward preparation for earning an income.
it
Young women entering a health occupation
OUTREACH
'.^11.00,1 ,014$1,1 44
Indians working on Indian Community ActionProjects in the State report that it is not sufficientsimply to advise tribal leaders by letter of theavailable manpower services. The Indians in manyareas are reluctant to take the initiative in apply-ing for available aid. They may be embarrassedabout their ignorance of how to apply, they maylack basic things such as paper and writing im-plements, or they may not be able to read and
write. These same people will, however, readilyrespond to the initiative taken by representativesof an agency such as the Employment Service togo to them and assist them in obtaining servicesdesigned to help them economically.
Although the Indian's status in the Arizona jobmarket has been a disadvantaged and unfortunateone, there are hopeful signs that it will continueto improve. In 1968, for the first time the Presi-dent of the United States sent a message toCongress dealing solely with Indians. In it, hestressed that American Indians must be givenevery opportunity to take their rightful place inAmerican life, and that they must be given thepower to determine that rightful place. Now,tribal organizations are taking a more active partin the further development of Indian lands, andmore industry is being attracted to reservations.
The education of Indian youth is receiving newattention. The first reservation kindergartenopened in September 1968 at Sacaton. More Indianchildren are now attending schools, and the qual-ity of this education is improving. Also, through-
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out the country, the number of Indians attendingcollege has grown. "In 1968, over 4,400 Indianswere enrolled in universities and colleges, com-pared with less than 2,000 a decade ago." NavajoCommunity Collegethe first college in Americaestablished and controlled by an Indian tribeopened in January of 1969.
Although unemployment rates on reservationsare high now, much higher than the nationalunemployment rate, they were even higher a fewyears ago. Manpower programs have been devel-oped and are continuing to be developed, throughvarious agencies, to help train Indians seekingemployment. Thus, it would seem that improve-ments are being made in providing employmentand developing the employability of Indians.However, "multiple approaches . . . are called forby the complex, many-faceted, and critical natureof the Indian's economic and social problems."2
11Vfanpower Report of the President, January 1969.
2Ibid.
III.ASES SERVICES
TO INDIANS
Since before World War II, the Arizona StateEmployment Service (ASES) has been providingemployment and manpower services to Arizona'sIndian labor force. These functions include thestandard services of placement, testing, counsel-ing, and manpower information. Over the years,the Arizona State Employment Service has alsoinstituted specialized services and facilities di-rectly aimed at meeting the specific problemsfaced by Indians in seeking employment and ahigher level of income. Included in these servicesare Indian branch offices of the ASES, specialcommunications systems, an Indian job develop-ment program, manpower resources developmentprogram, manpower resources development ao-sistance, and the Employment Service's own em-ployment policy.
A. Indian Branch OfficesThe Arizona State Employment Service has en-joyed close working relationships and active par-ticipation with the Arizona Commission of IndianAffairs, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and thetribal councils in maximizing the utilization ofthe human resources of Arizona Indians. TheBureau of Indian Affairs and the Bureau of Em-ployment Security (to which the ASES belongs)drafted and agreed to a Memorandum of Under-standing in 1950. In 1955, this agreement wasrevised by mutual consent. The major purposesof the Memorandum were: (1) to focus attentionupon the objectives of voluntary relocation andfull placement services for reservation Indians,and (2) to outline the responsibilities of eachbureau in meeting these objectives.
As a result of this cooperative agreement, theASES extended its services and assumed majorresponsibility for placement of Indians, whetheron or off the reservations, and whether for tem-porary or permanent agricultural or nonagricul-tural employment. Funds have been provided for
._
re_
The ASES branch office at Window Rock
the establishment and operation of ten full-timebranch offices serving Arizona Indians. Five ofthese were established in 1952 on the Navajo-Hopireservations at Tuba City, Kayenta, Oraibi,Chinle, and Ganado. In 1955, a full-time branchoffice was established at San Carlos to serve theSan Carlos Reservation. The office at Oraibi wasmoved to Keams Canyon in 1961. Window Rockhad been served on an itinerant basis since 1963,and in January 1968, it was established as a full-time branch office, as were Sells on the PapagoReservation and Sacaton on the Gila River Res-ervation. Each of the offices is staffed by at leastone trained Indian interviewer-interpreter, andseveral of the offices have two.
The local offices having branch offices on reser-vations are the following:
Local Office Branch Office
Casa Grande SacatonFlagstaff Kayenta
Globe
TucsonWinslow
Tuba CitySan CarlosWhiteriverSellsChinleGanadoKeams CanyonWindow Rock
Staff
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
On April 20, 1966, the Arizona, New Mexico, andUtah employment services, the Navajo Tribal
Council, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and theUnited States Public Health Service signed atri-state "Agreement to Improve Manpower Serv-ices to the Navajo Tribe." The purpose of theAgreement is to establish, through the coopera-tion of the six participating agencies, more ef,'-cient procedures for recruiting and placing theNavajo Indians in the three states. The Agreementlists the responsibilities of each agency and therecruitment and clearance procedures to be fol-lowed,
The facilities of the Employment Service areavailably; to all Arizona Indians regardless ofwhether they reside on or off the reservation, andwhether they are applicants seeking employmentor employers seeking workers, Itinerant serviceis provided to several reservations which do nothave permanent branch offices. The facilities offerservices which include job placement, counseling,testing, labor market information, communityrelations, manpower training, and selective place-ment services to veterans, handicapped, olderworkers, youths, and women.
COMMUNICATIONS LINK
To facilitate communications on the Navajo, Hopi,and Fort Apache reservations, a ground radiocommunications system was installed in 1955.Under this system, transceivers are mounted inAgency-owned vehicles operated on the reserva-tions, with a stationary transmitter and receiverwith antenna at Flagstaff and a transceiver atthe Winslow office. The vehicle transceivers areportable, allowing for the interviewer-interpretersto be contacted when traveling in their vehiclesor when at home after working hours. The ve-hicles are also equipped with public address sys-tems. The value of this communications system isespecially evident during the time of forest fires.Fire-fighting crews can be recruited and dis-patched minutes after the call has been receivedat the Flagstaff or Winslow office.
JOB DEVELOPMENT
Whether living on or off a reservation, the Indianhas his own particular employment problems.Work applications are taken on all Indians avail-able for work, but often, due to insufficient edu-cational and employment background, applica-tions require special effort in order to developjob opportunities.
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Job opportunities development for Indians on andoff reservations is a process which requires anumber of steps. Participation with tribal andreservation officials to attract new industries andnew jobs is a continual activity in the total pro-gram. Through personal employer visits and tele-phone contacts, efforts are made to obtain jobopenings for Indian workers and to promote theIndian as a productive manpower resource.
The media of radio, television, and newspapersare utilized to express to employers and to thepublic the employment needs of Indians and tocommunicate to the Indian workers the avail-ability of job opportunities. Several radio stationsthroughout the State broadcast programs in na-tive Indian dialects, and Employment Servicejobcasts are made on a regular basis to theirIndian audiences. This method has proven to bevery effective in Indian worker recruitment pro-grams for both agricultural and nonagriculturalemployment.
B. ApplicationsThe number of new Indian applications and theIndian applications on active files with ArizonaState Employment Service were greater in 1968than in the previous calendar year.
NEW APPLICATIONS
In 1968, a total of 8,638 Indians registered for thefirst time with the State Employment Service, anincrease of 2,917 over last year. About a third ofthese new applicants registered at Winslow andits branch offices serving the Hopi and Navajoreservations, while 1,330 went to Flagstaff and itsbranches on the Navajo Reservation, and 1,088 toGlobe and its branches on the Fort Apache andSan Carlos reservations. The four Phoenix officeshad 1,396 new Indian applicants, the Tucson of-fices had 758, with 467 at Casa Grande, 367 atMesa, and 235 at Yuma. There were some newapplications at a few other ASES offices, includ-ing Glendale, a new local office that opened in1968.
New applicants in all Arizona placement officesaveraged 720 a month in 1968, compared to 477 amonth last year. Registrations were the highestin June with 1,328, attributable to the many In-dian students entering the job market at the be-ginning of school vacation.
NEW APPLICATIONS
ACTIVE APPLICATIONS
Indian applications on the active files in all ASESlocal offices averaged 2,351 a month in 1968; thisis 557 more than the monthly average in 1967. Theactive files at Winslow and its branch officesshowed a monthly average of 569 Indian appli-cants, Globe and its branches had 438, Flagstaffand its branches had 425, and the Phoenix Indus-trial and Service office averaged 323.
LOUIS
A finger dexterity test
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C. ServicesThere were fewer tests administered and fewercounseling interviews conducted for Indians byASES offices in 1968. The most significant reasonfor this is the conclusion of the test release agree-ments with Indian schools. That is, Indian coun-selors have been trained to provide some of thecounseling and testing services in the schools thatwere formerly provided by the ASES.
TESTING
The State Employment Service offices adminis-tered 1,968 aptitude and proficiency tests to In-dians in 1968. This is fewer than last year, mainlyfor the reason mentioned above. Almost half (859)of the total tests given were at Winslow and itsbranch offices.
WINSLOW
TOTAL TESTS
PHOENIX I &S
15.2%
PHOCN I X PS&C
3.4%
CASAGRANDE
8.6%
TUCSONOFF I CCS
6.1%
OTHER .
OF F Iccs6.1%
COUNSELING
ASES count elors conducted a total of 395 coun-seling interviews with Indians during the year,considerably fewer than most other years. How-ever, as stated above, some of these duties havebeen assumed by newly trainee. Indian counselorsin the schools.
The majority of the interviews were at four of-fices: Phoenix Employment Opportunity Center(116), Flagstaff and its branch offices (79), TucsonEmployment Opportunity Center (60), and Yuma(63).
COUNSELING
FLAGSTAFF
20.0%
TUCSON EOC
15.2%
D. Pla:ementsThe ASES referred 27,622 Indians to differentjobs in 1968, resulting in 23,323 placements. Totalplacements surpassed last year's figure by 2,322.
NONAGRICULTURAL PLACEMENTS
Placements of Indians in nonagricultural jobstotaled 13,690 in 1968. The Phoenix Industrial andService Office, largely through the efforts of itsIndian Placement Unit, accounted for 8,220 ofthese placements, or 60% of the total. The officesserving the Hopi and Navajo reservations inNorthern Arizona placed Indians on 2,504 jobs.Referrals by Tucson offices culminated in 1,202placements.
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Professional, Sales, and Clerical
In 1968, placements in the professional, sales, andclerical occupations totaled 479, up 61 from theprevious year. The Flagstaff and Globe officesplaced 57(/ of this year's total.
Service
Placements in the service occupations totaled5,556 in 1968. Nearly two-thirds of the placementsin this occupational group, 3,613, were accom-plished by the Phoenix Industrial and ServiceOffice. The offices of Flagstaff and Winslow andtheir branch offices serving the Navajos andHopis recorded 481 placements in the service oc-cupations, and the Tucson offices placed 941.
Trade and Industrial
Industrial occupational categories are the follow-ing: processing occupations (e.g., processing ofmetals, foods, paper, wood, petroleum, chemicals,etc.); machine trades (e.g., metal machining and
NONAGRICULTURAL PLACEMENTS
WINSLOW
10.1%
FLAGSTAFF
8.2%
PHOENIX MS
60.0%
GLOBE
5.6%
TUCSON IS&F
7.9%
OTHER OFFICES5.5%
working, paper working, printing, wood machin-ing, textile occupations, etc.); bench work occupa-tions (e.g., fabrication, assembly and repair ofscientific apparatus, electrical equipment, plastics,wood products, etc.); structural work occupations(e.g., welding, painting, plastering, excavating,paving, construction occupations, etc.); andmiscellaneous occupations (e.g., motor freight,transportation, packaging and materials handling,mineral extraction, logging, utilities, amusementand recreation occupations).
Sixty-eight Indians were placed in processingoccupations, 207 in the machine trades and 297 inbench work occupations in 1968. Referral activi-ties resulted in 1,754 placements of Indians instructural work for the year. The Phoenix Indus-trial and Service Office placed 60% of this total.The placements ranged from skilled to unskilledoccupations in all phases of the construction in-dustry.
During the year, 4,222 job openings in miscella-neous occupations were filled by Indians, againthe majority from the Phoenix Industrial andService Office. The principal miscellaneous occu-pations in which Indians were placed consistedof materials handler, truck driver, service stationattendant, loader and unloader, and delivery man.
Industrial Classifications
Placements by major industrial classification in1968 are divided as follows: mining, 60; contractconstruction, 928; manufacturing, 1,220; transpor-tation and utilities, 162; wholesale and retailtrade, 2,842; services, 1,796; private household (do-mestic service performed in private householdsi.e., cooks, maids, butlers, gardeners), 5,084; gov-ernment, 1,319; other (forestry, fisheries, finance,insurance, and real estate), 279.
Fire fighting is an important source of employ-ment for Indians. Fire fighters are counted in theservices occupations and in the government (fed-eral) industrial classification. The ASES recorded1,044 placements in fire fighting with the U. S.Forest Service. There are about 500 "card-carry-ing" fire fighters on the Navajo and Hopi reserva-tions, and this number is almost equally dividedbetween members of the two tribes. The firefighter's card is issued by the U. S. Forest Serviceand signifies that the holder meets the prescribedmedical standards and skill requirements of afire fighter.
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NONAGRICULTURAL PLACEMENTSBY INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATIONS
GOVFANMENT
9.6% CONTRACTCONSTRUCT-
ION
6.8%
MINING0.4%
TRANS., COMM',& PUBLIC UTILITIES
SERVICES
13.1%
There were 209 Indians placed as movie extras in1968. These are counted under the professional,technical, and managerial occupational categoriesand under the services industry classification.
AGRICULTURAL PLACEMENTS
Indians were placed on 9,633 agricultural jobsthroitgh the ASES in 1968. Although this is anincrease of 1,559 over 1967, agricultural place-ments of Indians have shown a declining trendover the past few years, from a high in 1962 of19,250 to a low of 8,074 in 1967 (see Table VI inthe Appendix). This declining trend follows thenational pattern in agricultural placements. Also,improved worker retention practices have re-duced turnover, and the fact that housing forseasonal farm workers has been required to meetmore stringent standards may also be a factorcausing a decline in agricultural placements.Housing in Arizona must be approved by theASES before clearance orders are accepted forplacements. With better housing, Indians wouldtend to stay at a particular farm longer.
Extensive recruiting by the Agency interviewer-interpreters on the Hopi, Navajo, and Papagoreservations helped fill growers' needs at peak
harvest times in off-reservation areas of the State.Several hundred Navajo Indians were also re-cruited for harvesting occupations in neighboringstates. However, the requests for such workersare declining because of mechanization and im-provements in technology.
AGRICULTURAL PLACFMENTS01' LOCAL orricr
(CASA GRANDE
77.0%
MESA
6.3%OTHEROFFICES
PHOENIX FARM
9.0%
Casa Grande placed Indians on 7,418 agriculturaljobs in 1968. The greatest numbers were employedbetween September and December and Marchthrough May in lettuce preharvest and harvestoperations. Papagos, Maricopas, and Pimas fromreservations in this area were placed throughoutthe year in irrigation work and in general farmwork. Most of these Indians own and cultivatesmall plots of land and so have harvesting andirrigating skills to offer their employers.
Indians were placed on 600 farm jobs by theYuma local office, mostly for the fall and winterlettuce preharvest and harvest work.
Indians in Maricopa County are recruited fromthe Gila River, Salt River, and Fort McDowellreservations and from the several hundred off-reservation Indians in the Phoenix area. ThePhoenix Farm Office had 871 Indian placementsin agricultural employment, and the Mesa FarmOffice accounted for 655, These placements wereyear-rounC, in preharvest operations of most ma-jor crops in the county, but especially in lettucepreharvest and harvest activities, and in greenonions harvest.
E. Human Resource DevelopmentThe development of employability among Indianworkers to improve their competitiveness in thejob market is an expanding program of serviceprovided by the Arizona State Employment Serv-ice, as well as by other agencies. The ManpowerDevelopment and Training Act (MDTA), and thetraining programs it can provide, is the primaryvehicle utilized by the Employment Service forjob skill development of Indian manpower re-sources. As needs are identified, programs aredeveloped that teach usable and competitive jobskills, as well as provide educational upgradingand other pre-vocational preparation essential forlearning and using the job skills.
Besides identifying the training, and developingtraining programs with the State Department ofVocational Education and the Bureau of Appren-ticeship and Training, the ASES also recruits,selects, and refers Indian workers to training,provides supportive counseling services duringtraining, and assists the Indian trainee to secureemployment after training.
On-the-job training in electronics
There are two kinds of MDTA projects, institu-tional and on-the-job (OJT) training. In 1968, thefollowing MDTA projects were sponsored forIndians.
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INDIAN MDTA PROJECTS IN 1968
TrainingLocation
TraineeOpenings
Enroll-ments
Discon-tinuances
Com-pletions
TrainingPeriod
TOTAL 390 384 78 256
InstitutionalElectrical Appliance
Repairs & Service Navajo Res. 30 30 14 16 6/67-3/68
Child Care Attendant Navajo Res, 45 45 14 31 6/67-4/68
Electronics Assembler Navajo Res. 180 180 25 155 6/67-6/68
Electronics Assembler Navajo Res. 15 15 6 9 10/68-11/68
OJTHeavy Equipment Operator San Carlos 60 59 14 45 6/67-7/68
Arizona OperatingEngineers Apprenticeship San Carlos 35 33 3 7/68-8/69
Structural SteelWorker Apprenticeship Fort Defiance 25 22 2 8/68-7/69
The ASES also worked closely with the Bureauof Apprenticeship and Training, Indian reserva-tion officials, Bureau of Indian Affairs staff, andemployers to promote apprenticeship opportuni-ties for qualified Indians both on and off reserva-tions. The Agency continued to advise Indianyouths of apprenticeship training available andreferred interested youths to the appropriate ap-prenticeship committees.
Another significant manpower resource develop-ment activity is the technical assistance providedto educators in identifying and promoting voca-tional education programs in public schools thatserve Indian reservations and Indian youths.Through employment counseling services, Indiansare also encouraged to prepare for employmentby taking training in needed job skills throughthe variety of training sources available to them.In attempting to increase the employability ofIndian youth, the Employment Service also re-ferred a number of them to Job Corps trainingcenters and Neighborhood Youth Corps openings.
NAVAJO CEP
A contract between the Office of Navajo Eco-nomic Opportunity and the ASES was signed in1968 for the purpose of establishing a Concen-trated Employment Program (CEP) on the NavajoReservation. In mid-December, the Navajo CEPCenter at Steamboat Canyon took in the first
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enrollees. The center was started by the Steam-boat Chapter at an abandoned Bureau of IndianAffairs boarding school near Steamboat CanyonTrading Post. The basic purpose of the NavajoCEP is to reduce unemployment and underem-ployment among a portion of the residents of thisreservation. To accomplish this purpose, threemajor objectives .have been determined as themost appropriate:
1. To coordinate the public and private resourcesavailable to the Navajo Reservation populationinto a program which results in substantialjob opportunities for the non-employed resi-dents of the reservation.
2. To identify the factors which currently limitemployment opportunities for residents of theNavajo Reservation and to develop a programwhich seeks to overcome the factors limitingemployment.
3. To integrate the functions and services of ex-isting programs to the end that the Navajopopulation can be better served by these pro-grams, and coordination and linkage betweencurrent programs is improved.
These objectives are to be accomplished throughan intensive program of pre-job orientation, coun-seling, training, retraining, job development, laborsupply and demand survey, and placement as-sistance for 250 residents of the Arizona portionof the reservation.
Iv.OTHER AGENCIES
SERVING ARIZONAINDIANS
In addition to the Arizona State EmploymentService, there are a number of other agencies inthe State that provide employment and man-power services to Arizona Indians.
A. Bureau of Indian AffairsUnder the U. S. Department of the Interior, theBureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) has long provideda variety of services to Indians. Today, more thanhalf of the BIA's 16,000 employees in the UnitedStates have Indian ancestry.
EMPLOYMENT ASSISTANCE BRANCH
The Employment Assistance Branch of the BIAis responsible for providing manpower services toIndians. There are two Employment Assistancebranch offices in Arizona, one in the Navajo areaand one in the Phoenix area, both providing thefollowing manpower services: direct employment(job placement), vocational guidance and counsel-ing, adult vocational training, on-the-job training,and apprenticeship training. Employment Assist-ance personnel, many of whom are Indians them-selves, in the 14 offices throughout the State placeIndians in jobs not only in Arizona, but also inother parts of the United States. The offices pro-vide economic assistance for, and pay the travel-ing expenses of, Indians (and their families) whoare placed in jobs outside of Arizona.
In fiscal year 1968, the Navajo Area placed 205Arizona Indians in jobs outside of Arizona and atotal of 214 were placed in Arizona. During thesame period, the Phoenix Area office placed 286IndiarAs in out-of-state jobs and a total of 387Indains within the State. Under the President'sYouth Opportunity Campaign program, 161 Ari-zona Indian youths were placed in jobs in Arizonaand California.
of) /(19)
A
Training skills being put to use
Besides the placement of job-seeking Indians, theEmployment Assistance Branch of the BIA isactive in Indian human resource development.The foundaidoii of such activities is Public Law959, enacted in 1956 and designed mainly to helpunder employed and unemployed adult Indiansliving on or near reservations to obtain reason-able and satisfactory employment through voca-tional training. The services authorized under thelaw include vocational counseling and guidance,institutional training in recognized vocations andtrades, on-the-job training, and apprenticeshiptraining. This training is prov Atled at accreditedtrade and vocational schools at locations near thereservations as well as ten locations throughoutthe United States. In Arizona, 49 training pro-grams are offered to Indians at 27 different facili-ties. A few of the Adult Vocational Training(AVT) programs are: accountant, automobile bodyrepairman, automobile mechanic, barber, book-keeper, carpenter, dental assistant, draftsman,dressmaker, stenographer, upholsterer, and weld-er. The majority of Arizona Indians are giveninstitutional training in Phoenix, Oakland, andLos Angeles.
During the 1968 fiscal year, a total of 335 ArizonaIndians entered Adult Vocational Trainingthrough the Phoenix Area office: 153 receivedtraining in Arizona and the remainder weretrained in centers located outside the State. Also,115 Indians were placed in on-the-job trainingprojects in Arizona. The Navajo Area, in the sameperiod, referred 439 Arizona Indians to AVT: 29Navajos received training in Phoenix and therest were trained in centers in other states. TheNavajo Area -placed 175 Arizona Indians in on-the-job training projects in the Arizona portionof the reservation.
Indians who are unable to pay their own expensesare granted financial assistance for: transporta-tion to place of training and subsistence enroute,maintenance during the course of training, andtraining and related costs. If a trainee has afamily, its members travel with him to the train-ing site and are given subsistence pay also.
The BIA, like the ASES, also refers Indian youthto various Job Corps programs.
Indians are training for a variety of occupations
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INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT BRANCH
To provide job opportunities for those Indianswho do not wish to leave the reservation areas,the Industrial Development Branch of the BIAencourages the location of industries on or nearreservations. To accomplish this, it cooperateswith private enterprises and civic bodies, as wellas with federal, state, and tribal agencies. It hashelped to provide many jobs for Arizona Indiansthrough its assistance in creating Indian industrialdevelopment corporations, and in fostering otherbusinesses in the reservation areas. (See Section
B of this repon.)
B. Arizona Commission ofIndian Affairs
The Arizona Commission of Indian Affairs is astate agency which endeavors to improve man-power services to Indians. It was created in 1953by the Arizona State Legislature primarily toconsider and study conditions among Indians re-siding within the State. Studies are undertakenby the Commission in order to accumulate, com-pile, and assemble information which can be usedby legislators in their investigations of Indianaffairs as well as by other agencies concernedwith Indian problems:
The Commission also:
cooperates with all Indian-concerned organiza-tionslocal, state-wide, and national;
makes possible the contacts between tribal oroff-reservation leaders and those organizationsand individuals who are interested in helpingsolve Indian problems;
surveys tribal chairmen to learn their sugges-tions, and to explain procedures not clearlyunderstood;
visits tribal council members at their meetingsto answer any questions and to explain thefunction., of the Commission;
surveys areas bordering reservations to deter-mine the prevailing climate of cooperation andcommunications and to find ways of helpingthe Indian and non-Indian communities gettogether;
reports information to help the various reser-vations have a better understanding of eachother's prcgress and problems.
Since October of 1968, the Commission has beensponsoring a new series of inter-agency meetingsfor studying ways and means of improving serv-ices to Indians, through the cooperative efforts ofthese agencies. The meetings include tribal rep-resentatives and have, thus far, been on the Nav-ajo Reservation only. However, plans for suchmeetings with other tribes are planned to beginsometime in 1969.
The Arizona Commission of Indian Affairs coop-erates closely with the Arizona State EmploymentService. Because of the Commission's neutralnature, it coordinates state, federal, county, andtribal efforts in a concentrated attempt to maxi-mize the utilization of the human resources ofArizona Indians.
Putting the finishing touches to a lounge chair
C. Indian Development Districtof Arizona
Another organization, the only one of its kind inthe United States, is the Indian DevelopmentDistrict of Arizona (IDE A), which was formed inthe fall of 1967 in order to create economic devel-opment and jobs on Indian lands for the benefitof our Indian citizens and their non-Indian neigh-bors. Composed of 17 reservations, 15 in Arizonaand 2 in California, it was organized and isjointly sponsored by the tribes to strengthen eachin its respective endeavors. A State-charterednonprofit corporation, IDDA brings united tribaleffort and an effective association with non-Indian neighbors for planning economic develop-ment effort. It employs its own professional staff
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utilizing a 75c) grant-in-aid provision of the Eco-nomic Development Act.
IDDA is composed of five planning and businessdevelopment program areas, each with its ownprofessional staff, and coordinated by a centraloffice in Phoenix. The five planning areas are:
1. NORTH CENTRAL (offices at Polacca, Hopi,and Fredonia, Kaibab) Hopi and Kaibab.
2. NORTHWEST (offices at Yavapai, Prescott,and Peach Springs, Hualapai) Hualapai, Hava.supai, Yavapai, and Camp Verde.
3. APACHE (offices at Whiteriver, Fort Apache,and San Carlos, San Carlos) Fort Apache andSan Carlos.
4. SOUTH CENTRAL (offices, Salt River, nearScottsdale; Sacaton, Gila River, and Sells,Papago) Fort McDowell, Salt River, Ak-Chin,Gila River, and Papago.
5. COLORADO RIVER (offices, Colorado River,Parker, and Fort Yuma, near Yuma) Fort Mo-have, Colorado River, Fort Yuma, and Coco-pah.
Each field office is oriented toward creating jobopportunities, while the main office works atcreating profit-making ventures and seeking proj-ects under the federal programs, including social,cultural, industrial, and community development.IDDA sponsors Neighborhood Youth Corps andOperatior Mainstream programs, and is workingtoward on-the-job training programs. It also hasa program called "Small Business Development"which provides assistance for individuals in start-ing a small business.
A good example of Indian and 'ion-Indian coop-eration came about in 1968 when Bud Antle, Inc.,a large manufacturing and produce firm, joinedwith IDDA to form "Indians of Arizona, Inc.," acorporation to engage in manufacturing and avariety of enterprises.
In addition to aiding member tribes with reser-vation economic development endeavors, IDDAcan engage in business ventures of its own inorder to generate self-supporting revenue so thatit may operate without federal monies and fundsfrom its member tribes. It is working toward thegoal of being self-sustaining.
D. Indian Community Action Project
Under Title II of the Economic Opportunity Actpassed by Congress in 1964, the idea of Commun-ity Action Programs was born, an idea based onthe conviction that the people directly affected bysuch programs are best able to determine theirneeds and the best type of action necessary forachieving these needs. Thus, Indian communityresidents began analyzing their own needs andformulating plans for meeting these needs. TheIndian Community Action Project came into be-ing to help tribes fully participate in the oppor-tunities made available to them.
The Indian Community Action Project (ICAP)was created in 1965 under the College of Educa-tion at Arizona State University and funded bythe Office of Economic Opportunity (OEO). Thepurpose of this project is to assist the Indiantribes to develop and manage Community ActionPrograms on their reservations. ICAP personnelprovide services to tribes not only in Arizona butin California, Colorado, and New Mexico.
The ICAP office provides such sery ices to ArizonaIndians as technical assistance and training. Thetechnical assistance staff is concerned primarilywith helping tribes (at their own request) towrite proposals for funding, to coordinate theiradministrative procedures, to coordinate the CAPprojects with other governmental poverty pro-grams, and to secure funds from all possiblesources to finance planned programs. The train-ing services provided by ICAP are fundamentallycommunity information training, skills training,and Head Start training. The skills training in-cludes preparing Indian personnel in administra-tive and office procedures so that they will beable to manage their own CAP projects. Part ofthe training staff provides in-service instructionfor teachers, aides, cooks, bus drivers, and schooladministrators who participate in the Head Startprogram on Indian reservations.
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ICAP was directly involved in helping Arizonatribes obtain over 11 million dollars in funds forvarious OEO and related programs. Some of theprograms funded have been: Conduct and Admin-istration, Head Start, Alcoholism Control, HealthAid Training, Guidance and Counseling, AdultEducation, Day Care, Community Service Center,Legal Aid, Remedial Reading, Small BusinessDevelopment Centers, and Home ImprovementTraining.
The prime objectives of ICAP are to bring aboutmajor and permanent gains in individual andcommunity self-confidence and initiative, fosterIndian community economic development, andcreate employment opportunities for the poor.ICAP is an important promoter of Indian HumanResource Development. Since its inception, theIndian Community Action Project has fosteredinterest and cooperation in the program fromother state and federal agencies.
E. Western ApprenticeshipAssociation
Started in August of 1967, the Phoenix Chapterof the Western Apprenticeship Association oper-ates exclusively for Indians, under the auspices ofthe building and construction trades. Federallyfunded, the Association uses every effort to placeIndians in apprenticeship programs. It covers theentire state and works with apprenticeship co-ordinators on the reservations.
The Western Apprenticeship Association cooper-ates with the BIA and other agencies in order todeal with all of the aspects of placing Indians inapprenticeship situations. After they have beenplaced, the Association does any necessary follow-up work.
This Association also conducts promotional workin schools in order to get young Indian men inter-ested in apprenticeship programs and to explainhow they operate.
V.INDIAN MANPOWER
RESEARCH
Until recently, there were no authoritative dataon the Indian manpower resource problem. Rec-ognizing the need for this type of data, the Ari-zona State Employment Service planned a seriesof studies on Indian manpower in Arizona. Theobjective of this series, known as the IndianManpower Research Program, is to provide infor-mation necessary for dealing with the problemsof unemployment and underemployment of In-dians. More precisely, the Program is designed to:
1. Identify the Indian population and manpowerresource on the reservations in Arizona, quan-titatively and qualitatively.
2. Ascertain Indian manpower's economic, social,educational, vocational, employment, training,and health characteristics.
3. Assess their employment-related problems andneeds, and their potential for employment.
4. Determine the scope and content of manpowerservices and programs of action essential toincrease employability of Indians and to re-duce unemployment.
5. Develop standardized methodologies and tech-niques for conducting Indian manpower re-source studies and measuring labor force par-ticipation, employment, and unemployment onthe reservations.
In 1968, two of these studies in the Indian Man-power Research Program were completed: thefirst by the ASES on the Navajo Reservation, andthe second by Arizona State University undercontract from the ASES on the Fort Apache, SanCarlos, and Papago reservations in Arizona, aswell as on two reservations in New Mexico. Afollow-up study on the Navajo Reservationanemployer demand surveywill be conducted alsoby the ASES, beginning in late 1969,
Following are summaries of the findings in thefirst two studies.
fi
Automotive skill training
'4
A. Navajo Manpower StudyIn early 1967, the Arizona State EmploymentService, in cooperation with the Navajo TribalCouncil, the Office of Navajo Economic Oppor-tunity, the Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the U. S.Public Health Service, carried out the first full-scale Indian manpower resource study in theUnited States, All of these agencies cooperatedwith the ASES in developing the survey in 1966.The study, to be published by the Bureau ofIndian Affairs in the fall of 1969, was designed toidentify the characteristics, problems, and poten-tial of the Navajo labor force and to identify thetypes of assistance programs needed by Navajosto improve their employment and economic con-ditions. A summary of this Navajo study, a res-ervation-wide sample survey, follows.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NAVAJOMANPOWER RESOURCE
The on-reservation population 14 years of age andolder (exclusive of students) is 54.3% female, withmore women than men falling into the youngerage groups. Because the reservation is a vastterritory generally remote from non-reservationpopulation centers, many Navajos, especially theolder, have had little contact with the mainstreamculture. An indication of this apartness was thelevel of proficiency in the use of English. Thesurvey revealed that slightly more than half ofthe men and slightly less than half of the womenclaimed some spoken and written proficiencywith the English language. Some others in these
two groups were able to speak, though not read,English. However, the remainder, 32.2% of themen and 51.0% of the women, claimed no knowl-edge of English at all.
Education: The median educational level of theNavajo out-of-school population is approximatelyfive grades completed. Approximately 20,300Navajos have completed five years of schoolingor less. The following table shows the gradelevels attained, according to the survey,
HIGHEST GRADE LEVEL ATTAINEDNavajo Pop illation 14 Years of Age and Older
(Less Students)
Grade Level Male Female Total
5 or less 9,100 11,200 20,3006 - 7 1,800 1,500 3,300
8 1,400 1,350 2,7509 -11 1,850 1,950 3,800
12 1,750 1,800 3,55013+ 450 400 850
Unknown 1,600 3,200 i,800
Total 17,950 21,400 39,350
As the table indicates, 9% of the out-of-schoolpopulation have completed 12 grades of schooling,while another 2% have some training or educa-tion beyond high school. Generally speaking, it isthe younger Navajos who have a higher educationlevel, while the men 30 and older and the women25 and older have completed five years of school-ing or less.
Labor Force: Of the total population 14 years ofage and older, 32,350, or 82%, were counted withinthe labor force (exclusive of students). A rela-tively larger percentage of the men than thewomen participate in the labor force (87.6% ver-sus 77.6%) although, as the female population isgreater, the total number of women in the laborforce (16,600) is greater than the number of men(15,750), The peak participation rate for womenoccurs in the 20-24 year age group; and for themen, in the 25-29 year group. As might be ex-pected, the participation rate declines with age.However, it is significant that the participation
(24)
rate remains relatively high throughout the higherage brackets. Forty-four percent of the men and29.4% of the women over 65 years of age reportedthemselves to be in the labor force, which differsconsiderably from the experience of the UnitedStates as a whole when 1966 participation ratesin the same age group were 27.0% and 9.6% re-spectively.' The study also revealed that laborforce participation is considerably higher amongNavajo women than the national rate.
Employment Status of the Labor Force: At thetime of the survey, 37,3% of those defined to bein the labor force were employed in either wage-and-salary or self-employment, leaving 62.7%non-employed. The employment rate was slightlyhigher for men than women, and, as might beexpected, the rate was extremely low amongteenagers who were mostly school dropouts. Theemployment rate for the total labor force risesabove 40% only in the 35-39 and 50-54 age groups.The employment rate remains relatively high pastthe age of 65 (42,2% for men and 3,5.0% forwomen). Traditional pursuits are an extremelyimportant source of employment for these olderresidents.
Characteristics of the Nonemployed: Nearly 20,300persons, 9,600 men and 10,700 women who were14 or over and not full-time students, reportedthemselves without jobs but willing to acceptsuitable employment. (Because of the deviationfrom the normal definition of "unemployment,"this group was termed the "nonemployed.") TheNavajo nonemployed are a relatively younggroup, with over two-thirds between the ages of20 and 44, and the largest percentage in the 20-24year grouping. Of the 20,300 nonemployed Nav-ajos, slightly over 80% have completed eightyears of schooling or less, while nearly two-thirdsclaim five years or less. All of the nonemployedover 30 years old achieved a median five years orless of schooling. In nearly every category, themedian education achieved by the employed washigher than that of the nonemployed.
The definition of labor force utilized in this study isnot strictly comparable with the national definitionand would lead to a higher participation rate calcula-tion among the Navajo.
B. Manpower Resources On FiveSouthwestern Reservations
The second in the series of Indian ManpowerResources studies began in late 1967 and was com-pleted in 1968. Results were published in early1969 under the title: Indian Manpower Resourcesin the Southwest: A Pilot Study.' Under contractfrom the ASES, this project was conducted by thedirector of the Bureau of Business and EconomicResearch, College of Business Administration,Arizona State University. The survey coveredthree reservations in Arizona: the Fort Apache,Papago, and San Carlos, and two reservations inNew Mexico: the Acoma and the Laguna. Thefollowing are some of the findings from thisstudy.2 (For more detailed information abouteach individual reservation, please see the com-plete study.)
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OFINDIAN MANPOWER RESOURCES
Age: The study of the five reservations revealedthat the Indian population was generally youngerthan the total population of the United States.
Education and Labor Force Potential: Accordingto the 1968 Manpower Report of the President,the median educational level of the generalUnited States population is 12.3 years, while theIndians sampled in this study showed a medianconsiderably less. The average grade level com-pleted was 9-11 years, except for Papagos with a7-8 year median. Only 13% of working-agePapagosand even fewer Fort Apache and SanCarlos Indianshad completed high school. Avery small percentage had attended college.
Facility with the English Language: To most ofthe Indians surveyed, English is only a secondlanguage. Of the families interviewed, 76% of theFort Apache families, 73% of the Papago families,and 52% of the San Carlos families rely predom-inantly on an Indian language in the home, whileall other families use Indian dialects in varyingdegrees.
1Benjamin J. Taylor and Dennis J. O'Connor, IndianManpower Resources in the Southwest: A Pilot Study,Arizona State University, 1969,
'From the summary in the Arizona Law Review, 10:579-596.
(25)
Annual Activities of VVorking.Age Indians: Al-though the most important activity of the fivetribes is work, not even one-half of the labor forcewas employed, even on a seasonal basis. Some ofthe other activities mentionW, besides work,were: "looking for work," "keeping house," "goingto school," and "unable to work." Few Indiansclaimed to be retired, suggesting that the numberof potential workers was high.
Assuming that full-time employment is consti-tuted by working ten months or more a year, thenonly the Acomas and Lagunas had a majority ofworkers employed full-time. More than 50% ofthe Papagos and Fort Apache workers were em-ployed six months or less. Thus, much of theincome of the Indians on these five reservationscomes from seasonal and irregular work. Becauseof the different types of jobs available on thedifferent reservations, members of some of thetribes had steadier work than members of theother tribes. About 10 to 15% of those Indianswho were working were underemployedthatis, they worked less than 35 hours per week.
Three-quarters of the Indians who were workingten months or more a year were married. How-ever, the study revealed that, married or not,many of the Indians had never workeda consid-erable number in each of the age groups. Theteenagers in four of the tribes had a smallerpercentage who had never worked than most ofthe other age groupsperhaps because they hadmore education and better use of English thanmany of the older Indians. The teens in the othertribethe Lagunasmay not have needed workso soon because there were more job opportunitiesfor older family members on that reservation.
Individuals Not in the Labor Force: Of the fivetribes, many Indians 16 and over had withdrawnfrom the labor force and would not usually becounted among the unemployed. A number ofreasons were given for having withdrawn: someindividuals believed that no work was available;others could not find work; some lacked the nec-essary schooling, training, or experience; somewere thought to be too old or too young byemployers; some could not arrange for child care.The most important reason mentioned by most ofthese reservation Indians for their inactivity wasfamily responsibility. Also, a relatively large per-centage indicated that physical and personal han-dicaps prevented them from working.
Source and Amount of Reservation Income: Since, balanced dietwhich in turn can decrease theas the survey revealed, these Indians were con- ability of the Indians to participate in the laborfronted by a lack of employment wnportunities, i,t force.is obvious that they must have other sources ofincome in order to survive, Some of the sourcesmentioned were: gifts from children, relatives, orchurches; assistance payments from the Bureauof Indian Affairs and other public or privateagencies; social security; unemployment com-pensation; veterans payments; pensions; sale ofproperty.
Amount of Individual and Family Incomes: Theaverage family income in the U. S. in 1966 was$7,436. For the Indian families, the average rangedfrom $500-$999' for the Fort Apaches and Papagosto $2,000-$2,999 for the Acomas and Lagunas. Themedian family income for the San Carlos was inthe $1,000-$1,999 range. Thus, in 1967, the medianfamily incomes on these five reservations was farshort of the 1966 average income of all families inthe United States. Over half of the families onthese reservations live in poverty, with annualincomes of less than $3,000. Many more of theAcoma and Laguna families had incomes of $5,000or over per year than did families of the othertribes.
Obviously, the low incomes of many reservationfamilies lessens the chance for providing a well-
(26)
Employment in the services industry
VI.ASES PLANS FORFUTURE SERVICES
The Arizona State Employment Service plans tocontinue improving and expanding its services toArizona Indians by:
further contacts with tribal leaders, groups, andindividuals to inform them of job and man-power development opportunities available tothem;
identification of needs for skill training, theavailability of potential Indian trainees, and theoccupational opportunities in which trainingcan lead to employment;
continued contact with the State's employers tolearn of job openings, encouraging the hiring ofIndians in on-the-job training positions, andcooperation with other agencies and organiza-tions in Arizona to supply all available data toout-of-state employers who are considering theestablishment of operations in Arizona, espe-cially on or near Indian reservations;
job market information for tribal leaders andindividuals from the results of our most recentanalyses and projections of employment trends.
To improve employability among Indians, theASES plaris to expand training programs underthe Manpower Development and Training Act.Also, efforts will be increased to identify othertraining opportunities for Indians both on and offreservations in Arizona.
In addition to the services referred to above, theASES will continue its series of studies to providea body of knowledge about Indian manpower re-sources in the State, as partially summarized inSection V. of this Report. In late 1969, the Employ-ment Service will conduct another study, an em-ployer demand survey, on the Navajo Reservation.This will be a survey of all employers on thereservation business enterprises, schools, andgovernment agencies, including federal, state,local, and tribal. The study is designed to obtainoccupational information: what types of jobs are
(27)
os-
.4
11111MA
*11.
Indian ladies assemble outdoor furniture
involved and which of them are part-time, full-time, or seasonal; the number of male and femaleemployees, and how many of them are Indians. Itwill also provide information on job openings,that is, how many openings there are at the timethe survey is taken, and on demand for workers,that is, how many openings are expected in thefuture. In addition, employers will be asked whattypes of job training programs they would rec-ommend for the reservation.
In early 1969, the Employment Service will be-come the sponsor of the Work Incentive Program(WIN) on the San Carlos and Gila River reserva-tions. For a number of years, the State Depart-ment of Public Welfare administered this workexperience and training program. Now, the ASESwill provide the manpower services of counseling,testing, and training, while the Welfare Depart-ment will continue to supply the social-supportiveservices.
The Arizona State Employment Service has con-tracted with Northern Arizona University to doa cross-cultural research study concerned with thenature of problems that emerge from the move-ment of minority group persons from rural com-munities to urban centers. These problems involvethe adaptation of individuals to changing environ-mental conditions. Indians and Mexican-Americanswill be included in this research project. Sincethese groups need additional employment oppor-tunities, and since cross-cultural adjustments maybe a significant factor, the study should produceconsiderable information of use in providing fu-ture services.
VII.APPENDIX
(n)/(29)
TABLE I
SELECTED STATISTICS ON ASES SERVICES TO ARIZONA INDIANS BY LOCAL OFFICE1968
Office
STATE TOTAL
CENTRAL REGION
GlendaleMesaPhoenix FarmPhoenix I&SPhoenix PS&CPhoenix EOC
NORTHERN REGION
FlagstaffGlobeKingmanPrescottSaffordWinslow
SOUTHERN REGION
BisbeeCasa GrandeDouglasNogalesTucson IS&FTucson PS&CTucson EOCYuma
. +I+4gCt a) gv P.
in 42
p4 rEr'l ;, cpCD .p-i
E-441) alC)iil 74
....1 fr., 54 tii cti cl) 411:', c.)
0 4) +.0 p.0.- 5 V ca
A A(cgzi 0 0-4 E'l 0 41 0 g al
Nonagricultural
8,638 2,351 395 1,968 I 2,489 16,156 13,690
19
36769
875141311
1,3301,088
544535
2,842
2467
0
0
47825
255235
5 0 0 0 74 51111 33 90 18 882 372
11 0 0 174 0 0323 1 299 401 9,138 8,220
17 0 66 0 133 2479 116 113 0 70 55
425 79 34 204 1,289 1,126438 0 129 241 866 765
13 0 17 0 110 8710 2 19 0 105 8710 0 0 6 1 1
569 32 859 1,085 1,558 1,378
Agricultural
tp:
,a4
11,466
0
737722
0
0
0
87321
0
0
31,059
1c.)
9,633
0
655871
0
0
0
3
1540
3
2
1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0114 3 170 226 284 149 7,489 7,418
0 0 0 0 2 2 2 320 0 0 0 0 6 0 0
124 5 51 36 1,180 1,076 194 305 0 24 0 33 21 0 0
23 60 46 0 161 105 0 073 63 51 98 268 164 366 600
(30)
TABLE IIPLACEMENT OF INDIANS BY LOCAL OFFICE AND BY OCCUPATIONAL GROUP
1968
Office Total
"80?o. p..,r
.2 C' .`cil
a) g (a
T41114E-1
TOTAL 23,323 229
CENTRAL REGION
Glendale 51 0Mesa 1,027 2Phoenix Farm 871 0Phoenix I&S 8,220 0Phoenix PS&C 24 4Phoenix EOC 55 0
NORTHERN REGION
Flagstaff 1,129 135Globe 780 62Kingman 91 0Prescott 87 1
Safford 4 0Winslow 1,380 12
SOUTHERN REGION
Bisbee 1 0Casa Grande 7,567 1
Douglas 34 0Nogale ; 6 4Tucson IS&F 1,106 1
Tucson PS&C 21 4Tucson EOC 105 2Yuma 764 1
c.)rl:114.'4 F.4
a)MU c4
250 5,556
1 174 2020 03 3,613
20 023 9
1,107
0b.o
2
cd
68 1 207
,sa
c.)
c1:1
297
O
1,754 4,222 13,690 9,633
0 0 1 4 16 12 51 020 26 3 18 37 60 372 655
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8710 17 29 25 1,054 3,479 8,220 00 0 0 0 0 0 24 02 1 6 4 3 7 55 0
34 349 143 2 2 5 279 177 1,126 341 99 130 4 113 50 82 184 765 15
1 23 5 0 16 1 9 32 87 42 45 0 5 0 2 19 13 87 00 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3
70 132 777 0 7 140 126 114 1,378 2
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 04 52 4 5 2 40 11 30 149 7,4180 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 2 321 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 03 886 7 8 3 7 83 78 1,076 30
17 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 021 55 9 0 1 1 12 4 105 0
5 71 10 0 24 0 21 32 164 600
(31)
TABLE III
PLACEMENT OF INDIANS BY LOCAL OFFICE AND BY INDUSTRY1968
Office Total. CA)
ao
"1")°
0 0C)
c4dcar
clq
E-1 073
TOTAL 23,323 9,633 60 928 1,220 162
CENTRAL REGION
Glendale 51 0 0 8 9 0Mesa 1,027 C55 0 18 60 7Phoenix Farm 871 871 0 0 0 0Phoenix I&S 8,220 0 0 630 585 80Phoenix PS&C 24 0 0 0 4 0Phoenix EOC 55 0 0 0 14 6
NORTHERN REGION
Flagstaff 1,129 3 0 79 14 34Globe 780 15 56 66 224 5Kingman 91 4 0 9 19 2Prescott 87 0 1 6 9 4Safford 4 3 0 0 0 0Winslow 1,380 2 1 51 179 10
SOUTHERN REGION
Bisbee 1 0 0 0 0 0Casa Grande 7,567 7,418 1 6 43 3Douglas 34 32 0 2 0 0Nogales 6 0 0 0 0 0Tucson IS&F 1,106 30 0 36 30 3Tucson PS&C 21 0 1 0 2 1
Tucson EOC 105 0 0 0 2 0Yuma 764 600 0 17 26 7
(32)
ziC.)
;I
vA
2,842 1,796 5,084 1,319 279
9 13 11 0 1
37 70 164 6 100 0 0 0 0
2,310 659 '3,681 89 18611 3 0 3 3
8 2 0 24 1
178 475 154 186 612 263 60 78 1
24 23 10 0 05 12 46 2 20 0 1 0 0
115 73 83 851 15
0 0 1 0 027 17 39 12 1
0 0 0 0 0
0 4 0 2 070 102 770 16 49
4 6 0 7 08 15 38 40 2
24 59 26 3 2
i
TABLE IVINDIAN PLACEMENTS BY MONTH AND BY INDUSTRY
1968
MONTH TOTAL
1--iCif;.40-"''-'
.:4
g0-0
rd.1:1 -g0.
c .) c.)
b.0g
,-+
.4-)
4-(%
g
E .0 r0
0 +4
seag 073
rtg,
Ell
(c1.1.,
En
til
0`12 i..;)c'
4-)
ag)
H
cS
4t,
5
do
1E9
TOTAL 23,323 9,633 60 928 1,220 162 2,842 1,796 5,084 1,319 279 13,690
JanuaryFebruaryMarchAprilMayJune
JulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember
1,4611,3431,3861,4412,2862,638
2,5922,3032,3502,2951,7981,430
588474383400
1,1761;121
1,2871,159
7851,063
724473
6
8
4
1
1
4
1
6
8
11
5
5
404374798783
6683
1237064
116
5860928896
117
12815487
119123
98
13
5141810
8
2017
1712
13
15
188199177209226280
248264307288250206
136146191144145151
19511027294
12785
406382415438469461
385476467416371398
11
810
3443
389
23917
2701988911
15
1826303324
2317
14
243223
873869
1,0031,0411,1101,517
1,3051,144
1,5651,2321,074
957
* Includes Forestry, Fisheries, Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate.
TABLE VAGRICULTURAL PLACEMENTS BY MONTH AND BY LOCAL OFFICE
1968
MONTH TOTAL
A
m
84 Pti
4-3
aai
"44
0-005
g
gcn
.p,
a)
6i'0
ct13
04
g n_0 )"-I
6),:p.i
ctg
TOTAL 9,633 655 871 3 15 4 3 2 7,418 32 30 600
MONTHLY AVERAGE 803 55 73 0 1 0 0 0 618 3 3 50
January 588 26 68 0 0 0 0 0 408 0 0 86February 474 23 93 0 1 0 0 1 266 0 0 90March 383 21 105 0 5 0 0 0 177 0 3 72April 400 38 45 0 2 0 0 0 253 6 3 53May 1,176 62 47 0 5 0 0 1 1,015 0 2 44June 1,121 64 35 3 1 0 0 0 983 0 2, 33
July 1,287 38 45 0 0 0 0 0 1,195 0 0 9August 1,159 89 35 0 0 0 0 0 1,025 0 1 9September 785 65 33 0 0 4 3 0 624 24 3 29October 1,063 76 76 0 1 0 0 0 840 2 8 60November 724 86 204 0 0 0 0 0 364 0 7 63December 473 67 85 0 0 0 0 0 268 0 1 52
(33)
TABLE VI
INDIAN PLACEMENTS IN THE STATE OF ARIZONA BY INDUSTRY1960-1968
Industry 1A0 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
TOTAL 22,271 31,435 32,626 30,955 28,741 25,264 21,001 23,323
Mining 205 163 124 79 93 61 57 60Contract Construction 789 811 1,042 822 N 435 530 612 928Manufacturing 713 605 786 685 0 844 621 988 1,220Transp., Comm. &
Pub. Util. 89 87 138 106 133 164 150 162
Trade 1,260 1,385 1,676 1,691 R 1,906 2,282 2,310 2,842Services 1,076 2,126 2,036 2,276 E 3,865 1,692 1,784 1,796Private Household 3,929 4,700 4,888 4,482 P 4,411 4,803 4,795 5,084Government 3,672 5,307 2,484 4,501 0 1,512 2,428 2,035 1,319
Other 97 118 202 192 R 232 236 196 279
Total Nonag. 11,830 15,302 13,376 14,834 T 13,431 12,817 12927 13,690
Agriculture* 10,441 16,133 19,250 16,121 15,310 12,447 8,074 9,633
* In State only
TABLE VII
SELECTED STATISTICS ON ASES SERVICES TO ARIZONA INDIANS1960.1968
ASES ServicesTo Indians 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968
New Applications
Counseling
Tests
4,680
1,196
697
4,544
697
1,092
4,842
847
906
5,461
501
916
N0REP0R
5,596
396
1,261
5,123
447
1,463
5,721
647
2,338
8,638
395
1,968
(34)
Arizona State Employment Service
Administrative Office
1717 West Jefferson Street
Phoenix, Arizona 85007
Consult Your Telephone Directory
for the
Arizona State Employment Service
Office Nearest You
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