D.C.PUB DATE 76NOTE 32p.; For related document, see ED 105 697AVAILABLE FROM CEC Information Services and Publications, The

Council fot Exceptional Children, 1920 AssociatiorDrive, Reston, Virginia 22091 ($4.CO)

ET)FS P7?-1Cy

DESCRIPTORS

ABSTRACT

MF-$0.83 HC-$2.06 Plus Postage.*Abstracts; *Annotated Bibliographies; *Autism;Elementary Second6.ry Education; Exceptional ChildEducation; Exceptional Child Research

The annotated bibliography ct. Autism containsapproximately 125 abstract and associated indexing information fcdocuments or -journal articles published from 1966 to 1975 andselected from the computer files of the Council for ExceptionalChildren's Information Services and the Education ResourcesInformation Center (ERIC). It is explaine that titles were choserresponse to user requests and analysis of current trends in thefield. Abstracts include bibliographic data (identification or ornumber, publication date, author, title, source or publisher, andavailability); descriptors indicating the subject matter covered;a summary of the document's contents. Also provided are instructicfor using the bibliography, a list of journals from which articleEwere abstracted, and an order form for ordering microfiche or papEcopies of the documents through the ERIC Document ReproductionService. (PM)

******************************************************************Documents acquired by EPIC include many informal unpublished

* materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every eff* to obtain the best copy available. Nevertheless, items of margin* reproducibility are often encountered and this affects the quali* c' the microfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makes availabl* via the EPIC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS) . EDRS is not* responsible fcr the quality of the original document. Reproducti* supplied by EDES are the best that can be made from the original******************************************************************

U 5 OEPARTMENT OF HEALTH ,EDUCATION& WELFS.RENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EDUCATION

THIS DOCUMENT HA; fir FN WE-PRO.DI,CED EXACTLY AS RE CE IvF 0 t

THE PERSON OR ORGAN.1A TIUN OPIUNATING IT POINTS Cr VIEW OP OPINION;STATED DO NOT NECES:ARIL Y REPPESENT Orr iCiAL NATIONAL INSTiTuTE OrEDUCATION POSITION OR POLL:

AUTISM

A Selective Bibliography

CEC Information Services and PublicationsAn ERIC Clearinghotre

The Council for Exceptional Children1920 Association DrlveReston, Virginia 2..::(-)'.)1

Exceptional Child Bibliography Series No. 603

The material in this publication was Prepared Pursuant to a contract with the National Institute of Education, U.S.Department of Health, Education and Welfare. Contractors undertaking such projects under government sponsorshipare encouraged to express freely their judgment in professional and technical matters. Prior topublication, themanuscript was submitted to The Council for Exceptional Children for critical review and determination of croftsSTOnal competence. This publication has met such standards. Points of view or Opinions, however, cto not necessarilyrepresent the official view Or opinions of either The Council for Exceptional Children or the National Institute of

Education.

2

Each abstract ct)ntains three sections; bibl iographic data, descriptors, and asummary of the document.

The

b.

C.

d.

e.

f.

g.

bibliographic section provides:

document identification number (EC)document order number if available (ED)

Documents with a six digit number after the designation ED ari ERICdocuments. These documents may be purchased from EDRS (see last pageof bibliography for order form) if the EDRS availability listing(EDRS mf and/or hc) appears in the bibliographic section. Documsntswith N.A. after the designation ED are journal articles or documentsfrom commercial publishers. They must be obtained directly from thejournal editor, commerical publisher or source.

titleauthorpublication date:=:ource or publisher

EDRS availability

2. tlescriptors indicate the subject matter of the document.

3. The summary provides a comprehensive overview of document contents and, insome cases, availability is announced here.

ClearmOmuwacceismnnumber118 refers to voll1111C.0056 refers toindividual abstract.

Publicationdak

AuOlon0

fitle

ABSTRACT 56EC 080056 ED N. A.

A.'. Publ. Date Oct 75 5p.Wolf, Lucille C.Whitehead, Paul C.The Decision to Institutionalizetarded Children: Comparison of Indi-vid.dally Matched Groups.Mentat Retardation; VI3 N5 P3-7 Oct

'01,1lograplmitation

iparrIM.

mstitute,etcA

Nair e and add..,v, here/indicate a,ailabiltiv o thedocument from this source

hctrjit

14ITescriptors: Mentally Handicapped*:Placement; Institutions*: ExceptionalChild Research; Family Influence; Deci-sion Making;

A group cf 24 institutionalized retardedchildren was in6ividually matched on thebasis of sex, socio economic status, IQand American Association on MentalDeficiency diagnostic category, with agroup of 24 retarded children who :e-rnained at home. Results indicated thatthe sex of the child and the amount ofdisrup:ion perceived by the family ascaused by the child, are significant fac-tors in determining the course of institu-tionalization. (Author)

(abstract matert,:l deletedhere for gample) . . .

3

No ERIC accession numberavailable; i.e., document isnot available through ERIC

Portion of accession numbeiused to reference abstract inindexes

ERIC accession numberUse when ordering fromEDRS."

ABSTRACT # Number of pagesEC 030034 ED 112 610 Use when computing cost ofPubl. Date 75 172P EDRS hard copy order.Brown, Jerome D., Ed.Handbook for Hearing ConservationServices and Educational Institution(s) and/or sponsor(s)Program-ming for Hearing Impaired Pupils. Veof activity described

Iowa State Dept. of Public Instruction,Des Moines.EDRS mf ,hc

Descriptors: Aurally Handicapped*:Guidelines*: Educational Program, ;

State Prog.ams'; Hearing Conservation;Exceptional Child Education; Elementa-ry Secondary Education; Administration;State Departments of Education;

Identifier: Iowa*:

Presented by the Iowa Department ofPublic Instruction are recommendationsfor comprehensive hearing conservationservices and educational programing forhearing impaired (HI) pupils. Part I cons-ists of Iowa's Rules of Special Educationwhich are arranged under 10 divisions:authority, scope, general principles and

V. regarding audiometric symbols, iden-tification audiometry, and audiologyprograms in educational settings for HIchildren. (LS)

ERIC Document ReproductionService availability listing*

Descriptors and IdentifierSubject terms which char-actecize contentTerms marked are majorterms and appear asheadings in the subjectindex.

Abstractor's initials

CEC Information Center Journal Collection

Ehe CI C Iniormai ion Center o.joilarly rceives more than 200 journals whiLli are examined for material concerning exceptional children.

Arficks judged to meet est:11)110yd irireria are abstracted. indexed and publisb,.d in Er: cpthinal Child Mucation bwractv (brE.-1). Some

t zr,i,les are indcsed and submitted ako tor announcement in Current Index to Journals in Education (('UE), an EducationalResour,..es Information Center (URI() publication. Ilw following lot reurrent May 1976) k rorro's(vriatire of journals currently received.

"Academic Therapy. 1539 lourth1-ircet, SanCalit.ornia 94901

ACTA Symbolica, UniverutvAkr.n. Ohio 4430.;Adolescence, PO Box 165. 391 Willer s

Road, Roslyn Ifeights, New York (1577American Annals of the Deaf, SO34 V, lio,n-sin Avenue NW, Washinpron DC 20016

American Education, 400 Maryland .tv.enueSW. Washington DC 20202

American Educational Research Journal.1126 16th trect NW, Washim:ton DC20036American Journal of Art Therapy, 6010Broad Bra;,,h Road, Washington DC 20015

American Foundation for the Blind Re-search Bulletin, 1 5 West 16th Street, NewYork, New York lOoll

'Ameriean Journal of Dis...aia-s of Chihlren,535 North Dearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois60610

American Journal of Mental Deficiency, 49'*Sheridan Avenue, Albany. New York 12210

American Journal of Nursing, 10 ColumbusCircle, New York, New York 10019

"A-nerican Journal of Occupational Therapy.6000 Executive Boulevard, Suite 200, Rock-ville, Maryland 20852

"American Journal of Orthogsychiatry. 1790' 'Broadway, New York, New York 10010

Archives of Otalaryngolov. 535 NorthDearborn Street, Chicago, Illinois 60610.Arithmetic Teacher, 1201 16th Street NW,WashingE,n DC' 20036

ASHA, ',/030 Old Georgetown Road, Wash-ineton DC 20014

Audecibel, 24261 C.rand River Avenue,Detroit, Michigan 48219Auditory & Hearing &location, 15300 Ven-tura Boulevard, Suite 301, Sherman Oaks,California 91403Audiovisual Instruction, 1201 16th StreetNW, Washington, DC 20036

Australian Children Limited, Box 91,Brighton 5048, South Australia

'Australian Journal of Mental Retardation,"P.O. Box 255, Carlton, South Victoria

3053, AustraliaAVISO, Newark State College, Union. NewJersey 07083

"Behavior Therapy. 111 Fifth Avenue, NewYork, New York 10003

Behavior Today, Ziff-Davis Publishing Co..1156 15th Street NW, Washington DC200 36

0,0,avioral Disorders, Council for Childrenehavior Disorders, Indiana University,.ngton, Indiana 47401

thrush Journal of Disorders of Communica-tion. 4345 Annandale Street, EdinburghEH7 4 AT, Scotland

British Journal of Mental Subnormality,Monyhull Hospital, Birmingham B30 3QB,En gland

denotes;ournals monitored for CUE."denotes copyrighted journals for which ECEA

British Journal of Physical Education. LingHouse, lo Nottingham Place. London WIM4 AX. EnglandBulletin of the Orton Society, 8415 Bei-lona Lane, Suite 2fr4, Towson, Maryland

2(u)4(11ejtl13 in of Prosthetics Research, US Gov-ernment Printing Office, llashington20402Bureau Memorandum. 126 langdon Street.Madison, Wriconsin 53702

CSMR Bulletin, 345 Campus Towers, Ed-monton, Alberta, CanadaCanada's Mental Health, Information Can-ada. Ottawa K IA 0S9, CanadaCEDR Quarterly, Phi Delta Kappa, PO Box789, Bloomington, Indiana 47401Child Care Quarterly, 2852 Broadwaj,Morningside Heights, New Yi.rk 10(125

Child Development, 5750 Ellis Avenue,Chicago, Illinois 60637

"Child Psychiatry & Human Development,2852 Broadway, Morningside Heights. NewYork 10025Child Welfare, 67 Irving Place, New York,New York 10003Childhood Education, 3615 WisconsinAvenue NW, Washington DC 20016Children Today. US Government Printi,igOf ice, Washington DC 20402Children's House, Box 11 I, Caldwell Newlersey 07006Colorado Journal of Educational it!search,University of Northern Colorado, Greeley.Colorado 80631Communication Education (formerlySpeech Teacher) Speech CommunicationAssociation, Statler Hilton Hotel, NewYork, New York 10001Compact, 300 Lincoln Tower, 1860 LincolnStre-t, Denver, Colorado 80203

Day Care & Early Education, 2852 Broad-way, New York, New York 10025Deaf American, 5125 Radnor Road, Indian-apolis, Indiana 46226Def icience Mentale/Mental Retardation,York University, 4700 Keele Street, Downs-view, Ontario M3J 1P3, CanadaDevelopmental Medicine and Child Neurol-ogy, Spastic international Medical Publica-tions, 20-22 Mortimer Street, London WIN7RD, EnglandDevereux Forum, 19 South Waterloo Road,Devon, Pennsylvania 19333DSH Abstracts, ,;allaudet College, Washing-ton, DC 20002Dyslexia Review, The Dyslexia institute.133 Gresham Road, Staines, TW18 2A1,England

"Education and Training of the Mentally"Retarded, 1920 Association Drive, Reston,

Vuginia 22091Education Digest, PO Box 623, 416 Long-shore Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48107

has been panted permission to use author abstracts.

4

"Hucation of the Visually Handicapped, 919Walnut St. Fourth floor, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania 19107Educational & Psychological Measurement.Box 6907. College Station, Durham, NorthCarolina 27708Educational Forum, 343 Armory Building.University of Champaign, Illinofs61820Educational Horizons, 2000 East Rth Street,Bloomington, Indiana 47401Educational Leadership, 1201 16th StreetNV., Washington DC 20036Educational Researcher. 1126 16th StreetNW, Washington DC 20036Educational Technology, 140 Sylvan Ave-nue, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632Elementary School Journal, 5801 Ellis Ave-nue, Chicago, Illinois 60637English Journal, 1111 Kenyon Road, Ur-bana, Illinois 61801Exceptional CIOldren, 1920 Association

"Drive, Reston, VI' la 22091

"Exceptional Parent. 4 Beacon Street, Bos-ton, Massachusetts .6

Family Involvement, Canadian EducationPrograms. 41 Madison Avenue, Foronto,Ontario M5R 2S2. CanadaFocus on Exceptional Children, 6635 EastVillanova Place, Denver, Colorado 80222

Gifted Child Quarterly, 8080 Springvalle;Drive, Cincinnati, Ohio 45236

-lard Educational Review, 23 South MainUxbridge, Massachusetta 02138

105 Gower Street, London CIE6A !and

'Hearm, Speech Action, 814 Thayer Ave-nue, SO', : Spring, Maryland 20910Hearing Rehabilitation Quarterly, New YorkLeague for the Hard of Hearing, 71 W. 23rdStreet, New I ork, New York 10010Human Rehnvior, PO Box 2810, Boulder,Colorado 80302Humanist, 923 Kensington Ave., Buffalo,New York 14215

Illinois Schools Journal, 6800 South Stew-art Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60621Indiana Speech & Hearing Journal, BallState University, Muncie, Indiana 47306Instructor, PO Box 6099, Duluth, Minne-sota 55806Inter-Clinic Information Bulletin, 317 East34th Street, New York, New York 10016International Child Welfare Review, 1 Rue

De Varembc, 1211 Geneva 20, SwitzerlandInternational Journal of Child Psychiatry,Verlag 10, Basel 13, Switzerland

International Rehabilitation Review, 219East 44th Street, New York, New York10017Involvement, PO Box 460, Oak Ridges,Ontario, Canada

Journal for Special Edmators if thc Men-tally Retarded, 171, r ents: (

Hatnpihlre'Journal of Abnormal Child Pss cholo,ts

"Plenum l'uhlr,hing r.arr,,, 22 \A. 1

Street, Noe Y,r1<, Nts Y.n-l< Ho! I"Journal of A(normal Psychology

17rh Street VA, 1)1 2.111,11

*Journal of :Applied Behavior Analsse, I II

-verrit v Oh Kansa-., Lawrcn.:e t 4.,

Journal of Applied Rehabilitation rounyeling, 1522 1.1 Siretit NW, V.

16005

Journal of Association fnr Study of Percfp.tion, 10 0's

Journai of Autism Schizophre-"nia, Phafti.tii 17'!1

S'pret. sr ark

Journai of (-Mid Psy chology & Psyt..litatrsPer,!:Inion Ncw York 111523Journal of Clinical Child Psychology,Soi.th Mctarne,. 5.'200V \1 S.M1.ntouri 6310s

Journal of Communicat. Disorders. Allier-.on Itc.icr ( a .

Aicnue, YOrk. tonlaJournal of Community Health. Human Si.

f'rcs, -2 h:th y%',V

"journal of ConsuPing & Chnit.11 Psychol-ogy. 1200 17t1: f V.,;:\htn:t,,n ,(.1

lournai of Cre mice Behavior, I .Pin il'con,: vi'nt.e. Ness Yiirk 14222Journal of Des elopmental Uisabilities, POP S-ro. Orleans,

71)152

Journai of Educiltion. 'iepartment 01 Irdu-,Vhrn, Hainax, Nova S,o;!a

"Journal of bdiEfational Psydn.dor, 2013

17th Street NW Ilarhinv.ton 10 2003fi"Jou:nal cif Educational Researria, !lox I (.4.15,

Iv1adison, Wis. insin 53701Journal of General Education, -15 Wagr.arHui:ding. Urth,ors1ty Park. Jcnnlylvan::116802Journal of Learning DisahilIties, 5 North

Wabash Ai.enue. Chic:ran. 60602Journal of Marriage & the Family. 1,3 10

University .venue SI . Minnaapolis. Mus.SlatS 55414

Journal of Mental Deficiency Research, 56Newman Streer, London WIP 4 AR, Fri.:-landJournal of Music Therapy, Box 610, Law-rence, Kansas 66044Journal of Negm Education, Howard Uni-versity, Washington DC 20001

Journal of Nervous & Meatal Disease, 428East Preston Street, Baltimore, Maryland21201

*Journal of Pediatrics, 11830 Westline Indus-trial Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63141

"Jonrnal of Parsonality Assessment, 1070East Angeleno Avenue, Burbank, California91501

Journal of Reading, 6 Tyre Avenue, New-ark, Delaware 19711

Journal of Rehabilitation, 1522 K StreetNW, Washington DC 20005

Journal of Rellabilitatimi id. the Deaf, 814!has er Avenua. Silver Sprine. Mars land2010Joura.al of S(hool Health. Ann h'..)1Heal: h Kent. Uhl,

"Jmanal LA. School l's..drolues. 51 Pis , rs.,),;

Spceial I,Hdp.III I t;;11 Y

\e.-4' York 1.1(10..

-Jonrnal of Speech & Hearing D.rders,Old Rold. .

1W 20014Jouinal u Sper.ch S Hearing Research,

".r,,30 (0,,;,!,-..ow,1IR 201114Journal of Teacher lducatii, (Inc Iiiip flt

('Irc1.2, 2tH..136

jd, 1. a \inntnon

' Language Speech & Hearing Services ittSaools, 9030 Old Georeetoren R,ail Wash-inatyn D(- 20014Lantern, 1.1kUts School (ur the IThnd,Watertown, MalsaLhuset Is Olt ,'2Learning. 530 Universit]. Palo Alto,California 94301

Mathematics Teacher. 19116 AssociationItrite, Reston, Virginia 22091

*Mental Retardation, 5201 Connecticut Ave-nua NW. Washington DC 20015Merrill Palmer Quarterly, 71 Fast FerryAvenue, Detroit. Sti.,1dgari 48202Momentum. :550. One Dupont Circle, Wash-ingt.n DC 20036Music Educators Journal, 1902 AssociationDrive, Reston, VirOnia 22091

NASSP Bulletin, 1921 Association Dritc,Reston, Virginia 22091National Elementary Principal, 1801 NorthMoore Street, Arlington, Virginia 22209The New Bettom, 224 Great PortlandStreet, London WIN/A.A. England

'New Outlook for the Blind. 15 West 16thStreet, Nes., York. New York 10011!`,..atre Dame Journal of Education. :)0 Box636, Notre Dante. Indiana 46556

ursing Outlook, 10 Columbus Circle, NellYork New York 10019

Optometric We:ikly, 5 North Wahash Ave-nue. Chicago, Illinois 60602Parents Voirre, Journal of the NationalSociety c.f Menta!ly Handicapped Children,Pembridge Square, Londor W2 4EP, Eng-landPeabody Journal of Education, George Pea-body College for Teachers, Nashville, Ten-nessee 37203

*Pediatrics, PO Box 1034 Evanston, Illinois**60204**Personnel & Guidance Joureal, 1 607 New

Hampshire Avenue NW, \Vashington DC20009Phi Delta Kappan, fith & Union Streets,Bloomington, Indiana 47401

**Physical Therapy, 1156 15th Street NW,Washington DC 22005Pointer, PO Box 131, University Station,Syracuse, New York 13210Psychology in the Schools, 4 Conant Square,Brandon, Vermont 05733

Psychology Today. PO Otix 2991, 13Gu:der.(nlitradti 81302

Quarterly Journal of Speech, Speech Gimeinunicanon Association. Slather llt,ton

Ncte `I'm Is, New York 10001

Reading It 'search Qmoterly. 0 I yrt.'

Dclan.an. 1

Readnrg leochcr. r, 1 rc A Nessails.Dclaiyare I 9711

Rehabilitation Digest, one \ one,: StI,C:.Sui1c 2110, loron;Ls Ontarhi M51 InS.CanadaRehabilitation (1,aette. -1502 N1...ry land ..1%.c-nue, St. Louis. Misfouri 63i 08Rehabilitation Literature, 2023 West Ogden

"'Avenue. (Thnago,111inois 60612Rehabilitation Teacher, 85 St. StephenStreef,, Boston, Massachusetts 02115Oemedial Education, 5 Netherlec Street.t den Iris. ViCtoria 3146. AustraliaReview of Educational Research, 1126 16111Street NW, Washington, DC 20036

-Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Med-icine. Ganda Bragatan 26. Box 62. S-101 20Stockholm 1, SwedenSchizophrenia Bulletin. 5600 Fishers Lane,Rockville, Maryland 20852School Media Quarterly. 1201-1205 BluffStreet, Fulton, Missouri 65 251

*Sight Saving Review, 79 Madison Avenue,New York, New York 1001,,Sign Language Studies, Linstock Press, 9306Mitu.wood St., Silver Spring, Maryland20901

*Slow Learning Child, St. Lucia, Brisbane41)67, Australia

"Social Work, 49 Sheridan Avenue, Albany,New York 12210Southern Journal of Educational Research,Bnx 1 07, Southern Station, Hattiesburg.Mississippi 39401

Special Children, American Association ofSpecial Educators, 107-20 I25th Street,New York, New York 11419

*Special Education: Forward Trends, IV,-

tional Council for Speeial Education, 12Hollycroft Avenue, Londim NW3 7QL, Eng-landSpecial Education in Canada, Parkway V S,1 Danforth Avenue, Toronto, Ontario,CanadaSpeech Monographs, Speech Communica-tion Association, Statkr Hilton llotel, NewYork, New York 10001

Teacher, 22 West Putnam Avenue, Green-wich, Connecticut 06830Teacher of the Blind, Royal School for theBlind, Church Road North, Wavertree, Liv-erpool L156TQ, EnglandTeacher of the Deaf, 50 Topsham RoadExeter EX2 4NE, EnglandTeachers College Record, 525 West 120thStreet, New York, New York 10027

**TEACHING Exceptional Children, 1920Association Drive, Reston, Virginia 22091

*Volta Review, 3417 Volta Place NW, Wash-*ington, DC 20007

Young Children, 1384 Connecticut AvenueNW, Washington, DC 20009

ABSTRACT 906EC 000 741 EL)Publ. Date 67 484p.Bettelheim. BrunoThe Empty Fortre.,.;and the Birth of the Self.EDRS not availableThe Free Press, 866 Third Avenue. NeilYork. New Y'ork 100 '2 ($9.95).

Descriptors: exceptional child education; emotionally disturbed; psychother-apy; autism; child development; adjust-ment (to environment); early childhood:mother attitudes; learning theories; par-ent child relationship; personality devel-opment; fear; fantasy; personality theo-ries; behavior patterns; psychopatholo-gy: insecurity; withdrawal tendencies(psychology); psychological needs; Or-thogenic Schon University of Chicago

The nature, origin, and treatment ofinfantile autism are exploied 'etth a

consideration of the child's world ofencounter and ease histories. The begin-ning of life, called the region of shad-ows. is mentioned: and the world of thenewborn, body language, mutuality, au-tonomy, the autistic anlage, and theright side of time are examined for thebeginning of the self. Disturb:A childrena'..e considered as strangers to life andtne development of emotional disturb-ance is discussed in terms of a reason toact, the extinction of feeling, extremesituations, and in spontaneous reaction.In particular. the dynamics of autism.including the dialectics of hope, theriea'line of the self, and the humancra'.ing for order are presented. Casehistories are given of three autistic child-ren treated at thc Orthogenie School atthe University of Chicago: Laurie andMarcia, two mutc girls; and Joey. atalking, mechanical boy. In persistenceof a myth. reported cases of wolf child-ren are discussed in terms of autism.

thc writings of other scientistsand the author's own beliefs on theetiology, treatment, and nature of infan-tile autism are considered. Thirty-threeillustrations and a 193-item bibliogra-phy are included. (DF)

ABSTRACT 1692EC 003 983 ED 030 247Publ. Date 15 Sep 68 482p.Ferster. C. B.Treatment and Education of AutisticChildren: Crimbined Application ofClinical and Laboratory Methods.Final Report.Institute For Behavioral Research. Sil-ver Spring. MarylandOffice Of Education (DHEW), Washing-ton, D. C.EDRS mf,hcOEG-32-30-75 15-5024BR-5-0402

Descriptors: exceptional child research;autism; emotionally disturbed; operantconditioning; residential schools; rein-forcement; behavior changc; studentevaluation; training techniques; thera-peutic environment; casc studies (educa-tion); early childhood; teaching meth-od/3; environmental influences; clinical

ABSTRACTS

diagnosis, stall impros einem; pro-gramed instruction: professional educa-tion, IfPNCIVICe education

l'he report describes a 3- ear projecthich utiliced the techniques of e pen-

mental pschology and thy principles ofoperant conditioning to gain in theunderstanding and tieatment of atitisti;and schizophrenic children. Included arediscussions of the autistic child. theproject itself, arbitrary :ind -.mural rein-forcement, the setting and therapeuticprocedures. and training procedures andmaterials used in the clinical trainingpo. am for staff. Courses in teachingprinciples of reinforcement and in prin-ciples of behavior, both by Fred S.Keller. arc provided. Ihe classificationand description of the autistic child'sbehavior are considered; and a clinical.experimental, and behavioral descrip-tion of a single child is provided. Schoolroom experiments are considered, and aclinical description is given of the popu-lation included in the study along withan evaluation of the changes in thechildren in the program. (JD)

ABS 709E N.A.LC 001 397 D

Publ. Date FL: 14pzSchell. Robert E. hers

Developownt of ...tiguage Behasiorin an Autistic Child.MRS not available.lournal Of Speech And Hearing Disor-ders; V32 N I P51-64 Feb 1967

Descriptors: exceptional child research:emotionally disturbed: autism: speechtherapy behavior change: reinforce-ment; visual discrimination; auditorydiscrimination: attention control: verbalde velopntent

I he treatment program for a nonverbalautistic 4 1/2-year-old boy was based onoperant conditioning principles, withcandy as a primary reinforcer. Goalswere to increase the variety and frequen-cy of the subjece-s behavior, to bring hisbehavior under stimulus control. and toestablish people as sources of discrimi-native and reinforcing stimuli. The sub-ject received 75-minute sessions threetimes a week; thc program includedsorting and auditory discriminationtasks, prompting and shaping of verbalbehavior through gamc activities andeliciting nonverbal behavior and its ver-bal control by others. After 45 sessions,the subject displayed curiosity. giggiedappropriately, responded to his name,and reacted to the clinician and to otherpersons. ( MK)

ABSTRACT 1718EC 001 627 ED N.A.Publ. Date Nov 67 lIp,Ruttenbarg, Bertram A.; Wolf, Enid G.Evaluating the Communication of theAutistic Child.EDRS not availableJournal Of Speech And Hearing Disor-ders; V32 N4 P3I4-24 Nov 1967

Descriptors: exceptional child services;emotionally disturbed; evaluation meth-ods; tests; autism; communication(thought transfer); withdrawal tenden-

6 ,

cies (psychology): con:it:unit:it:ion prob_lems; speech; language handicapped;measurement instruments; language de-velopinern; behavior rating scalei: indi-vidual characteristics

Specific methods used for studying theareas of language and communication ofthe autistic child are presented. Autisticchildren are defined and described as aremethods for evaluating communication.One of these methods, behavior-ratinginstrument for evaluating autistic ehild-ren (F3RIAC). is discussed, and variousdescriptive units from the BR1AC whichthe authors have found useful are pre-sented. Discussed are: the nature anddegree of relationship to an adult as aperson using ten levels of actions, andcorn mu nication. vocal izat ion andexpressive speech development in autis-tic children by levels of development. Adiscussion of the clinical findings '5included. The eharacteristic profiles de-picted by thc scales and :he inventoryabout speech and language apparentlyhave differential diagnostic and prog-nostic importance which is reviewed.((iD)

ABSTRACT 1719EC 00 i 62)1Publ. Date Nov 67 5p.Wolf. Enid G.; Grutenherg. Bertram A.C ((( mtmication Therapy for the Au-tistic Child.EDRS not availableJournal Of Speech And Hearing Disor-ders; V32 N4 P331-5 NOV 1967

Descriptors: exceptional child research:emotionally disturbed; language handi-capped; communication (thought trans-fer); reinforcement; autism; communica-tion problems; teaching methods; speechimprovement; speech therapy; languagedevelopment; verbal communication:therapeutic environment

Methods for developing language andcommunication in thc autistic childbased on the premise that infantile au-tism is a disorder pervading the cntirerange of ego functioning were used withautistic children (ages 2 -5 years) in aday-care center. Most children had nowords at the time of admission; tew hadecholalic speech. Because these childrenrespond to intensive communicationstimulation such as is given to a normalinfant, the child-care workers who hadprimary care of the children were 5:n-couraged to initiate frequent vocaliza-tion and to reinforce the children's ef-forts. When the child was able toachieve some relationship with thechild-care worker, formal attempts atcommunication therapy were begun. In-dividual therapy sessions, conducted in aspecial room with a task-oriented atmos-phere, were scheduled at regular times.Thc production of sounds, the mechan-ics of imitation, and word acquisitionwerc encouraged. Results indicated thatmost of the autistic children progrcssedthrough babbling and jargon to thebeginning use of words. Suggestionswere that these children need a constant,simplified; and concrete physical andlinguistic world. (GD)

ABSTRACT 383EC 004 633 ED N.A.Publ Date Oct 69Brown, Richard A. And OthersTreatment of Extreme Negativismand utistic Behavior in a 6 year OldBoy,EDRS 1101 availaolcExceptional C hildren: V.16 N2 PlOct 1969

Descriptors: exceptional child research:emotionally distuined: behavior change:autism; reinforcement. t'...ase studies tedu-cation I, parent participation

A 6-year old boy w ith negativistic andautistic behavior was observed to haveIOW', noncompliance with requests.['he therapist then enforced demands forph)sical action ;is calmly and detachedlyas possible. Eventually :I reinforcements)stem was introduced. 1.. negativismand tantrums declined w we relevantbehaviors ircreased. At school he hadpreviously earned less than '.01) points awed: on a reinforcement system afterindividual training he increased to

H is parents learned reinforce-ment techniques and repot ted improvedheha) ior R.1)

ABSTRACT 622EC 000 427 ED N.A.Publ. Date Sep 66 8p.Pronovost, Wilbert And OthersA Longitudinal Study of the SpeechBehavior and Language Comprehen-sion of Fourteen Children DiagnowdAtypical or Autistic.EDRS not availableExceptional Children; V33 NI PI9-26Sep 1966

Descriptors: exceptional child research;speech handicapped; emotionally dis-turbed; longitudinal studies; speech hab-its; institutionalized (persons); percep-tually handicapped; mental illness; au-tism; case studies (education); speechhandicaps; language handicaps; retardedspeech development

A ca_se study approach used informaland controlled clinical observations andanalyses of tape recordings during a2-year period to develop detailed de-scriptions of the speech behavior, lan-guage comprehension, and genera; func-tioning of 14 institutionalized childrendiagnosed autistic or atypical. Theywere classified by speech behavior intotwo groups. The vocalization group viascharacterized by phonations bearing noresemblance to words and by speechshowing prolonged monotonal vocaliza-tions, extremes of high and low pitchand loudness level, and deviant voicequality. The talking group (n equals 6)produced intelligible sounds and wordsinitiating or suggesting speech; speechconsisting of words, phrases, and sem-tences; and nonspeech vocalizations(also with wide variation in pitch, inten-sity and quality) characterized by echo-la/ia and delayed echolalia, Languagecomprehension of both groups seemedinfluenced more by gestural, tonal, andsituational clues than by linguistic con-

tent. Unlike the talking group, the vocal-ization group was unresponsive to Clunspeech environmental sound stimuli,Their responses to visual and auditorystimuli strongly indicated cognitive andperceptual dysfunction. It was thus sug-gested that simplified, structured lan-guage activities be esed with such child.ren. Suggested procedures are detailed.

ABSTRACT 1297EC 005 074 EDPubl. Date Apr 68 25p.Schopler, Eric: Reichler, Robert J.Psychological Referents for the Treat-ment of Autism.Indiana University, Indianapolis, Medi-cal CenterOffice Of Ziducation (DHEW), Withhing-ton, D. C.EDRSOEG-325-EDU-17Paper Presented At The Indiana Univer-sity Colloquium On Infantile Autism(Indiana Univer6ty Medical Center, In-dianapolis. In(iirtna, April. 1968).

Descriptors: exceptional child educa-tion; autism; behavior problems; childpsychology; child rearing: cmotionailydisturbed children; interpersonal rela-tionship; mental health; cognitive pro:"...esses; sensory deprivation; parent educa-tion; parent influence; personality prob-lems; preschool children; psychologicalpatterns; psychotherapy; 3sychoticchildren; individual characteristics

The following four clusters of symptomsare presented in characterizing pres-chool children who manifest autism:failure to establish human relatednessand meaningful social attachments; im-pairment of motivation to become com-petent; disturbances of perceptual inte-gration; and impairment of the develop-ment of cognitive functions. One of themost important impairments of autisticchildren is stated to be perceptual incon-stancy (irregularity i- the processing ofsensory data by the various receptorsystems). The likelihood of physiologicaland biochemical changes under autisticconditions of sensory deprivation, andperceptual patterns prcmoted in thechild as early as possible are emphas-ized. Recommendations for program oftreatment for the autistic child includingparent participation and parent educa-tion and the goal of reducing distortionsin the parent-child relationship arc prov-ided. Treatment of the preschool autisticchild is also recommended to establishperceptual organization an'.f corticalcontrol over his sensory experiences.The need for further research on therelationship between parental attitudesor child rearing practices and the exist-ence of an autistic child is also included..(WD)

ABSTRACT 1696EC 003 645 ED 035 113Publ. Date Mar 66 772p.Pronovost, WilbertCotnprzhension of Autistic Children.A Report of Research.Parents' School For Atypical Children,

2

Chatham, MassachusettsNational Institute, Of Mental HealthiDHEW), Bethesda. MarylandEDRS mf.he

Descriptors: exceptional child research:autism: emotionally disturbed; easestudies iedueationl: psychotherapy: playtherapy, individual characteristic,: clini-cal diagnosis: family relationship; medi-cal case histories: behavior problems;language handicapped: medical evalua-tion: self care skills; retardal speechdevelopment; residential programs; in-stitut:onalized (persons); language pat-terns; family problems

Thirteen institntionalized children from4 1/2 to 14 years old, diagnosed asautistic, atypical. or childhood schizo-phrenic, were observed for three years toobtain a detailed description of theirspeech and language behavior. Casehistories were assembled from availablemedical and psychological data. Duringa program of experimental relationshiptherapy, controlled observations we:econducted to evaluate each child's lin-guistic funcioning. Although case stud-ies constitute the main contribution ofthe research, additional findings were asfollow: there v.as a high incidence offirst born males of Jewish parents ofrelatively high socioeconomic status; se-vere family disorganization had oc-curred in seven of the 12 families; priorto residential placement the childrenhad a wide range of diagnoses; manyatypical medical signs were present inthe children's birth histories and laterdiagnoses; there was a significant corre-sponthnce between reports of their be-havior during the study and reportsmark i.reviously by other case workers;the majority of the children exhibitedindifference, unresponsiveness, minimalor no speech, stereotyped or ritualisticbehaviors, hyperactive behavior, andcatine and sleeping problems. Observa-tie- speech and language suggestedcci .

nervous system dysfunction andthe language deficits persisted despitethe celationship therapy. (J B)

ABSTRACT 1864EC 501 115 ED N.A.Publ. Date Feb 70 14p.Marshall, Nancy R.; Hegrenes, Jack R.Programmed Communication Thera-py for Autistic Mentally RetardedChildren.'EDRS not availableJournal Of Speech And Hearing Disor-ders; V35 NI P70-83 Feb 1970

Descriptors: exceptional child educa-tion; mentally handicapped; languagedevelopment; autism; speech therapy;case studies; imitation; concept forma-tion; therapeutic environment; behaviorchangc

The goals and procedures cf a communi-cation therapy program for the autisticretarded are described. Topics discussedinclude the team procedure, primarytherapy goals, and organization of thetherapy environment. Case studies offour children are presented which illus-trate individualized reinforcement tech-niques, (RJ)

ABSTRACT 2884EC 005 820 ED 040 530Publ. Date 68 r95pFlaring, Norris (1.; Hayden. Alice II.InstructioNal Improvement: BehaviorModificatio.i.C. Study .And treatment Center.tort Stei(acoom. WashingtonOffice Of Edneation DIA MI, Wash im4-ton. I). C.. Bureau Of Elementary AndSecondary EducationEDRS mthc

Deseriptors: exceptional child educa-tion; behavior change; teaching meth-ods; experimental programs; education-al technology; controlled environment;research needs; autism; behavior prob-lems; operant conditioning; programevaluation; reading instruction; comput-er assisted instruction; student evalua-tion; behavior development; administra-tion; evaluation methods; special classes

Sixteen papers are provided. B.F. Skin-ner discusses the arrangement of contin-gencies for learning; I.loyd Homme de-scribes behavioral engineering; andFrank Hewett consider: behavior modi-fication in special education. Also treat-ed are experimental education by NorrisFlaring. program evaluation by Arthur1.umsdaine, and administration of spe-cial classes by Harold Kunzelmann.John Cawley presents a system of initialreading instruction: Max Jerman sur-veys computer assisted instruction; andThomas Robertson examines the impactof educational technology Further pap-ers are on teaching children with 1:ehav-ior disorders by Richard Whelan. devel-oping cooperative social llehavior byLaurence Peter, providing academic andsocial classroom management by HaroldKunzelmann. and using operant rein-forcement with autistic children byCharles Ferster, in addition, ThomasLovitt scts forth a basis for systematicreplication of a contingency mangage-ment classroom; Richard Kothera dis-C1.15Ses educational environments and ad-ministration; and Max Mueller reviewstrends in research in the education ofthe handicapped. (JD)

ABSTRACT 2980EC 006 197 ED N.A.Publ. Datc Sum 70 6p.Graziano. Anthony M.A Group Treatment Approach to Mul-tiple Problem Behaviors of AutisitcChildren.EDRS not availableExceptional Children;70 Sum 1970

Descriptors exceptional child research;autism: behavior change; group experi-ence; emotionally disturbedA small group of severely autistic child-ren involved in an exploratory project todetermine whether such psychotic child-ren, who had resisted all previous treat-ment, could be significantly helped. Thevarious stcps in the program of rein-forcement of adaptive behaviors aredescribed. Results after four years showthat severely psychotic children canlearn complex, cooperative, social be-havior, acad r. achievement, and self

V36 NIO P765-

control. and that they can be taught touse language. Major autistic characteris-tics of aloneness and preservation ofsameness or severely aggressive and de-structive behavior were no longer dis-played. It is concluded that nonprofes-sionals thigh school graduates) caa betrained in behavioral approaches andcan function competently as therapistsfor children in a behavior modificationgroup prow am. I KW)

ABSTRACT 3610EC 006 392 ED N.A.Publ. Date Aug 70 I 5p.Hartung. Juqten R.A Review of Procedures to IncreaseVerbal imitation Skills and Fumtion-al Speech in Autistic Children.EDRS not availableJournal Of Speech And Hearing Disor-ders; V35 N3 P203-17 Aug 1970

Descriptors: et.ceptional child educa-tion: autism; li;nguage handicapped; ver-bal ability; language skills; imitation:conditiont d response; speech therapy

-the objectives of the paper are to dem-onstrate the importance of establishingverbal behavior in nonspeaking autisticchildren, to discuss some of the theoreti-cal foundations underlying verbal condi-tioning, and to review the procealuresand related theoretical implications. Adiscussion is included of the vital im-portance of speech for the recovery ofthe autistic child, the role of imitation inlearning functional speech, and the fail-ure of the autistic child to imitate.Stages and trends in conditioning verbalrepertoires arc described including: thetraining environment: techniques of lim-iting disruptive behavior, conditioningattention, and eye contact; the transitionfrom motor to verbal behavior; criteriafor selecting readily learned vocal re-sponse; and establishing control overvocal responses. Also discussed arc thesudden emergence of echolalia, the phe-nomenon of silent speech, thc transitionfrom imitation to naming, and methodsof teaching the child to progress fromimitation to naming, to answcr ques-tions, establish phrases and to conditionand generalize appropriate spetch. (GD)

ABSTRACT 1108EC 03 1108 ED N.A.Publ. Date 70 382p.Kugelmass, I. NewtonThe Autistic Child.EDRS not availableCharles C Thomas, Publisher, 301-327Fast Lawrence Avenue, Springfield, Illi-nois 62703 ($16.50).

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; autism; behaviorpatterns; child psychology; psychologi-cal evaluation; evaluation methods; neu-rological defects; evaluation criteria; be-havior theories; therapy; idiot savants

The text examines childhood autismwith thc stated purpose of integratingthe newer knowledge of childhood au-tism as complete social aphasia withmarked CNS disorganization. The phys-ical, mental, and emotional behavior ofthe autistic child is described. Assess-ment of the autistic child is discussed. in

8 3

[elms of physical. emotional. behavior-al. mental, and language assessment.The assessment discussion also covers:twist diagnosis, autist syndromes, andautist differential diagnosis. stuting thecriteria of various disturbances. 1 hephenomenology of childhood autism iscovered in detail. The analysis of pseu-dogenius in autistic children odiot-sa-vants) includes interpretation of somerepresentative cases. Neurophysiologie,psychogenic, and biochemical theoriesas explanations of the mechanism ofautism are explored. The discussion ofclinical management summarizes home.nursery, school, hospital, and preventivetherapy, and the prognostic spectrum.(KW)

ABSTRACT 1933EC 03 1933 ED N.A.Publ. Date 71 8p.Rutter, Michael; Bartak, LawrenceCauses of Infantile Autism: Some Con-siderations from Recent Research.EDRS not availableJournal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-pluenia VI NI P20-32 Jan-Mar 1971

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; autism; etiology;research reviews (publications); literaturereviews

Experimental, clinical, and longitudinalstudies of infantile autism are reviewedand thc evidence with respect to differ-ent views on the causation of the condi-tion is consideted. Several independentinvestigations have shown the presenceof a severe, extensive defect in languagecomprehension, in control functions as-sociated with language, and with theprocessing of symbolic or sequenced in-formation. Circumstantial evidence sug-gests that this cognitive defect consti-tutes the primary handicap in autism, thesocial and behavioral abnormalities aris-ing as secondary consequences. It re-mains uncertain whethcr the cognitive/language defect is a sufficient cause forautism or whether some interaction withparticular personality attributes or familyenvironment is necessary. The basiccause of the cognitive defect is un-known, although the high rate of fits inintellectually retarded autistic childrensuggests the presence of some kind oforganic brain disorder. Among the intelli-gent autistic children, there is less evid-ence for structural brain pathology; itremains possible that in some cases au-tism may arise on the basis of somematurational disorder or genetically de-termined condition. (Author)

ABSTRACT 1934EC 03 1934 ED N.A.Publ. Date 71 15p.Chess, StellaAutism la Children with CongenitalRubella.EDRS not availableJournal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; VI NI P33-47 Jan-Mar 1971

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; autism; rubella;incidence; etiology; biological influences

In the course of studying the behavioralcharacteristics of 243 preschool children

with congenital rubella, the syndrome ofautism was identified in 10 children and 41partial syndrome of autism in an addi-tional eight. These findings are discussedagainst the background of the behavioralinvestigations of rubella children. Themethodology of the psychiatric study andthe criteria for a diagnosis of autism arcpresented. The incidence of autism isconsidercd with regard to the prevalenceof other psychiatric disorders in thisgroup and the physical status of the chil-dren. Two case histories of autistic rubella children are given and their behav-ioral characteristics are contrasted withnonautistic rubella children with match-ing sensory and other defects. Thc prev-alence rate is compared with that foundin two epidemiological stuam - and alsowith the rate indicated by ot. : centersstudying rubella children. Etiologicalimplications o; these findings are dis-cussed. It is argued that these data sup-port the concept of organic causation ofthe syndrome of autism. (Author)

ABSTRACT 1939EC 03 1939 ED N.A.PuN. Date '1 16p.Schopler, Eric; Reichkr, Robert J.Parents as Cotherapkts in the Treat-ment of Psychotic Childrer.EDRS not availaHeJournal of Aut!tirri and Childhood Schizo-ohicnie, v 1 N: PC- !,11.1M,t;

Deserini-u.; excer'ionaldli[Urhtd;

partnt r,.1e, p,:. ch, ,

erApV

A irea:ment program f..- psyclinfic andadtistic childien in w!.1::h pareots arehdped tc., function as prurary develop-memal arnts is described and evaluated.Research and clinical ttxperience is re-vieved suggesting that parents react totheir child's developmental disorder,rather than cause the disability.Demonstrations to parents observingthrough a one-way screen have beenfocused on corrective approaches to re-latedness, competence motivation, cogni-tive, and perceptual motor functions.Parental participation has also includedprogram sessions and research activitiesat home. The latter corroborated clinicalobservations that autistic children re-sponded best to high external structuresfor acquiring new patterns and to relativefreedom to practice those which havebeen mastered. Initial outcome trendsare presented, indicating that parentshave been developing effective skills ascotherapists. Objective recognition oftheir chili.ren's disabilities has helped toimprove family equilibrium. Substantialimprovements in participating childrenhave been notcd. Optimal or normal lev-els of development are prognosticated,depending on IQ, consistency of appro-priate education, and degree of impair-ment. (Author)

ABSTRACT 2129EC 03 2129 ED N.A.Publ. Date Apr 71 6p.Easson, William M.Symptomatic Autism in Childhood andAdolescence.EDRS not available

Pediatrics; V47 N4 P7 r--2.2 Apr 19'1

Descriptors handicapped children, per-ceptually handicapped; emotionally dis-turbed; autism: emotional development:psychophysiology.

The article notes that, while cripplingautism may be present in a range of ill-nesses with p:-.ychological and organicetiology, this symptom occurs most fre-quently when a child has been forced.from infancy or an early age, to live andto grow in his own private world due toa severe perceptual or intellectual handi-cap. If this syrnptomatic autism is antici-pated, diagnosed, and treated early, it ispointed out that the child may (-level();a relatively healthy and productive way.Without appropriate treatment the symp-tomatic autistic child is liable to be in-creasingly handicapped; eventually sucha child is almost indistinguishable fromchildren who are autistic due to othercauses. The paper highlights some of themost common causes leading to sympto-matic autism. (Author)

ABSTRACT 2139EC 03 2139 ED N.A.Publ. Date 67 279p.Park, Clara Claiborne1 he Siege.EDRS not availableHatcourt, Lira( c and V'orld.Third Avenue, Ness

10(H7 tS6 -5(

Desenptors. exceptional child .:dueation:emotionally disiutbed; auti biogra-phies; farni1N. influence: parent dill:1 rela-tionship; child rearing

The biography of Elk. a chil-d autisticfrom infancy, is vritten by her nv.Ither.Beginning with her birth into an intelli-gent and well-educated family with threeprevious children, the account 'ers thefirst eight years of the child's life. High-lighted are the family's, particularly themother's, day-to-day attempts to estab-lish communication with Elly, be it phys-ical, visual, or verbal communication.Detailed are the very slow progress andthe still-evident limitations in Elly's abili-ty to respond, relate, and above all tocomprehend, although by the age of 8years she is able to participate in a spe-cial class consisting of educable mentallyretarded students. Thoughtful specula-tion on and examination, outright or im-plied, of what narents can accomplish,the various appioaches of the psychiatriccommunity, the causes and meaning ofautism, and the particular abilities lack-ing in the autistic child accompany thenarrative of daily, personal occurrencesand development. (KW)

ABSTRACT 2150EC 03 2150 ED N.A.Publ. Date 70 163p.O'Gorman, GeraldThe Nature of Childhood Autism.EDRS not available -

Appleton-Century-Crofts, 440 Park Ave-nue South, New York, New York 10016(S7.75).

Descriptors: emotionally disturbed; au-tism; schizophrenia; withdrawal tenden-cies (psychology); etiology; clinical diag-

't k lY-ss York

9 4

nosk; psNchotherapy; psychotic children

The book inquires into the essential ita-ture of childhood autism in an attempt toarrive at a definition of (he condition.The discussion of childhood autism be-gins with the presentation of nine pointscontaining criteria for diagnosis of theschizophrenic syndrome in children, fol-lowed by an examination of the conceptof childhood schizophrenia and its clini-cal picture. In accordance with the viewthat schizophrenic v.ithdrawal can beregarded as one of a series of alterna-tive, consecutive, or co-existent mecha-nisms through which the child seeks toadjust himself to his environment, de-fense mechanisms against intolerablereality present to an abnormal degreeparticularly in autistic or schizophrenicchildren are analyzed: ritualistic attemptsat control of reality to prevent variation,distortion of reality (self-deception, fan-tasy), and withdrawal. Etiological factorsand theories are explored. Characteristicsymptoms of autism are detailed. Alsocovered are the pseudoschizophrenicsyndromes and the treatment, education,and training of autistic children. (KW)

ABSTRACT 2287EC 03 2287 ED N.A.Publ. Dat.:.! Mat. 71 8p.Fay W:uien H.Or Normal and A atir,th. Pronouns.FDRS net availableJournal of Speech and Hearing Disor-

V (6 N2 P242-9 May 19/1

Descriptors: excoptional research;emotioralls. disturbed minim, languagedevelopment; language rescarh

Ego-based explanations for the autisticchild's characteristic panel ns of pronom-inal reversals and avoidances have failedto recognize the problems faced by allchildren when confronted with personalpronouns. Traditional approaches restalmost entirely on inferences about pre-sumed failure in self-resolution whileignoring the linguistic hurdles posed byshifting denotations and by the overlap-ping of code and message. An alternativeapproach, based on studies of echolalia,considers grammatical aspects of acquisi-tion, reversal, and nonreversal. The re-search and treatment focus is conse-quently shifted from the primacy of ex-pressive I to the comprehension of theyou/me dichotomy. (Author)

ABSTRACT 2523EC 03 2523 ED N.A.Publ. Date 71 150p.Hundley, Joan MartinThe Small Outsider: The Story of anAutistic Child.EDRS not availableLawrence Verry, Inc.. River Road, Mys-tic, Connecticut 06355 (56.00).

Descriptors: exceptional child education;emotionally disturbed; autism; biogra-phies; family (sociological unit); parentchild relationship

The biography of the first six years of anautistic boy's life is related by his moth-er. The parents' attempts to bring thechild out of his world .of disorientation,understand his needs, and deal with thechild's effects on the day to day family

relationships are brought out in the nar-rative, The author's contact with otherparents of autistic children and how theyhave coped with the problems of raisingsuch children is also included, (CD)

ABSTRACT 2541EC 03 2541 ED N.A.Publ. Date Jun 71 12p.

Lovaas, 0. Ivar and OthersSelective Responding by Autistic Chil-dresen Multiple Sensory Input.EDRS not availableJournal of Abnormal Psychology; V77N3 P211-22 Jun 1971

Descriptors; exceptional child research;emotionally dkturbed; autism; stimulusbehavior; paired associate learning

Three groups of children (autistic, retard-ed, and normal) were reinforced for re-sponding to a complex stimulus involvingthe f;imulianeous presentation of audito-r, visual, and tact'ile cues. Once thisdiscrimination was established, elementsof the complex were presented separate-ly to assess which aspects of the com-plex stimulus had acquired control overthe child's behavior. It was found thatthe autistics responded primarily to onlyone of the cues, the normals respondeduniformly to all three cues, and the retar-dates functioned between these two ex-tremes; conditions could be arrangedsuch that a cue which had remained non-functional when presented in associationwith other cues could be established asfunctional when trained separately. Thedata was noted as failing to support no-tions that any one sense modality is im-paired in autistic children. Rather, whenpr isented with a stimulus complex, theirattention was overselective. The findingswere felt to be related to the literatureon selective attention. Since much learn-ing involves contiguous or near-contig-uous pairing of two or more stimuli, fail-ure to respond to one of the stimuli wasthought to be an important factor in thedevelopment of aUtism. (APA)

ABSTRACT 2591EC 03 2591 ED N.A.Publ. Date 71 27p.Kanner, LeoFollow-Up Study of Eleven AutisticChildren Originally Reported in 1943.EDRS not availableJournal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; VI N2 P119-45 Apr-Jun 1971

t. 3criptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; autism; followupstudies; case studies

The destinies of the 11 children first re-ported in 1943 as suffering from autisticdisturbances of affective contact arebrought up to date, Their life historiesare summarized succinctly in terms ofdevelopmental data, family constella-tions, clinical observations in the courseof the years, the varieties of professionalplanning, and present status. Attention iscalled to the subsequent scientific studiesof early idantile autism with ever-in-

sasing facilities for research in nosolo-biochemical and general systemic

nplicaticn, and therapeutic ameliora-

tion. The need for continued follow-upstudies of autistic children is empha-sized. (Author)

ABSTRACT 2592EC 03 2592 ED N.A.Publ. Date 71 15p.Money, John and OthersAutism and Autolmmtme Disease: AFamily Study.EDRS not avabbleJournal of Autism and Childhood Schizo.phrenia; V I N2 PI46-60 Apr-Jun 1971

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; autism; medicalcase histories; family characteristics;autoirnrnune disease

A family is presented to demonstrate therare phenomenon of early infantile au-tism in the presence of autoimmune dis-ease. The youngest son in the family hasa multiple diagnosis of autism, Addison'sdisease, and moniliasis. The next olderbrother has hypoparathyroidism, Addi-son's disease, moniliasis, and diabetesmellitus. The next older brother hashypoparathyroidism, Addison's disease,moniliasis, and alopecia totalis. The old-est-son and first born child in this familyof four is, along with the parents, symp-tom free. Whereas autism in the young-est son might be attributed to the trau-matic family situation, in which thereexists the constant threat of near-death,it might conceivably be attributed also toa primary effect of autoimmune impair-ment from the formation of autoantibod-ies affecting the central nervous system.(Author)

ABSTRACT 2595EC 03 2595 ED N.A.Publ. Date 71 16p.Ritvo, Edward R. and OthersEffects of L-dopa in Autism.EDRS not availableJournal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; VI N2 P190-205 Apr-Jun 1971

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; autism; drug ther-apy; medical research; L-dopa

A study was designed to determine ifblood serotonin concentrations could belowered in autistic children by the ad-ministration of L-dopa and, if so, to ob-serve possible clinical or physiologicalchanges. Following a 17-day placebo pe-riod, four hospitalized autistic boys (3, 4,9, and 13 years of age) received L-dopafor 6 months. Results indicated a signifi-cant decrease of blood serotonin concen-trations in the three youngest patients, asignificant increase in platelet counts inthe youngest patient, and a similar trendin others. Urinary excretion of 5HIAAdecreased significantly in the 4-year-oldpatient and a similar trend was noted inothers. No changes were observed in theclinical course of the disorder, theamount of motility disturbances (hand-flapping), percent of REM sleep time, orin measures of endocrine function (FSHand LH). Possible mechanisms by whichL-dopa lowered blood serotonin concen-trations, increased platelet counts, andyet failed to produce other changes arediscusseditthor)

ABSTRACT 2594FC 03 2594 ED N.APubl. Date 71 1.5p.

DeMyer, Marion K. and Others.A Comparison of Eke Diagnostk Sys.tems for Childhood Schizophrenia andInfantile Autism.EDRS not availableJournal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; V 1 N2 P175-89 Apr-Jun 1971

Dcscriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; schizoph .ia;autism; clinical diagnosis; classific?....ion;evaluation criteria; rating scales

Five diagnostic systems designed to dd.ferentiate infantile autism and earlychildhood schizophtenia were comparedby deriving scores on 44 children re-ferred consecutively to the same clinicalcenter. While the autistic scales devisedby Rimland, Polan and Spencer, Lotter,and the British Working Party correlatedsignificantly, the degree of correspond-ence (35%) indicated ,hat several chil-dren obtained high autistic scores in onesystem but low scores in another. TheBWP's term Schizophrenia has morecorrespondence with the term Autismused by others than with Rimland's Schi-zophrenia. In the DeMyer-Chnrchin cate-gorical system (early schizophrenia, pri-mary autism, secondary autism, andnonpsychotic subnormal), primary autismmost resembles Rimland's concept ofinfantile autism as measured by his E-1version. All other systems differentiatepsychotic from non-psychotic childrenbut do not distinguish any of the psy-chotic subgroups. (Author)

ABSTRACT 2598EC 03 2596 ED N.A.Puhl. Date 71 9p.Holter, F. Robert; Ruttenberg, BertramA.Initial Interventions in Psychothera-peutic Treatment of Autistic Children.EDRS not availableJournal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; VI N2 P20644 Apr-Jun 1971

Descriptors: exceptional child services;emotionally disturbed; autism; psychoth-erapy; intervention

General considerations (conceptual ap-proach, anamnesis, and group ol;serva-tions), and individual aspects of initiatingtreatment are discussed in light of psy-choanalytically oriented therapeutic ex-perience. Brief clinical examples fromcase histories of nine children, diagnosedin accordance with Kanner's (early in-fantile autism) and Mahler's (primaryand secondary autism) descriptions, andexposed to intensive outpatient treat-ment, both in a day-care center and inprivate practice, are presented to illus-trate the approach. Suitable interventionsare made by following the child's cueswithin a developmental frame of refer-ence. Such interventions yield significantcommon experiences which are remem-bered rather than shut out, and can beutilized to establish widening dialogues,an interaction and, eventually, a relation-ship between the child and therapist.(Author)

ABSTRACT 2597EC 03 2597 ED N.A.Publ. Date 71 17p,

Small, Joyce G. and OthersCNV Responses of Autistic and Nor-mal Children.EDRS not availableJournal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; V I N2 P215-31 Apr-Jun 1971

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; autism; stimulusbehavior; neurology; physiology

Dei7cribed is an experiment in whichslow potential responses of five autisticchildren and five age-matched normalcontrols were elicited. DC recording ofscalp activity was accomplished duringpresentation of flash and click stimulifollowed by photos of the subjects, theirmothers, and adult and child strangers.Negative amplitude shifts with stimula-tion occurred in both groups of child .en,more when the pictures invariably fol-lowed the sensory stimuli than when pre-sented intermittentiy. The DC responsesof autistic subjects did not vary with thecontent of the pictu,i.is. The normal chilidren showed significidAt differences innegative poter.:.al activity related towhether the pictures viere familiar tothem or not with most negative respon-ses associatcsi with piztures of adultfemale strangers. Loth au,istics andnormak displaed ;:haracteristic wave-forms or DC response congifurationsunder most experimental conditions. Thercsuhs are discussed I G terms of theo,-eti-cal constructs regarding early infantileautism. Directions for future expenmen-ration are suggested. (Author)

ABSTRACT 228EC 04 0228 ED N.A.Publ. Date Nov 71 8p.Fassler, Joan; Bryant, N. DaleDisturbed Children Under ReducedAuditory Input: A Pilot Study.EDRS not availableExceptional Children; V38 N3 PI97-204Nov 1971

DescriptL.s: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed: attention span;aural stimuli; autism: performance fac-tors; noise levels

The study investigated attention and per-formance on simple tasks as well as

classroom attention of seriously dis-turbed. communication impaired, autisticchildren under conditions of reducedauditory input (using ear protectors) andunder conditions of normal auditory in-put (using a placebo device). Under earprotector conditions, there was a signifi-cant increase in the amount of attentiongiven to most of the tasks and a signifi-cant improvement in performance on twoof five tasks. In addition, teacher ratingsindicated a significant improvememt inclassroom attention under ear protectorconditions. It was concluded that a sig-nificant number of autistic children doimprove in classroom attertion and showsome gains in attention and performanceon certain tasks under conditions of re-duced auditory input. (EC 040 238 re-ports some teacher observations follow-ing this study.) (Author/KW)

ABSTRACT 236EC 04 0238 El) N.A.Publ. Date Nov 71 3p.Eassler, Joan; Bryant, N. DaleOut of the Classroom: Teacher Ob-servations on Using, Ear Protectors forDisturhed Children.EDRS not availableExceptional Children; V38 N3 P254-6Nov 1971

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; aural stimuli; au-tism; behavior change; noise levels

Following an experimental study con-cerning reduced auditory input and seri-ously emotionally disturbed, mainly non-communicative, autistic-type children, itwas noted that some of the subjects infour different classrooms wanted to con-tinue wearing the ear protectors used inthe study. Ear protectors were then leftin the classrooms for 3-5 weeks, to beused when the child initiated wearingthem. Eight children continued wearingthem for varying periods of time. Basedon information gathered via a classroomobservation sheet and a behavior ratingscale, it was found that each child exhib-ited some positive change in three ormore of the eight behavioral aspectsexamined (distress or calmness, level ofactivity, attention, noisy outbursts, unu-sual mannerisms, harmful acts, aggres-sive behavior, communication). Very fewdifficffities or contra-indications wereassociated with the use of the ear protec-tors. (EC 040 228 reports the originalstudy concerning reduced auditory in-put.) (KW)

ABSTRACT 397EC 04 0397 ED N.A.Publ. Date Nov 71 9p.Goldstein, Sondra 13.; Lanyon, Richard

Parent-Clinicians In the LanguageTraining of an Autistic Child.EDRS not availableJournal of Speech and Hearing Disor-ders; V36 N4 P552-60 Nov 1971

Desc-:ptors: autism; parcnt role: retardedspeech development; language instruc-tion; sdeech therapy; exceptional childresearch; emt tionally disturbed; casesuidies; behavior change

The parents of a 10-year-old autistic boywere trained in using modeling-rein-forcement procedures to improve thelanguage skills of their child. They con-ducted therapy for 125 45-minute ses-sions and were supervised after everyfive sessions. Initially the child usedabout 100 words, but most of them wereintelligible only to his parents, Aftertraining, he was able to articulate 83words acceptably; in addition, he couldlabel pictures of objects and use shortphrases. Definite improvements werealso noted in his initiative and ability incom municating oUtside the home.However, his speech does not begin toapproximate that of a normal 10-year-old. (Author)

ABSTRACT 461EC 04 0461 ED N.A.Publ. Date 71 1 1 7p.Spitz, Rene A.

The Adaptive Viewpoint: Its Role hiAutism and Child Psychiatry.EDRS not availableJouinal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; VI Nrt P239-45 Jul-Sep 1971

Descriptors: exceptional child services;autism; psychiatry; infancy; adaptationlevel theory; emotionally disturbed; per-sonal adjustment; child oychology; be-havior pattatins

Discussed is the proposition that as a

nosological entity, behavioral symptomsin the first year of life are not psychiatricdiseases in the strict sense of the wordbut disorders of adaptation that requirediagnostic, prognostic. and therapeuticapproaches categorically different fromthat used in psychiatric practice.Etiological and psychological factorsthought to underlie deviations of adapta-tion are thcn noted briefly. (CB)

ABSTRACT 463EC 04 0463 ED N.A.Publ. Date 71 11 p.

Wing. Lorna; Wing, John K.Multiple Impairments in Early Child-hood Autism.EDRS not availableJournal of Autism and ChiMhood Schizo-phrenia; VI N3 P256-66 Jul-Sep 1971

Descriptois: exceptional child research;autism; language handicaps; multiplyhandicapped; preschool children; emo-tionally disturbed: handicapited children;eriteioslogy; perceptually handicapped; theo-

Language, perceptual, motor, and behav-ioral abnormalities were compared in au-tistiC. receptive aphasic executiveaphasic, partially blind and deaf children,those with Down's syndrome, and nor-mal children. Similarities and differencesbetween the language of receptive aphas-ic and autistic children were ;onsideredin detail. Results showcd that languagefunctions in general, rather than justspeech, were disturbed in autism. Thedifficulty of explaining the whole syn-drome on the basis of any single abnor-mality was illustrated. An alternativehypothesis that a combination of lan-guage, perceptual, motor, and autonomicimpairments underlies autistic behaviorwas postulated. Such a combinationcould have a single or multiple etiology.Isolated fragments of the full clinical pic-ture frequently occurred either alone orin combination with different syndromes.Emphasis was placed on the need fordetaikd and systematic observation ofbehavior of autistic children. (Author)

ABSTRACT 464EC 04 0464 ED N.A.Publ. Date 71 16p.Campbell. Magda and Otherslmipramine in Preschool Autistic andSchizophrenic Children.EDRS not availableJournal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; V1 N3 P267-82 Jul-Sep 1971

Descriptors: exceptional child research;autism; schizophrenia; mentally handi-capped; drug therapy; emotionally dis-turbed; multiply handicapped; preschoolchildren: psychosis

Imipramme was studied m 10 awhile andscaizophrenis: children 2 to 6 years ofage, whose in' rIlectual functioningranged front loss average and mild tosevere mental retardation 1 he map( seof this pilot study was to explore theeffects of umpramine in the patient popmlation lmipramine showed a mixture ofstimulating uanuoilizing, and disorganiz-'ing effects. Three children Unprovedmarkedly, 3 slightly, and 5 became worse(nonhlind evaluations). Only 2 were ratedirnproved by the blind psychiatrist. Ingenerd, this was not a good drug lor thegroup of children. The overall effect wasinfrequently therapeutic and usuallyoutweighed by the toxic effects.Epileptogenic effect, effect on psychosis,as well as possible mechanisms of actionof imipramine were discussed. It wassnggested that the drug merits furtherexploration in the most retarded, mute,anergic children, and in those with onlyborderline or little psychotic symptoma-tology. (Awhorl

ABSTRACT 466EC 04 046f. ED N.APubl. Date 71 l4pRits.o. Edward R. and OthersSocial Class Factors in Autism.FDRS not availableJournal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia: VI NI P297-110 Jul-Sep li:71

Descriptors. exceptional child research,emctionalls disturbed . autism; soclocconomic haAground, sujoeconemic sta-tus

SoLial class factors were studied in farm-lit s of 148 patient,. hospitalized at theUniversity (-if California, Los Angeles.Neuropsvehrairic Institutc from 1961 to

1970. Seventy-four patients w ith thesyndrome of perceptual inconstancy anddiagnosis of autism %%ere matched ac-cording to re. sev.. and time of admis-sion with 74 hospitalized for other nem-ropsyeniatric disorders. Statistical com-parisons of rarertal data revealed no,Igniticant differences ;n mean age attime of patient's birth, educational oroccupational level, income. social classindexes. or distribution. CerThin signifi-cant differences were noted in racial andreligious compositions, and more moth-ers of autistic patients were unemployedat the time of their child's hospitaliza-tion These findings, which differ frommany reporting a significantly higher so-cial class standing of families of autisticchialren, were discussed. It was suggest-ed that future surveys of more culturallyarid so.:ioeconomically heterogeneouspopulations would confirm that there wasno significant association between socialclass factors and autism. (Author)

ABSTRAC7 488EC 04 0468 ED N.A.Publ, Date 71 10p.Taft, Lawrence T.: Cohen, Herbert J.Hypsarrhythmisi and Infantile Autism:A Clinical Report.EDRSnot availableJournal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia: VI N3 P327-36 Jul-Sep 1971

De.,criptors exceptiond child research.autism, infancy; seizures; case studies:emotionally disturbed: drug therapy

I he case histories of li st. children, fourboys and one girl I I to 9 years 01 agel,who developed autistic behavior after the°met of infantile spasms, were pv.sentedin detail. I he patient,' Initialclosed hypsarrhythinia. First onsets ofseizures occurred during the second 6months of life in four and on the thirdday of life in the youngest whose diagoo-sis of autism was tentative. Seizures dis-appeared in one case, persisted in twoand subsided in two receiving Dilantm.The possiblity of an association betweenthe two disorders was discussed in lightof their unknown etiology. (Author)

ABSTRACT 534Er 04 0534 ED N.A.Publ. Date 71Bloch, JudithNonverbal Messages: A Means to Ver-balization.EDRS not availableTeaching Exceptional Children; V4 NIP10-7 Fall 1971

Descriptors: exceptional child education;emotionally disturbed: educational pro-grams: early childhood education: verballearHng; neurologically handicapped:autism: case studies: language develop-ment

Described is an early childhood educa-tion program for emotionally disturbedchildren withour language developmentthat emphasizes verbal learning. Theclassroom program is shown to saturatethe child with group and individual expe-riences designed to stimulate languageand to foster language comprehension.The children have diagnoses of emotion-al disturbances or neurological handicapwith severely impaired emotional, intel-lectual, and social functioning. The casestudy of a nonverbal autistic boy illus-trates the school's approach. Speechstimulation is begun by placing the childin the classroom and by engaging him athis own developmental level. The casestudy points out the following: wordsbegin to replace nonverbal communica-tion, planning is individualized for eachchild. visuid aids accompany speech,special songs may be impetus for verbali-zation, toys are used as enticement, andthe children are stimulated to keep talk-ing. (CB)

ABSTRACT 891EC 04 0891 ED 057 552Publ, Date 71 3Ip.Kohler, Richard: Kobler, EdithA Technological/Aca(lemic Approachto the Treatment of Autism.EDRS mf.hcSpeech Given to the National Society torAutistic Children (Nashville, Tennessee,June 26, 1971).

Descriptors: exceptional child education;autism; theories; educational therapy;educational technology; emotionally dis-turbed; cognitive development; personali-ty development; case studies

1 27

Described IS a technologicaPacademieapptoach to the edacational therapy ofan autistic child that begins with a theoryof thinking and problem postulation anda theory of cognitive intl riersonalitydevelopment. 'The theory of thinking andproblem postulation is said to be basedon the unique characteristic of the hu-man being, the art of being able to ask aquestion. The ability to ask a question isthen explained to involve two l's, the I

that the individual is before asking thequestion, and thc I that the individual iswhile seeking information outsine theformer I. The theory is compared to thedynamics of the Hegelian dialectic.Personality drvelopment is described asthe ability of the two l's to carry on dia-logues with each other and to be con-sciously schisophrenic. Learning is thensaid to involve a similar inner dialogue.It is postulated that the autistic child haslost the ability to conduct an inner dia-logue and therefore. has lost the abilityto learn and to converse with others. Acase study of a young boy under the ageof 5 years is cited in sonic depth to illus-trate the technologicallacaderaic ap-proach in which the child is gis en theopportunity to ask a tactile question of atalking typew riter At first the child justlooks, listens. and touches the typev, in-cl. but eventually the machine motisatesthe child to talk and to eive a tactileansw er (CB)

ABSTRACT 920EC 114 0920Publ. Date Feb 72Bryson. Carolyn Q.Short-Term Nleniory and Cross-ModalInform ation Processing In AutisticChildren.EDRS no! asailahleJournal of Learning Disabnities: V5 N2P8I-92 Feb 1972

Descriptors: exceptional huld research;emotirmalls disturbed: autism: sen,oryintegration; memory: perception: percep-tually handicapped: stimulus behavior

The short-term memory and eross-modidinformation processing capacitiea of sev-en autistic/schizophrenic children Lrerdtested with visual-visual and auditory-visual matching and sequencing taskspresented under three conditions:simultaneous. successive, and delayedpresentation. Although there were largeindividual differences in the patterning ofintact functions, most of the childrenshowed severe visual-visual short-termmemory deficits and several childrenwere unable to make cross-modal asso-ciations between auditory and visual sti-muli. The results suggest that perceptualdisabilities rather than emotional disturb-ance may underly the delayed intellectualand language development of psychoticchildren and may contribute to the devel-opment of bizarre behavior patterns.(Author)

1:1) N12p

ABSTRACT 992EC 04 0992 ED 058 682Publ. Date Aug 70 30p.Fassler. Joan; Bryant, N. DaleTask Performance, Attention andClassroom Behavior of Seriously Ms.

turbed, Communication-Impaired.AuWtic-Type Children under Condi-(ions of Reduced Auditory Input. In-terim Report.Columbia University. New York. NewYork. Research And Demonstration Cen-ter for the Education of HandicappedChildrenBureau of Education for the Handi-capped (DHEW/OE). Washington. D. C.EDRS mf.hc0EG-2-7-070701-4:49BR-422001

Descriptors: exceptional child research;autism; attention span; performance fac-tors; 2.ural stimuli; emotionally disturbed:psychotic children: communication prob-lems; class activities

This study investigated attention al,:(performance on simple tasks as well ascl2sroom attention of seriously dis-turbed . communication-impaired, autis-tic-type children under conditions ofreduced auditory input lusing ear protec-tors) and under conditions of normalauditory input (using a placebo device).Under ear protector conditions, therewas a significant increase in the amountof attention given to most f' the tasksand there yyas significant improvement inperformance on two of fiye tasks. Inaddition. teacher ratings indicated a sig-nificant improsement in classroom atten-non under car protector conditions. Itwas concluded that a significant numberof autistic-type children do improve inclassroom attention and show some gainsin atteltion and performance on certaintasks under conditions of reduced audito-ry input. (Author)

ABSTI1ACT 1223EC 04 i 223 ED N.A.Publ. Date Mar 72 3p.

Van Duyn. J.Magic Machines for Autistic Children.EDRS not asailableEarly Years: V2 N7 P56-8 Mar 1972

Descriptors: exceptional child services:emotionally disturbed, autism; comput-ers: psychotherapy: language develop-ment: retarded speech developm,..u. lan-guage instruction

EDRS not availableJournal of Behavior Research and Thera-py; V9 P 39-49 1971

Descriptors: Exceptional child research:emotionally disturbed: autism; stimulusbe)avior: aural stimuli: positive rein-forrement

Studied were three groups of chillren(mute autistics. autistics with echol tlicspeech. and normals) under two condi-tions (while the children were engaged inself-stimulation vs. free from self-stimu-latory behavior). The children weretrained to approach a dispenser, for can-dy reinforcement, at the sound of a tone.The time interval between the onset ofthe tone and Ss approach was labelledhis response latency. It was found thatthe presence of self-stimulatory behaviorwas associated with increased responselatencies for the mute autistics; the re-sponse latencies of the latter group de-creased as Ss received increased trainingin responding to the auditory stimulus:the amount of self-stimulatory behaviorvaried with the magnitude of reinforce-caent.of other behavior; in a preliminaryway, some control was obtained over theresponse latencies by experimentallymanipulating the amount of self-stimula-tory behavior. The data were conceptual-ized in terms of competing reinforcers.(Author)

ABSTRACT 1552EC 04 1552 ED N.A.Publ. Date 71 5p.Despert. J. LouiseReflections on Early Infantile Autism.EDRS not availableJournal of Authm and Childhood Schizo-phrenia: VI N4 P363-7 Oct-Dcc 1971

Descriptors: exceptional child research:emotionally disturbed; autism; psychol-ogical characteristics: historical reviews:clinical diagnosis

Current worldwide recognition of thesyndrome of early infantile autism iscontrasted to the fact that, only 30 yearsago, it was totally unknown. The popu-larization of the concept is seen to re-flect, not gains in knowledge about thedisorder, but only spreading confusion

Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia: VI N4 P376-97 Oct-Dec 1971

Descriptors: exceptional child services;cmotionally disturbed; autism: psychoth-erapy: preschool children; behaviorchange; program descriptions: therapy

A scheme for the treatment of youngpreschool autistic children is described inwhich behavioral modification techniquesin a developmental context are applied toproblems involving failures in social de-velopment as well as in the devdopmentof language. a tendency to develop rigidand stereotyped behavior patterns, andthe emergence of maladaptive and dis-ruptive behaior. Emphasis is placed onthe combination of behavioral modifica-tion with parent counseling and socialwork. Also noted are other aspects oftreatment such as counseling, practicalsocial services, medical and dental care,and care in nursery schools. The meth-ods are subjected to a systematic evalua-tion in an ongoing investigatic- uthor)

ABSTRACT 1748EC 04 1748 El) N.A.Publ. Date 72 8p.Creak. MildredReflections on Communication andAutistic Children.EDRS not availableJournal of Autkm and Childhood Schizo-phrenia: V2 N1 P1-8 Jan/Mar 1972

Descriptors: exceptional Lnild education:emotionally disturbed; autism: communi-cation (Thought Transfer)

The autistic child's inability to communi-cate effectively is discussed briefly fromthe viewpoint that complete humancommunication (thought transfer) in-volves more than the correct use ofwords. It is speculated that the autisticchild does not understand many conceptlinkages that the normal person takes forgranted. (CB)

ABSTRACT 1749EC 04 1749 ED N.A.Publ. Date 72 Isp.Kanner. Leo and OthersHow Far Can Autistic Children Go inMatters of Social Adaptation?PrIPC nnt

tween this group and other autistic pa .tients. maturational and enironmentalissues as u ell as to past and present pat-terns o' heh.r.ior .ind pei.onalitv ..true-ture I Aoinoti

ABSTRACT 1751EC 04 1-cl I fl N A.Put,: Date -2 Islp

DeNlyer. \tartan and inhersParental Practii.i., and Innate etisityin Normal. Autistic, and Brain-f)am-aged Infants.FDRS not aailableJour:Ial of Auti..rn ,,,nd Childhood SL:h1,70.phrema. V2 N1 149.0, \La

Dess:r:plin esceptional child resear...h.hei; u ii duld

parent role dbturred

Infant ca:e innate ;u:nsityate 0rapared it .. of f,m-Liries

repiesenting 3, autt...makhe 1 rid to

nornial children na,a ft.,0 oles:trrat-d 0. 1,..,ted th it -,,,,rents of

..0d normal ,..hildten .1111,.

id infant :are pra _e Iota) 1000

and09. i.t'r

icuser ,:ts M!..1 e.11..1 treed,,totnc infants. tha0 trre 4,her parent.,

Ncr",..il infant e Pat au-sni d.d. lit duler ill

ir tam tatmg .cmth tt! t,ti,n 0 t,tt!

't

u.e kiss.

Resnik us et,. di., it,. eeto .,.1 ;antlate o: 0.c.,Tik., I. it

.

,.00Vithc-, I

ABSTRACTLC 114 1-44

tttf. FritdComparison of Pur.nnalitv X aria.

hies in Autistic mid Alentanr. Retarded

I 7p

,antly higher in each area. Also higherfor that group were the correlations be-tween various scales. It is suggested thatseerely retarded children, particularlythose 'a ith Doss n's Syndrome. are lessdisturbed. hetter integrated than ail-115110 children, and that fragmentation .conmartmentahlat ion and !tick of getter-:di/alum hctueen key areas of functionare specific ftotors in the autistic proc-e uthor)

ABSTRACT 1825EV; 04 X25 ED N.A.Publ. Date -2 4p

Malinda S.Learning to Lise Happil!, siith Jiitttn,.r.l)RS not aailableF.51eptional P.ifent Nu 1)36-9 Apr.'

Aias

evcep,i0nal vhild ediusation.proHeins 1,ch.0.101

A riolhel ri.;IP, the i.irrril frustia-nous. and in helping inaistie

!voli! its Oer..-0:,,e his beha torprohlems It is esplaine,'. that patience.pc-aiens.e :ire needed to

koiI ;,t,irer heh,,s WI' in the :mus-h, the auta,0.s. child may nolhe capable ot andel-standing the heh:o.ici:oncepy on his ou,n 11.0 piirents e;tah-lihed hc"..o. for their son andthen applied '....11.1.101 change principles

h10.111).: !he giral, It is emphasi/edihat p.irenI t..!k ...onstantl.;he 'ttist0 bitd. although the nor eibal

' .ua seen) to :est-0'nd

ABSTRACT 18413

\f.5 -2 4p.Nanc Elegreoes..1.,:k

1 :lc Use of AN ritten Languin,,e .A'Commoniiation tisstem tor an .A..;ri,tic

I. DRS not av alablenal pee...0 .00! /fearing Dik.or-

025.,.-td \lay 1'172

Desstipto, e re,:earchlemotionallv di-aurhed. autism: language

communication ver-bat ,:oilimunication: language instruction.

ABSTRACT 1872ED N.A.EC 04 1r2

Publ. Date 72 191p.

Greenfield. JoshX Child Called Noah.FDRS not aailableHolt. Rinehart and Win..ton. T,S",

suri .Aenue, Neu Yoik. Nev. `fink10017 1$5.951

De..etiptors: emotionall di.,urhed, au-

tisml biographies; fainih, ts0e1OlOgi.alunit). potent attitudes

Wi men in dinr form. the book is a faih-er's account of the first ,.-:.rs in thelife of his second son. Noah. an .iutbtiechild. During his second cat Noah he-',tan to talk and. although Slowiii de elopment. appeared to he relatkelynsamal. Houeer. the agc of 2 1:2 hehod stopped talking. not perforrasimple tasks, and uo,:ld not co:amain-cite V. ith his parents. Reounted are da:parents' uorries and .,ingin.11 the ette.:1-Of Noah's behavior On the 1:!inily.the larnilt s efforts to help '...oah %shich

:issistonee from in apera.0 otril-dItillning program at CCi.A metiatarnintherapv. ti<VVI

ABSTRACT 2012

ll'tuhl

Autistic Children: N. f Mide for Par-ents.EDRS not a \

Limner \tale; lou I I

P1.1 or . York i111e!.1

).

I tiN

Dest:rirtot,. ciiititititi.H\ lit11.-111. parenthehaior prohleni,. p1,15,r1

i he lira of tuotithliesscii to Hit) a.;

children. focuses on The descIp'.1.,i.Inp',111,itologs

Descripttoir of the I,-has .i I I(

children. particulatl inif life. enumerate.. their pi.rblems in

understanding the uorld Is uell ditfi-cult hehisioral and enlotionol li ohlerrisus Inch pose prohlenis Ia- parents.DisellsSimln of theories ot ;wises Cti1fl-

I hoorio.

Hundley, Joan MartinThe Small Outsider: The Story of anAutistic Child.EDRS not availableSt. Martin's Press. Inc.. 175 Fifth Ave-nue. New York, New York 10010

($4.95).

Descriptors: emotionally disturbed; au-tism; biographic ; infancy; early child-

hood; child developmentA mother recounts the first 6 years ofher son David's life, an autistic child.Described are his strange and unvevendevelopment, his inability to communi-cate and to understand much of the realworld, and his effect on the family. Inaddition to describing David's isolatedworld, the author also refers to othercases of autism and to current inform-lion and theory concerning this puzzlingpsychic disorder. (KW)

ABSTRACT 2657FC 04 2657 ED N.A.Publ. Date 71 328p.

Rutter. Michael. Ed.;niantile Autism: Concepts, Charac-teristics and Treatment.LDRS not availableWilliams and Wilkins Company. 428 EastPreston Street. Baltimore, Maryland21202 (S13.75)

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed: autism: researchrev icy.; (publications): theories: therapy:infancy: classification; perception: per-ceptual development; socialization; lan-guage development: language ability:behavior change; behavior theories: edu-cational methods; speech therapy

Proceedings of a study group on con-cepts, characteristics, and treatment fifinfantile autism in which investigatorsdiscussed ongoing research were present-ed. The introduction provided a brief his-tory of clinical recognitior infantileautism. Reported in the discussion ofclassification difficulties were r. compara-tive study of childhood psychoses, a

pathogenic approach to infantile .tism,and a pediatrician's approach autism.Perception and social responses .41 autis-

ren. Concerns of speech therapy weretreated in papers on sensory disorder inthe autistic child and its implications fortreatment, and an approach to treatmentin a young autistic child. Excerpts fromdiscussions that followed the presenta-tion of papers in each major area wereincluded. E.GW)

ABSTRACT 2750EC 04 2750 ED N.A.Publ. Date Jan 71 9p.Morrison. Delmont and OthersEffects of Adult Verbal Requests onthe Behai.ior of Autistic Children.EDRS not availableAmerican i.dirnal of Memal Deficiency:N.'75 N4 P5I0-8 Jan 1971

Descriptors: exceptionl,; child research:autism; verbal commanication: behaviorpatterns: adults: emotionally disturbed:aphasia; tt,.I :ertormance: discrimina-tion learning

The failure of autistic children to re-spond appropriately to verbal requestmay be due to developmental receptiveaphasia or due to the interpersonal con-flicts of !he autistic child. Using twoboys as subjects, the study investigatedthe etTects of adult v -.:rbal request on theperformance of autistic children in verbaldiscrimination tasks. Results demonstrat-ed chat the subjects performances on ase.ries of discrimination tasks shifteddbruptly from random to better-than-chance discrimination when one of theobjects to he discriminated was replacedby another ohject. The data are inter-preted as indicating that failure to dis-criminate was not caused by inability tounderstand the request. but rather mayhave been due to the subjects' conflictsconcerning compliance and resistance toadult request. (Author)

ABSTRACT 49EC 05 0049 ED 067 781Publ. Date (72) 66p.Lovaas, 0. Ovar and OthersSome Generalization and Follow-UpMeasures on Autistic Children in Be-havior Therapy.California University, Los Angeles

. . . . . . .

behavior, and language training.Measures of change included multipleresponse recordings of self stimulation,echolalic speech, appropriate speech,social nonverbal behavior, and appropri-ate play, along with Stanford Binet Intel-ligence Test and Vineland Social Maturi-ty Test scores. Results were given asgroup averages followed by extensivediscussions of changes in individualgroups and children. Findings were

summarized as follows: pathologicalbehaviors (echolalia, self stimulation)decreased while desired behaviors (appropriate speech. Play-

-

social nonverbalbehavior) increased; all children im-proved, some more than others: followupmeasures 2 years after treatment showedlarge differences depending upon theposttreatment environment; and rein-statement of therapy reestablished origi-nal therapeutic gains in the institutional-ized children. (GW)

ABSTRACT BOEC 05 0090 ED 067 804Publ. Date 72 133p.Bryson. Carolyn Q Hingtgen. Joseph N.

Early Childhood Psychosis: InfantileAutism, Childhood Schizophrenia andRelated Disorders. An Annotated Bib-liography 1964 to 1969.Indiana Univ., Indianapolis. MedicalCenterNational Institute of Mental Health.Rockville, Md.EDRS mf,hc05154-09Superintendent of Documents, U. S.Government Printing Office. Washington,D. C. 20402 ($1.25).

Descriptors: exceptional child education;psychotic children: austism; schizophre-nia: annotated bibliographies; emotionallydisturbed infancy: early childhobel; identi-fication: clinical disgnosis: intellectualdevelopment: perceptual development:language development neurology; thera-py; theories

The anaotated bibliography on earlychildhood psychosis (infantile autism,childhood schizophrenia, and related dis-orders) contains 424 entries (books, jour-

Park, Clara ClaiborneThe Siege: The First Eight Years of anAu tistic Child .EDRS not availableLittle. Brown and Company. 34 BeaconStreet, Boston. Ma,saaiuseth 02106

(S2.95).

Descriptors: exceptional child education;emotionally distort-A; autism; earlychildhood; envi-onmental influences;child development; psychiatry; medicalcase historic v. parent role: communica-tion problems

Presented is a mother's personal accountof the intensive efforts to bring her autis-tic child into contact with her environ-ment. Born apparently normal thechild's slow developmental progress anddisinterest in human relationships led toa diagnosis of autism at 3 years of age.The mother's detailed efforts to get thechild to use effort meaningfully, see withunderstanding, and hear and respond toverbal and musical communication aredescribed. Perfectly happy in isolation,the child w3s unable to form relation-ships even within her own family. Thepsychiatric professionals consulted bythe family were felt to be cold, disap-proving, and not helpful until the childwas taken to the Hempstead Clinic inEngland at which the parents found thesupport and encouragement they needed.Defended is the important contributionparents can make to the therapy of theirown children if given professional sup-port and guidance. The tedious ix .)rd byword process of teaching the child tospeak is outlined. Ideas of order andnumber came quickly but often withoutmeaning and repetitively. At 8 years ofage the child was able to function mini-mally in th- family and special sct.

setting. (DB)

ABSTRACT 201EC 05 0201 ED 069 096Publ. Date May 72 6Ip.Walker. Hifi M.; Hops. HymanThe Use of Group and Individual Rein-forcement Contingencies in the Modi-fication of Social Withdrawal. ReportNo. 6.Oregon Univ.. Eugene. Center for Re-

Behavior Identification Checklist. A be-havioral coding system was developed forobserving and recording social interac-tions in the classroom. Following trainingof the withdrawn child in social interactionskills using a symbolic modeling proce-dure, the S was reinforced (earned points)when she got a peer to initiate to her inExperiment I; in Experiment II. the peergroup was trained and then earned pointsfor each initiation by the S to a peer; Ex-periment III was a comhi,.ation of I and ILResults showed that individual token rein-forcement, group token reinforcement.and a combination of individual and groupreinforcement were all effective in in-creasing social interaction rate of with-drawn Ss, with the combined proceduresin Experiment III producing the mostdramatic changes in rate. (KW)

ABSTRACT 388EC 05 0388 ED 071 216Publ. Date 72 52p.Stuecher. UweTommy: A Treatment Study of AnAutistic Child.Council for Exceptional Children, Reston,Vv.EDRS not availableCouncil for Eeptional Children, 1920Association Drive, Reston, Virginia 22091($3.25).

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; autism; case stud-ies; behavior change; psychotherapy; selfcare skills; emotional development

An 8-year-old hospitalized severely autis-tic boy was given up to 8 hours per dayof therapy for 5 months in an attempt toestablish a strong child-therapist affec-tion relationship (which would serve asthe basis for all other therapy) and totrain the child through a behavior modifi-cation program. The t- her-therapistwas a graduate student sed by ahospital psychiatrist. . s symp-toms included inability to i..;ate to peo-ple, self-imposed isolation, lack of reac-tion to auditory stimuli, lack of speech,hyperactivity, repetitious motions, feed-ing problems, and lack of toilet trainingand ability to dress himself. Thc firstmonth of therapy was devoted to estab-

10(X)3 ($10.00).

Descriptors: exceptional child education;emotionally disturbed; autism; schizo-phrenia; psychotic children; infancy; ear-ly childhood; childhood; psychiatry; psy-chotherapy; classification; psychologicalevaluation

Described are aspects of childhood psy-chosis from a psychoanalytic point ofview stressing the need to build an innerconstruct of reality in the autistic childwhom the author classifies as sufferingfrom either abnormal primary autism,encapsulated secondary autism, or re-gressive secondary autism. Clinical mate-rial is given to demonstrate autistic pro-cesses in the child. Psychotic depression issaid to precede the autistic break withreality. Processes of secondary autism aredescribed which are said to arise to protectthe child against psychotic depression.Commented on are the second skin phe-nomenon and the use by the psychoticchild of autistic objects to gain a sense ofself-sufficiency. The author's system ofclassification considers the following three

of pathological autism: abnormalprimary autism as an abnormal prolonga-tion of the normal autism of infancy due togross or partial lack of essential nurturing;encapsulated secondary autism said todevelop as a defense against the panicassociated with unbearable bodily separate-ness; and regressive secondary autismmarked by a breakdown after what hadappeared to be normal devdopment. Thcclassification system is said to bc useful asa basis for treatment. Differential featuresof early infantile autism and childhoodschizophrenia are discussed and a clinicaldescription of childhood schizophrenia isgiven. The psychotherapy of the psychoticchild is considered, giving suggestions forthe treatment setting and discerning com-mon phases of the psychotherapeutic process. (DB)

ABSTRACT 731EC 05 0731 ED N.A.Publ. Datc 73 245p.Kozloff, Martin A.Reaching the Autistic Child, A ParentTraining Program.EDRS not available ..

gram was based. The parent trainingprogram was said to focus on socializa-tion of the child in the family systemchanging the behavior patterns of theparents thought to be relevant. Duringthe pre-experimental phase of the study .data were gathered on the child, his

problems, and the family. The experi-mental phase consisted of establishing abaseline of behasior and the parent train-ing program which included initial labo-ratory training and a longer home train-ing period. .After instruction in exchangetheory. the parents were trained in basictechniques of management such as thefollowing: creating an effective teaching-learning environment, training the childin increased eye contact and constructivebehavior. and a four stage speech train-ing program. Methodology of the experi-ment included observations before, dur-ing, and after 'raining and following theexperimental partial resersal of trainingeffe,:ts '1 he training program and prog-ress of eaxh of the four childi-en is given.Luke, a '7 year old boy was seen to en-gage i» bizarr.: Wirriptise behavior andlittle cor.lructive behavior. have no

words, and show signs of autistic alum:-nes<. Afie, 11 month of training nega-tive Oehavior wa. reported to havesharply red»ced in freqn-ncy and posi-tive activit ;.. and speech to have in-creased in frequency. (DB)

ABSTRACT 742EC (15 0742 El) N.A.Publ. Date Jul-Sep hp.Mahler, Margaret S.: Furer. ManuelChild Psychosis: A Theoretical State-ment and its implications.EDRS not availableJournal of Autism anil Childhood Schizo-phrenia: N1 P213-8 Jul-Sep 1972

Descriptors: 4xceptional child education:psychoti.2 children. autism; theories:psychiatry emetionah. disturbed: moth-ers, child deAelopment: maturation: per-sonality development

The authors discuss implications of a

theory of child psychosis which state;that the crucial disturbance is the in-fant's lack or loss of the ability to utilizethe mother during the early phases of life

ABSTRACT 746EC 05 0746 ED N.A.Publ. Date Jul-Sep llp.Hermelin. BeateLocating Events in Space and Time:Experiments with Autistic. Blind, andDeaf Children.EDRS not availableJournal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia: V2 N3 P2815-98 Jul-Sep 1972

DeSCV.,.tS exceptional child research;. ,Nice orientation; time: cognitive

processes; emotionally disturbed: visual-(y handicapped: aurally handicapped;learning processes; stimulus hehavior:aural stimuli; visual stimuli

Autistic, blind. deaf 110 in each handi-cappcd group) and normal (20) childrenwere compared in two experiments fo-cused on responses to stimuli in situa-tions allowing for altermitise strategiesand coding processes. The autistic Ss

iranging in age from 6 to 14 years) andcontrol groups were matched for lesclsof :..gnitise development or for task perforicance relevant to the functions test-ed. 1,:ke the normal and unlike the blindor bl:ndfolded. autistic children ased vi-suid rather than tactile cues to locate sti-muli. On the other hand, like the deaf, butunlike thc hearing, they organized visuallypresented verbal items in a spatially ratherthan temporally ordered sequence. It wassuggested that autistic children do notnecessarily process visual stimuli inade-quately. Rather, processing capacity WaSthought to depend on the availablity ofcodes fiir: organization, which may be rela-tively independent of the modality insvhich stimuli are presented. (Author)

ABSTRACT 817EC 05 0817 ED N A.Publ. Date Dec 72 12p.

Goodman. JoanA Case Study of an 'Autistic-Savant':Mental Function in the PsychoticChild with Markedly Discrepant Abili-ties.EDRS not availableJournal of Child Psychology and Psy-chiatry: VI3 N4 P267-78 Dec 1972

Descriptors; exceptional child research:

formed while deve;opmentally easiertasks wcre failed. The author suggeststhat the behavioral and mental contradic-tions were a natural developmental out-come of deficiencins in somatic aware-ness. (LIB)

ABSTRACT 1038EC 05 1038 ED N.A.Publ. Date Jan 73 3p.

Spence, M. A. and OthersSex Ratios in Fam' :es of Autistic Chil-dren.EDRS not availableAmerican Journal of Mental bericiencsV77 N4 P405-7 Jan 73

Descriptors: exceptional child research:emotionally disturbed; autism; familystructure: sex differences; males: siblings

Investigated by means of a sex ratiostudy in 47 families of autistic childrenwas thc fact that mr'es are more oftenaffected with autism than females ir-respective of the precise definition usedfor diagnosis. The 47 families includedfive families with two atfected children.Deviations from the expected one to onesex ratio were found. Maternal siblingsshowed a significant deviation in thedirection of the sex of the proband. Pa-ternal sibling showed just the oppositedeviation for female probands only. Noexplanation was provided for the results.(Author/DB)

ABSTR 1403

EC 05 1403 ED N.A.Publ. Date 73 322p.

Lahey. Benjar- ; B.. Ed.The Modific :ion of Language Behav-ior,EDRS not .sailableCharle,, _ Thomas. Publisher, 301-327East I...wrence Avenue. Springfield. Illi-nois 62717 t$11.95),

Descriptors: c. ceptional child education:mentally handicapped; emotionally dis-

turbed: speech handicapped; handi-capped; autism: stuttering; voice disor-ders; aphasia: psycholinguistics; languageinstruction: research review's

The book of seven readings summarizesadvances in the application of behavior

tprhnirtnes to nroblems of

tingent consequences and operant behavior modification experiments explicitlyinvOlYing a tncrapeutic procedure. Themanipulation if vocal behavior through

use of e:ectronic devices programedrespond to specific ticonsiic es,:nts arc

considered by James Fitch in a chapterOn yotee and articulation Described alsoare current materials and techniques de-signed for the treatmint of orticulattondisorders Lawrence Sinfkim in a chap-ter on cluttering (rapid. utantell.goolc.,,peech) considers thc characteristic-. andetiology t.)t cluttering. dld hci:a,tor thermy techniques (cum; us;;ful. Astudy to train spouses to improve thefunctional speech of m.'tents byRobert. Lerrl.ird Dili:r andNandim Shah found significant pin, inthe functional -.pet:eh of target verbalbehav iiii if boil. ptttimi and spouse fp21 ;mirk, 1:-te 1:fitn t,r1 minoritygroup lancuages iii ,:ass '.chay tor mod-ification technique,

I1 ttie imporionr.e of language osisee fictor ,nd

achievement and the necessit,rnakc language -..hance,the culturil heiltage minoi it, groupmembers iDE1

ABSTRACT 1473EC Os 14 73 ED N.A.Piibl Date Spr qp.

Nordquist, Vey Michael Wabier. Robe*,

Naturalistic Tveotment of an AutisticChild.EDR.S not availableJournal of Applied Behavior Anal, -as-V!, NI r9-87 Spi 1973Descriptors: excecrional child research;emotionally distured aniism; earlychildhood: behavior prohlem,1 behaviorchange; operant conditioning. parentrole, parent oduciiion: houie irotruciion

The pre so-i researc ti experimentallyevaluated o naturA;fiy. treument pro-gram tor I 4-year-old autistic child idminv-itr_d by the parents over 2 years.Operant reinforcement techniques pre-viously developed and tested labora-tory settings were initially assessed inclinic and eventually in the family's

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; autism; childhood:operant conditioning; behavior chang.;reinforcement; language instruction; ther-apy followup studies; speech improve-ment, play ; social adjustment

Twenty autistic children were treatedwith behavior therapy that included useof primary reinforcers contingent rein-forcement withdrawal, and extensivelanguage training. At intake most of thechildren were severely disturbed, havingsymptoms indicating an extremely poorpregnmds. The children were treated in

separatc groups. and some were treatedmore than once. allowing for within- andbetween-subject :eplications of treatmentzifects. Reliable measures of generaliza-tion across situations and behaviors, aswell as across lime. Ifollowujo wereemployed. Data indicated: that inappro-priate behaviors (self-stimulation and

echola)ial decreased during treatment.and appropriate helm% airs (appropriatespeech. appropriate play and social

nonverbal behaviors) increased; thatspontaneous social interactions and thesnontancous use of language occurredabout months into treatment for someof the children; that 1(:), and social quo-beritS reflected improYement during treat-ment: that there were no exceptions tothe improvement. although some childrenimproved more than oth:rs; that follow-up measures recorded I to 4 years aftertreatment Mowed that large difference,between grouro, of children dependedupon the post-treatment environmeut(those group, whoce parents - we.

trained to carry out behavior therapycontinued to improve, while childrenwho were ini,titutii nalized regressed):;aid that a brief reinstatement of behav-ior therapy could iemporarily re-establiThsome of the original therapeutic pinsmade. by the children who were subse-quently institutionalized. (AuthodOW)

ABSTRACT 1672Ft' (15 lt72Publ. Date (72)

D 074 6757p.

Carter. Ronald D Pocschel. Susan M.PROJECT SED: Trail-blaring forSeverely Disturbed Youngsters in a

now sits quietly, waits her turn, and

plays cheerfully. The instructional staffhave been involved in obtaining instruc-tional materials, doing paperw ork, and

restricting the inYols :men! of N ritorsID13)

ABSTRACT 1811P.0 05 1811 FD N.A.Publ. Date May 73 8p.

Tanguay. Peter E.A Pediatrician's Guide to the Recogni-tion and Initial Management of Early.Infantile Auth:m.Pediatrics; V51 N5 1901,10 Nlay 73

Descriptors: exceptional child education:emotinnully disturbed; autism: earlychildhood; medical evaltiatioa: etiology;interdisciplinary aprioac11. parcrit coun-seling; parent role

Intended for pediatricians. the oticlepresents the clinical char:.ctcristic,. thepatbophysiology. and curreri Yiew re-

garding the diagnosis and management ofinfantile autism. Though organic factorsare suggested to play a primary role in

the gen,sis of the syndrome. edrly inter-vention aimed at maximiiing la; :mdcognitive skills is thought to icticlit ii-ttstic children. Clinical characteristicssuch as nonexistent or numammunica-tive speech and incidence statistics ;Ire

given. The oifferentiii dia is, - if infamitte autism from mental retardation.childhood schizophrenia. :Ind ,,ther disor-ders is described. A multidisciplinaryteam approat:h utiNzing child p,venia-trists, psychologists, sociiil WM. and

teachers is recommended in es ituatingand managing the autistic chili' Parents;ire -een to require professionai ,:obnsel-ing in adjusting to their child's conditionand can then help the child feat a and

function socially. Also noted :ire drugtherapy, the need for speciar choolingrind an improving prognosis

ABSTRACT 1838PC1)5 1838 ED N,A.Publ. Date 72 211p

Davids, AnthonyAbnormal Children and Youth:Therapy and Research.EDRS not aYit ilablcliOrm Wftey and Sons. 605 'third Avenue.

ior modification with severely disturbedyoung children in residential treatment.Studies of the ego function in middlechildhood and the psychopathology. academic achievement, and social relationsof preadolescent boys in a halfway houseare included under psychological studiesof emotionally disturbed children in tran-sition. The following five studies in thearea of the personality, psychotherapy.and special education of adolescent un-derachievers are reported: cognitive con.trols in underachieving adolescents, per-sonality characteristics of underachiev-ers, explorations in group therapy withadolescent underachievers, maternal atti-tudes and adlescents' attainments, andchanges id personahty and acad.:mic at-tainment following a special educationprogram. (DB)

ABSTRACT 2180EC 05 2180 ED 078 624Publ. Date 73 12p.

Creedon, Margaret ProcykLanguage Development in NonverbalAutistic Children Using a Simultane-ous Communication System.EDRS mf,hcMargaret Procyk Creedon. Dysfunction-ing Child Center, Michael Reese Hospi-tal, Chicago, Illinois 60616.Reprint of A Paper Presented at the So-ciety for Research in Child DevelopmentMeeting (Philadelphia, Mar 31, 1973).

Descriptors; exceptional child education;autism; manual communication; behaviorchange; training techniques; emotionallydisturbed: communication problems;communication skills; language patterns;sign language: language instruction; rein-forcement

Twenty-one nonverbal autistic children.4- to 9-years-old. with language ages of4- to 24-months, participated in thecommunication learning program from I

to 3 years. Simultaneous verbal andmanual signs were chosen as the commu-nicationi mode. The children initiallydisplayed infrequent, unrecognizablevocalizations (screeches. or vocal twid.dles), failed to role play. tEed objectsrepetitively and nonfunctionally, andshowed either httle affect or

lary range of 101 to 370 words (a gain ofover 100 words in a year). Some childrenbegan to mouth words, verbally approxi-mate words, and three chik ren couldverbalize 'hi or 'bye'. Behavioral assess-ment indicated increase in social activity,decrease in self stimulation, higber levelsof play, and attempts to play with class-mates. (MC)

ABSTRACT 2413EC 05 2413 ED 081 129Publ. Date Mar 73 701p.Education for the Handicapped,1973Hearings Before the Subcom-mittee on Handicapped of the Commit-tee on Labor and Public Welfare Unit-ed States SenateNinety-Third Con-gress, First Session.Congress of the U. S., Washington, D.C. Senate Committee nti Labor and Pub-lic WelfareEDRS mf,hcSuperintendent of Documents, U. S.

Government Printing Office, Washington,D. C. 20402.

Descriptors: exceptional child education;handicapped children; federal govern-ment; federal legislation; federal aid; au-tism

Presented are the proceedings of thehearings before the Subcommittee onHandicapped of the Committee on Laborand Public Welfare on Senate Bills 896,6. 34, and 808 which would provide fi-nancial assistance to the states for im-proved educational services for handi-capped children, support research anddevelopment in the care and treatment ofautistic children, and authorize a screen-ing program to identify children withspecific karning disabilities. The fulltexts of the four bills are provided. Thestatements given before the committeeand the full statements of the approxi-mately 30 witnesses are presented. Thefollowing persons are among the listedwitnesses: Dr. Marianne Frostig, clinicalprofessor of education; Hon. Joe Foss.former governor of South Dakota; Wil-liam Geer, executive director, Councilfor Exceptional Children; Hon. ErnestHollings, U.S. Senator from South Caro-I:no Fri\ varrt PoIrno, rac"orrh dirArtnr

opment; training techniques; verbal abili-ty; case studies (education); manualcommunication

Described k the cognitive-developmentaltraining of 19 mute autistic children,mean age 11 years, with special languagesigns and connected boards elevated 3 to6 feet above the ground to promoteawareness of body in relation to sur-rounding objects. Thirteen of the chil-dren are said to have been in residentialtreatment and six children are saiçi tohave attended day school. It is reportedthat signs were systematically pairedwith appropriate spoken words which allchildren learned to understand; that allthe children learned to initiate signs toachieve desired objects or goals; and thatthe day school children, a youngergroup, achieved significantly greater ex-pressive use of signs and words than theresidential school children. Case studiesare presented for two children who madethe transition from signs to expressivespoken language. The training program isdiscussed in detail. (MC)

ABSTRACT 2525EC 05 2525 ED N.A.Publ. Date Sep 73 19p.Bartak, Lawrence; Rutter, MichaelSpecial Education Treatment of Autis-tic Children: A Comparative Study-1.Design of Study and Characteristks ofUnfts.EDRS not availabkJournal of Child Psychology and Psy-chiatry; V14 N3 P161-79 Sep 1973

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; autism; childhood;followup studies; program effectiveness;program evaluation; residential pro-grams; teaching methods; behavior pat-terns; cognitive development; languagedevelopment; staff role; social adjustment

Fifty autistic children, average age 7 to 9years who manifested the three key fea-tures of autism before 30 months of age,were subjects of a followup study con-ducted over a 3 1/2 to 4 year period tocompare effectiveness of three specie!education approaches by assessingchanges in cognitive, linguistic, social,

The investigatien sought to determine ifstimulus overselectivity might be a possi-ble basis for the deviant social behaviorin autistic -hildren. Seven autistic andfive normal children (ages 5 to 11 years)were trained to discriminate betweenclothed girl and boy doll figures. Afterthe children had acquired the discrimina-tiem the individual clothing componentsand the heads were systematicaily inter-changed between tne figures. Thus, itc,,11d be determined which component(s)the children had used to make the dis-crimination. The autistic children demon-strated s:imulus overselectivity in thatthey formed the discrimination betweenda boy and girl figures on the basis ofonly one comonent or peculiar combi-nations of components. For example,one child discriminated the figures on thebasis of shoes. In contrast, the normalchildren responded primarily to the fig-ures' heads but could also respond cor-rectly to other parts. The findings areconsistent with previous research onstimulus overseltctivity and have impli-cations '.or understanding the difficultyautistic children show in forming mean-ingful social relationships. (Author)

ABSTRACT 405EC 06 0405 ED N.A.Publ. Date Dec 73 30p.Rutter, Michael; Bartak, LawrenceSpecial Educational Treatment of Au-tistic Children: A Comparative Study-

Foilow-Up Findings and Implies-dons for Services.EDRS not availableJournal of Child Psychology and Psy-chiatry; V14 N4 P241-70 Dec !973

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; autism; childhood;adolescents; followup studies; programeffectiveness; program evaluation; teach-ing methods; behavior patterns; cognitivedevelopment; language development;social adjustn.,:nt; performance factors

Fifty autistic children, average age 7 to 9years at time of original assessment(1967), were followed up in a final study(1971) to assess change in educational,cognitive, linguistic, &ocial, and behav-inrn1 Ont1141 and to determine differential

that the children in unit C performed bet-ter than children in the other units, led tothe conclusion that large amounts ofspecific teaching in a well-controlledclassroom provide the greatest benefits inscholastic progress. The findings haveimplications for the optimum types ofschoolint fequired for autistic children.(For related information see EC 052525) fMG)

ABSTRACT 430EC 06 0430 ED N.A.Publ. Ihtte,Apriiun 7 3p.

Kanner, LeoThe Birth of Early Infantile Autism.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; V3 N2 P93-5 Apr-Jun 1973

Descriptors: exceptional child education;autism; early childhood; historical re-views; classification; emotionally dis-turbed

The author, who originated the term'early infantile autism' recalls his firstinvolvement with a 5-year-old autisticchild, and the paper in which he de-scribed the syndrome. He stresses theneed for distinguishing between earlyinfantile autism and autism as defined byEugen Bleuler. (DB)

ABSTRACT 433EC 06 0433 ED NPubl. Date Apr-Jun 7Ney, Philip G.Effect of Cont,..-,:i;C:Pi /.1dNon-contingent Reatf:Ar.c..zray?';Behavior of An Autistic! Uli14).Jounal of Autism and Childhood Scf.lizo-phrenia; V3 N2 P115-27 Apr-Sno 1913

Descriptors: exceptional child res.larch;autism; behavior change; operant condi-tioning; reinforcement; emotionally dis-turbed; early childhood

Evaluated were the ef',.....cts ofnon-contingent and conlirigew reinforce-ment of eye contact on the bfzhavior of a4 1/2-year-old autistic boy. Rate changesin 20 types of behavior comprising a va-riety of simple responses, contacts, vo-calizations, verbalizations or movementsunder the two reinforcement conditionsand during baseline, were recorded and

phrenia; V3 N2 P138-53 Apr-Jun 1973

Descriptors: exceptional child education;autism; schizophrenia; therapy; hospitalschools; emotionally disturbed; hospital-ized children; program evaluation; pre-diction

The evolution, and therapeutic outcomestructure, of a treatment program overan 11-year period in a psychiatric hospi-tal which included a specialized sequen-tial school and task curriculum, for 57autirtic and schizophrenic children wereevaluated. One-third of the children ulti-mately were discharged to their ownhomes. The rate of discharge showed apositive correlation with late onset, de-velopment of speech by 5 years of age,and completion of bowel and bladdertraining at the time of admission. The 33patients of the sample with early infan-tile autism tended to remain chronicallyhospitalized compared to cases with lateronset. (Author)

ABSTRACT 439EC 06 0439 ED N.A.Publ. Date Jt.,1-St.p 7 48p.1..:!eMyer, /4,1:Jim K. and OthersProlmool.. in Autism: A Follow-up1itedy.Journal c,f ,tutism and Childhood Schizo-phrer.ia; V3 N3 P199-246 Jul-Sep 1973

exceptional child research;Att:i : followup studies; prediction;

emotionally disturbed; child-loiological influences

Mlowup study involved 85 autistic1-,oys and 35 autistic girls, about 5 1/2years of age at initial evaluation and 12years of age at followup. Measures (alsoapplied to 26 non-psychotic subnormalcontrols) included speech, social educa-tional, and family adequacy ratings;IQ's; and neurological data. Most of theautistic children remained educationallyretarded and 42% of the children wereinstitutionalized at time of followup.Good agreement with two studies byother authors indicated the followingprognosis in autism: 1-2% recovery tonormal, 5-15% borderline, 16-25% fair,and 60-75% poor. The best predictor offunctional capacity in a work/school set-

tions; emotionally disturbed; childhood;therapy

Some principles are described whichunderlie a computer-based treatmentmethod for language difficulties in non-speaking autistic children. These chlidrenare assumed to be dissymbolic with aprimary difficulty in processing any tof symbols, language being the mostimportant symbolic system used in hu-man communication. The main treatmentprinciple involves the encouragement ofexploratory play with a keyboard-controlled audio-visual display onwhich symbols can be made to appearaccompanied by human-voice and othersounds. Adult interference is minimizedso a child can self-select and self-directhis own play. It is reported that 13 out of17 nonspeaking autistic children haveshown lingListic improvement as a resultof the treatment and that the four casesof failure to improve were children whorefused to play with the display device.(Author)

ABSTRACT 708EC 06 0708 ED 085926Publ. Date 73 168p.

Autism: 4th Annasi Meeting of theNational Society for Autistic Children,June 22-24, 1972, Hint Michigan.National Society for Autistic Children,Syracuse, N.Y.National Inst. of Mental Health (DHF.W).Rockville, Md. Public Health ServicesEDRS mf .hcSuperintendent of Documents. U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington,D.C. (Stock Number 1724-00345, S1.75)

Descriptors: exceptional child education;exceptional child research; autism; con-ference reports; program descriptions;emotionally disturbed; schizophrenia;early childhood education; nutrition;community progams; verbal operantconditioning: prevocational education;foreign countries; interviews; perceptualdevelopment; followup studies

Presented are proceedings of the 4thannual (1972) meeting of the NationalSociety for Autistic Children including 11papers given at the meeting. Listed arofficers and board members of the socie-... "nnInlittoo members.

ABSTRACT 720EC 06 0720 ED N.A.Publ. Date Win 74 9p.Freschi, David F.Where We Are. Where We Are Going.How We're Getting There.Teaching Exceptional Children; V6 N2P89-97 Win 1974

Descriptors: exceptional child education;emotionally disturbed; behavior change;behavior patterns; behavior rating scales;autism; neurologically handicapped

Discussed are procedures for the chart-ing of behavior changes to provide feed-back for child and teacher which arereported to have been used at one schoolfor autistic and neurologically impairedchildren. Sixteen samples of chartingpatterns and intevretive guidelines areprovided. Discussed and presented arefive charts dealing with number ofsounds read correctly by a 10-yeu-oldbrain injured boy, numbcr of sociallyhelpful acts by a clnss of autistic and/orbrain injured children, number otscreams by an 8-year-old autistic girl,correct counting behaviors of a

12-year-old learning disabled boy, andaddition skills in an autistic and deafchild, respectively. Charting is seen toallow for evaluation of intervention pro-cedures. (D3)

ABSTRACT 1616EC 06 1616 ED N.A.Publ. Date Nov 73 10p.Harper. JulietEmbracement and Enticement: ATherapeutic Nursery Group for Autis-tic Children.Slow Learning Child; V20 N3 P173-82Nov 1973

Dcscriptors: exceptional child education;autism; early childhoud education; pro-gram evaluation; therapy; emotionallydisturbed; special classes; play therapy

Described are treatment procedures andoutcome for 20 autistic or otherwiseemotionally disturbed preschool childrenreferred to a therapeutic nursery grou.iover a 3-year period. It is explained thatbeginning treatment as early as 2 years itis hoped that further autistic withdrawalcan be arrested. Discussed is the theta-

checklists; program descriptions; OrffMethod

Described is the use of Orff-Schulwerk(a method of music education) to devel-op communication skills of 30 autisticchildren between 4 and 16 years of agein residential treatment program. Notedis the interest most autistic childrenshow in music and its usefulness in thedevelopment of nonverbal communica-tion skills. Thc Orff method is explainedto emphasize rhythm in speech and bodymovement, successful musical experi-ences, and the use of the rondo to in-volve each child. Adaptations of themethod for autistic children are given toinclude use of sign language, develop-ment of speech, improvement of selfconcept, and extinction of ritualisticbehaviors. Provided is an evaluationchecklist to assess functioning in the fol-lowing areas: body image, receptive Ian-page, prepositions (spatial relations),categorizing, simpk association, motorexpression, tine motor, and sign lan-guage. Stressed throughout the programis helping the child to invest himself in alearning situation. (DB)

ABSTRACT 1711EC 06 1711 ED N.A.Publ. Date Win/Spr 74 7p.Friedman. ErwinEarly Infantile Autism Revisited.Journal of Clinical Child Psychology; V3NI P4-10 Win/Spr 1974

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; autism; researchreviews (publications); literature reviews;etiology; mothers; therapy

The address by thc outgoing president ofthe American Psychological Conventionfocuses on infantile autism--its history,etiology, the mother's role, and therapy.Reviewed arc major studies in the areaof autism in the last decade. The work ofearly researchers into childhood schizo-phrenias and the naming of the conditionby Leo Kanner are noted. Consideredare the following four trends in etiology;autism as a functional disturbance, au-tism as an organic disorder, autism asidiocy, and rejection of all attempts toclassify autism and determine etiology.Theories on the role of the mother are

The fact sheet on autism provides infor-mation on the history of autism, a gener-al definition (of the National Society forAutistic., Children): classification andcharacteristics (such as severely impairedspeech and lack of social relatedness),causes (possibly due to a central nervoussystem disturbance), diagnosis, treatment(such as traditional psychotherapy andbehavior modification), l'estlits of treat-ment, prevalence, coat, research needs(on early identification ,and biochemicallAftegta-stlimeitk disiolailities). and orga-Wilionslaming, ft.:truistic. (DB)

ABSTRACT 2074EC 06 2074 ED N.A.Publ. Date Jan/Mar 74 10p.Simons, Jeanne M.Observations on Compulsive BehaviorIn Autism.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; V4 NI P1-10 Jan/Mar 1974

Descriptors: exceptional child research;autism; therapy; behavior patterns;affective behavior; emotionally dis-turbed; early childhood; research reviews(publications)

Described are a child therapist's observa-tions and impressions of compulsivebehavior in approximately 15 autisticchildren treated in the Linwood Chil-dren's Center (Maryland) for psychoticchildren. Summarized are the Center'sprocedures which include individualizedtreatment within the group, speech de-velopment according to the child's emo-tional maturation, and development ofthe child's capacity to relate to humanbeings. Compulsive behavior is discussedin relation to anxiety and environmentalsameness. Approaches used for therapyare explained in terms cf limiting thearea of compulsive activity; ignoringcompulsive manifestations; cuttingthrough a compulsion, seen in - a

&year-old boy who used marching andblocking of a stairway to manipulate theenvironment; and broadening behaviorinto constructive pursuits, such as usinga 6 1/2-year-old boy's compulsion toappropriate keys to teach concepts suchas shape and arithmetic. It is maintainedthat compulsive behavior of autism can

when they were 8 to 10 years of age andinvestigated 8 years later at 16 to 18

years of age is presented and discussed.Outcome is described in terms of generalsocial adjustment, employment, andplacement history. Study results are con-trasted with results for a comparisongroup identified in the original surveyand results reported for comparably de-fined children in other studies. Findingsshow that only one autistic child wasemployed, that outcome was in generalworse for the autistic group in which62% required extensive care and supervi-sion, and that a direct relationship be-tween employability and amount ofschooling does not seem apparent. It isnoted that expectations with respect tooutcome can be indicated with someconfidence for comparable groups.(Author/MC)

ABSTRACT 2077EC 06 2077 ED N.A.Publ. Date Jan/Mar 74 19p.DeMyer, Marian K. and OthersThe Measured Intelligence of AutisticChildren.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; V4 NI P42-60 Jan/Mar 1974

Descriptors: exceptional child research;autism; mentally handicapped; intelli-gencelevel; intelligence differences; emo-tionally disturbed; testing; therapy; per-formance factors

The IQ measurements of 47 subnormaland 115 autistic children, 2 to 16 years ofage, were analyzed for repeatability andalso for relationship to other factors suchas severity of illness and outcome oftreatment. Initial IQ measurements cor-related well with measurements obtainedapproximately 5 years later (mean age5.32). Of the autistic children tested,-4% had general IQs in the retardedrange (less than 68) at initial evaluation.IQ estimates were significantly related tothe severity of symptoms and effectivelypredicted performance at school. Chil-dren with IQs greater than 50 at initialevaluation, who were subsequently treat-ed, showed a greater increase in IQ thanuntreated children in the same IQ range.Treatment was without differential effectfor children with IQs less than 40. After

. .

The author, mother of an autistic childand teacher in a school for autisticchildren, identifies the characte.'qtics ofautistic children, recommends instruc-tional approaches, and reports lllustrativecast. studies. Research projects utilizingdifferent approaches to the treatment ofautistic children are reviewed. Psychogenicand biological theories of etiology aredescribed, as is the behavior pattern,typical of autistic children, includingsocial withdrawal, disorders of speech andlanguage, repetitive activities, bizarremannerisms, and emotional tr.ntrums.General teaching techniques such as thefollowing are suggested: establishing teach-er control through one-to-one interaction;teaching via three simultaneous sensorymodalities (kinesthetically, visually, andauditorially); including self-care skills aspart of the daily curriculum; and providingfor daily sessions with a speech therapist.Included are seven case studies thatillustrate some of the problems thatautistic children present and The changesin their behavior and functioning afterremedial education, (GW)

ABSTRACT 2418EC 06 2418 ED 094 495Publ. Date 73 24 p.Dewey, Margaret A.Recreation for Autistic and EmotionallyDisturbed Children.National Institute of Mental Health(DHEW), Rockville, Md. Office of Pro-gram Coordination/Citizen ParticipationBranchEDR3 mf, hcDHEW (HSM) 73-9096Superintendent of Documents. U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington,D.C. 20402

Descriptors: exceptional child education;emotionally disturbed; autism; recreation;individual activities; questionnaires; parentrole

Over 200 questionnaire responses fromparents of autistic children describingrecreational activities that appealed totheir children were reported. Recreation isdefined as a means of skill development,an outlet for emotions.and an inspirationfor living. Parents are encouraged tostimulate recreational interests by taking

ABSTRACT 2606EC 06 2606 ED N A.

Publ. Date 74 226p.D%-lacato, Carl H.The Ultimate Stranger: The AutisticChild.Doubleday and Company. Inc., 277 ParkAvenue. New York, New York 10017($7.95).

Descriptors: exceptiona; child education:emotionally disturbed; autism; neurologi-cally handicapped; minimally brain in-jured; neurological organization: theo.ries; therapy; sensory 2xperience; senso-ry traiiiing

Thc author relates his experiences withautistic children, reviews historical back-ground and various theories of autism,and explains the evolution of his theoryof autism and how the condition shouldbe treated. Explanation of the theory in-cludes discussion of brain injury as theneurological basis of autistic behavior aswell as discussion of the five sensorychannels (tactility smell, auditory. taste,.tnd visual) and three camgories (hyper-stimulation. hypostimulation. and garble,1stimulation) into v.-hich repetitive autistichchaviors fit. Brief case stories illustratchot.t. seri-air channels function abnormail) iltic to brain injur. Suggestionslot observing and e':altiating autistic'eha'. ''r tr. prov,,1:-.1. Techniques fortrcillnt 0 eliminate the child's atitisiMhemr.anr, and ch..:e his de,.elopment sohe can he Integrated into society hehat.-wrath. and AticiiHmail.., are^,h.are!itgical sa-ganiration ;is a treatmentanpro,a..l1 is explained. Case materials are

St4..,etcsted r......1.1ings and a hibh-,)graoh are plovided.

ABSTRACT 2568Fl 06 2.chh ED N A.PIN Date Jul -4 7.NIrehant, P,,,,inars and nihersCraded in the Treatment ofBehavior of Autistic Children.

fl-nal of Child Psych and Py.chiatrc and .Allied Di,ciphnes. V15 N3P221-7 NI l"74

Descripto exceptional child research:

ABSTRACT 2653EC 06 2653 ED N.A.Publ. Date Jul 74 8p.Tinbergen, NikolaaFEthology and Stress Diseases.Science; V185 N4145 P20-7 Jul 74

Descriptors: exceptional child research;special health problems; emotionally dis-turbed diseasis: autism; etiology; clinicaldiagnosis; observation: environmentalinfluences: human posture; stress varia-bles

N. Tinbergen, 1973 winner of the Nobelprize for medicine, offtrs two examplesto illustrate that strict methods of obser-vation employed by ethologists can con-tribute to the treatment of human stressdiseases. For his first example, the au-thor discusses his observations of waysin which autistic behavior mirrors certainbehaviors of normal children (such as achild's keeping its distance from a

strange person oi situation, and avoid-ance of eye contact) and concludes thattherapists should assume that autisticchildren have been traumatized ratherthan genetically or organically damaged.Ethological approaches to early child-hood autism are said to indicate thatmany suffer primarily from a form ofanxiety neurosis, that enviroornental fac-tors are the causative agents in autism,and that therapies aiming at reduction Ofanxiety and restarting of proper sociali-zation are more effective than speechtherapy per se or enforced social Instruc-tion. The second example proferred con-cern, the work of F.M. Alexander andhis followers which procedes on the as-sumption that teaching the body muscu-lature to function more correctly canimprove such diverse conditions as bloodpressure. breathing, depth of sleep, men-

** tal alertness and gastrointestinal disor-ders. The author argues generally thatthe study of animals, especially observa-tion, can makc useful contribution% tohuman biology in the fields of :;oniaticmalfunctioning. behavioral disturbances.and psyChOsOciAi SICCS, IGNAr)

ABSTRACT 2847EC 06 2847 ED N.A.Publ. Date 73 283p.Kanner, 1....eoChildhood Psychosis: Initial Studis

followup studies of autistic children;trends in child psychiatry; EIA and theschizophrenias; historical overview ofchildhood psychosis; followup study of11 autistic child originally reported in1943; thz limits of social adaptation ofautistic children; and evaluations and fol-lowup of 34 psychotic children. (GW)

ABSTRACT 282EC 07 0282 ED N.A.Publ. Date Fa! 74 7p.Stevens-Long, Judith; Rasmussen. Mari-lynThe Acquisition of Simple and Com-pound Sentence Structure in an Autis-tic Child.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis;V7 N3 P473-9 Fal 1974

Descriptors: exceptional child research:emotionally dkturbed; autism; childhood;behavior change; operant conditioning:reinforcement; sentence structure:language instruction:

Contingent reinforcement and imitativeprompts were used to teach an autisticchild (8-years-old) to use simple andcompound sentences to describe a set ofstandard pictures. When imitativeprompts and reinforcement were discon-tinucd, correct use of simple sentencesdeclined, but increased again when imita-tive prompts and reinforcement werere-instated. When imitative prompts andreinforcements were us.ed to teach com-pound sentence structure. corred use ofsimple sentences declined and correctuse of compound structure increased. Atthe end of training, the child also usednovel compound sentences to describe aset of pictures on which he had receivedno direct training. (Author)

ABSTRACT 317EC 07 0117 ED N.A.Publ. Date Fal 74 13p.Bruno, BarbaraProgressive Relaxation Tniining forChildren: A Guide for Parents andTeachers.Special Children; VI N2 P31-43 Fa174

Descriptors: exceptional child education;emotionally disturbed; autism; primarygrades; students: therapy; physkal thera-py: teacher role; training techniques:case studies; Relaxation Training;

ly Disordered Minors 1972-1973: Endof the Budget Period Report; E.S.E.A.'ride III.Santa Cruz County Office of Education.Calif.Office of Education(DHEW), Washing-ton, D.C.EDRS mf,hc

Descriptors: exceptional child education:autism; elementary education; remedialprograms; demonstration projects; stu-dent placement; emotionally disturbed;individualized instruction; student evalu-ation; program descriptions: puhlicschools;

The report describes a 3-year. ongoingpilot project designed to devise a remedi-al educational program for 10 autisticelementary school children (5-to12-years-old) that would prepare somestudents for subsequent entry into regu-lar or special education public schoolclasses. Described is a typical dailyschedule emphasizing individual inter-vention in the areas of language andsmall muscle development, movementexploration, development of social skills.literature, and speech therapy.Normalise and criterion testing to mea-sure changes in pupil functioning andbehavior is" explained, with gains report-ed in intelligence, social functioning, andbehavioral characteristics. Project objee-tises which were met are cited, such asthe entry of 211:-; of the pupil, into publics.,:hool classes and the enrollment of :in;tdditiomil 21r; in tran,,ition program,.

ABSTRACT 791EC 07 0791 ED N.A.Publ. Date Mar 74 I9p.Lovaas, 0. IvarA Behavior Modification Approach tothe Treatment of Autistic Children.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia: V4 N2 PI11-29 Mar 1974

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; autism; operantconditioning: behavior change: languageinstruction; research; reviews (publica-tions): teaching methods: transfer oftraining; behavior theories: Self Si;mula-tion; Self Mutilation;Discussed from a behavioral perspectiveare theoretical aooroaches and recent

a group classroom situation are noted.(CL)

iTRACT 792EC 07 0792 ED N.A.Publ. Date Mar 74 Ilp.Bartolucci. Giampiero; Albers, Robert J.Deictic Categories in the Language ofAutistic Children.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia: V4 N2 :-'131-41 Mar 1974

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; autism; mentallyhandicapped; morpholog,'; linguistics;language ability; sentence structure;

Compared on measures of verb tenseusage were three mentally retarded andthree autistic children 4-to 11-years-old.Responses to tense questions in individu-al interviews were tape recorded and thefrequency and percentage correct weretabulated. Although no statistical signifi-cance was found in responses requiringuse of the present tense, the autisticgroup scored significantly lower than ei-ther the retarded or normal groups onpast tense questions. Neither inattentionnor uniform decoding difficulties wereexhibited by thc autistic children. indi-cating that morphological development.particularly the syntactic structure, rel,st-ed to deixis. is deficient in ;he autisticchild. (C1.)

ABSTRACT 794EC (17 (1794 EDPub). Date Mar 74 I 3 p.

Cobrinik. LeonardUnusual Reading Ahuli in SeverelyDisturhed Children: Clinical Ohserva-lion and a Retrospective Inquiry.Journal of Autism arid Childhood Schizo-phrenia: V4 N2 P163-75 Mar 1974

Descriptors: exceptional child research:emi-tionally disturbed: autism; mentallyhandicapped; reading ability; visual learn-ing; case studies; learning processes; vis-ualization: etiology:

Examined were the development of read-ing and reading related abilities in 6 se-verely emotionally disturbed institution-alized boys I2-to I5-years-old who dem-onstrated unexpected rote reading abili-ties (4th- to 6th-grade levels) despite

Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; V4 N2 PI87-8 Mar 1974

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; autism;biochemistry;

Hair Samples of 61 autistic i.hildren and15 normal children were analyzed andfound to have no significant difference inamino acid content. (CL)

ABSTRACT 822EC 07 0822 ED N.A.Publ. Date Win 74 8p.Koegel, Robert L.Increasing Spontaneous Play hy Sup-pressing Self-Stimulation in AutisticChildren.Journal of Applied E,:havior Analysis;V7 N4 P52I-8 Win 1q74

Descriptors: exceptional child education;emotionally disturbed; socially deviantbehavior; autism; behavior change; oper-ant conditioning; punishment: play; SelfStimulation:

Appropriate plaY with toys was studiedin two autistic children (8 and&years-old) with high occurrences ofself-stimulatory behavior. Each childparticipated in the esperimenial sessionsin an A-B-A design. where 'A refers tobaseline sessions and 'B' refer, toself-stimulation suppression sessions. Itwas found that: during the baseline ses-sions, the children cshwited loss levidsof play and Eigh It:1.cl; ofself-stimulatory behavior; the per cent ofunreinforced, spontaneous. appropriateplay increased when ,elf-stimulatorybehavior was suppressed: and when thesuppression of self-stimulation was dis-continued, the per cent ofself-stimulation and that of appropriateplay approached their presuppressionlevels. The results identified a set ofconditions under which spontaneous ap-propriate behavior, uncommon in autisticchildren, occurs at an increased level.(Author/CL)

ABSTRACT 1355EC 07 1355 ED N.A.Publ. Date Sep 74 19p.Ornitz, Edward M.The NtodulatIon 01 Sensory Input and

strations of a deficient oculomotor re-sponse to vestibular and visual stimula-tion parallel clinical observations of thehypomotility also seen in response tosensory stimulation. Review of the neu-rophysiology of the vestibular systemreveals that the vestibular nuclei modu-late motor output at the time of sensoryinput and sensory input at the time ofmotor output. A dysfunction of the cen-tral connections of the vestibular systemwith the cerebellum and the brain stemmay be responsible for the strange sen-sorimotor behavior observed in autisticchildren and may also have implicationsfor understanding the manner in whichautistic children learn. (LH)

ABSTRACT 1358EC 07 1356 ED N.A.Publ. Date Sep 74 6p.Bartak, Lawrence; Rutter, MichaelThe Use of Personal Pronouns by Au-tistic Children.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; V4 N1 P2I7-22 Sep 1974

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; autism; childhood;echolalia; speech habits;

Eight spontaneously echolalic autisticchildren (mean age 9 years. 7 monthsold) who had never used the pronoun Iwere exposed to short sentences contain-ing several personal pronouns in all posi-tions in a 3-word utterance. Results indi-cated that there was no tendency forchildren to avoid the repetiation of I, oncesentence position was controlled. Anumber of children echoed the final wordof the sentence while others repeated thewhole utterance. The findings provide nosupport for a psychogenic theory r.speech behavior in autistic children.(LH)

ABSTRACT 1359EC 07 1359 ED N APubl. Date Sep 74 10p.Jones, Fredric H. and OthersAn Extinction Procedure Nr Eliminat-ing Sell-Destructive Behavior in a9-Year-Old Girl.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; V4 N3 P241-50 Sep 1974

Descriptors: exceptional child research;

gram based upon elements of the non-contingent social isolation program wassufficient to reinstitute self-feeding. Thesubject was gradually removed from so-cial isolation sessions with no reappear-ance of self-destruction. However, dur-ing week 72, self-destructive behavioragain appeared, at which time a rein-statement of the original program dra-matically reduced its rate. (LH)

ABSTRACT 1380EC 07 1360 ED N.A.Publ. Date Sep 74 Ilp.Kovattana, Patricia M.; Kraemer. Hele-na C.Response to Multiple Visual Cues ofColor, Size, and Form by AutisticChildren.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia: V4 N3 P251-61 Sep 1974

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; autism; mongol-ism; childhood; visual perception; visualstimuli; task performance; cues: verbalability;

Compared was the response to multiplevisual cues of color, size, and form by20 autistic boys (mean' age 9 years), 20Down's syndrome boys (mean age 10years), and 20 normal controls (mean age8 years). Training trials and test trialswere administered to determine whetherSs differed in their ability to use singlecues and double cues to solve visual dis-crimination problems and whether color,form, or size was the preferred cue.Results indicated that verbal autistic Ssdiffered widely in performance fromnonverbal autistic Ss on all aspects ofthe visual discrimination problems, thatsize and color were significantly pre-ferred to form cues by nonverbal autisticSs. that the overall performance andeffective use of double cues was similarin normal and verbal autistic Ss, thatnormal and verbal autistic Ss were supe-rior to retardates, and that retardateswere superior to nonverbal autistic Ss.(LH)

ABSTRACT 1381EC 07 1361 ED N.A.Publ. Date Sep 74 15p.Lotter, VictorFactors Related to Outcome in AutisticChlldeen.

of neurological abnormalities increaseswith age. Results led to a scheme foridentifying main areas of uncertainty inclassificat; (LH)

ABSTRACT 1611EC 07 1611 ED N. APubl. Date Feb 75 10p.Knobloch, Hilda; Pasamanick, BenjaminSome Etiologic and Prognostic Factorshi Early Infantile Andean and Psycho-sis.Pediatrics; V55 N2 P182-91 Feb 1975

Descriptors: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; autism; pregnan-cy; diseases; infancy; early childhood;evaluation; followup studies; etiology;Perinatal Influences; Brain Injury;

Sociocultural factors, antecedent compli-cations, motor and intellectual deficitsand associated disorders were evaluatedin 50 autistic infants and children and in50 children (median age 18 months) withorganic central nervous system dysfunc-tion. Both groups were found to have ahigh incidence of low birthweight, prena-tal and neonatal complications, seizuredisorders and a variety of diseases asso-ciated with developmental defects. Autis-tic Ss exhibited organic brain disease(100%) and mental deficiency (75%). AfolloWup study of 40 Ss over a 5-yearperiod demonstrated that 75% of the Sshad established social responses appro-priate to their functioning level, and thatthe degree of mental deficiency was asgreat or greater than it was initially. (CL)

ABSTRACT 1721EC 07 1721 ED N. A.Publ. Date 74 290p.Graziano, Anthony M.Child Without Tomorrow.Pergamon Press, Inc.. Maxwell House,Fairview Park, Elmsford, New York10523 ($12.00)

Descriptors: exceptional child education;exceptional child services; emotionallydisturbed; autism; psychosis; childhood;adolescents; program development; be-hav i or change; operant conditioning;parent education; community programs;mental health; political influences; pro-gram descriptions; case studies;

Described are the development and dis.

program's extension into a summer campfor emotionally disturbed poverty levelchildren, Three case examples illustratethe emphasis on training parents as ther-apists. Program changes and expansionduring the fourth year arc reviewed, andreasons for its eventual dissolution ts.eanalyzed. A final chapter details sugges-tions for future programs and for r A

action in the mental health field. (CL)

ABSTRACT 1975EC 07 1975 FD N. A.Publ. Date 74 141p.Resources, Education, and the Law:Resources for Autistic Children.Proceedings.National Society for Autistic Children.169 Tampa Avenue, Albany. New York12208

Descriptors; exceptional child education;autism; conference reports; annual re-ports; child development; researchneeds; biochemistry; delivery systems;biology: auditory perception; drug thera-py: equal education;

Proceedings of the 1974 annual meetingof the National Society tot Autistic Chit .dren include the president's report, ninepresentations. a luncheon address by Ju-lie N. Eisenhoger. a brief discussion of.standardiied testing, and a hrief programdescription. 1 he presentations deal withthe fairs& log topics. the development ofinfantile .ottryro (!YI Rutter): a model for

e.omerehensise sers lees proeram forhiIrtiRc MCA,. of nee,kdre,eal,:h I / I . ,:rtent re,search in the hii,...heeostr:, of antisrn (NAcolcin,)n): ans.: ,tudn2; in chi:dhood :iiitisrn aQd IrT1rIItIr forrnent a:1d policy (D. Cohen). (nher ad-dresses To,us (41 immediate and delayedresponse it` ud in autism (W. ('on-don), iirthilmillecular medk:ine (A. Rob-inson): treatment of young autistic adults(M. Israel); and the right of autistic chil-dren to free public education (T. Gil-haol). Two brief entries dkcuss the needto qualify standardized test results whenevaluating autistic children, and Help IsAt Hand, a public school program forthe autistic and seriously emotionally dis-turbed child. (GW)

ABSTRACT 2105

ceived a stimulus-fading program (expo-sure to varying visual stimuli presentedin a 6)-slide series) designed to teach thediscrimination. Normal-IQ Ss performedhest on the program. followed by retard-ed and autistic Ss. Statistical analysisrevealed that the autistic and retardedgroups did not differ in performance. Asignificant finding was that the fadingprogram can be used effectively to teachataktic children. (LH)

ABSTRACT 2106EC' 07 2106 ED N. A.Publ. Date 74 lIp.Park, David; Youderian, PhilipLight and Number: Ordering Princi-ples in the World of an Autistic Child.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; V4 N4 P3I3-23 Dec 1974

Descriptors: exceptional child research;autism: childhood; females; case studies;concept formation; fantasy; thoughtprocesses;

A 12-year-old autistic girl developed a

complex system of ideas for unitingnumber concepts with dements of sun-light and weather. Certain prime num-bers were endowed with positive or neg-atiye affeet. which per, ,ted even whenthey %sere multiplied form composite!lumbers. The numbtes were IYIth_iated\kith 29 kinds of geather. real and het)nous. v.hich ,tiso had ,trorn; atTe,:tlac hed to them. Ihe tefl1 maN: have

been an ingenious and lahonott, attemptthe child to order her e\pericnce am!porl-,ate for her f:lure to endov,

,nd ernozions with ordinary. s..seial.n,uional weaning. (Author./LID

ABSTRACT 2108EC 07 21)8 ED N. A.Publ. Date 74 9p.

Dewey, Margaret A.: Eyerard, Margaretp.The Near-Normal Autistic Adolescent.

Journal of Autism ;nd Childhood Schizo-phrenia; V4 N4 P348-56 Dec 1974

Descriptors: exceptional child education;autism; adolescents; social adjustment;communication problems; parent role;jxiilitv cihIinoc:

ABSTRACT 2183EC 07 2183 ED N. A.Publ. Date 75 5p.Capute, Arnold J.; And OthersInfantile Autism. I: A ProspectiveStudy of the Diagnosis.Developmental Medicine and Child Neu-rology; V17 NI P58-62 Feb75

Descriptors: exceptional child research;autism; screening tests; rating scales;clinical diagnosis; identification; Devel-opmental Disabilities;

Screened for infantile autism were 200developmentally disabled individuals (in-fants to young adults). !diagnoses de-rived from parental question responsesand from behavioral and biochemicalevaluation results were tabulated andcompared to H. Clancy's proposed14-point scale for identifying autism.While 48 Ss qualified as autistic on thescale, only one child met L. Kanner'sclassical criteria for autism. Data indicat-ed that the Clancy scale was more usefulas a screening than a diagnostic device.(CL)

ABSTRACT 2240EC 07 2240 ED N. A.Publ. Date 74 25p.Ackerman. Arthur; Dirr. Peter J.Behavior Modification for Children"with Autistic Tendencies; Study Guidefor a Videotaped Serics.State Univ. of New York, Buffalo. Coil.

Buffalo. Educational Research andDevelopment Complex.New York State Education Dept.. Al-bany. Die. for Handicapped ChikirenEDRS mf: hc

Descriptors: autism; video tape record-ings; behavior change; pperam condition-ing; behavior patterns; exceptional childeducation; teacher education; inserviceteacher educatiem parent education; in-structional materials; case studies;

The study guide accompanies a series of28 videotaped progxams designed to pro-vide teachers, teacher aides and parentswith an understanding of children withautistic tendencies and of how behaviormodification techniques might be used totrain such children. Synopses of eachprogram and each program segment anda few questions intended to stimulate the

Presented is the 1972 annual report ofongoing research on schizophrenia pro-duced by the Center for Studies of Schi-zophrenia of the National Institute ofMental Health (NIMH). The report issaid to be based on information fromgrantees whose research deals with schi-zophrenia, information obtained byNIMH staff on site visits, summaries ofresearch in progress in the NIMH Intra-mural Research Programs, selected pub-lished reports, and biometric data col-lected by the NIMH Biometry Branch.Data and discussion are organized ac-cording to the following categories: theNIMH effort: diagnosis. description, andpsychological functiOn; genetics; thefamily, high risk; childhood schizophren-ia and autism; biology: treatmert: andcurrent problems and future trends.(GW)

ABSTRACT 2400EC 07 2400 ED N. A.Publ. Date Apr 75 6p.Wallace, Bnice R.Negativism in V,erbal and NonverbalResponses of Autistic Children.Journal of Abnormal Psychology; V84N2 P138-43 .,pr 75

Descriptors: exceptional child research;autism; emotionally disturbed; behaviorproblems; childhood; earlyverbal communiiitioo; t..munication: r -

Negativism studiednine behavi, !!rtied and normalchildren ( r.!. differ-ent stimuin; rzoneosfor verbal responses. v requests fornonverbal responses, and nonverbal re-quests for nonverbal responses). Eachcondition included two tasks, which wererequested 15 consecutive times. The Ssdemonstrated that they could performthe .asks before testing, and their res-pinses were scored according to the sim-tla,' between the response and the re-q.lesi Resiihs demonstrated that the au-tistic and behavior-disturbed Ss respond-ed similady. except when requests re-quired verbal responses, in which easethe autistic Ss were much more negative.(Author)

ABSTRACT 2454EC 07 2454 ED 107012Publ. Date 74 476p.U.S. Facilities and Programs for Chil-dren with Severe Mental Illnesses. ADirectory.National Society for Autistic Children,Syracuse, N. Y.National Inst. of Mental Health(DHEW). Rockville, Md. Alcohol, DrugAbuse. and Mental Health Administra-tionEDRS mf :hc

Descriptors: emotionally disturbed;autism; schizophrenia; directories;program descriptions; exceptional childeducation; National Society for AutisticChildren;

The directory provides information onapproximately 425 service programs forchildren with severe mental illnesses in-

cluding autism and schizophrenia.Programs are listed alphabetically byname within state groupings. Usuallyprovided are name, address. telephonenumber, name of director, and informa-tion on whether the program is day orresidential, length of time program hasexisted. enrollment capacity, fees, physi-cal description, admission criteria, staff,and program characteristics. Provided isan alphabetical index of all facilities withinformation on ages served, whether dayor residential, and whether public school,summer, or recreational. Also included isthe questionnaire used to survey facili-ties, and listings of :hapters of the Na-tional Society for Autistic Children, in-ternational sociefies and representativesfor autistic children, other directories,and legal service agencies. (DB)

ABSTRACT 2938EC 07 2938 ED N. A.Publ. Date Spr 75 12p.Schreibman, LauraEffects of Within-Stimulus and Ex-tra-Stimulus Prompting on Discrimi-nation Learning In Autistic Children.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis :

V8 NI P91-112

Descriptors: autism; prompting;discrimination learning; visual stimuli;aural stimuli; exceptional child research:childhood:

Compared was the relative effectivenessof within- stimulus and extra-stimulusprompting on the visual and auditorydiscrimination learning of six institution-alized autistic children (8 to 14 yearsold). Ss received initial training withoutprompts; if they did not learn, trainingwas repeated with tv,o prompt-fadingprocedures. Resuhs indicated that Ssusually failed to learn the discriminationswithout a prompt; that Ss always failedto learn when the extra stimulus promptwas employed but usually did learn withthe within-stimulus prompt, and that Ss'learning was independent of which mo-dality (auditory or visual) was requiredfor the discrimination. (Author/LH)

ABSTRACT 3107EC 07 3107 ED N. A.Publ. Date Nov 73 12p.Fay, Warren H.On the Echolalia of the Blind and ofthe Autistic Child.Journal of Speech and Hearing Disor-ders; V38 N4 P478-489

Descriptors: blind; autism; echolalia;behavior par -rns; exceptional child re-search; visualiy handicapped; infancy;childhood; theories; language develop-ment;

From case studies of the echoic blind arationale is developed to account forsimilarities and for the common bases ofthe behavior in echolalia of the autisticand of the infant blind. Among the varia-bles examined are the human desire forcommunication, development of an au-diovocal skill, arrested language develop-ment, profound difficulties in verbalcomprehension and self differentiation,consequences of serwiry restriction frombirth, and parental reactions to these

2722

handicaps. It is concluded that the directeffects of sensory restriction in the blind(and perhaps perceptual restriction in theautistic) tend to delay or preclude acqui-sition of the meaning and structure sys-tems of language; neverthcless, the quasi-social echoic behavior persists, reflect-ing the human drive to participate incommunication by speech. (Author/LS)

ABSTRACT 3144EC 07 3144 ED N. A.Publ. Date Mar 75 12p.Harper, Juliet; Williams. SaraAge and Type of Onset as CritkalVariabks in Early Infantile Autism.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; V5 NI P25-36

Descriptors: autism; etiology; prenatalinfluences; environmental influences;biological influences; exceptional childresearch; early childhood; prcdiction;intelligence level; language ability;Perinatal Influences:

A retrospective study was made of 131autistic children (mean age 10.8 years) todetermine the effect of age and type ofonset as critical variables in early infan-tile autism. Information obtained frominterviews (with Ss' parents and Ss) andcase history data, along with physiologi-cal and psychological test results, wasused to divide the children into twogroups, natal (onset from birth) and ac-quired (onset following period of normaldevelopment). prenatal and perinatal var-iables (such as neurological impairment)were found to be nificantly related tonatal onset, whereas for acquired autismthe significant variables were those oc-curring in early childhood (such as sepa-ration from parents). Followup data onintellectual functioning and languagedevelopment revealed that the earlier theage of onset, the poorer the prognosis,with a better prognosis indicated foracquired autism. (SB)

ABSTRACT 3146EC 07 3146 ED N. A.Publ. Date Mar 75 14p.Romanczyk, Raymond G.; And OthersIncreasing Isolate and Social Play inSeverely Disturbed Children:Intervention and PosdnterventionEffectiveness.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; V5 NI P57-70

Descriptors: emotionally disturbed; play;group therapy; behavior change; socialadjustment; exceptional child research;autism; schizophrenia; intervention; op-erant conditioning;

Evaluated in two studies with eight se-verely emotionally disturbed children(5-12 years old) was the effectiveness ofa group treatment procedure to increaselevels of isolate and social play. Duringdaily ",f hour sessions, passive shapingand reinforcement were used to encour-age isolate play in Phase 1 and socialplay in Phase 2. Results from the firststudy showed an increase in the targetbehaviors and, though social play de-creased when all intervention was termi-nated, this behavior remained above

baseline levek A . .1 study replicat-ed the above findings with iidditionalevidence that a gradual fading of passiveshaping prevented the disruption of so.cial play found in the first study. (SR)

ABSTRACT 3147EC 07 3147 ED N. APubl. Date Mar 75 80p.Prior, Margot: And OthersKanner's Syndrome or Early-OnsetPsychosis: A Taxonomic Analysis of142 Cases.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo.phrenia: V5 NI P71-80

Descriptors: autism; classificat:on;evaluation methods: check lists; behaviorpieterns: exceptional child research;emotionally disturbed; psychosk; diag-nostic tests; identification: Rim land Diag-nostic Check l.ist:

A study of the case histories of 142 psy-chotic children Li-13 years) was conduct-ed to assess the validity of classifyingKanner's syndrome (early infantile au-tism) as a distinct entity in childhoodpsychosis. Numerical taxonomy wasused with the Rim land Diagnostic CheckList to classify Ss into either Kannerssyndrome or non-Kanner's syndrome,and a comparison was made between thkclassification and a classification usingrandom classes a); starting points.Results indicated that separating outKanner's syndrome cases proved lessvalid than classifying psychotic ,:aldreninto two groups: one containing Kanner'ssyndrome plus other early onset. nonre-lating psychotic Ss: and the other con-taining Ss with later onset and more var-ied symptoms. Particular attributes (suchas abnormal behavior in early infancyand indifference or resistance to humancontact) were found to differentiate hetween the two classes of childhood psy-chosis (SB)

ABSTRACT 3418EC 07 3418 ED N. A.Publ. Date Jul/Au75 6p.Cohen. Donald J.; Caparulo. BarbaraChildhood Autkm.Children Today; V4 N4 P2-6. 36

De.-.criptors, exceptional child education;autism: hchavior patterns; etiology;beha.,ior change; classification: identifi-cation; chnical diagnosis; operant condi-tioning; social adjustment: physiology;educational programs; therapy:

Childhood autism is discussed in termsof early symptoms. diagnosis. character-istics in later years. causes, and treat-ments. It is explained that the essentialcharacteristic of autism (an inability torelate to otl, .A. human beings in a normalway) can often be )'-iserved as early asthe first few weeks of life. Diagnosis isviewed as a multi-disciplinary procedureinvolving social, intellectual. and medicalevaluations. It is noted that autistic ado-lescents and adults maintain odd behav-icrs when upset or excited even if theyhave developed language and improvedsocial rdations Current causal explana-tions of childhood autism are viewed asbreaking away from the extreme psycho-dynamic viewpoint and leaning more

toward it physiological etiology (such asmental retardation. organic basis. andlanguage comprehension disturbancetheories). Medical and psychologicaltherapies are evaluated with behaviormodification seen to he a recent majoradvance. Briefly mentioned are educa-tional programs for autistic children,other disturbances not classically autistic, and future prospects for educational .

therapeuti c. and diagnostic procedures.S Efl

ABSTRACT 3436EC 07 3436 ED 112531Publ. Date Sep 74 243p.Painter, MarylynThe Santa Cruz Eleven: A Compre-hensive Plan for the Education of Au-tistic and Seriously Emotionally Dis-turbed Children.Santa Cruz County Board of Education,California.Bureau of Education for the Handi-capped (DHEW/OE), Washington. D. C.

EDRS rnf:hc

Descriptors: autism; emotionally dis-turbed; demonstration projects; programdescriptions; exceptional child education;childhood; early childhood; equal educa-tion; diagnosis; definitions: student eval.uation; program evaluation: regular classplacement; staff improvement; financialsupport; California (Santa Cruz);

Reported are the results of the 3 yearSanta Cruz pilot project involving II dis-turbed children (4 to 12 years old) todetermine if autistic and severely emo-tionally disturbed (SED) children couldbenefit from a public school program. Aprogram description and recommenda-tions for implementation are presented inten chapters having the following titles:'Pleading the Fourteenth for the Autisticand Seriously Emt ionally Disturbed'(legislation and special education); 'Diag-nosis and Definitions: Who are the Autis-tic and Seriously Emotionally Dis-turbed?'; 'The Santa Cruz Program-ADescription': 'The Santa Cruz BehavioralCharacteristics Progression Chart (a toolfor assessing the development of a hand-icapped pupil); 'Transition: The BigAdventure' (integration of children into aregular class program); 'E...aluation: HowEffective Was the Santa Cruz Program?';'Manpower Planning and Devdopmenr(putting together the program staff); 'TheClassificat: .1 System: Where Do theAutistic- SED Fit?' , 'Delegation of Re-sponsibility:. The Local ComprehensivePlan' (preparing a detailed report of pro-grams and services provided); and 'AFinancial Model for Special EducationFunding.' Results are seen to provideevidence that public school education isfeasible for autistic and SED children.Appendixes are included such as a com-parison of terms used by three classifica-tion systems for individuals with exL.L1tional needs. (SB)

ABSTRACT 3562EC 07 3562 ED N. A.Publ. Date Jun 75 10p.Mnukhin. S. S.: isaev. D, N.On the Organic Nature of Some Formsof Schizoid or Autistk Psychopathy.

28 23

Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; V5 N2 P99-I08

Descriptors: autism: emotionally dis-turbed; congenitally handicapped: casestudies; etiology: exceptional child re-search: schizophrenia: iidolescents; bio-logical influences: behavior patterns:

Four representative case histories illus-trating typical characteristics of autismshowed patients (10- to I5-years. old) toexhibit several clinical features compati-ble with organic encephalopathy.Physical signs (such as hypoplastic fin-gers and high palate) suggesting the pres .ence of an underlying cerebral dysgene-sk were particularly frequent. Patientssuperficially resembled schizophrenicsbut differed in their delayed and peculiarintellectual development, the response oftheir behavior to external stimuli, andtheir frequent and severe motoric de-fects. Evidence from observations andliterature indicated that autistic patientshave an organic deficiency of brain function. determined congenitally or in theearly postnatal period. (Author/Sil)

ABSTRACT 3563F,C 07 3563 ED ti. A.Publ. D::te Jun 75 20pDeMyer, Marian K.The Nature of the NeuropsychologicalDisability in Autistic Children.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schiz.0phrenia; VS N2 PI09-128

Descriptors: autism: mentally handi-capped: verbal ability: motor develop-ment; visual perception; exceptionalchild research; early childhood; etiology;intelligence tests: performance tests:

Compared were the performances of 66high, middle, or low (mean IQs 58. 47.and 28) autistic L, ,!Ien with the per-formances of 29 nonpsychotic. mentallyretarded children of equal mean chronol-ogical age (6 years) on selected verbaland performance IQ subtests. Ss weregiven four types of verbal tests verbalinemory. number concepts. receptivelanguage. and comprehension and ex-pressive speech -- and performance testsinvolving upper extremities. lower ex-tremities, and integration. Rd)ults indi-cated that high autistic childrei, weresimilar to subnormal children on verbalsubtests (although there was a trend forthe high autistic to have slightly lowerscores), and that subnormal childrenwere superior to autistic children in some; crformance areas such as ball play.Findings suggested that autistic childrenwith severe visual/motor disabilities as

indicated by low ball play scores may bepropelled into emotional withdrawal.even though they are only moderatelyretarded on verbal subtests. (Author/SB)

ABSTRACT 3564EC 07 3564 ED N. A.Publ. Date Jun 75 10p.Davids. AnthonyChildhood Psychosis; The Problem ofDifferential Diagnosis.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; V5 N2 P129-138

Descriptors: psychosis: autism:childhood; followup studies; diagnostictests; exceptional child research; emo-

tionally disturbed; identification: religion:adjustment (to environment): Rirn landDiagnostic Check List:

Evaluated in four interrelated studies of66 former psychiatric patients (8- to 10-years old at the time of hospital admis-sion) classified as psychotic (autistic,schizophrenic) or nonpsychotic disturbed(behavior disordered, neurotic) was theproblem of differential diagnosis in child-hood psychosis. For study I. Rim land'sDiagnostic Check List (DCL) was com-pleted from record information, and eachS was rated on a four-point diagnosticscale based on extent of autism; forstudy 2, DCLs wers mailed to Ss' par-ents and responses were compared toscores from study 1: for study 3. follow-up questionnaires on patient improve-ment were sent to Ss parents or custodi-al agencies: and for study 4, religions ofSs were tabulated and percentages werecompared with normal population ex-pectancies. Results showed that signifi-cant differences occurred on the DCLbetween psychotic and nonpsychotic dis-turbed Ss and between autistic and non-autistic Ss: that a significant correlationexisted between DCLs completed byparents and DCLs completed by investi-

7 -ors employing case history records:tt.at there were more favorable outcomesin nonpsychotic cases, with significantassociation between DCL scores andimproxement foll,-ving disAarge; andthat scores indicative of autism on theDCL were significantly ,:orrelated withassociation in thc Jewish faith (Author/SB)

ABSTRACT 3565EC 07 3565 ED N. A.Publ. Date Jun 75 Sp.

Colby. Kenneth Mark: Kraemer. HelenaC.An Objective Measurement of Non-speaking Children's Performance witha Computer-Controlled Program forthe Stimulation of Language Behavior.

Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia: V$ N2 P139-146

Descriptors: autism; measurement tech-niques; computer assisted instruction:audiovisual aids; language ability; excep-tional child education; performance tests;

A method is described for recordingnonspeaking autistic and other childrensperformance with a computer-controlledaudiovisual device designed to stimulatelanguage behavior. Measurements ob-tained from the computer-controlled pro-gram and compared to a performancecurve derived from normal children arethought to he valuable in planning treat-ment for and assessing progress of non-speaking children. (Author/SB)

ABSTRACT 3588EC 07 3566 ED N. A.Publ. Date Jun 75 8p.Hargrave, Elizabeth; Swisher. LindaModifying the Verbal Expression of aChild with Autistk Behaviors.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; V5 N2 P147-I54

Descriptors: autism; yerSai learring;behavior change; operant conditioning;

tape recordings; exceptional child re-search; childhood; expressive language;language instruction; Language Master;Monterey Language Program;

The Bell and Howell Language Masterwas used in conjunction with the Monte-rey Language Program to modify theverbal expression of a 9-year-old boywit' autistic behaviors. Two trainingmodes (one with a live voice and theother using a voice recorded via a Lan-guage Master) were used to train the S tocorrectly name up to 10 pictures present-ed individually. Resultt, 'aiggested thatthe child's responses to the LanguageMaster were as good as. if not betterthan, his responses to thc live voicepresentations. In addition, observationsindicatcd that he responded more readilyto the Language Master than to the livevoice presentations and his spontaneousspeech also improved in other settings.(Author/SB)

ABSTRACT 3568EC 07 3568 ED N. A.Publ. Date Jun 75 8p.Freeman. Betty Jo: And OthersAn Operant Procedure to Teach anE--'1olalic, Autistic Child to AnswerQuLstions Appropriately.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; V5 N2 PI69-176

Descriptors: autism; operant condition-ing; behavior change; echolalia; verballearning: exceptional child research; ear-ly childhood;

A 5-year-old autistic boy with rapidimmediate echolalia was taught to an-swer questions appropriately by using anoperant conditioning technique. Duringphase I of the study, 40 action pictureswere presented twice, and echolalic,nonecholalic correct, and nonecholalicincorrect S responses were recorded.During phase 2 in which the pictureswere presented in groups of ten, correctresponses were immediatdy given posi-tive reinforcement while incorrect res-ponses were prevented by using a train-ing procedure. Phase 3 of the study re-peated phase 1 procedures. Resultsshowed a decrease in echolalic responsesand incorrect nonecholalic responsesduring phase 2, and an increase in cor-rect responses from 3% in phase I to97% in pha.,e 3. (SB)

ABSTRACT 3569EC 07 3569 ED N. A.Publ. Date Jun 75 7p.Sullivan. Ruth ChristHunches on Some Biological Factors inAutism.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; V5 N2 PI77-183

Descriptors: autism; literatur- reviews;biological influences; etiology; exception-al child education; diseases; PersonalExperiences; Rheumatoid Arthritis; Ce-liac Disease;

Discussed are the associative characteris-tics of biological factors (rheumatoid ar-thritis and celiac disease) in relation toautism. Presented is evidence to supporta connection between autism, rheuma-toid arthritis, and celiac disease, which

24 29

includes reports of large doses of niacinimproving both arthritis and autistic be-havior; and findings that celiac disease, acondition more rarc than autism, is al-most common among autistic families.Also mentioned is the incidence of near-ly normal behavior in autist;c children ina feverish state. (Following the paper aretwo editorial comments.) (SI3)

ABSTRACT 3587EC 07 3587 ED N. A.Publ. Date F/75 12p.Rincover, Arnold; Koegel, Robert L.Setting Generality and Stimulus Con-trol in Autistic Children.Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis;V8 N3 P235-246

Descriptors: autism; operant condition-ing; behavior change; stimuli; transfer oftraining; exceptional child research;childhood; associative learning;

A two-part study of 10 autistic children(mean age 10.5 years) was designed toassess the transfer of treatment gainsacross settings. In the first phase, each Slearned a new behavior in a treatmentroom, and transfer to a novel extrathera-py setting was assessed. Each of thefour Ss who showed no transfer respond-ed correctly in the extrathcrapy settingwhen the stimulus that was functionalduring training was identified and intro-duced. Results indicated that the Ss whofailed to transfer in phase I were selec-tively responding to an incidental stimu-lus during the original training in thetreatment room. Evidence suggested anextreme overselectivity in autistic chil-dren which should be considered by thetherapist teaching new stimulus responsebehavior. (Author/SB)

ABSTRACT 3684EC 07 3684 ED N. A.Publ. Date Apr 74 bp.Ratusnik, Carol Melnick; Ratusnik,David L.A Comprehensive CommunicationApproach for a Ten- Year-Old Non-verbal Autistic Child.American Journal of Orthopsychiatry;V44 N3 P396-403

Descriptors: autism; nonverbal communi-cation; visual stimuli; remedial instruc-tion; language development; exceptionalchild research; childhood; expressivelanguage; instructional materials; teach-ing methods; Communication Board;

A clinical procedure utilizing a communi-cation board was developed for estab-lishing and expanding nonverbal languageskills as an alternate means of communi-cation in a 10-year-old nonverbal autisticchild. The child's ability to learn fromstructured visual stimuli was incorporat-ed in a remedial paradigm to facilitatelanguage development and the beginningsof functional social communication. (Au-thor)

ABSTRACT 3715EC 07 3715 ED N. A.Publ. Date Apr 75 6P.Byassec, James E. Murrell, Stanley A.Interaction Patterns in Families ofAntistk, Disturbed. awl Normal Chil-dren.

.American Journal of ( irthopsychiatry.V45 N3 P473-478

Descriptors: autism: ernorioriall,turbed; family- (sociological unit!.childhood; interpersonal relationship;rAceptional child research, betuo.ior pat-ternsl family problem,.Eighy,:n families of autistic, emotionallydisturbed. and normal children (mean ageII years) were compared for differencesm family interaction patterns The Fcrre7a :Ind Winter Unrevealed DifferencesTask ta situation-choice questionnaire)v.as administered first to each S

and then to each falAy as a group:and fiorn this task four measures ispon-:aneous agreement choice-fulfillment.de..:ision-making time, and index of nor-malit,..! of f:v-H interaction were ob-tained Pesult showed no differencesbetween families with autistic: and fami-lies with normal childrea, famifie, withdisturbed children were found to hio.eles agreement brtween tatl:er and moth-

than did fondles with autusta; Or

normal childri..n. ; Author. SUS)

ABSTRACT 3761t7tli FP N A

227p.

Das als.Children in Conflici: Casebook.john and "ms Ins. . éirS ThiidAvenue. New `foiis 10016 'itO ')5

(loth cii Paperi

Desriptors edaeation:Cr1101i,mri,til ;11sturhed cse studies.behavior prblerns . learning difficulties,nec.rosis. ps:,chosis. clinical diagnosis.psy chother-,pv drug therar.. operant,:orabtioningl Nzhas 'or ,hange follow up

Ps,,.hosorriatic Disorders.

Dial,sed are .ases of emotionallydisturbed children r!' months to 14 yearsold; who were studied and treated in a..laiety of setting, Following a brief in-troduction to 'he field of childhood psy--homohology..:Iises are presented withinIlse sections on psschosomatic disorder,iohesit... eating phofaa. asthma. :ridecierna;. hehaxior disorders (severe de-

pressiin. acting oO character disorder..ind hostile personality). learning disor-ders rpsychligem,.. learning disability andhyperkinetu. impulse disorder), neuroticdisorders ic-str(ition anxiety and fear ofdeath. electr.e mutism, and abandon-ment), and ri,%chotic disorders (fixation,schizophrenia. autism). Each sectioncontains it general intr,duction on theparticular type of disorder and details thehistory. treatment. and followup evalua-tions of three illustrative cases.'Treatment approaches include psycho-

dynamics. behavior modification, and

medication. (SB)

ABSTRACT 3869EC 07 3869 ED N. A.Publ, Date Sep 75 31p.

Ricks, Dered M.; Wing, LornaLanguage, Communication, and theUse of Symbols in Normal and AutisticChildren.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia; VS N3 P191-221 Sep 1975

Descriptors: autism; early childhood;behavior patterns; language develop-ment; researc reviews (publications);exceptional child education; definitions;nonverbal communication; articulation(speech). concept formation;

Language development in both normaland autistic children is discussed interm; of the development of nonverbalcommunication, of speech, and of innerlanguage. Autistic children are seen todiffer in such characteristics as abnor-mality of expressive sounds, marked lackof interest in speech, and inability todisplay imaginative understanding. It is

suggested that the central problem in ear-ly childhood autism is a specific difficultyin handling symbols affecting all formc ofcommunication; and that this problem i.susually associated with other impair-

of the nervous system. (Author/

ABSTRACT 3871EC 07 3871 ED N. A.Publ. Date Sep 75 7p.Piggott, Leonard R.; Simson. Clyde H.Changing Diagnosis of Childhood Psy-chosis.Journal of Autism and Childhood Schizo-phrenia: V5 N3 P239-245 Sep 197.f'

Descriptors: emotiona)ly disturbed;psychosis; followup studies; identifica-tion; trend analysis; exceptional child

research; schizophrenia: neurologicallyhandicapped; medical evaluation;

The case findings of 33 children given adiagnosis of psychosis during hospitaliza-tion in the '50s and '60s were reviewedand rediagnosed in 1973 to examine diag-nosing trends. Each case was given adiagnosis hy the authors find anotherdiagnosis applying the DeMyer-Churchillguidelines. Results showed that child-hood schizophrenia was the original diag-nosis in 58% of the cases but was therediagnocis in only 18% of those samecases; that chronic brain syndrome withvarious reactions (psychotic, nonpsy-

chotic. behavioral, mental retardation,and autism) was the original diagnosis in27% of the cases, but was given to 67%of the cases on rediagnosis; that one-third of the children originally diagnosedas psychotic were rediagnosed by theauthors as nonpsychotic; and that ap-proximately two-thirds of the childrenwere nonpsychotic according to the

DeMyer-Churchill guidelines. (Author/SF

3 0

HIP TO:

ERICORDER FORM

DOCUMENT REPRODUCTION SERVICEP.O. Box 190 ARLINGTON, VIRGINIA 22210 (703) 841-1212

OPERATED BY: COMPUTER MICROFILM INTERNATIONAL, CORP.

BILL TO: (for Institutional Use Only)

ED NUMBER NO. OFPAGES

NO. OF COPIES

MF HC

UNITPRICE

TOTAL

"OTAL NO. OF PAGES

'A X EXEMPT NO

)EPOSIT ACCT. NO

11111111111SUBTOTAL

VA RESIDENTS ADD4% SALES TAX

POSTAGE

TOTAL

IMPORTANT INSTRUCTION:

ORDER BY ED NO. (6 digits)See Resources in Education

SPECIFY EITHER:Microfiche (MF)

orPaper Copy (HC)

ENTER UNIT PRICE(See Below)

INCLUDE POSTAGE(See Below)

ENCLOSE CHECK orMONEY ORDER

(U.S. Funds Only)

MAIL TO:EDRSP.O. BOX 190Arlington, Virginia 22210

COMPLETE AND SIGN BELOW

Date

Signature

Title

UNIT PRICE SCHEDULE(Effective June 10, 1976)

MICROFICHE (MF) PAPER COPY (HC)

NUMBER FICHE EACH ED # Price NUMBER PAGES EACH ED # Price

1 to 5 S .83 1 to 25 $1.676 1.00 26 to 60 2.067 1.16 51 to 75 3.508 1.33 76 to 100 4.67

Each additional Each additionalmicrofiche .167" 25 pages 1.34

Total Price Should Be Rounded to Nearest Cent

CHART FOR DETERMINING UNITED STATES POSTAGE

st CLASS POSTAGE FOR 4TH CLASS POSTAGE FOR TOTAL MF OR MC PAGES INDICATED(Allow 3-4 weeks delivery time from date of order)

1-3Alcroflche

Only

.13

4-7Microfiche

Only

.24

60 or lessMF or HC

Pages

.21

61-120MF or HC

Pages

.30

121-180MF or HC

Pages

.39

181-240MF or HC

Pages

.48

241-300MF or HC

Pages

.57

301-360MF or HC

Pages

.66

361-420MF or HC

Pages

.75

EachAddltiona

MF or FPages.08

t$ For Priority Shipment Avenel!). Upon Request. For Foreign Postage SEE REVERSE3 1

Revised May

GENERAL INFORMATION

1. PRICE LISTThe prices set forth herein may be changed without notice; how-ever, any price change will be subject to the approval of theNational Institute of Education Contracting Officer.

2. PAYMENTThe prices set forth herein do not include any sales, use, excise, orsimilar taxes which may apply to the sale of microfiche or hardcopy to the Customer. The cost of such taxes, if any, shall be borneby the Customer.

Payment shall be made net thirty 1301 days from date ofinvoice. Payment shall be without expense to CMIC.

3. REPRODUCTIONExpress permission to reproduce a copyrighted document providedhereunder must be obtained in writing from the copyright holdernoted on the title page of such copyrighted document.

4. CONTINGENCIESCMIC shall not be liable to Customer or any other person for anyfailure or delay in the performance of any obligation if such failureof delay (al is due to events beyond the control of CMIC including,but not limited to, fire, storm, flood, earthquake, explosion, acci-dent, acts of the public enemy, strikes, lockouts, labor disputes,labor shortage, work stoppages, transportation embargoes or delays,faOure or shortage of materials, supplies or machinery, acts of God,or acts or regulations or priorities of the federal, state, or localgovernments; lb) is due to failures of performance of subcontrac-tors beyond CMIC's control and without negligence on the partof CMIC; or Ic) is due to erroneous or incomplete information fur-nished by Customer.

5. LIABILITYCMIC's liability, if any, arising hereunder shall not exceed restitu-tion of charges.

In no event shall CMIC be liable for special, consequential, orliquidated damages arising from the provision of services hereunder.

6. WAR RANTYCMIC MAKES NO WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, AS

TO ANY MATTER WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING ANY WAR-RANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANYPARTICULAR PURPOSE.

7. QUALITYCMIC will replace products returned because of reproductiondefects or incompleteness. The quality of the input document is notthe responsibility of CMIC. Best available copy will be supplied.

8. CHANGESNo waiver, alteration, or modification of any of the provisionshereof shall be binding unless in writing and signed by an officer ofCMIC.

9. DEFAULT AND WAIVERa. If Customer fails with respect to this or any other agreement

with CMIC to pay any invoice when due or to accept any ship-ment as ordered, CMIC may without prejudice to other remediesdefer any further shipments until the default is corrected, orcancel this Purchase Order.

b. No course of conduct nor any delay of CMIC in exercising anyright hereunder shall waive any rights of CMIC or modify thisAgreement.

10. GOVERNING LAWThis Agreement shall be construed to be between merchants. Anyquestion concerning its validity, construction, or performance shallbe governed by the laws of the State of New York,

11. DEPOSIT ACCOUNTSCustomers who have a continuing need for ERIC documents mayopen a Deposit account by depositing a minimum of $200.00. Oncea deposit account is opened, ERIC documents will be sent uponrequest, and the account charged for the actual cost end postage. Amonthly statement of the account will be furnished.

12. STANDING ORDER ACCOUNTSCustomers who desire to receive microfiche copies of all ERICreports announced in each issue of Resources in Education may doso by depositing $2000.00 or submitting en executed purchaseorder. The cost of eech issue and postage will be charged against theaccount. A monthly statement of the eccount will be furnished.

13. PAPER COPY (HC)A paper copy (NC) is xerographic reproduction, on paper, of theoriginal document. Each paper copy has a Vellum Bristol cover toidentify and protect the document.

14. FOREIGN POSTAGEPostage for all countries other than the United States is based on theinternational Postal Rates in effect at the time the order is shipped.To determine postage allow 60 microfiche or 60 (HC) peges perpound. Customers must specify the exact classification of maildesired, end Include the postege for thet classification with theirorder. Payment must be in United States funds.

OTHER ERIC COLLECTIONS AVAILABLE FROM EDRS

STANDING ORDERSSubscription orders of microfiche copies of all ERIC reports announced in each issue ofResources in Education average $160.00 per month at the rate of 8.7e per microfiche.

Postage extra.

BACK COLLECTIONS (postage extra)Reports in Research in Education for 1966 and 1967 $ 385.06

Reports in Research in Education for 1968 1,159.36

Reports in Research in Education for 1969 1,383.21

Reports in Research in Education for 1970 1,408.36

Reports in Research in Education for 1971 1,643.69

Reports in Research in Education for 1972 1,701.28

Reports in Research in Education for 1973 1,481.70

Reports in Research in Education for 1974 1,548.60

Reports in Resources in Education for 1975 1,734.61

Reports in Resources in Education Jan.Apr. 1976 545.92

Entire Collection $12,991.79

AIM/ARM MICROFICHE COLLECTIONS (postage extra) 50.158/fiche

CLEARINGHOUSE MICROFICHE COLLECTIONS (postage extra) $0.162/fiche

SPECIAL COLLECTIONS (postage extra)Office of Education Resgarch Reports 1956-65 $ 404.43

Pacesetters in Innovation, Fiscal Year 1966 144.57

Pacesetters in Innovation, Fiscal Year 1967 175.31

Pacesetters in Innovation, Fiscal Yew 1968 112.12

Selected Documents on the Disadvantaged 334.28

Selected Documents in Higher Education 153.48

Manpower Research: Inventory for Fiscal Year 1966 and 1967 79.67

Manpower Research: Inventory for Fiscal Year 1968 44.41

Manpower Research: Inventory for Fiscal Year 1969 57.7132