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DC 8 - 1
DATACOMM
John Abbott College JPC
Data Transport Networks
M. E. Kabay, PhD, CISSP
Director of Education, ICSA
President, JINBU Corp
Copyright © 1998 JINBU Corp.
All rights reserved
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DC 8 - 2
Data Transport Networks
OSI lower-level functions– Physical layer (1)– Data link layer (2)– Network layer (3)
Key technologies– Local Area Networks (LANs)– Wide-Area Networks / Internetworking
(WANs)– Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)– Packet-Switching Networks (PSN)
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DC 8 - 3
Local Area Networks
Definition LAN Topologies Baseband vs Broadband Transmission LAN Access Methods Priority and Random Backoff LAN Standards Widely-Used LANs Higher-Speed LANs
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DC 8 - 4
Local Area Networks
A local area network (LAN) is a user-owned communications mechanism linking information-processing and -storage equipment within one building or a cluster of buildings within a circumscribed geographical area.
No absolute distinction between a LAN and a WAN (wide-area network)
LANs evolved because of desire to – share expensive resources– share information
Networks linking dumb terminals to hosts are not considered LANs
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DC 8 - 5
Local Area Networks
Features Continuous connection Interconnectivity Variety of hardware permitted Relatively inexpensive High speeds (2.5-100 Mbps)
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DC 8 - 6
Local Area Networks
LAN Topologies
STAR RING NET/MESH BUS/TREE
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DC 8 - 7
Local Area Networks
Star topology Failure of CPU / Hub downs entire network Performance is function of node at centre Costs largely due to central node
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DC 8 - 8
Local Area Networks
Ring topology Failure of any one node downs entire network Performance declines as # nodes increases
n– P{network failure} = 1 - (1-p)
Relatively low cost
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DC 8 - 9
Local Area Networks
Net/Mesh topology Network survives node failure Performance declines as # nodes increases Higher cost
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DC 8 - 10
Local Area Networks
Bus/Tree topology Network survives node failure Performance declines as nodes increase Medium cost
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DC 8 - 11
Local Area Networks
Baseband vs Broadband Transmission Baseband lower installation cost Broadband higher bandwidth
««
««
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««
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Baseband Broadband
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DC 8 - 12
Local Area Networks
LAN Access Methods Devices may accidentally transmit at same
time: collision Most access methods use CSMA (Carrier
Sense Multiple Access)– Will not begin transmitting while another
node is transmitting CSMA/CA (Collision Avoidance)
– If acknowledgement of message not received, node retransmits
– But both nodes wait fairly long
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DC 8 - 13
Local Area Networks
LAN Access Methods CSMA/CD (Collision Detection)
– Nodes can detect collision quickly– Both nodes immediately stop transmitting
when collision occurs Wait a certain amount of time before starting
again
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DC 8 - 14
Local Area Networks
Priority Backoff and Random Backoff In CSMA/CD, what determines when node
starts transmitting again? Priority backoff
– each node waits a fixed amount of time before retransmitting
– short-wait nodes have priority over long-wait nodes
Random backoff– each node waits a random time– equalizes access to network
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DC 8 - 15
Local Area Networks
Token Passing (1)
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DC 8 - 16
Local Area Networks
Token Passing (2)
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DC 8 - 17
Local Area Networks
Token Passing (3)
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DC 8 - 18
Local Area Networks
Token Passing (4)
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DC 8 - 19
Local Area Networks
Token Passing (5)
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DC 8 - 20
Local Area Networks
Token Passing (6)
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DC 8 - 21
Local Area NetworksIEEE LAN Standards 802.1: Encapsulation standards for CSMA/CD 802.2: Logical link protocols 802.3: Broadband & baseband bus using
CSMA/CD 802.4: Broadband and baseband bus using
token passing 802.5: Token-passing rings 802.6: Metropolitan-area networks using
cable TV facilities 802.7: Other broadband systems 802.8: Fibre optics
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DC 8 - 22
Local Area Networks
Widely-Used LANs Ethernet (IEEE 802.3)
– 10 Mbps commonplace (10Base-T)– twisted pair– 100 m max distance between nodes
IBM Token Ring (IEEE 802.5)– 4 or 16 Mbps
Banyan VINES (IEEE 802.5)
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DC 8 - 23
Local Area Networks
Higher-Speed LANs ANSI Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)
– Fibre optics– 100 Mbps– Similar to IEEE 802.5– Double rings for increased robustness
100Base-T (IEEE 802.3) 100VG-Any-LAN
– IEEE 802.12– Demand priority scheme
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DC 8 - 24
Wide-Area Networks (WANs): Internetworking Definition: an internet is a collection of linked
LANs Ordinary internets are built of
– LANs– Repeaters– Bridges– Routers– Gateways
A WAN is an extension of an internet: the connection of LANs not physically co-located
THE Internet is something else….
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DC 8 - 25
WANs
Repeaters
7-Applications6-Presentation5-Session4-Transport3-Network2-Link1-Physical
Repeaters on each floor
ThickLAN backbone risers
Fibre optic link under roadway
LANs on each floor
»
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DC 8 - 26
WANs
Bridges»
10Base-T
Local bridge 100Base-T
Remote bridge
Digital Leased Line
Remote bridge
7-Applications6-Presentation5-Session4-Transport3-Network2-Link1-Physical
7-Applications6-Presentation5-Session4-Transport3-Network2-Link1-Physical
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DC 8 - 27
WANs
Bridges Protocol insensitive Learning
– modify routing table automatically as devices are added
Filtering– discard packets staying on local bus
Forwarding– send packets to right network
»
7-Applications6-Presentation5-Session4-Transport3-Network2-Link1-Physical
7-Applications6-Presentation5-Session4-Transport3-Network2-Link1-Physical
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DC 8 - 28
WANsRouters &
Brouters
Intelligence: can be addressed Requires protocol agreement Can select alternate routes Bridges becoming smarter
– now called brouters
»
Montreal
Québec
Halifax
7-Applications6-Presentation5-Session4-Transport3-Network2-Link1-Physical
7-Applications6-Presentation5-Session4-Transport3-Network2-Link1-Physical
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DC 8 - 29
WANs
Gateways
Sometimes called protocol converters Can link LANs with different protocols Especially important in multi-vendor
internetworks; e.g., linking OSI system with SNA network
Multiprotocol switches are hardware Software protocol conversion also common
» 7-Applications6-Presentation5-Session4-Transport3-Network2-Link1-Physical
7-Applications6-Presentation5-Session4-Transport3-Network2-Link1-Physical
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DC 8 - 30
WANs
Internetworking Transmission Options Commercial services make internetworking
possible at low cost Switched Multi-Megabit Data Service (SMDS)
– offered by many carriers in Canada / US– connectionless: simply routes packets or
frames Connectionless Broadband Data Service
(CBDS)– popular in Europe
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DC 8 - 31
WANs
Internetworking Transmission Options:
T-carriers (leased lines) T1: 1.544 Mbps 24 voice T1C: 3.152 Mbps 48 voice T2: 6.312 Mbps 96 voice 4 T1 T3: 44 Mbps 672 voice 28 T1 T4: 274 Mbps 4032 voice 168 T1
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DC 8 - 32
WANs
The Internet TCP/IP based internetworking Store-and-forward technology Began as DARPA project in late 1960s Steady expansion during 1970s-80s Explosive growth late 1980s and in 90s Now thought to have several million hosts NOT the “Information Superhighway” More details in Hot Topics course
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DC 8 - 33
WANs
Wireless Data Transport Wireless LANs
– radio– infrared
Broadcast– beepers– stock quotes
Two-way– cellular modems– Cellular Digital Packet Data (CDPD)
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DC 8 - 34
Packet-Switching Networks Public Packet-Switching Networks X.25 PSN Services Routing Data in PSNs Frame Relay Networks
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DC 8 - 35
Packet-Switching Networks Cost of leased lines can be prohibitive for
sporadic use Virtual circuits established for sessions at
low cost Packet Assembler-Disassembler (PAD)
– Links devices to PSN cloud– Data disassembled into packets– Packets routed through PSN cloud– Packets reassembled into data stream
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DC 8 - 36
Packet-Switching Networks
DATA
DA
TA
I/O
PAD
PACKET
DATACOMMOVERHEAD
Destination
Sequence ID
CRC
Route ID
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DC 8 - 37
Packet-Switching Networks
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MontrealNode
HalifaxNode
VancouverNode
Buffers
Processor
Circuits
Packets»
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DC 8 - 38
Packet-Switching Networks
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MontrealNode
HalifaxNode
VancouverNode
Buffers
Processor
Circuits
Packets»
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DC 8 - 39
Packet-Switching NetworksPublic PSNs Widely-available public nodes Charge by kilopacket Datapac (Stentor / Bell Canada) Telenet (SPRINT) Tymnet (MCI) ARPANET (US govt)
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DC 8 - 40
Packet-Switching NetworksCCITT X.25 (“X-and-a-quarter”) Most common standard for PSN Functions divided into 3 levels that
correspond to OSI stack’s lower layers– Physical level: CCITT V.24/V.28 like RS-
232-C– Frame level: LAP-B data link like SDLC– Packet level: network addressing and
routing PAD used to convert asynch to X.25 flow
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DC 8 - 41
Packet-Switching NetworksPSN Services Closed user group Incoming calls only Outgoing calls only Flow-control negotiation
– define packet size, other parms Throughput class negotiation
– define allowable use of bandwidth Reverse charging = collect calls
– like 800 number for datacomm
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DC 8 - 42
Packet-Switching Networks Routing Data in PSNs Virtual circuit unlike telephone call circuit
– Applies to one packet at a time– No user control over how individual
packets reach destination Packets often arrive at destination nodes out
of sequence Destination nodes therefore buffer and
resequence the packets to reconstitute original data stream
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DC 8 - 43
Packet-Switching NetworksFrame Relay Networks X.25 and other PSN have heavy overhead
– designed for analog phone circuits– extensive error correction
Digital circuits much higher reliability, lower noise
Frame Relay drops node-based error checking Functions at OSI layers 1 & 2 (application &
presentation) User systems do their own error-checking and
recovery
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DC 8 - 44
Homework Read Chapter 8 of your textbook in detail,
adding to your workbook notes as appropriate. Review and be prepared to define or expand all
the terms listed at the end of Chapter 8 of your textbook (no hand-in required)
Answer all the exercises on page 187 of the textbook using a computer word-processing program or absolutely legible handwriting (hand in after quiz Monday morning)
Scan Chapters 9 and 10 of your textbook before coming to class on Day 4.