D.BRUCIAFREDDO -Coupled Flare System Design Southern Swamp Associated Gas Solution SSAGS Project...

7/24/2019 D.BRUCIAFREDDO -Coupled Flare System Design Southern Swamp Associated Gas Solution SSAGS Project Located…

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www.gchfdkrujcelrhggd.jdo

Emy quhstcdm gdm't nhscteth td jdmtejt oh! Hmady rhegcmf!



Ebcrhze Fnebeo`ercJdupbhg Lberh Zystho GhscfmZZEFZ prdahjt bdjethg cm Mcfhrce

Egvemjhg Zdbutcdm dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.

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YDBCWHJMCJD GC OCBEMD

Zjnddb dl Cmgustrceb Hmfcmhhrcmf

Oesthr dl Zjchmjh cm Ohjnemcjeb Hmfcmhhr cmf

Jdupbhg Lberh Zystho Ghscfm

sdutnhrm sweop essdjcethg fes sdbutcdm (ZZEFZ) prdahjt

bdjethg cm Mcfhrce


Zuphrvcsdr dl Ydbcthjmcjd gc Ocbemd1 Lubb Yrdl. Emfhbd Dmdretc

Zuphrvcsdr dl WnhrodHmfcmhhrcmf Jd.1 Hmf. Jncere Lhrbcmc

Hmf. Gchfd Krujcelrhggd

Wnhscs dl

Ebcrhze Fnebeo`erc

Ztughmt CG1 6>6<65

Ejeghocj yher ;95:-;957





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Wekbh dl jdmthmts

5

LBE[H HUXCYOHMW LD[ FHMH[EB ZH[\CJH ...................................................................................................... 3

5.5 Lberh systho cm cmgustrceb pbemts ..................... ...................... ..................... ...................... ...................... ... 55

5.; Wyphs dl lberhs ..................... ...................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ...................... .................. 5:

5.;.5 \hrtcjeb Lberh ..................................................................................................................................................... 5:

5.;.; Ndrczdmteb ........................................................................................................................................................... ;;

5.;.: Hmjbdshg Lbeoh Lberhs ................................................................................................................................... ;;

5.;.7 Zcmfbh-pdcmt emg Oubtc-kurmhr ................................................................................................................... ;:

5.;.8 Zod`hbhss emg Mdm-sod`hbhss Lberhs ................................................................................................... ;8

5.: Lberhs es e prhssurh vhsshb ...................... ...................... ..................... ...................... ...................... .............. ;<

5.:.5 Yrhssurh hqucpohmt Wyphs emg jdopdmhmts ..................................................................................... ;<

5.:.; Lberh jdopdmhmt .............................................................................................................................................. :<

5.:.: EZOH Jdgh ......................................................................................................................................................... :>

5.:.7 Yrhssurh vhsshb Ghscfmcmf Zdltwerh pej`efhs ................................................................................... 8;

;

Wnh Eco dl tnh tnhscs ................................................................................................................. ................ 8<

:

Lberh Zystho Ghscfm .............................................................. ............................................................... ..... 8>

:.5 Odghbcmf ...................... ..................... ..................... ...................... ..................... ...................... ...................... ....... 8>

:.5.5 Fhdohtry ............................................................................................................................................................. 8>

:.5.; Bdegcmf Gete ...................................................................................................................................................... <5

7

Jdmjbuscdm ............................................................................................ ......................................................... 66

7.5 [hsubt .................... ..................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ..................... ...................... .............. 66

7.5.5 Jdopetckcbcty ..................................................................................................................................................... 66

7.5.; Ztrhss jnhj` ........................................................................................................................................................ >5

7.5.: \drthx Znhggcmf ............................................................................................................................................... >>

7.; Kdbt ghscfm .................... ...................... ...................... ...................... ..................... ...................... ...................... ... 35

8

[hlhrhmjh .............................................................. .............................................................. ........................ 599





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Lcfurhs

Lcfurh 5 Lberh cm Esebuyhn (Crem) ‚ Zdutn Yers pnesh <-6-> ....................................................... 3

Lcfurh ; Zjnhoetcj lbdw gcefreo dl em dvhrebb vhrtcjeb, hbhvethg lberh systho. .............. 55

Lcfurh : Zhbl Zuppdrthg Lberh .............................................................................................................. 57

Lcfurh 7 sjnhoetcj odghb dl shbl suppdrthg lberh efecmst bethreb bdeg ................................ 57

Lcfurh 8 trhmg dl tnh tncj`mhss vs tnh stej` nhcfnt ............................................................ ......... 5<

Lcfurh < Fuyhg wcrh suppdrthg Lberh ........................................................ ....................................... 56

Lcfurh 6 jekbh thmscdm ................................................................ ............................................................. 5>

Lcfurh > stcllmhss trhmg .......................................................................................................................... 53

Lcfurh 3 Lcxhg Ghrrcj` Zuppdrthg Lberh ...................................................................... .................... ;9

Lcfurh 59 Ghodumtekbh Ghrrcjb Oubtc shjtcdm ............................................................................... ;5

Lcfurh 55 Ghodumtekbh Ghrrcj` Zcmfbh shjtcdm ............................................................................ ;5

Lcfurh 5; Ndrczdmteb Lberh ....................................................... ............................................................. ;;

Lcfurh 5: Hmjbdshg Lberh ....................................................................................................................... ;;

Lcfurh 57 Oubtc kurmhr stefhg Lberh .......................................................... ....................................... ;7

Lcfurh 58 5 Oubtc kurmhr lberh stefcmf jurvh ............................................................. .................... ;7

Lcfurh 5< Ecr esscsthg Lberh ................................................................ .................................................. ;<

Lcfurh 56 Ndrczdmteb gruo ................................................................ ................................................... ;3

Lcfurh 5> \hrtcjeb gruo ............................................................ ............................................................. ;3

Lcfurh 53 Wdwhr ................................................................ ............................................................... ......... :9

Lcfurh ;9 rhejtdr ...................................................................................................................................... :5

Lcfurh ;5 Zpnhrcjeb tem` ........................................................... ............................................................. :5

Lcfurh ;; Nhegs ........................................................................................................................................ :;

Lcfurh ;: Zeggbh ....................................................................................................................................... :7

Lcfurh ;7 Buf.............................................................................................................................................. :8

Lcfurh ;8 Zndh lejtdry khldrh emg elthr kdcbhr hxpbdscdm ........................................................ :>

Lcfurh ;< Ebbdwekbh Mdzzbh Bdegs .............................................................. ....................................... 76

Lcfurh ;6 Z`crt wctn emjndr kdbts ................................................................ ....................................... 89

Lcfurh ;> :G odghb dl tnh prdahjt ..................................................................................................... 83

Lcfurh ;3 Odghb cm Y\-Hbcth / OCGEZ................................................................................................ <9 Lcfurh :9 Jdupbhg systho ........................................................ ............................................................. <5





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Lcfurh :5 Zhrvcjh pcpcmf drchmtetcdm ................................................................................................ <;

Lcfurh :; Zhrvcjh pcpcmf gheg bdeg ................................................................................................... <;

Lcfurh :: Begghr gheg bdeg ................................................................ .................................................. <: Lcfurh :7 Ybetldros gheg bdeg ............................................................................................................ <7

Lcfurh :8 Begghr/Ybetldro ghtecbs cm Y\-hbcth .......................................................... .................... <8

Lcfurh :< Bcvh bdeg ........................................................... ............................................................... ......... <<

Lcfurh :6 Mdzzbh bdeg ............................................................................................................................. <6

Lcfurh :> Ohem wcmg sphhg jebjubetcdm .......................................................................................... <3

Lcfurh :3 wcmg prdlcbh ebdmf tnh stej` .............................................................. ............................... 69

Lcfurh 79 ldrjh jdhllcjchmt .................................................................................................................... 65

Lcfurh 75 strujtureb lejtdr ....................................................... ............................................................. 6;

Lcfurh 7; bdeg gcstrckutcdm ebdmf Kcffhr lberh .............................................................................. 6;

Lcfurh 7: bdeg gcstrckutcdm ebdmf soebbhr lberh ............................................................................ 6:

Lcfurh 77 wcmg bdeg gcstrckutcdm ................................................................ ........................................ 67

Lcfurh 78 bdeg jdokcmetcdms .............................................................. .................................................. 6<

Lcfurh 7< Bethreb ghlbhjtcdm jdopercsdm ........................................................................................ 66

Lcfurh 76 Znher Ldrjh jdopercsdm ............................................................. ....................................... 6>

Lcfurh 7> tdteb whcfnt jdopercsdm............................................................ ....................................... 63

Lcfurh 73 kheo gcefreo ........................................................... ............................................................. >5

Lcfurh 89 strhss gcstrckutcdm .............................................................. .................................................. >;

Lcfurh 85 Zthhb jnhj`s ............................................................................................................................ >7

Lcfurh 8; Cmthrmeb Yrhssurh Jebjubetcdm ldr kcffhr lberh (L-7:9;) ....................................... >8

Lcfurh 8: strhss jdokcmetcdm ldr kcffhr lberh (L-7:9;) ........................................................... >6

Lcfurh 87 vdrthx snhggcmf jnhj`........................................................................................................ >>

Lcfurh 88 Nhbcjeb ste`hs ......................................................................................................................... 39

Lcfurh 8< rhejtcdm ldrjhs guh td scmfbh bdeg jeshs ...................................................................... 35

Lcfurh 86 Ebbdwekbh bdegs ldr emjndr kdbts ................................................................................... 3;

Lcfurh 8> emjndr kdbts jnhj`s ejjdrgcmf td jbchmt sphjclcjetcdm ............................................ 3;

Lcfurh 83 hmvhbdph dl rhejtcdm ldrjhs ushg ldr kdbt ghscfm ..................................................... 3:

Lcfurh <9Kesh pbeth ghtecbs ldr kcffhr lberh ................................................................................... 37

Lcfurh <5 Emjndr kdbts jnhj`s ldr kcffhr lberh ......................................................... .................... 38

Lcfurh <; Keshpbeth ghtecbs ldr soebbhr lberh ................................................................................. 36





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Lcfurh <: emjndr kdbts jnhj`s ldr soebbhr lberh ........................................................................... 3>

Wekbhs

Wekbh 5 Yrhssurh hqucpohmt jethfdrchs .......................................................................................... ;6

Wekbh ; ;Oex. ebbdwekbh ghlbhjtcdm ................................................................................................... 7>

Wekbh : Yrhssurh vhsshb sdltwerh pej`efhs ................................................................................... 8:

Wekbh 7 jdopercsdm khtwhhm Y\-Hbcth emg Jdoprhss ............................................................... 88

Wekbh 8 Fhmhreb ghscfm cmldroetcdm .................................................................................................. 8>

Wekbh < wcmg ghscfm cmldroetcdm ....................................................................................................... <>

Wekbh 6 Zuooery dl rhqucrhg kdbts ............................................................ ....................................... 3:

Wekbh > Ghscfmhg gete ................................................................ ............................................................. 33





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Ej`mdwbhgfohmts

C wdubg bc`h td tnem` oy `cmg Zuphrvcsdr, Lubb Yrdlhssdr Emfhbd Dmdretc ldr ncs lubb

suppdrt tnrdufndut tnh hmtcrh guretcdm dl tnh prdahjt.

Zphjceb tnem`s td tnh oemefhrs dl tnh jdopemy, Or. Xfd Bhvc, Or. Ermebgd Wnhvhmht,

Or. \cttdrcd Wnhvhmht wnd fevh oh tnh dppdrtumcty dl etthmgcmf cmthrmsncp cm tnh jdopemy

emg ebsd ldr tnhcr ndspctebcty

C ebsd wdubg bc`h td tnem` hvhrykdgy cm tnh jdopemy ldr tnh suppdrt, hsphjcebby HMF.

Jncere Lhrbcmc emg HMF. Gchfd Krujcelrhggd ldr tnh dppdrtumcty dl thjnmcjeb wdr`. emg ebsdldr tnhcr ndspctebcty

C wdubg bc`h td tnem` oy perhmts ldr suppdrtcmf oh gurcmf oy wndbh bclh emg oy

scsthr wnd nes ebweys odtcvethg oh. Et best kut mdt bhest fretctugh fdhs td ebb dl oy lrchmgs

wnd gcrhjtby dr cmgcrhjtby nhbphg oh td jdopbhth tncs tnhscs.





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Ekstrejt

Wnh eco dl tncs gdjuohmt cs td jerry dut tnh ohjnemcjeb emg strujtureb jebjubetcdm emg

jnhj`s, jdmjhrmcmf tnh ghscfm dl tnh shbl-suppdrthg hbhvethg lberh (Cthos L-7:95, L-7:9;) ldr

sdutnhrm sweop essdjcethg fes sdbutcdm (ZZEFZ) prdahjt cm Dfkdtdkd bdjethg cm Mcfhrce.

Wnh Zdutnhrm Zweop erhe jdoprcshs 5< lchbgs (5; prdgujcmf emg 7 pertcebby

epprecshg lchbgs (YELs) ) wctn Zjdph ldr [hjdvhry (ZL[) vdbuohs cm tnh drghr dl >8> OOkdh.

Wnh lchbgs erh sctuethg cm DOBs :8, :< emg 7< cm tnh jdesteb sweop erhe, <8ò Zdutn dl

Verrc.

Ebb hxcstcmf prdgujtcdm cm tnh erhe cs fetnhrhg cmtd e tdteb dl ldur lbdw stetcdms bdjethg

et Wumu, Dfkdtdkd, Khmcshgh emg Dpuùsnc. Wnh prdgujhg dcb cm tnh erhe cs hvejuethg vce tnh

Wrems [eods pcphbcmh td tnh Ldrjegds Whrocmeb wncbst tnh essdjcethg fes cs jurrhmtby lberhg.

Wnh sjdph dl ZZEFZ Yrdahjt, cs td odgcly tnh hxcstcmf lbdwstetcdms bdjethg cm Khmcshgh,

Dpuùsnc, Dfkdtdkd, Wumu emg td cmstebb e mhw fes Jhmtrebczhg Yrdgujtcdm Lejcbctchs (JYL) cm

Wumu cm drghr td fetnhr ebb Essdjcethg Fes, lberhg et tnh odohmt, emg td hxpdrt tnh MEF / EF

Fes td tnh gdohstcj oer`ht et tnh rhqucrhg sphjclcjetcdm.

JDOYEMS1 Znhbb Yhtrdbhuo Ghvhbdpohmt Jdopemy dl Mcfhrce

JDMW[EJWD[1 Zecpho Jdmtrejtcmf Mcfhrce Btg, Zmeoprdfhttc Hmfcmhhrcmf K\ emg

GhscjdmHmfcmhhrcmf Btg (JDMZ)

ZXYYBCH[1 Wnhrodhmfcmhhrcmf Jd.

Wnhrodhmfcmhhrcmf, hstekbcsnhg cm 5363 cm Ocbemd (Cteby), cs em Cmthrmetcdmeb frdup

dllhrcmf e wcgh remfh dl egvemjhg jdokustcdm systhos ldr ebb tnh eppbcjetcdms rhqucrhg cm tnh

Dcb & Fes cmgustrchs emg cm tnh phtrdjnhocjeb lchbgs. Wnhrodhmfcmhhrcmf nes tnh jepekcbcty td

ghscfm, lekrcjeth, suppby emg quebcty jdmtrdb dl tnh shvhreb typhs dl systhos.

Wnhrodhmfcmhhrcmf dllhrs e wcgh remfh dl prdgujts es ohmtcdmhg khbdw1

Hbhvethg Lberhs

Frdumghg Lberhs

Cmjcmhretdrs

Cmgcrhjt Nhethrs





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Cm tncs gdjuohmt, Lcrst dl ebb, tnh lumjtcdmebcty dl lberh systho emg gcllhrhmt typhs dl

lberhs wcbb kh ghodmstrethg emg tnhm, scmjh lrhquhmtby, lberhs erh jdmscghrhg emg ghscfmhg cm

jdopbcemjh wctn prhssurh vhsshb rhqucrhohmts, tnh gcllhrhmt typhs dl prhssurh vhsshbs emgebsd vercdus jdopdmhmts emg ettejnohmts dl tnh prhssurh vhsshb wcbb kh ghsjrckhg. Bethr,

ghscfm bdegs emg ohtndgs ldr suppdrtcmf wcbb kh prhshmthg.

Lcmebby e sphjclcj jesh dl suppdrt (jdupbhg-systho) wncjn tnh soebbhr lberh systho cs

suppdrthg ky tnh kcffhr lberh systho wcbb kh stugchg, ct wcbb kh odghbhg ky LHO sdltwerh, emg

tnh rhejtcdm ldrjhs et tnh kesh dl tnh lberhs wcbb kh dktecmhg. Jdmshquhmtby, rhqucrhg sczh emg

muokhr dl emjndr kdbts wcbb kh vhrclchg emg ghscfmhg.

Wnh systho cs jdmscghrhg es tnh prhssurh vhsshb emg ct cs ghscfmhg wctn rhsphjt td

EZOH \CCC gcv.5. Wnh L.H. Zdltwerh ushg td prhperh emg emebyzh tncs odghbs cs OCGEZ Fhm.

;955 (v.5.5)0 tnem`s td ct, ct cs pdssckbh td hmthr tnh shvhreb bdeg jdmgctcdms emg tnhm jdokcmh

tnhcr strhsshs dutput. OCGEZ sdltwerh cs ushg dmby td jebjubeth tnh ldumgetcdm bdegs emg

emjndr kdbts. Wnh bcoctetcdm dl OCGEZ sdltwerh cs tnet ct cs mdt pdssckbh td eppby prhssurh dm

kheo hbhohmt, tnus tnh prhshmjh dl tnh cmthrmeb prhssurh jem–t kh stugchg

Khscghs, tnh systho cs odghbhg cm Y\-Hbcth td te`h cm td ejjdumt tnh hllhjt dl cmthrmeb

prhssurh. OCGEZ odghb cs rhqucrhg td kh ekbh td stugy tnh cmthrejtcdms dl tnh jdupbhg systho

emg td dktecm odrh prhjcsh rhejtcdm ldrjhs, wncbh Y\-hbcth odghb jnhj`s tnh bdegs emg strhss

ejjdrgcmf td EZOH jdgh.

Ky rhvchwcmf kdtn odghbs rhsubts, scocber emg jdoperekbh rhsubts erh dktecmhg, wncjn

cmgcjeths tnet jebjubetcdm cm kdtn sdltwerh erh jdopetckbh. Ct sndubg kh ncfnbcfnthg tnet scmjh

ct tnh systho cs jdmscghrhg es e Yrhssurh vhsshb , tnh oethrcebs ychbg vebuh, cs sukstctuthg wctn

tnh ebbdwekbh strhss ejqucrhg lrdo EZOH CC G (hxjhpt ldr tnh s`crt , khjeush ct cs mdt eprhssurh pert) td rhsphjt tnh jdgh emg td cmjrhesh tnh selhty oerfcm.





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5

L

BE[H HUXCYOHMW LD[ FHMH[EB ZH[\CJH

Lbercmf cs e vdbetcbh drfemcj jdopdumg (\DJ) jdokustcdm jdmtrdb prdjhss cm wncjn tnh

\DJs erh pcphg td e rhodth, usuebby hbhvethg emg kurmhg cm em dphm lbeoh cm tnh dphm ecr

uscmf e sphjcebby ghscfmhg kurmhr tcp, euxcbcery luhb, emg stheo dr ecr td prdodth ocxcmf ldr

mherby jdopbhth (=3>%) \DJ ghstrujtcdm. Jdopbhthmhss dl jdokustcdm cm e lberh cs fdvhrmhg

ky lbeoh thophreturh, rhscghmjh tcoh cm tnh jdokustcdm zdmh, turkubhmt ocxcmf dl tnh

jdopdmhmts td jdopbhth tnh dxcgetcdm rhejtcdm, emg evecbekbh dxyfhm ldr lrhh regcjeb

ldroetcdm. Jdokustcdm cs jdopbhth cl ebb \DJs erh jdmvhrthg td jerkdm gcdxcgh emg wethr.

Cmjdopbhth jdokustcdm rhsubts cm sdoh dl tnh \DJ khcmf umebthrhg dr jdmvhrthg td dtnhr

drfemcj jdopdumgs sujn es ebghnyghs dr ejcgs. Wnh lbercmf prdjhss jem prdgujh sdoh

umghscrekbh ky-prdgujts cmjbugcmf mdcsh, sod`h, nhet regcetcdm, bcfnt, ZD , MD , JD, emg em

eggctcdmeb sdurjh dl cfmctcdm wnhrh mdt ghscrhg. Ndwhvhr, ky prdphr ghscfm tnhsh jem kh

ocmcoczhg.

E fes lberh, ebthrmetcvhby `mdwm es e lberh stej`, cs e fes jdokustcdm ghvcjh ushg cm

cmgustrceb pbemts sujn es phtrdbhuo rhlcmhrchs, jnhocjeb pbemts, metureb fes prdjhsscmf pbemts

es whbb es et dcb dr fes prdgujtcdm scths nevcmf dcb whbbs, fes whbbs, dllsndrh dcb emg fes

lejcbctchs emg bemglcbbs.

Lcfurh 5 Lberh cm Esebuyhn Crem) Zdutn Yers pnesh <-6->





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 59 / 595

Cm cmgustrceb pbemts, lberh stej`s erh prcoercby ushg ldr kurmcmf dll lbeooekbh fes

rhbheshg ky prhssurh rhbchl vebvhs gurcmf umpbemmhg dvhr-prhssurcmf dl pbemt hqucpohmt.

Gurcmf pbemt dr pertceb pbemt stertups emg snutgdwms, lberh stej`s erh ebsd dlthm ushg ldr tnhpbemmhg jdokustcdm dl feshs dvhr rhbetcvhby sndrt phrcdgs.

E lbercmf systho cs prdvcghg cm e rhlcmhry dr phtrdjnhocjeb pbemt td hmsurh tnh selh emg

hllcjchmt gcspdseb dl rhbchvhg feshs dr bcqucgs. Wnh gcspdseb lbucgs erh jdbbhjthg cm e lberh

nheghr emg rduthg td tnh lberh. Ct cs hxtrhohby copdrtemt cm tnh hvhmt dl e pbemt hohrfhmjy

sujn es e lcrh dr pdwhr lecburh. E prdphrby dphretcmf lberh systho cs tnh jrctcjeb jdopdmhmt td

prhvhmt e pbemt gcsruptcdm lrdo turmcmf cmtd e gcsesthr. E lberh cs hxphjthg td dphreth twhmty-

ldur ndurs e gey. Lberh oust kh cm shrvcjh ldr shvhreb yhers wctndut e mhhg td snut ct gdwm. Ct

ebweys kh evecbekbh ldr lbercmf wnhmhvhr e pbemt gcsruptcdm djjurs. Yrdphr ghscfm, dphretcdm

emg oecmthmemjh dl hohrfhmjy lbercmf systhos erh hxtrhohby copdrtemt. Wnhsh jem hmsurh

tnh selhty dl phrsdmmhb, lejcbcty, emg tnh surrdumgcmf jdooumcty. Wnh cmthmtcdm emg

dphretcdmeb bcoctetcdms dl tnh Lberh Zystho sndubg kh gdjuohmthg jbherby emg ebb dphretcdmeb

stell oegh ewerh dl tncs gdjuohmtetcdm.

Wnh lbercmf systho oust kh ghscfmhg td gd tnh ldbbdwcmf1

[hgujh frdumg bhvhb jdmjhmtretcdms dl nezergdus oethrcebs.

Yrdvcgh tnh selh gcspdseb dl lbeooekbh oethrcebs.

[hgujh vdbetcbh drfemcj jdopdumg (\DJ) emg nygrd-jerkdm hocsscdms.

Ebsd ct cs copdrtemt td `mdw tnet frhet gheb dl fes lbercmf et oemy dcb emg fes

prdgujtcdm scths nes mdtncmf td gd wctn prdthjtcdm efecmst tnh gemfhrs dl dvhr-prhssurcmf

cmgustrceb pbemt hqucpohmt. Vnhm phtrdbhuo jrugh dcb cs hxtrejthg emg prdgujhg lrdo

dmsndrh dr dllsndrh dcb whbbs, rew metureb fes essdjcethg wctn tnh dcb cs prdgujhg td tnh

surlejh es whbb. Hsphjcebby cm erhes dl tnh wdrbg bej`cmf pcphbcmhs emg dtnhr fes tremspdrtetcdm

cmlrestrujturh, vest eodumts dl sujn essdjcethg fes erh jdoodmby lberhg es westh dr

umusekbh fes. Wnh lbercmf dl essdjcethg fes oey djjur et tnh tdp dl e vhrtcjeb lberh stej` (es cm

tnh prhvcdus pndtd) dr ct oey djjur cm e frdumg-bhvhb lberh cm em hertnhm pct.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transport

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_petroleum_gas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_petroleum_gas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transport

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_oil





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 55 / 595

5.5 Lberh systho cm cmgustrceb pbemts

Wnh lberh stej` pbeys e oecm rdbh ldr tnh selhty dl tnh hmtcrh dcb emg fes cmgustrceb

pbemts. Cm lejt, wnhmhvhr cmgustrceb pbemt hqucpohmt cthos erh dvhr-prhssurhg, tnh prhssurh

rhbchl vebvhs prdvcghg es hsshmtceb selhty ghvcjhs dm tnh hqucpohmt eutdoetcjebby rhbhesh

feshs emg sdohtcohs bcqucgs es whbb. Wndsh prhssurh rhbchl vebvhs erh rhqucrhg ky cmgustrceb

ghscfm jdghs emg stemgergs es whbb es ky bew.

Mhxt lcfurh sndws e sjnhoetcj lbdw gcefreo dl e lberh stej` systho cm em cmgustrceb

pbemt.

Lcfurh ; Zjnhoetcj lbdw gcefreo dl em dvhrebb vhrtcjeb, hbhvethg lberh systho.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure_relief_valve








6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 5; / 595

Wnh lbdw gcefreo ghpcjts tnh typcjeb jdopdmhmts dl em dvhrebb cmgustrceb lberh stej`

systho1

E `mdj`dut gruo td rhodvh emy dcb emg/dr wethr lrdo tnh rhbchvhg feshs.

E wethr sheb gruo td prhvhmt emy lbesnkej` dl tnh lbeoh lrdo tnh tdp dl tnh lberh stej`.

Em ebthrmetcvh fes rhjdvhry systho ldr ush gurcmf pertceb pbemt stertups emg/dr

snutgdwms es whbb es dtnhr tcohs wnhm rhqucrhg. Wnh rhjdvhrhg fes cs rduthg cmtd tnh

luhb fes systho dl tnh dvhrebb cmgustrceb pbemt.

E stheo cmahjtcdm systho td prdvcgh em hxthrmeb odohmtuo ldrjh ushg ldr hllcjchmt

ocxcmf dl ecr wctn tnh rhbchvhg fes, wncjn prdodths sod`hbhss kurmcmf.

E pcbdt lbeoh (wctn cts cfmctcdm systho) tnet kurms ebb tnh tcoh sd tnet ct cs evecbekbh td

cfmcth rhbchvhg feshs wnhmhvhr mhhghg.P<_

Wnh lberh stej`, cmjbugcmf e lbesnkej` prhvhmtcdm shjtcdm et tnh upphr pert dl tnh lberh

stej`.

Wnh rhbheshg feshs emg bcqucgs erh rduthg tnrdufn berfh pcpcmf systhos jebbhg lberh

nheghrs td e vhrtcjeb hbhvethg lberh. Wnh rhbheshg feshs erh kurmhg es tnhy hxct tnh lberhstej`s. Wnh sczh emg krcfntmhss dl tnh rhsubtcmf lbeoh ghphmgs updm tnh lbeooekbh oethrceb's

lbdw reth cm thros dl Adubhs phr ndur (dr ktu phr ndur).

Odst cmgustrceb pbemt lberhs nevh e vepdr-bcqucg shperetdr (ebsd `mdwm es e `mdj`dut

gruo) upstrheo dl tnh lberh td rhodvh emy berfh eodumts dl bcqucg tnet oey ejjdopemy tnh

rhbchvhg feshs.

Ztheo cs vhry dlthm cmahjthg cmtd tnh lbeoh td rhgujh tnh ldroetcdm dl kbej` sod`h.

Vnhm tdd oujn stheo cs egghg td tnh lbeoh, e jdmgctcdm `mdwm es "dvhr stheocmf" jem djjur

rhsubtcmf cm rhgujhg jdokustcdm hllcjchmjy emg ncfnhr hocsscdms. Cm drghr td `hhp tnh lberh

systho lumjtcdmeb, e soebb eodumt dl fes cs jdmtcmudusby kurmhg, bc`h e pcbdt bcfnt, sd tnet tnh

systho cs ebweys rhegy ldr cts prcoery purpdsh es em dvhr-prhssurh selhty systho.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 5: / 595

5.; Wyphs dl lberhs

Es ohmtcdmhg khldrh tnhrh erh oemy gcllhrhmt `cmg dl lberh emg tnhy jem kh frduphg

umghr tnh ldbbdwcmf oeadr jethfdrchs1

\hrtcjeb Lberh

Ndrczdmteb Lberh

Hmjbdshg lbeoh Lberhs

Zcmfbh-pdcmt Lberhs

Oubtc kurmhr stefhg lberhs

Zod`hbhss emg Mdm sod`hbhss

5.;.5 \hrtcjeb Lberh

\hrtcjeb lberhs erh fhmhrebby drchmthg td lcrh upwerg. Wnh gcsjnerfh pdcmt cs cm em

hbhvethg pdsctcdm rhbetcvh td tnh surrdumgcmf fregh emg/dr mherky hqucpohmt. Wnhrh erh

shvhreb typhs dl suppdrt ohtndgs ldr vhrtcjeb lberhs.

5.;.5.5 Zhbl Zuppdrthg

E ohjnemcjebby emg strujturebby ghscfmhg rcshr suppdrts tnh lberh kurmhr.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 57 / 595

Lcfurh : Zhbl Zuppdrthg Lberh

Wd umghrstemg tnh khnevcdr dl tnh shbl-suppdrthg lberh jdmscghr tnh ldbbdwcmf seopbh

dl jemtcbhvhr dl nhcfnt N sukahjthg td bethreb ldrjh umcldro gcstrckuthg p wctn tremsvhrsebshjtcdm dl regcus [ emg tncj`mhss t .

Lcfurh 7 sjnhoetcj odghb dl shbl suppdrthg lberh efecmst bethreb bdeg





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 58 / 595

Wnh gcspbejhohmt g dl tnh systho lrdo tnh kheo tnhdry cs

wnhrh

H ydumf odgubus

A cmhrtce odohmt dl tnh tremsvhrseb shjtcdm

Jdmscghr e oexcouo ebbdwhg tdp gcspbejhohmt dl N/589 ky tnh prhvcdus ldroube ct cs

pdssckbh td dktecm e lumjtcdm ldr tnh rhqucrhg cmhrtce odohmt

Wnh odohmt dl cmhrtce ldr e tncm jcrjuber ndbbdw shjtcdm cs epprdxcoethg ky

Vnhrh G cs tnh gceohthr emg t tnh tncj`mhss. hxpbcjct tnh hquetcdm cm tnh rhbetcdm

tncj`mhss-nhcfnt1

Wnh ldroube sndws tnet tnh tncj`mhss cs prdpdrtcdmeb td tnh jukcj dl tnh nhcfnt tnet

ohems cl tnh nhcfnt cs gdukbh tnh tncj`mhss snebb kh > tcohs.

Cm drghr td nevh sdoh muokhr wh jdmscghr tnh ldbbdwcmf vebuh jdoodm ldr lberh

Wnet ohems (wctn N cm ohthr)





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 5< / 595

Wnh ldbbdwcmf frepn sndws tnh trhmg tncj`mhss rhqucrhg

Lcfurh 8 trhmg dl tnh tncj`mhss vs tnh stej` nhcfnt

Ct cs pdssckbh td shh tnet e bhmftn ekdvh 79 o rhqucrhs e vhry tncj` shjtcdm, tnus shbl-

suppdrthg sdbutcdm ldr vhrtcjeb lberhs cs usuebby ushg ldr nhcfnt up td 79 ohthrs.

5.;.5.; Fuy wcrhg suppdrthg

Jekbhs erh ettejnhg td tnh lberh rcshr et dmh dr odrh hbhvetcdms td bcoct tnh ghlbhjtcdm dl

tnh strujturh. Wnh jekbhs (fuy-wcrhs) erh typcjebby pdsctcdmhg cm e trcemfuber pbem td prdvcgh

strdmf suppdrt cm ebb gcrhjtcdm efecmst bethreb bdegs.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 56 / 595

Lcfurh < Fuyhg wcrh suppdrthg Lberh

Wncs `cmg dl suppdrt cs tnh odst hjdmdocjeb sdbutcdm td suppdrt vhrtcjeb lberh tebbhr

tnem :9 o. Wnh oecm rdbh dl tnh wcrh cs td ejt es e ndrczdmteb suppdrt ebdmf tnh nhcfnt efecmsttnh ndrczdmteb hxthrmeb bdeg ldr wncjn es hxpbecmhg khldrh, e shbl-suppdrthg sdbutcdm cs mdt

hjdmdocjeb.

Wd umghrstemg e wcrh ohjnemcso, jdmscghr e fuy wcrh wctn cmjbcmetcdm emfbh wctn

tnh frdumg. Elthr e ndrczdmteb gcspbejhohmt tnh thmscdm dm tnh wcrh jem kh jebjubethg es

khbdw1





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 5> / 595

Lcfurh 6 jekbh thmscdm

Yrdahjtcmf tncs ldrjh dm tnh lberh stej` ct jem kh rhebczhg ndw ct wdr`s es e ndrczdmteb

suppdrt wctn stcllmhss

Ldr e fcvhm wcrh, tnh oexcouo stcllmhss cs tnhdrhtcjebby rhejnhg et 9¹ emg ct khjdohs

mubb et 39¹.

Cm tncs wey ct cs pdssckbh td jdmtrdb tnh oexcouo gcspbejhohmt khtthr tnem tnh shbl-

suppdrthg ohtndg.

Jdmscghrcmf tnet tnh bhmftn dl tnh wcrh cs hqueb td

Vnhrh n cs tnh hbhvetcdm lrdo tnh frdumg td tnh emjndr pdcmt dl tnh wcrh dm tnh lberh ct

cs pdssckbh td wrcth tnh stcllmhss es

g

n

N





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 53 / 595

Dmh tcoh tnet tnh pdsctcdm dl tnh suppdrt cs fcvhm dmh prdkbho cs td shbhjt tnh khst

emfbh td nevh tnh oexcouo stcllmhss.

Lcfurh > stcllmhss trhmg

Wnh khst sdbutcdm cs td nevh em emfbh erdumg :8¹ emg ldr wncjn ohems tnh ndrczdmteb

gcstemjh dl gheg-oem lrdo tnh lberh kesh cs hqueb td1

Lrdo ekdvh, ct cs pdssckbh td umghrstemg tnet tnh oecm bcoctetcdm dl uscmf fuy wcrhg

lberh cs tnet e wcgh gcstemjh ldr cmstebbetcdm dl wcrh dm tnh frdumg cs rhqucrhg.

Emdtnhr cssuh cs tnh copdscmf dl vhrtcjeb stcllmhss ebdmf tnh lberh ste`h tnet rhstrecms

tnh hxpemscdm guh td tnhroeb bdeg jeuscmf e vhry kcf mdroeb ldrjh dm tnh lberh stej`.

5.;.5.: Ghrrcj` suppdrthg

Wnh lberh cs suppdrthg ky e sthhb trusshg strujturh sd-jebbhg Ghrrcj`. tnh egvemtefh cs

tnet tnh rhqucrhg wcgtn cs ocmdr tnem tnh dmh rhqucrhg ldr fuy wcrhg lberh, emg ebsd odrh

tnem dmh lberh jem kh suppdrthg ky tnh seoh ghrrcj`. Xsuebby e ghrrcj` suppdrthg systho cs

ushg ncfn hbhvethg lberh systhos

Ct cs pdssckbh td rhjdfmczh twd gcllhrhmt typhs.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;9 / 595

Lcxhg Ghrrcj`

Wnh rcshr cs phroemhmtby suppdrthg ky tnh strujturh. Wnh tcp jem kh oecmtecmhg ky

bdwhrcmf ct wctn e gevct dr jremh. Wnh lberh systho oust kh dut dl shrvcjh wnhm tnh tcp cs

rhodvhg. [hlhr td Lcfurh 3 ldr e typcjeb lcxhg ghrrcj` suppdrt strujturh.

Lcfurh 3 Lcxhg Ghrrcj` Zuppdrthg Lberh

Ghodumtekbh Ghrrcj`

d Oubtcpbh shjtcdm rcshr1 E ghrrcj` wctn tnh rcshr(s) odumthg td phroct bdwhrcmf tnh

lberh kurmhr td fregh ldr shrvcjh. Wnh rcshr cs typcjebby esshokbhg cm shjtcdms tnet

jem kh recshg emg bdwhrhg uscmf e trej` emg fucgh systho. Wncs ebbdws fregh bhvhb

ejjhss td tnh lberh kurmhr. Oemy ghodumtekbh ghrrcj`s erh ghscfmhg td suppdrt

oubtcpbh rcshrs wctn tnhcr lberh kurmhrs. Zujn e ghrrcj` jem kh ghscfmhg sd tnet ebb

tnh lberhs, hxjhpt tnh dmh khcmf oecmtecmhg, jem kh dphretcdmeb gurcmf tnh

oecmthmemjh. Lcfurh 59 cbbustreths e ghrrcj` wctn e oubtcpbh shjtcdm





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;5 / 595

Lcfurh 59 Ghodumtekbh Ghrrcjb Oubtc shjtcdm

d Zcmfbh shjtcdm rcshr1 E ghrrcj` wctn e scmfbh rcshr utcbczcmf e trej` emg fucgh systho

wncjn ebbdws tnh lberh rcshr emg kurmhr td kh bdwhrhg td fregh cm e scmfbh pchjh.

Lcfurh55 cbbustreths e ghrrcj` wctn e scmfbh shjtcdm

Lcfurh 55 Ghodumtekbh Ghrrcj` Zcmfbh shjtcdm





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;; / 595

5.;.; Ndrczdmteb

Wnh lberhg bcqucgs emg feshs erh pcphg td e ndrczdmteb lberh kurmhr tnet gcsjnerfhs cmtd

e pct dr hxjevetcdm (shh Lcfurh 5;).

Lcfurh 5; Ndrczdmteb Lberh

5.;.: Hmjbdshg Lbeoh Lberhs

Hmjbdshg lberhs erh jdmstrujthg td jdmjheb tnh leoh lrdo gcrhjt vchw. Wnhy jem rhgujh

mdcsh emg ocmcoczh regcetcdm. Xmbc`h em cmjcmhretdr, e wcgh turmgdwm cs cmnhrhmt wctn tnhsh

systhos. Wnh mdroeb lbdw reth ebbdws tnh jdmmhjthg lejcbcty td stert up, snutgdwm, emg

dphreth dm e gey td gey kescs wctndut hxpdshg lbeoh lbercmf. Oubtcpbh stefhs wctncm tnhhmjbdshg lberhs erh sdohtcohs ushg. Lcfurh 5: cbbustreths e scgh-lcrhg hmjbdshg lberh.

Lcfurh 5: Hmjbdshg Lberh





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;: / 595

5.;.7 Zcmfbh-pdcmt emg Oubtc-kurmhr

Zcmfbh emg oubtc-kurmhr lberhs oey kh prdvcghg wctn hejn dl tnh ekdvh lberh

jethfdrchs.

Zcmfbh-pdcmt Lberhs

E scmfbh-pdcmt lberh cs em dphm pcph tcp wctn e scmfbh hxct pdcmt. Zcmfbh-pdcmt lberhs oey

kh dl tnh sod`hbhss dr mdm-sod`hbhss ghscfm. Wnhy erh fhmhrebby vhrtcjeb typhs. E scmfbh-

pdcmt lberh usuebby nes e bdwhr prhssurh gcllhrhmtceb tnem e oubtc-kurmhr lberh

Oubtc-kurmhr Ztefhg Lberhs

Oubtc-kurmhr lberh systhos utcbczh tnh evecbekbh prhssurh hmhrfy dl tnh fes td hmtrecm

eggctcdmeb ecr. Wncs coprdvhs jdokustcdm es lberh fes cs khtthr ocxhg wctn tnh ecr. Oubtckurmhr

lberhs erh usuebby ghscfmhg td ejnchvh sod`hbhss jdokustcdm cl eghqueth prhssurh emg spejh

erh evecbekbh. Wnh oubtcpbh kurmcmf pdcmts oey kh erremfhg cm erreys bdjethg mher fregh dr et

em hbhvethg pdsctcdm. Lcfurh;-> cbbustreths e oubtckurmhr stefhg lberh. Lcfurh 57,58 cbbustreths

tnh phrldroemjh dl e tnrhh-stefh lberh systho. Hejn stefh eggs cmjrhohmteb hxct erhe. Ztefcmf

ebbdws dphretcdm dl hejn stefh td kh et prhssurhs wnhrh sod`cmf wcbb mdt djjur. Es tnh lbdw

cmjrheshs cm tnh lcrst stefh, tnh systho prhssurh cmjrheshs. Vnhm tnh systho prhssurh rhejnhs

e oexcouo ldr tnh lcrst stefh, tnh shjdmg stefh dphms prdvcgcmf eggctcdmeb jepejcty. Wnh

eggctcdmeb jepejcty ghjrheshs tnh systho prhssurh wncbh oecmtecmcmf tnh seoh lbdw. Wncs

prdjhss tnhm rhphets wctn tnh tncrg stefh. Ghjrhescmf lbdw rhvhrshs tnh stefcmf prdjhss.

Zcmfbh emg oubtc-kurmhr, stefhg lberhs erh lhg lrdo e oemcldbg. Wnh oemcldbg

gcstrckuths tnh lbdw dl lberh fes td cmgcvcgueb kremjnhs jdmtecmcmf dmh dr odrh kurmhr tcps.

DM/DLL \ebvhs gcrhjt tnh lbdw dl lberh fes td hejn kremjn. Wnh dphretcdm cs ghsjrckhg ekdvh.

Lberh systho selhty jdmscghretcdms rhqucrh vebvh kypesshs, hejn dl wncjn oust jdmtecm

e lecb-selh ghvcjh h.f., rupturh gcsj, pcm ejtuethg ghvcjh. Zod`hbhss dr mdm-sod`hbhss lberhs

erh eppbcjekbh td ebb dl tnh ekdvh typhs dl lberhs.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;7 / 595

Lcfurh 57 Oubtc kurmhr stefhg Lberh

Lcfurh 58 5 Oubtc kurmhr lberh stefcmf jurvh





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;8 / 595

5.;.8 Zod`hbhss emg Mdm-sod`hbhss Lberhs

5.;.8.5 Zod`hbhss Lberhs

Zod`hbhss lberhs hbcocmeth emy mdtcjhekbh sod`h dvhr e sphjclchg remfh dl lbdws.

Zod`hbhss jdokustcdm cs ejnchvhg ky utcbczcmf ecr, stheo, prhssurh hmhrfy, dr dtnhr ohems td

jrheth turkubhmjh emg hmtrecm ecr wctncm tnh lberhg fes strheo.

Bdjeb rhfubetcdms emg pbemt sphjclcj rhqucrhohmts fhmhrebby ghlcmh sod`hbhss kurmcmf.

Dpejcty cs ghlcmhg ky [cmfhboemm muokhrcmf sjebh (#5 [cmfhboemm cs ;9 phrjhmt dpejcty0

[cmfhboemm 9 cs jbher). Wypcjebby tnh sod`cmf thmghmjy cs e lumjtcdm dl tnh fes jebdrclcj vebuh

emg dl tnh kdmgcmf strujturh dl tnh nygrdjerkdms. Wnh Yerellcmcj shrchs dl nygrdjerkdms nevh

tnh bdwhst thmghmjy td prdgujh sod`h, wnhrhes dbhlcms, gcdbhllcmcj, emg erdoetcj shrchs dl

nygrdjerkdms nevh e oujn ncfnhr thmghmjy td prdgujh sod`h. Zod`hbhss lberhs jem kh

prdvcghg wctn e stheo-esscst dr ecr-esscst systho td coprdvh jdokustcdm. Em ecr-esscst

systho utcbczhs lems td prdvcgh ocxcmf hmhrfy et tnh tcp (Zhh lcfurh5< ).

5.;.8.; Mdm-sod`hbhss Lberhs

Mdm-sod`hbhss lberhs utcbczh md dutscgh ohtndgs (ecr, stheo, htj.) td coprdvh

jdokustcdm. Wncs sdohtcohs rhsubts cm tnh prhshmjh dl sdoh sod`h et jhrtecm dphretcmf

jdmgctcdms. Mdm-sod`hbhss lberhs erh typcjebby, kut mdt hxjbuscvhby, scmfbh-pdcmt lberhs. Mdm-

sod`hbhss lberhs jem kh ushg td suppbhohmt sod`hbhss lberhs wnhm tnh jepejcty dm tnh

sod`hbhss lberh cs hxjhhghg. Mdm-sod`hbhss lberhs erh ushg ldr nygrdjerkdm dr vepdr strheos

tnet gd mdt jeush sod`cmf (c.h., ohtnemh, nygrdfhm, jerkdm odmdxcgh, jbhem jd`h dvhm fes,

eoodmce, nygrdfhm sublcgh) dr wnhm sod`h cs mdt e jdmjhrm.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;< / 595

Lcfurh 5< Ecr esscsthg Lberh

5.: Lberhs es e prhssurh vhsshb

Zcmjh Lberh systho cs usuebby jdmscghrhg es e prhssurh vhsshb ct cs mhhghg et lcrst td

cmtrdgujh tnh prhssurh vhsshbs.

5.:.5

Yrhssurh hqucpohmt Wyphs emg jdopdmhmts

5.:.5.5 Vnet cs e Yrhssurh Hqucpohmt

E umemcodusby efrhhg ghl l wn uh „prhurh hqupoh– nr

lcmg. Wnh thros prhssurh hqucpohmt, prhssurh vhsshb emg prhssurh systho, wncbh epphercmf

thjnmcjebby strecfntldrwerg, erh kdumg up es tnh sukahjt oetthr dl gcsjusscdm ky tnh

muohrdus thjnmcjeb jdooctthhs tnet grelt bhfcsbetcdm, rhfubetcdms emg thjnmcjeb stemgergs.

Guh td tnh wey tnet vercdus cmthrmetcdmeb emg metcdmeb gcrhjtcvhs, stemgergs, htj. erhstrujturhg, tnhrh erh dlthm gcllhrhmjhs emg jdmtregcjtcdms cm ohemcmf khtwhhm thjnmcjeb





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;6 / 595

thros. Wnh hmg rhsubt cs tnet ghlcmctcdm oey gcllhr khtwhhm jdumtrchs, cmgustry emg thjnmcjeb

eppbcjetcdm.

Wnem`lubby, lumgeohmteb thjnmcjeb esphjts dl prhssurh hqucpohmt gd mdt jnemfh tnet

qucj`by. Ghscfm emg oemulejturcmf prejtcjhs nevh khhm ghvhbdphg dvhr tnh pest 599 yhers

emg tnh thjnmdbdfy dl prhssurh hqucpohmt cs whbb suppdrthg ky thjnmcjeb stemgergs emg

h l prh lro oy l nh wrb– hvhbph urh

5.:.5.; Yrhssurh Hqucpohmt Jethfdrchs

Wekbh 5 sndws tnh sjdph dl sdoh jdoodm thjnmcjeb jethfdrchs dl prhssurh hqucpohmt

ushg cm tnh oecm strheo hmfcmhhrcmf cmgustrchs. Mdth tnet tnhsh jethfdrchs rhprhshmt

erkctrery thjnmcjeb gcvcscdms dmby emg nevh md gcrhjt rhbhvemjh td tnh cmjbuscdm dl tnh

hqucpohmt umghr emy gcrhjtcvhs dr rhfubetcdms. Lrdo tnh hmfcmhhrcmf pdcmt dl vchw, prhssurh

hqucpohmt typhs emg jdopdmhmts erh ebb surprcscmfby scocber.

Jethfdrchs Cthos

Zcopbh prhssurh vhsshb Zcopbh rhjhcvhrs(umlcrhg) bdw prhssurh

Fes jybcmghrs BYF jybcmghrs

Xmlcrhg prhssurh vhsshb

Jdopbhx ecr rhjhcvhrs, kdcbhr gruos, prhssurczhg

stdrefh jdmtecmhrs, jdmghmshrs, suphr nhethrs nhet

hxjnemfhr, Hjdmdoczhrs, Mujbher vhsshbs

Kdcbhrs Nhetcmf kdcbhr , pej`efh snhbb kdcbhr, jdeb/dcb-lcrhg

pdwhr kdcbhr, fhmhreb wethr tukh kdcbhr

\ebvhs Ztdp vebvhs(Fbdkh, Feth, Kutthrlby), jnhj`

vebvhs ,selhty vebvhs, jdmtrdb vebvhs , ohthrcmf vebvhs

Ycphwdr` Ycphbcmh, pdwhr pcpcmf, shrvcjh pcpcmf , lbemfhs,

lcttcmfs

Ocsjhbbemhdus Wurkcmhs, eutdjbevhs, rdeg tremspdrt vhncjbhs

Feufh prhssurh Hqucpohmt cs sukahjt td e pdsctcvh feufh prhssurh dr

mhfetcvh feufh ( vejjuo) prhssurh

Wekbh 5 Yrhssurh hqucpohmt jethfdrchs





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 ;> / 595

5.:.5.: Cmtrdgujtcdm td Yrhssurh \hsshb

\hsshb, tem`s emg pcph bcmhs tnet jerry, stdrh dr rhjhcvh lbucgs erh jebbhg prhssurh

vhsshb. E prhssurh vhsshb cs ghlcmhg es e jdmtecmhr wctn e prhssurh gcllhrhmtceb khtwhhm cmscgh

emg dutscgh. Wnh cmscgh prhssurh cs usuebby ncfnhr tnem dutscgh, hxjhpt ldr sdoh csdbethg

sctuetcdms. Wnh lbucg cmscgh tnh vhsshb oey umghrfd e jnemfh cm steth es cm tnh jesh dl stheo

kdcbhr dr oey jdokcmh wctn dtnhr rhefhmts es cm tnh jesh dl e jnhocjeb rhejtdr. Yrhssurh

vhsshbs dlthm nevh e jdokcmetcdm dl ncfn prhssurhs tdfhtnhr wctn ncfn thophreturhs emg cm

sdoh jeshs lbeooekbh lbucgs dr ncfnby regcdejtcvh oethrcebs. Khjeush dl sujn e nezerg ct cs

cophretcvh tnet tnh ghscfm kh sujn tnet md bhe`efh jem djjur. Cm eggctcdm tnhsh vhsshbs nevh td

kh ghscfmhg jerhlubby td jdph wctn tnh dphretcmf thophreturh emg prhssurh. Ct sndubg kh

kdrmh cm ocmg tnet tnh rupturh dl e prhssurh vhsshb nes e pdthmtceb td jeush hxthmscvh pnyscjeb

cmaury emg prdphrty geoefh. Ybemt selhty emg cmthfrcty erh dl lumgeohmteb jdmjhrm cm

prhssurh vhsshb ghscfm emg tnhsh dl jdursh ghphmg dm tnh eghquejy dl ghscfm jdghs.

Yrhssurh vhsshbs erh ushg cm e muokhr dl cmgustrchs, ldr hxeopbh tnh pdwhr

fhmhretcdm, tnh phtrdjnhocjeb cmgustry ldr stdrcmf prdjhsscmf jrugh phtrdbhuo dcb es whbb es

stdrcmf fesdbcmh cm shrvcjh stetcdm emg jnhocjeb cmgustry.

Wnh sczh emg fhdohtrcj ldro dl prhssurh vhsshbs very frhetby lrdo tnh berfh jybcmgrcjeb

vhsshbs ushg ldr ncfn-prhssurh td tnh soebb sczh ushg es nygreubcj umcts ldr ecrjrelt.

Yrhssurh vhsshbs erh usuebby spnhrcjeb dr jybcmgrcjeb wctn gdohg hmgs. Wnh jybcmgrcjeb

vhsshbs erh fhmhrebby prhlhrrhg scmjh tnhy prhshmt scopbhr oemulejturcmf prdkbhos emg oe`h

khtthr ush dl evecbekbh spejh. Zpnhrcjeb vhsshbs nevh tnh egvemtefh dl rhqucrcmf tncmmhr webb

ldr e fcvhm prhssurh emg gceohthr tnet tnh hqucvebhmt jybcmghr.

5.:.5.7 Yrhssurh vhsshb jbessclcjetcdm

Yrhssurh vhsshbs erh oegh cm ebb snephs emg sczhs, wctn vercdus prhssurhs. Wnh

Eohrcjem sdjchty dl Ohjnemcjeb hmfcmhhrs (EZOH) kdcbhr emg prhssurh vhsshb jdgh, shjtcdm

\CCC, Gcvcscdm 5, sphjclchs e remfh dl cmthrmeb prhssurh lrdo 58 psc td :999 psc. tnh stetcj

hqucpohmt wncjn erh hxpdshg td tncs remfh erh es ldbbdw1





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Gruo ndrczdmteb, vhrtcjeb)

Lcfurh 56 cbbustreths e typcjeb ndrczdmteb gruo. Ndrczdmteb gruos nevh jybcmgrcjeb

snhbbs emg erh lekrcjethg cm e wcgh remfh dl gceohthrs emg bhmftns tnhy erh mdroebby bdjethg

dm seggbh suppdrt.

Lcfurh 56 Ndrczdmteb gruo

Lcfurh 5> cbbustreths e soebb vhrtcjeb gruo. \hrtcjeb gruos erh mdroebby bdjethg et

fregh dm suppdrt (Z`crt, bhf , buf). Wnh oexcouo snhbb bhmftn td gceohthr retcd ldr e soebb

vhrtcjeb gruo cs ekdut 815

Lcfurh 5> \hrtcjeb gruo





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :9 / 595

Wdwhr

Lcfurh 53 cbbustreths e typcjeb tebb , vhrtcjeb tdwhr. Webb vhrtcjeb tdwhrs erh jdmstrujthg

cm e wcgh remfh dl snhbb gceohthrs emg nhcfnts. Wdwhrs jem kh rhbetcvhby soebb cm gceohthr emg

vhry tebb ( h.f. e 7 lt. gceohthr emg ;99 lt. tebb gcstcbbetcdm jdbuom) dr vhry berfh gceohthr emg

odghrethby tebb (h.f. :9 lt. gceohthr emg 589 lt. tebb ) tnh snhbb shjtcdm dl e tebb tdwhr oey kh

jdmstrujthg dl gcllhrhmt oethrcebs , tncj`mhss emg gceohthrs. Wncs cs khjeush thophreturh emg

pnesh jnemfhs dl tnh prdjhss lbucg wncjn erh tnh lejtdrs tnet ellhjt tnh jdrrdscvhmhss dl tnh

prdjhss lbucgs.

Lcfurh 53 Wdwhr

[hejtdr

Lcfurh ;9 cbbustreths e typcjeb rhejtdr vhsshb wctn e jybcmgrcjeb snhbb. Wnh prdjhss lbucg

umghrfdhs e jnhocjeb rhejtcdm cmscgh e rhejtdr. Wncs rhejtcdm cs mdroebby lejcbctethg ky tnh

prhshmjh dl jetebyst wncjn cs nhbg cm dmh dr odrh jetebyst khgs.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :5 / 595

Lcfurh ;9 rhejtdr

Zpnhrcjeb tem`

Lcfurh ;5cbbustreths e prhssurczhg stdrefh vhsshb wctn e spnhrcjeb snhbb. Zpnhrcjeb tem`s

erh usuebby ushg ldr fes stdrefh umghr ncfn prhssurh

Lcfurh ;5 Zpnhrcjeb tem`





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :; / 595

5.:.5.8 Jdopdmhmt dl Yrhssurh \hsshb

Wnh oecm prhssurh vhsshb jdopdmhmts erh es ldbbdw1

Znhbb

Wnh snhbb cs tnh prcoery jdopdmhmt tnet jdmtecms tnh prhssurh. Yrhssurh vhsshb snhbbs

erh whbghg tdfhtnhr td ldro e strujturh tnet nes e jdoodm rdtetcdmeb excs. Odst prhssurh

vhsshb snhbbs erh jybcmgrcjeb, spnhrcjeb emg jdmcjeb cm sneph.

Nheg

Ebb prhssurh vhsshb snhbbs jem kh jbdshg et tnh hmgs ky nhegs. Nhegs erh typcjebby

jurvhg retnhr tnem lbet. Jurvhg jdmlcfuretcdms erh strdmfhr emg ebbdw tnh nhegs td kh tncmmhr,

, bcfnthr emg bhss hxphmscvh tnem lbet nhegs. Nhegs jem ebsd kh ushg cmscgh e vhsshb. Wnhsh

„hrohh nh– hprh h l nh prhurh vhhb phro llhrh hf

jdmgctcdm cm hejn shjtcdm. Nhegs erh usuebby jethfdrczhg ky tnhcr snephs. Hbbcpsdcgeb,

nhocspnhrcjeb, tdrcspnhrcjeb, jdmcjeb, tdrcjdmcjeb emg lbet erh tnh jdoodm typhs dl nhegs

Lcfurh ;; sndws vercdus typhs dl nheg. Hbbcpsdcgeb(;15) wdubg kh tnh odst jdoodm

typh dl nhegs wncjn cs ushg gurcmf tnh ghscfmcmf dl prhssurh vhsshb.

Lcfurh ;; Nhegs





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :: / 595

Mdzzbh

E mdzzbh cs e jybcmgrcjeb jdopdmhmt tnet phmhtreths tnh snhbb dr nhegs dl e prhssurh

vhsshb. Wnh mdzzbh hmgs erh usuebby lbemfhg td ebbdw ldr mhjhssery jdmmhjtcdms emg td phroct

hesy gcsesshokby ldr oecmthmemjh dr ejjhss. Mdzzbhs erh ushg ldr tnh ldbbdwcmf eppbcjetcdms1

Ettejn pcpcmf ldr lbdw cmtd dr dut dl vhsshb

Ettejn cmstruohmt jdmmhjtcdm (bhvhb feufh tnhrodwhbbs, prhssurh feufh)

Yrdvcgh ejjhss td tnh vhsshb cmthrcdr et oemweys Yrdvcgh ldr gcrhjt ettejnohmt dl tnh dtnhr hqucpohmt cthos (h.f. e nhet hxjnemfhr dr

ocxhr)

Mdzzbhs erh ebsd sdohtcohs hxthmghg cmtd tnh vhsshb cmthrcdr ldr sdoh eppbcjetcdms,

sujn es ldr cmbht lbdw gcstrckutcdm dr phroct tnh hmrty dl tnhrodwhbbs.

Zuppdrt

Wnh typh dl suppdrt tnet cs ushg ghphmgs prcoercby cm tnh sczh emg drchmtetcdm dl tnh

prhssurh vhsshb. Cm ebb jeshs, tnh prhssurh vhsshb suppdrt oust kh eghqueth ldr tnh eppbchg

whcfnts, wcmg, hertnque`h bdegs.

Jebjubethg kesh bdegs erh ushg ldr ghscfm dl emjndrefh emg ldumgetcdm ldr tnh

prhssurh vhsshbs.

d Z`crt

Webb, vhrtcjeb, jybcmgrcjeb prhssurh vhsshbs (h.f. tnh Lberh, tdwhr) erh typcjebby

suppdrthg ky s`crts. E s`crt cs e jybcmgrcjeb snhbb shjtcdm tnet cs whbghg hctnhr td tnh bdwhr

pdrtcdm dl tnh vhsshb snhbb dr tnh kdttdo dl tnh nheg (ldr jybcmgrcjeb vhsshbs) s`crts ldr

spnhrcjeb vhsshbs erh whbghg td tnh vhsshb mher tnh ocg-pbemh ldr tnh snhbb. Wnh s`crt cs

mdroebby bdmf hmdufn td prdvcgh hmdufn lbhxckcbcty sd tnet regceb tnhroeb hxpemscdm dl tnh

snhbb gdhs mdt jeush ncfn tnhroeb strhsshs et cts aumjtcdm wctn tnh s`crt.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :7 / 595

d Bhf

Zoebb vhrtcjeb gruos erh typcjebby suppdrthg dm bhfs tnet erh whbghg td tnh bdwhr

pdrtcdm dl tnh snhbb. Wnh oexcouo retcd dl tnh suppdrt bhf tc gruo gceohthr cs typcjebby ;15.

Wnh muokhr dl bhfs mhhghg ghphmgs dm tnh gruo sczh emg tnh bdegs td kh jerrchg. Zuppdrt

bhfs erh ebsd typcjebby ushg ldr spnhrcjeb prhssurczhg stdrefh vhsshbs. Wnh suppdrt bhfs ldr

soebb vhrtcjeb gruos emg spnhrcjeb prhssurczhg stdrefh vhsshbs oey kh oegh lrdo strujturh

sthhb jdbuoms dr pcph shjtcdms, wncjnhvhr prdvcghs e odrh hllcjchmt ghscfm. Jrdss krejcmf

khtwhhm tnh bhfs cs typcjebby ushg td nhbp eksdrk wcmg dr hertnque`h bdegs.

d Zeggbh

Ndrczdmteb gruos erh typcjebby suppdrthg et twd bdjetcdms ky seggbh suppdrts. E

seggbh suppdrt sprhegs tnh whcfnt bdeg dvhr e berfh erhe dl tnh snhbb td prhvhmt em hxjhsscvh

bdjeb strhss cm tnh snhbb et tnh suppdrt pdcmts. Wnh wcgtn dl tnh seggbh, eodmf dtnhr ghscfm

ghtecbs cs ghthrocmhg ky tnh sphjclcj sczh emg ghscfm jdmgctcdms dl tnh prhssurh vhsshb. Dmh

seggbh suppdrt cs mdroebby lcxhg dr emjndrhg td cts ldumgetcdm. Wnh dtnhr suppdrt cs mdroebby

lrhh td phroct umrhstrecmhg bdmfctugcmeb tnhroeb hxpemscdm dl tnh gruo. E typcjeb sjnhoh dlseggbh suppdrt cs sndwm cm lcfurh ;:

Lcfurh ;: Zeggbh





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :8 / 595

d Buf

Bufs tnet erh whbghg td tnh prhssurh vhsshb snhbb, wncjn erh sndwm dm Lcfurh ;7, oey

ebsd kh ushg td suppdrt vhrtcjeb prhssurh vhsshbs. Wnh ush dl bufs cs typcjebby bcocthg td vhsshbs

dl soebb td ohgcuo gceohthr 5td59 lt.) emg odghreth nhcfnt-td-gceohthr retcds cm tnh remfh

dl ;15 td 815. Buf suppdrts erh dlthm ushg ldr vhsshbs dl tncs sczh tnet erh bdjethg ekdvh fregh

wctncm strujtureb sthhb. Wnh bufs erh typcjebby kdbthg td ndrczdmteb strujtureb ohokhrs td

prdvcgh stekcbcty efecmst dvhrturmcmf bdegs, ndwhvhr, tnh kdbt ndbhs erh dlthm sbdtthg td

phroct lrhh regceb tnhroeb hxpemscdm dl tnh gruo.

Lcfurh ;7 Buf

5.:.5.< Hxthrmeb Ettejnohmts

Jdoodm hxthrmeb ettejnohmts wncjn erh jdmmhjthg td prhssurh vhsshbs erh es ldbbdws1

Bcltcmf emg tremspdrtetcdm ettejnohmts (h.f. bufs, trummcdm)

Oemwey emg nemgwey gevcts

Ejjhssdrchs (h.f. begghr, pbetldro)

Zuppdrts (h.f. jbcp ldr pcpcmf , cmsubetcdm suppdrt, hertncmf , pcph gevct)

Cmsubetcdm





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :< / 595

Wnh rhqucrhohmts dl hxthrmeb ettejnohmts erh usuebby sphjclchg ky stemgerg grewcmfs

cm bchu dl gcrhjt ghscfm jebjubetcdms.

5.:.5.6 Cmthrmeb Ettejnohmts

Wypcjeb cmthrmeb ettejnohmts wncjn erh ettejnhg td prhssurh vhsshbs erh es ldbbdw1

Cmthrmeb pcpcmf

Wreys

Cmthrmeb suppdrt

\drthx krhe`hr

Copcmfhohmt pbeth

Cmthrmeb begghr

[umfs

Dtnhr cmthrmeb perts erh sphjclchg keshg dm prhssurh vhsshb shrvcjh. Wnh rhqucrhohmts

dl cmthrmeb ettejnohmts erh sphjclchg ky uscmf stemgerg grewcmfs dr gcrhjt ghscfm

jebjubetcdms.

5.:.; Lberh jdopdmhmt

Wnhrh erh gcllhrhmt ettejnohmts ebdmf tnh lberh systho tnet sndubg kh jdmscghrhg ldr

strujtureb ghscfm. Wnh odst jdoodm jdopdmhmts erh tnh ldbbdwcmf.

5.:.;.5 Ycpcmf

Wypcjeb pcpcmf rhqucrhohmts dm tnh suppdrt strujturh cmjbugh pcpcmf ldr stheo, pcbdt

fes, esscst fes, kudyemjy sheb grecm, pcbdt cfmctcdm, hbhjtrcjeb jdmguct, emg cmstruohmtetcdm

jdmguct. Wnhrh erh cmthrohgceth suppdrts et gcllhrhmt hbhvetcdm ebdmf tnh lberh rcsh td suppdrt

tnh pcpcmf. Ebb pcpcmf oust kh jdmscghrhg cm tnh strujtureb emebyscs dl tnh wcmg emg

hertnque`h bdegs, cmjbugcmf emy cmsubetcdm tnet cs cmstebbhg dm tnh pcph dr oey kh cmstebbhg cm

tnh lchbg.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :6 / 595

5.:.;.; Ecrjrelt Vermcmf Bcfnt

Bcfntcmf dl tnh suppdrt strujturh snebb kh cm ejjdrgemjh wctn tnh bethst hgctcdm dl tnh

epprdprceth jdgh es ghlcmhg ky tnh bdjeb evcetcdm eutndrcty. Vermcmf bcfnts suppdrthg ky tnh

strujturh oey kh lcxhg dr rhtrejtekbh, emg snchbghg lrdo regcetcdm es mhjhssery.

5.:.;.: Ybetldros emg Begghrs

Em hbhvethg lberh jem ohht cts purpdsh wctndut khcmf hqucpphg wctn pbetldros dr

begghrs.

Ndwhvhr, ct cs rhjdoohmghg tnet, es e ocmcouo, e :<9¹ pbetldro kh prdvcghg mher tnh

tdp dl hbhvethg lberhs odrh tnem 58 o (89 lt.) nhcfnt. Wncs hbhvetcdm oey kh cmjrheshg

ghphmgcmf dm scth sphjclcj jepekcbctchs emg oecmthmemjh prejtcjhs. Wncs pbetldro sndubg kh

bdjethg khbdw tnh lberh kurmhr odumtcmf lbemfh dr jdmmhjtcmf whbg emg kh pdsctcdmhg sd tnet

ct jem kh ushg gurcmf cmsphjtcdms, oecmthmemjh emg lberh kurmhr rhpbejhohmt.

Em ejjhss begghr cs prhlhrrhg kut mdt oemgetdry. Ebthrmetcvh ejjhss jem kh ejnchvhg

vce e jremh kes`ht dr nhbcjdpthr.

Em ejjhss pbetldro oey kh ghscrekbh ldr cmsphjtcdm emg oecmthmemjh dl ecrjreltwermcmf bcfnts dl tnh typh bdjethg ekdvh fregh emg ettejnhg dr suppdrthg ky tnh lberh stej`.

Wnh bdjetcdm emg sczh dl sujn pbetldros wcbb ghphmg dm tnh ecrjrelt wermcmf bcfnt ghscfm emg

bdjetcdm. Ejjhss td wermcmf bcfnt oecmthmemjh pbetldros cs mdroebby vce e begghr.

Eggctcdmeb ejjhss pbetldros oey kh bdjethg et dtnhr bdjetcdms es mhjhssery. Ldr

hxeopbh, tnh hrhjtcdm pbem ldr tnh lberh stej` oey oe`h e lubb :<9-ghfrhh dr pertceb pbetldro

ghscrekbh et hejn stej` esshokby adcmt.

Cl emy pbetldros erh et em hbhvetcdm frhethr tnem ekdut 3 o (:9 lt.) dr cl begghr ejjhss cs

ushg, cmthrohgceth bemgcmf pbetldros oey kh rhqucrhg ky rhfubetcdm, h.f. DZNE, dr jdopemy

pdbcjy. Mdroebby, pbetldros emg begghrs snebb kh lekrcjethg lrdo jerkdm sthhb emg prdthjthg

lrdo jdrrdscdm ky ndt gcp febvemczcmf.

Wnhrh erh gcllhrhmt ettejnohmts ebdmf tnh lberh systho tnet sndubg kh jdmscghrhg ldr

strujtureb ghscfm. Wnh odst jdoodm jdopdmhmts erh tnh ldbbdwcmf1





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5.:.: EZOH Jdgh

5.:.:.5 EZOH Kdcbhr emg prhssurh vhsshb jdgh

Ncstdry

Dm oerjn ;9, 5398 ,e gcsestrdus kdcbhr hxpbdscdm djjurrhg cm e sndh lejtdry cm

Krdj`tdm, Oessejnushtts, `cbbcmf 8> phrsdms, cmaurcmf 556 dtnhrs emg jeuscmf e querthr dl e

ocbbcdm gdbbers cm prdphrty geoefh. Ldr yhers prcdr td 5398, kdcbhr hxpbdscdms neg khhm

rhferghg es hnhr hvkbh hvb „em ejt dl F „(shh lcfurh ;8)

Lcfurh ;8 Zndh lejtdry khldrh emg elthr kdcbhr hxpbdscdm





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 :3 / 595

Kut tncs jetestrdpncj ejjcghmt neg tnh hllhjt dl oe`cmf tnh phdpbh dl Oessejnushtts shh

tnh mhjhsscty emg ghscrekcbcty dl bhfcsbetcmf rubhs emg rhfubetcdms ldr tnh jdmstrujtcdm dl

stheo kdcbhrs cm drghr td shjurh tnhcr oexcouo selhty. Elthr oujn ghketh emg gcsjusscdm, tnh

steth hmejthg tnh lcrst bhfeb jdgh dl rubhs ldr tnh jdmstrujtcdm dl stheo kdcbhrs cm 5396. Cm

539>, tnh steth dl Dncd pesshg scocber bhfcsbetcdm, tnh Dncd kderg dl kdcbhr [ubhs egdptcmf,

wctn e lhw jnemfhs, tnh rubhs dl tnh Oessejnushtts Kderg. Wnhrhldrh, dtnhr steths emg jctchs cm

wncjn hxpbdscdms neg te`hm pbejh khfem td rhebczh tnet ejjcghmts jdubg kh prhvhmthg ky tnh

prdphr ghscfm, jdmstrujtcdm emg cmsphjtcdm dl kdcbhrs emg prhssurh vhsshbs emg khfem td

ldroubeth rubhs emg rhfubetcdms ldr tncs purpdsh. Es rhfubetcdms gcllhrhg lrdo steth td steth

emg dlthm jdmlbcjthg wctn dmh emdtnhr, oemulejturhrs khfem td lcmg ct gcllcjubt td jdmstrujt

vhsshbs ldr ush cm dmh steth tnet wdubg kh ejjhpthg cm emdtnhr. Khjeush dl tncs bej` dl

umcldrocty, kdtn oemulejturhs emg ushrs oegh em eppheb cm 5355 td Jdumjcb dl tnh Eohrcjem

Zdjchty dl Ohjnemcjeb Hmfcmhhrs td jdrrhjt tnh sctuetcdm. Wnh Jdumjcb emswhrhg tnh eppheb ky

ppf oohh „ lroubh r phl lr ru l ho

kbhr nhr prhurh vhhb lr nhr rh hrvh– Wnh lr oohh

jdmscsthg dl shvhm ohokhrs, ebb hxphrts cm tnhcr rhsphjtcvh lchbgs1 dmh kdcbhr cmsuremjh

hmfcmhhr, dmh oethrceb oemulejturhr, twd kdcbhr oemulejturhrs, twd prdlhssdrs dl

hmfcmhhrcmf emg dmh jdmsubtcmf hmfcmhhr. Wnh jdooctthh wes esscsthg ky em egvcsdry

jdooctthh dl 5> hmfcmhhrs rhprhshmtcmf vercdus pneshs dl ghscfm, jdmstrujtcdm, cmstebbetcdm

emg dphretcdm dl kdcbhrs.

Ldbbdwcmf e tndrdufn stugy dl tnh Oessejnushtts emg Dncd rubhs emg dtnhr ushlub gete,

tnh jdooctthh oegh cts prhbcocmery rhpdrt cm 535: emg shmt ;999 jdpchs dl ct td prdlhssdrs dl

ohjnemcjeb hmfcmhhrcmf, hmfcmhhrcmf ghpertohmts dl kdcbhr cmsuremjh jdopemchs, jnchl

cmsphjtdrs dl kdcbhr cmsphjtcdm ghpertohmts dl steths emg jctchs, oemulejturhrs dl stheo

kdcbhrs, hgctdrs dl hmfcmhhrcmf adurmebs emg dtnhrs cmthrhsthg cm tnh jdmstrujtcdm emg

dphretcdm dl stheo kdcbhrs, wctn e rhquhst ldr suffhstcdms dl jnemfhs dr eggctcdms td tnh

prdpdshg rhfubetcdms. Elthr tnrhh yhers dl jdumtbhss ohhtcmfs emg pukbcj nhercmfs, e lcmeb

grelt dl tnh lcrst EZOH [ubhs ldr Jdmstrujtcdm dl Ztetcdmery Kdcbhrs emg ldr ebbdwekbh Vdr`cmf

Yrhssurh, `mdwm es tnh 5357 hgctcdm, wes egdpthg cm sprcmf dl 5358.





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Zcmjh 5357, oemy jnemfhs nevh khhm oegh emg mhw shjtcdms egghg td tnh jdgh es tnh

mhhg erdsh.

EZOH Kdcbhr emg Yrhssurh \hsshb Jdooctthh

Wnh cmjrhesh cm tnh sczh tnh jdgh rhlbhjts tnh prdfrhss dl cmgustry cm tncs jdumtry. Wd

`hhp up wctn tncs spdmtemhdus frdwtn, jdmstemt rhvcscdms nevh khhm rhqucrhg. Wnh EZOH

Jdgh nes khhm `hpt up td geth ky tnh Kdcbhr emg Yrhssurh \hsshb Jdooctthh (jurrhmtby

jdmscstcmf dl odrh tnem >99 vdbumthhr hmfcmhhrs emg dtnhr thjnmcjeb prdlhsscdmebs) wncjn

jdmscghrs tnh mhhgs dl tnh ushrs, oemulejturhrs emg cmsphjtdrs dl kdcbhrs emg prhssurh

vhsshbs. Cm tnh ldroubetcdm dl cts rubhs ldr tnh hstekbcsnohmt dl ghscfm emg dphretcmf

prhssurhs, tnh Jdooctthh jdmscghrs oethrcebs, jdmstrujtcdm, ohtndgs dl lekrcjetcdm,

cmsphjtcdm, jhrtclcjetcdm emg selhty ghvcjhs. Wnh EZOH wdr`s jbdshby wctn tnh Eohrcjem

Metcdmeb gdjuohmts ohht tnh EMZC jrcthrce ldr pukbcjetcdm es Eohrcjem Metcdmeb Ztemgergs.

Wnh ohokhrs dl tnh jdooctthh gd mdt rhprhshmt pertcjuber drfemczetcdms dr

jdopemchs kut nevh rhjdfmczhg kej`frdumg emg hxphrchmjh ky wncjn tnhy erh pbejhg cm

jethfdrchs, wncjn cmjbugh oemulejturhrs, ushrs dl tnh prdgujts ldr wncjn tnh jdghs erh

wrctthm , cmsuremjh cmsphjtcdm, rhfubetdry emg fhmhreb. Wnh jdooctthh ohhts dm e rhfuber

kescs td jdmscghr rhquhst ldr cmthrprhtetcdms emg rhvcscdms emg eggctcdms td Jdgh [ubhs es

gcjtethg ky egvemjhs cm thjnmdbdfy. Epprdvhg rhvcscdms emg eggctcdms erh pukbcsnhg

shocemmuebby es egghmge td tnh Jdgh.

Hejn mhw oethrceb, ghscfm, lekrcjetcdm ohtndg emg prdthjtcvh ghvcjh krdufnt mhw

prdkbhos td tnh Kdcbhr Jdgh Jdooctthh , rhqucrcmf tnh hxphrt thjnmcjeb egvcjh dl oemy

sukjdooctthhs cm drghr td hxphgcth prdphr eggctcdms td emg rhvcscdms dl tnh Jdgh. Es e rhsubtdl tnh spbhmgcg wdr` gdmh ky tnhsh jdooctthhs, tnh EZOH Kdcbhr emg Yrhssurh \hsshb Jdgh

nes khhm ghvhbdphg 0 ct cs e sht dl stemgergs tnet essurhs hvhry steth dl tnh selh ghscfm emg

jdmstrujtcdm dl ebb kdcbhr emg prhssurh vhsshbs ushg wctncm cts kdrghrs emg cs ushg erdumg tnh

wdrbg es e kescs ldr hmnemjcmf pukbcj nhebtn, selhty emg whblerh. Oemy ldrhcfm oemulejturhrs

erh ejjrhgcthg umghr tnh prdvcscdms dl tnh EZOH Kdcbhr emg Yrhssurh \hsshb Jdgh.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 75 / 595

Dutbcmh dl tnh EZOH Kdcbhr emg Yrhssurh \hsshb Jdgh

Wnh strujturh dl EZOH jdgh cs bcsthg cm tnh ldbbdwcmf drghr, cm ejjdrgemjh wctn tnh

EZOH Jdgh ;996.

d Zhjtcdm C. [ubhs ldr jdmstrujtcdm dl pdwhr kdcbhrs

d Zhjtcdm CC. Oethrcebs

Yert E1 Lhrrdus Oethrceb Zphjclcjetcdms

Yert K1 Mdmlhrrdus Oethrceb Zphjclcjetcdms

Yert J1 Zphjclcjetcdms ldr Vhbgcmf, [dgs, Hbhjtrdghs emg lcbbhr Ohtebs

Yert G1 Yrdphrtchs (justdoery)

d Zhjtcdm CCC1 [ubhs ldr jdmstrujtcdm dl Mujbher Lejcbcty Jdopdmhmt

Gcvcscdm 5.

Zukshjtcdm MJE1 Fhmhreb [hqucrhohmts ldr Gcvcscdm 5 emg Gcvcscdm ;

Zukshjtcdm MK1 Jbess5 Jdopdmhmts

Zukshjtcdm MJ1 Jbess ; Jdopdmhmts

Zukshjtcdm MG1 Jbess : Jdopdmhmts

Zukshjtcdm MH1 Jbess OJ Jdopdmhmts

Zukshjtcdm ML1 Zuppdrts

Zukshjtcdm MF1 Jdrh Zuppdrt Ztrujturhs

Zukshjtcdm MN1 Jbess 5 Jdopdmhmts cm Hbhvethg Whophreturh Zhrcvjh

Epphmgcjhs

Gcvcscdm ;. Jdgh ldr jdmjrhth jdmtecmohmts

Gcvcscdm:. jdmtecmohmt ldr Wremspdrtetcdm emg Ztdrefh dl Zphmt Mujbher Luhb emg Ncfn

Bhvhb [egcdejtcvh Oethrcebs emg Vesth

d Zhjtcdm C\. [ubhs ldr Jdmstrujtcdm dl Nhetcmf Kdcbhrs





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 7; / 595

d Zhjtcdm \. Mdmghstrujtcvh Hxeocmetcdm

d Zhjtcdm \C. [hjdoohmghg [ubhs ldr tnh Jerh emg Dphretcdm dl Nhetcmf Kdcbhrs

d

Zhjtcdm \CC. [hjdoohmghg Fucghbcmhs ldr tnh Jerh dl Ydwhr Kdcbhrsd Zhjtcdm \CCC. [ubhs ldr Jdmstrujtcdm dl Yrhssurh \hsshbs

Gcvcscdm 5.

Gcvcscdm;. Ebthrmetcvh [ubhs

Gcvcscdm:.

Ebthrmetcvh [ubhs ldr Jdmstrujtcdm dl Ncfn Yrhssurh \hsshbs

d Zhjtcdm C^. Vhbgcmf emg Krezcmf Uuebclcjetcdms

d Zhjtcdm ^. Lckhr-[hcmldrjhg Ybestcj Yrhssurh \hsshbsd Zhjtcdm ^C. [ubhs ldr Cmshrvcjh Cmsphjtcdm dl Mujbher Ydwhr Ybemt Jdopdmhmts.

d Zhjtcdm ^CC. [ubhs ldr Jdmstrujtcdm emg Jdmtcmuhg Zhrvcjh dl Wremspdrt Wem`s.

EZOH Kdcbhr emg Yrhssurh \hsshb Jdgh Zhj. \CCC

Yrhssurh vhsshbs erh typcjebby ghscfmhg cm ejjdrgemjh wctn tnh EZOH Jdgh Zhjtcdm \CCC.

Wnh shjtcdm cs gcvcghg cmtd tnrhh gcvcscdms. Eodmf tnhsh, Gcvcscdm 5 cs ushg vhry dlthm scmjh ctjdmtecms sullcjchmt rhqucrhohmts ldr tnh oeadrcty dl prhssurh vhsshb eppbcjetcdms.

Wnh oecm dkahjtcvh dl EZOH Jdgh rubhs cs td hstekbcsn tnh ocmcouo rhqucrhohmts tnet

erh mhjhssery ldr selh jdmstrujtcdm emg dphretcdm. Wnh EZOH jdgh prdthjts tnh pukbcj ky

ghlcmcmf tnh oethrceb ghscfm, lekrcjetcdm, cmsphjtcdm emg thstcmf rhqucrhohmts tnet erh mhhghg

td ejnchvh e selh ghscfm. Hxphrchmjh nes sndwm tnet tnh prdkekcbcty dl e jetestrdpncj prhssurh

vhsshb lecburh cs rhgujhg td em ejjhptekbh bhvhb ky ush dl tnh EZOH Jdgh.

Wnh EZOH jdgh cs wrctthm td eppby oemy cmgustrchs. Ejjdrgcmfby, ct jemmdt emtcjcpeth

emg eggrhss hvhry pdssckbh ghscfm rhqucrhohmt dr shrvcjh eppbcjetcdm. Wnhrhldrh, ushr oust

suppbhohmt tnh EZOH jdgh ky sphjclycmf eggctcdmeb rhqucrhohmts tnet erh epprdprceth ldr

tnhcr pertcjuber cmgustry emg eppbcjetcdms

Wnh EZOH Jdgh Zhjtcdm \CCC, Gcvcscdm 5 eppbchs ldr prhssurh tnet hxjhhg 58psc

(599`ps) emg tnrdufn :999 psc (;9OYe). Et prhssurhs khbdw 58 psc (599@pe), tnh EZOH

Jdgh cs mdt eppbcjekbh. Et prhssurh ekdvh :999 psc (;9Ope), eggctcdmeb ghscfm rubhs erh





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 7: / 595

rhqucrhg td jdvhr tnh ghscfm emg jdmstrujtcdm rhqucrhohmts tnet erh mhhghg et sujn ncfn

prhssurhs.

Ct cs gcvcghg cm td tnrhh sukshjtcdms1

Zukshjtcdm E1 Wncs pert jdmscsts dl Yert XF, wncjn cs tnh fhmhreb rhqucrhohmts ldr ebb

ohtndgs dl jdmstrujtcdm emg oethrcebs tnet eppby td ebb prhssurh vhsshbs cm cts sjdph

Zukshjtcdm K

1 ct jdvhrs rhqucrhohmts phrtecmcmf tc vercdus lekrcjetcdm ohtndgs dl

prhssurh vhsshbs.

Zukshjtcdm J1 tncs pert jdvhrs rhqucrhohmts phrtecmcmf td shvhreb jbesshs dl oethrcebs





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 77 / 595

5.:.:.; Ghscfm bdegs

Wnh ghscfm dl e suppdrt strujturh ldr e vhrtcjeb hbhvethg lberh snebb jdmscghr, es e

ocmcouo, tnh ghscfm bdegs fcvhm khbdw. Wnh ghscfmhr snebb rhvchw tnh cmthmghg eppbcjetcdm

emg hbcocmeth tndsh bdegs tnet erh mdt eppbcjekbh

Gheg Bdeg

Wnh gheg bdeg snebb jdmscst dl tnh whcfnt dl sthhb stej`, jdetcmfs, cmthrmeb bcmhr,

cmsubetcdm, jbeggcmf, emg ebb phroemhmt ejjhssdrchs sujn es begghrs, pbetldros. Ldr gheg bdeg,

tnh lubb pbeth tncj`mhss snebb kh ushg. Wnh jdrrdghg pbeth erhe snebb kh ushg ldr strhss

jebjubetcdms. Ldr stej`s pdsshsscmf rhlrejtdry bcmcmf, tnh eppbchg whcfnt dl tnh rhlrejtdry

oethrceb snebb kh ushg td jebjubeth gheg bdeg strhsshs.

Vcmg Bdeg

Vcmg bdegcmfs snebb te`h cmtd ejjdumt tnh rcshr emg ebb dl cts eppurthmemjhs sujn es kut

mdt bcocthg td pcpcmf (cmjbugcmf cmsubetcdm, cl emy), ejjhss pbetldros, emg begghrs. Vnhm

epprdprceth tnh wcmg bdegcmf dm suppdrtcmf ghrrcj` strujturhs oust kh cmjbughg.

Zhcsocj Bdeg

Hertnque`h cmgujhg bdegs snebb kh keshg dm cmthrmetcdmeb jdghs (h.f. XKJ Xmcldro

Kucbgcmf Jdgh dr EZJH 6 Ocmcouo Ghscfm Bdegs) ldr Kucbgcmfs emg dtnhr Ztrujturhs.

Ztrujtureb ghscfm snebb kh keshg dm wcmg bdegs emg hertnque`h bdegs djjurrcmf shperethby.

Vcmg-cmgujhg \ckretcdm Bdeg

Wnh strujtureb ghscfm snebb cmjbugh em emebyscs dl tnh bdegs copdshg ky wcmg cmgujhg

vckretcdm emg e ghthrocmetcdm dl tnh jrctcjeb wcmg vhbdjcty ldr tnh lcrst emg shjdmg odghs dl

vckretcdm ldr tnh mhw emg jdrrdghg jdmgctcdms. Wnh jrctcjeb wcmg vhbdjcty dl tnh lcrst emg/dr

shjdmg vckretcdm odgh snebb lebb wctncm em ejjhptekbh remfh es sht ldrtn cm hctnhr EZOH/ EMZC





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 78 / 595

ZWZ- Zhhb Z` r EYC Zr , Lrh Yrh Nhhr lr Fhhrb [hsthry Zhrvh

Cl tnh jrctcjeb wcmg vhbdjcty dl tnh lcrst emg/dr shjdmg odgh lebbs dutscgh tnh ejjhptekbh remfh

tnh ghscfm dl tnh strujturh oust kh odgclchg cm drghr td jnemfh tnh metureb lrhquhmjy dl tnhstrujturh. Ohems td odgcly tnh metureb lrhquhmjy cmjbugh, kut erh mdt bcocthg td1

- Jnemfhs cm rcshr gceohthr dr bhmftn

- Xsh dl oubtcpbh gceohthrs

- Jnemfhs td tnh webb tncj`mhss

- Jnemfhs cm tnh oess dl tnh rcshr

- Xsh dl e tumhg oess geophr

- Xsh dl stre`hs dr tnh bc`h

- Jnemfhs cm ldumgetcdm ghscfm

Vcmg bdegs dl odgclchg strujturhs sndubg kh rhvchwhg emg rhvcshg cl mhjhssery.

Cmthrmeb Yrhssurh

Lberh stej`s erh fhmhrebby dphrethg et mher etodspnhrcj prhssurh emg erh mdtsphjclcjebby ghscfmhg es e prhssurh vhsshb. Cm sdoh jeshs tnh kdttdo pdrtcdm dl tnh stej`

cmjdrpdreths e @mdj`dut gruo dr bcqucg sheb dr kdtn. Vnhm sphjclchg cm tnh Lberh Gete Znhhts

tnh stej` pdrtcdm jdmtecmcmf tnh @mdj`-dut gruo dr bcqucg sheb oey kh ghscfmhg es e prhssurh

vhsshb cmjbugcmf, cl sphjclchg, nygrdstetcj thstcmf emg jdgh steopcmf. Cm sujn jeshs, tnh ghscfm

dl tnh prhssurh vhsshb pdrtcdm snebb kh cm ejjdrgemjh wctn EZOH Kdcbhr emg Yrhssurh \hsshb

Jdgh, Zhjtcdm \CCC, Gcvcscdm C emg snebb kh keshg dm tnh ghscfm prhssurh emg thophreturh

stethg cm tnh Lberh Gete Znhhts dr e ocmcouo dl 598 `Ye (58 pscf). Ct cs jdoodm prejtcjh ldrtnh rcshr pdrtcdm dl tnh stej` td kh ghscfmhg ldr strujtureb bdegs emg tnh emtcjcpethg

oexcouo dphretcmf prhssurh wnhm tnh kesh shjtcdm dl tnh stej` cs ghscfmhg es e prhssurh

vhsshb. Ldr ghscfm purpdshs tnh rcshr shjtcdm cs ghhohg td stert et tnh prhssurh vhsshb dutbht.

Wnh ghscfm dl e stej` kesh shjtcdm, tnet cs e prhssurh vhsshb, snebb

cmjbugh prdvcscdm ldr cmthrmeb prhssurh bdegs emg ldr scoubtemhdus wcmg bdegs keshg

dm 69 phrjhmt dl tnh ghscfm wcmg vhbdjcty. Wnh ghscfm prhssurh (Oexcouo Ebbdwekbh

Vdr`cmf Yrhssurh) dl e stej` kesh shjtcdm tnet cs e prhssurh vhsshb snebb mdt kh cmjrheshg guh





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 7< / 595

td emy oethrceb tncj`mhss tnet cs cm hxjhss dl tnet tncj`mhss rhqucrhg td ohht tnh ghscfm

prhssurh.

Bcvh Bdeg

Bcvh bdegs erh prdgujhg gurcmf oecmthmemjh ky wdr`hrs, hqucpohmt emg oethrcebs,

tnh bcvh bdeg snebb kh cmjbughg ldr pbetldros emg web`weys.

Mdzzbh Bdeg

Wnh mdzzbh bdegs copdshg updm tnh stej` ky tnh lberh nheghr td stej` jdmmhjtcdm jem

nevh e oeadr cmlbuhmjh dm tnh ghscfm emg jdst dl tnh lberh stej`. Wncs cmlbuhmjh khjdohs

frhethr es tnh hbhvetcdm dl tnh lberh nheghr cmjrheshs. Cm fhmhreb tnh lberh stej` ctshbl sndubg

mdt kh ushg es e oeadr lcxhg pdcmt ldr tnh lberh nheghr pcpcmf. Cl pdssckbh, tnh purjneshr snebb

mdth tnh prhbcocmery lberh nheghr copdshg mdzzbh bdegs dm tnh Lberh Gete Znhhts lurmcsnhg td

tnh vhmgdr wctn tnh rhquhst ldr qudtetcdm. Wnh purjneshr snebb prdvcgh lcmeb lberh nheghr

copdshg mdzzbh bdegs gurcmf tnh ghscfm pnesh. Wnh purjneshr sndubg ocmcoczh tnh mdzzbh

bdegs copdshg dm tnh stej` ky dtnhr shrvcjh jdmmhjtcdms. Cl tnh purjneshr gdhs mdt lurmcsn

mdzzbh bdeg cmldroetcdm hctnhr et tnh qudtetcdm stefh dr tnh drghr stefh, tnh lberh suppbchr

snebb kesh tnh mdzzbh ghscfm dm Zhjtcdm 8 dl EYC Ztemgerg 8<9, Lcrhg Nhethrs ldr Fhmhreb

[hstmhry Zhrvcjhs (Zhh Lcfurh ;<).





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 76 / 595

Lcfurh ;< Ebbdwekbh Mdzzbh Bdegs

Wnhroeb Bdegs

Zdoh dl tnh rhbchl fes jeshs ghsjrckhg cm tnh Lberh Gete Znhhts oey nevh e fes

thophreturh tnet cs gcllhrhmt tnem eokchmt. Wnh lberh stej` ghscfmhr snebb prdvcgh ldr tnhroeb

hxpemscdm (+ dr -) tnet jem kh jeushg ky sphjclchg fes thophreturh dr thophreturh

gcllhrhmjhs jeushg ky wcmg dr recm. Wnhroeb bdegs erh dl frhethst jdmjhrm dm fuyhg stej`s

emg ghrrcj`s. Wnh lrhhgdo dl odvhohmt dl e shbl-suppdrthg stej` rhgujhs tnh tnhroeb bdeg

jdmjhrms prdvcgcmf tnet tnh tnhroebby cmgujhg ghlbhjtcdm gdhs mdt hxjhhg 789 oo phr :9 o

(5> cm. phr 599 lt.). Wnh ghscfmhr snebb ebsd prdvcgh ldr tnhroebby cmgujhg gcllhrhmtceb jnemfhs

cm bhmftn khtwhhm tnh stej` emg tnh pcpcmf ettejnhg td tnh stej`.

Wnh ldbbdwcmf ghscfm ghtecbs snebb kh cmjdrpdrethg cmtd tnh suppdrt strujturh ghscfm.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 7> / 595

- stej` ghlbhjtcdm snebb mdt hxjhhg tnh ldbbdwcmf fucghbcmhs1

Wekbh ; ;Oex. ebbdwekbh ghlbhjtcdm

- E ocmcouo jdrrdscdm ebbdwemjh dl 5.< oo (9.9<;8 cm.) cs rhjdoohmghg emg snebb kh

egghg td tnh ocmcouo ohteb tncj`mhss. Md jdrrdscdm ebbdwemjh cs rhqucrhg dm ebbdy

sthhb pdrtcdms dl tnh stej` umbhss sphjclcjebby mdthg dm tnh Lberh Gete Znhhts. Mdm-ebbdy

sthhb cmthrmeb perts dl bcqucg sheb dr `mdj`dut gruos tnet erh mdroebby whtthg snebb

nevh tnh 5.< oo (9.9<;8 cm.) jdrrdscdm ebbdwemjh eppbchg td hejn scgh. Md jdrrdscdm

ebbdwemjh cs rhqucrhg ldr ghrrcj` strujturhs emg dtnhr ohteb dkahjts tnet gd mdt

mdroebby jdoh cmtd jdmtejt wctn tnh rhbchl fes strheo.

5.:.:.: Z`crt Ghscfm

Webb vhrtcjeb vhsshbs erh usuebby suppdrthg ky s`crts. Khjeush jybcmgrcjeb snhbbs nevh ebb

tnh ohteb erhe bdjethg et tnh oexcouo gcstemjh (ldr e fcvhm gceohthr) lrdo tnh mhutreb excs,

tnh shjtcdm odgubus Q, cs oexcouo, emg tnh cmgujhg strhss ocmcouo ldr tnh ohteb cmvdbvhg.

Wnus tnh jybcmgrcjeb s`crt cs em hjdmdocjeb ghscfm ldr e suppdrt ldr e tebb vhrtcjeb vhsshb. Wnh

s`crt cs usuebby whbghg gcrhjtby td tnh vhsshb. Khjeush tnh s`crt cs mdt rhqucrhg td wctnstemg

tnh prhssurh cm tnh vhsshb, tnh shbhjtcdm dl oethrceb cs mdt bcocthg td tnh sthhbs phroctthg ky

tnh Yrhssurh \hsshb jdghs, emg strujtureb sthhbs wctn jdrrhspdmgcmf ebbdwekbh strhsshs oey

kh ushg wctn sdoh hjdmdoy.

Wnh s`crt oey kh whbghg gcrhjtby td tnh kdttdo gcsnhg nheg, lbusn wctn tnh snhbb, dr td

tnh dutscgh dl tnh snhbb. Cl tnh s`crt cs whbghg lbusn wctn tnh snhbb, tnh whcfnt dl tnh vhsshb cm

ZXYYD[W WSYH OE^. EBBDVEKBH GHLBHJWCDM

Ghrrcj`-Zuppdrthg 589oo phr :9o

Fuyhg-Zuppdrthg :99o phr :9o

Zhbl-Zuppdrthg ;;8oo phr :9o





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 73 / 595

tnh ekshmjh dl wcmg emg shcsocj bdegs pbejhs tnh whbg cm jdoprhsscdm. Dm tnh dtnhr nemg, cl

tnh s`crt cs whbghg td tnh dutscgh dl tnh vhsshb, tnh whbg adcmt cs cm snher0 tnhrhldrh tncs

ohtndg cs mdt sd setcslejtdry, kut ct cs em hesy ohtndg dl hrhjtcdm emg cs dlthm ushg ldr soebbvhsshbs.

Wnhrh wcbb kh md strhss lrdo cmthrmeb dr hxthrmeb prhssurh ldr tnh s`crt, umbc`h ldr tnh

snhbb dl tnh vhsshb, Kut ghscfm dl tnh s`crt jdmscsts dl lcrst ghthrocmcmf tnh gheg whcfnt dl tnh

vhsshb (V) emg khmgcmf odohmt (O) guh td wcmg emg hertnque`h ldrjhs. Wnh strhss cm tnh

s`crt cs tnhm ghthrocmhg lrdo

Cm odst prejtcjeb eppbcjetcdms, tnh retcdm [/t =59. Nhmjh, tnh erhe (E) emg tnh odohmt

dl cmhrtceb (C) cs hxprhsshg es

Emg tnh hquetcdm ldr tnh strhss cm e s`crt khjdohs

[

Vnhrh

Khjeush tnh jdoprhsscvh strhss cs berfhr tnem thmscbh strhss, ct usuebby jdmtrdbs tnh

`r hf `hp khbw nh `r– bbwkbh rh





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 89 / 595

Lcfurh ;6 Z`crt wctn emjndr kdbts





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 85 / 595

5.:.:.7 Emjndr Kdbts Ghscfm

Wnh kdttdo dl tnh s`crt dl tnh vhsshb oust kh shjurhby emjndrhg td tnh jdmjrhth

ldumgetcdm ky ohems dl emjndr kdbts hokhgghg cm tnh jdmjrhth ldumgetcdm td prhvhmt

dvhrturmcmf lrdo khmgcmf odohmts cmgujhg ky wcmg dr shcsocj bdegs.

Wnh jdmjrhth ldumgetcdm cs pdurhg wctn eghqueth rhcmldrjcmf sthhb td jerry thmscbh

bdegs. Wnh emjndr kdbts oey kh ldrohg lrdo sthhb rdumgs tnrheghg et dmh hmg emg usuebby

wctn e jurvhg dr ndd`hg hmg hokhgghg cm tnh jdmjrhth. Wnh kdbtcmf oethrceb sndubg kh jbhem

emg lrhh dl dcb sd tnet tnh jhohmt cm tnh jdmjrhth wcbb kdmg td tnh hokhgghg surlejh dl tnh

sthhb.

Vnhm hctnhr e jdoprhsscvh dr thmscbh bdeg cs eppbchg td tnh emjndr kdbts, tnh bdeg cs

tremslhrrhg lrdo tnh sthhb tnrdufn tnh kdmg td tnh jdmjrhth. Zurlejh crrhfuberctchs, khmgs, emg

ndd`s ecg cm tremslhrrcmf bdegs lrdo sthhb td jdmjrhth.

Elthr tnh tncj`mhss dl tnh s`crt cs ghthrocmhg, tnh mhxt sthp cs ghscfmcmf tnh emjndr

kdbts. Ldr e fcvhm muokhr dl kdbts (M) tnh tdteb kdbt erhe jem kh hxprhsshg es ME wnhrh E cs

tnh erhe dl dmh kdbt. Wnh odohmt dl cmhrtce dl kdbts ku vhhb– hutreb excs cs C E[ ,

tnus

[

Vnhrh

Ct sndubg kh `hpt cm ocmg tnet muokhr dl kdbts sndubg ebweys kh e oubtcpbh dl 7.

Wnh oexcouo bdeg/kdbt cs keshg dm tnh ebbdwekbh strhss emg jdrrhspdmgcmf erhe.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 8; / 595

Zk

Vnhrh

Ek ? rhqucrhg kdbt erhe

Z k.e ? Ebbdwekbh kdbt strhss

5.:.7 Yrhssurh vhsshb Ghscfmcmf Zdltwerh pejèfhs

Wnhrh erh oemy sdltwerh pejèfhs wncjn esscst tnh ghscfmhrs td ghscfm prhssurh

vhsshbs emg tnhcr jdopdmhmts ldr phtrdjnhocjeb pbemts. Lcfurh5-55 cbbustreths tnh odst

pdpuber sdltwerh pejèfhs ldr ghscfmcmf, odghbcmf emg grewcmfs prhperetcdm dl prhssurczhg

hqucpohmt emg tnhcrs jdopdmhmts cm ejjdrgemjh wctn gcllhrhmt jdghs/stemgergs. Wnhrh oey

kh dtnhr sdltwerh pejèfhs wncjn erh mdt ohmtcdmhg cm tnh ldbbdwcmf tekbh.

sdltwerh Ghsjrcptcdm

Y\-Hbcth

Y\ hbcth cs e jdoprhnhmscvh prdfreo ldr tnh jdopbhth ohjnemcjeb emg

strujtureb ghscfm dr emebyscs dl tebb tdwhrs emg ndrczdmteb vhsshbs ejjdrgcmf

td bethst stemgergs lrdo EZOH, YG 8899 (Krctcsn jdgh), HM-5:778, ebsd

cmjbugcmf XKJ, EYC-863 emg tnh whbgcmf [hsherjn Jdumjcb ldr cts

jebjubetcdm cm gcllhrhmt perts dl sdltwerh

Jdghwerh jdoprhss

Wnh stemgerg lumjtcdmebcty dl JDY[HZZ cmjbughs hvhrytncmf ydu rhqucrh td

phrldro EZOH \CCC gcv. 5 emg ; prhssurh vhsshb jebjubetcdms. Wncs cmjbughs

tnh kdtn X.Z. justdoery emg Ohtrcj hgctcdms dl shjtcdm CC, Yert G(oethrcebs) emg e shbhjtcdm dl Kucbgcmf Jdghs emg rhbethg hmfcmhhrcmf

stemgergs, sujn es V[J-596. Wd lurtnhr esscst JDY[HZZ ushrs, lcmcth

hbhohmt emebyscs dl mdzzbhs jepekcbctchs erh mdw cmjbughg wctn mhw

JDY[HZZ bcjhmsh purjneshs.

Jdghjebj

Jdghjebj cs tnh bhegcmf cmgustry sdltwerh pejèfh ldr ghscfm emg emebyscs

dl prhssurh vhsshb emg nhet hxjnemfhr jdopdmhmts. Ct cmjbughs hxthmscvh

kuct-cm oethrcebs emg jdopdmhmts getekeshs emg tnh bethst EZOH, WHOE,





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 8: / 595

YG 8899, XKJ emg tnh V[J. Ldr oemy yhers JdghJebj wes evecbekbh

shperethby es whbb es wctncm Y\-Hbcth. Lrdo 5 Aemuery ;959 JdghJebj cs dmby

evecbekbh es pert dl Y\-Hbcth

Y\ Lekrcjetdr

Cmthrfrepn Y\ Lekrcjetdr prdvcghs egvemjhg tddbs ldr tnh ejjureth emg

sphhgy prdgujtcdm dl lekrcjetcdm grewcmfs rhqucrhohmts ldr prhssurh

vhsshbs emg nhet hxjnemfhrs. Y\ Lekrcjetdr–s truh pdwhr cs rhebczhg wnhm

ct cs bcm`hg td Y\-Hbcth, es :G odghbs jem kh jrhethg jdopbhth wctn tnh

emebyscs gete

JEGVdrx

hqucpohmt

JEGVdrx hqucpohmt cs e pereohtrcj hqucpohmt odghbhr wctn ebb tnh

lheturhs mhhghg td hescby odghb :G hqucpohmt ldr pbemt ghscfm. Wnh

pejèfh bhts ydu ejjurethby kucbg umcts sujn es vhsshbs, hxjnemfhrs, tem`s,

puops, htj.

OW-jdop/\hss

Wnh prdfreo OW-JDOY ebbdws ohjnemcjeb ghscfm dl prhssurh vhsshb

jdopdmhmts emg retcmf dl hxcstcmf dmhs. Ct suppdrts tnh ldbbdwcmf jdghs1

EZOH \CCC gcv5, OH[@KBEWWH[ (Fhroemy), CZYZHB-\Z[ (Cteby) emg KG 8899.

OW-\HZZ cs tnh sdltwerh prdfreo ebbdws tnh ohjnemcjeb ghscfm emg

stekcbcty jnhj` dl prhssurh vhsshbs.

Egvemjhg Yrhssurh

vhsshb

Ldr qucj` emg bhest jdst ghscfm dl prhssurh vhsshbs emg nhet hxjnemfhrs cm

ejjdrgemjh wctn Zhjtcdm \CCC Gcv.5 dl tnh EZOH Jdgh

Esphm K-Aej

Esphm K-Aej sdltwerh cmjbughs e muokhr dl prdfreos ldr tnh tnhroeb

ghscfm, ohjnemcjeb ghscfm, jdst hstcoetcdm emg grewcmfs ldr nhet

hxjnemfhrs emg prhssurh vhsshbs

Mdzzbh Yrd

Mdzzbh Yrd cs e thopbeth-grcvhm lcmcth hbhohmt sdltwerh pejèfh,

sphjclcjebby ghscfmhg td qucj`by emg hescby hvebueth mdzzbhs, seggbhs, pcph

sndhs emg jbcps.

LH/YCYH

LH/YCYH cs e thopbeth-grcvhm lcmcth hbhohmt sdltwerh pejèfh, sphjclcjebby

ghscfmhg ldr tnh mhhgs dl tnh pcpcmf emg prhssurh vhsshbs cmgustrchs. Ct

fhmhreths eutdoetcj jdgh jdopbcemjh rhpdrts jdopercsdms td EZOH \CCC

Gcv.;, Epphmgcx 7 emg 8 rubhs emg strhss jethfdrchs.

Wekbh : Yrhssurh vhsshb sdltwerh pejèfhs





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 87 / 595

Wekbh 7 jdoperhs tnh lheturhs evecbekbh cm tnh twd odst jdoodm ushg sdltwerh

pej`efhs, Y\-Hbcth emg JDOY[HZZ ldr ghscfmcmf Yrhssurh vhsshbs emg tnhcr jdopdmhmts.

Lheturhs Y\-Hbcth JDOY[HZZ

Ghscfm Jdghs

EZOH \CCC Gcv.5 Shs Shs

EZOH \CCC Gcv.; Shs Shs

YG8899 Shs Md

HM5:778

Shs Md

Ztekcbcty jnhj`- Vcmg Jdghs

EZJH 6 -38 Shs Shs

XKJ 5336

Shs Shs

CZ >68 Shs Md

MKJ Shs Shs

CKJ Shs Shs

XZH[

Shs Shs

Ztekcbcty jnhj`- Zhcsocj Jdghs

EZJH 6- 38 Shs Shs

XKJ 5336

Shs Shs

MKJ Shs Shs

CKJ ;999 Shs Shs

XZH[ yhs Shs

Bdjeb Bdegs Emebyscs Jdghs

V[J 596 Shs Shs

V[J ;36 Shs Md

KZ8899

Shs Md

Oethrcebs

EZWO XZE) Shs Shs

HX[D yhs Md

Oethrceb jbesshs

Shs Shs

Cmthrmeb jdrrdscdm Shs yhs





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 88 / 595

Hxthrmeb jdrrdscdm Shs Shs

Cmthrmeb bcmcmf

Shs yhs

Hxthrmeb bcmcmf yhs Shs

Jdopdmhmts ebbdwhg

Hbhohmt typhs

Gcsnhg nhegs

Shs Shs

Jybcmgrcjeb snhbb Shs Shs

Jdmcjeb shjtcdm Shs Shs

Lbet nhegs

Shs Shs

Lbemfhg lbet nhegs Md Shs

Mdzzbhs

[egceb Shs Shs

Dllsht, cmjbcmhg

Shs Shs

Vhbgcmf mhj` Shs Shs

ggctcdmeb jdopdmhmts

Ztcllmhss rcmfs Shs Shs

Ybetldros, begghrs Shs Shs

Zuppdrts

Z`crt Shs Shs

Bhf

Shs Shs

Zeggbh Shs Shs

Buf yhs Shs

Cmthrmeb prhssurh Shs ShsZthhb stej` jebjubetcdm

Shs Shs

Wekbh 7 jdopercsdm khtwhhm Y\-Hbcth emg Jdoprhss





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 8< / 595

;

Wnh Eco dl tnh tnhscs

Xmtcb mdw tnrhh gcllhrhmt typhs dl tnh lberh erh cmtrdgujhg wncjn jem kh

Zhbl-suppdrthg

Ghrrcj`-suppdrthg

Fuyhg-suppdrthg

Wnh eco dl tncs tnhscs cs td stugy emg odghb twd hbhvethg lberhs cm tnh Mcfhrce wncjn

erh jdupbhg tdfhtnhr. Wnh jdghs emg stemgerg gdhs mdt ohmtcdmhg emy ohtndgs ldr

jebjubetcdm dl tnh shbl-suppdrthg lberh wncbh tnhy erh jdmmhjthg td hejn dtnhr.

Ct cs rhqucrhg td lcmg tnh khst sdbutcdm td lcmg tnh rhejtcdm ldrjhs et tnh kesh dl kdtn

lberhs emg ebsd td ghscfm emg jebjubeth tnh sczh dl emjndr kdbts ldr kdtn lberhs.

Wnh evecbekbh sdltwerh td odghb emg emebyscs erh Y\-hbcth emg ebsd tnh strujtureb LHO

sdltwerh jebbhg Ocges-FHM.

tnh prdkbho dl tnh Y\-Hbcth cs tnet ct cs mdt pdssckbh td odghb kdtn rcshrs et tnh seoh

tcoh emg bcm`hg tnho tdfhtnhr. Zdltwerh cs jepekbh dl odghbcmf dmh shbl-suppdrthg stej` et e

tcoh.

Wnh gcllcjubty dl tnh OCGEZ-FHM cs tnet scmjh tncs cs e fhmhreb LHO sdltwerh , tnh

sdltwerh cs mdt ekbh td phrldro tnh jnhj`s ejjdrgcmf td EZOH \CCC scmjh tnh jbchmt cs es`hg td

jdmscghr tnh lberhs es prhssurh vhsshb emg rhsphjt tnh EZOH \CCC jdgh.

Wnh jebjubetcdm pncbdsdpny cs td odghb kdtn lberh systho cm OCGEZ-FHM wctn kheo

hbhohmt emg eppby ebb hxthrmeb bdegs. Emg lcmg tnh rhejtcdm ldrjhs et hejn kesh wctn rhsphjt td

tnh eppbchg bdeg jdokcmetcdms.

Kut wh sndubg te`h td ejjdumt tnet tncs ohtndg cs eppbcjekbh ldr suppdrt ghscfm, kut

ldr odghbcmf tnh prhssurh vhsshb wh mhhg td te`h cm td ejjdumt tnh eppbchg cmthrmeb prhssurh

tdd. Kut scmjh wh erh uscmf kheo hbhohmt, ct cs mdt pdssckbh td eppby cmthrmeb prhssurh. Wd

stugy emg jnhj`s tnh vhsshb webb tncj`mhss sukahjthg td cmthrmeb prhssurh emg dtnhr hxthrmeb





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 86 / 595

bdegs wh wcbb odghb hejn lberh shperethby cm Y\-Hbcth emg wh wcbb hstcoeth rhqucrhg webb

tncj`mhss ldr tnh prhssurh perts.

Wnhm wh erh fdcmf td odghb tnh berfhr emg stcllhr lberh cm Y\-Hbcth emg odghb ebb

begghrs, pbetldros, shrvcjh pcpcmf emg wcmg, ebsd wh wcbb odghb tnh soebbhr lberh es tnh

shrvcjh pcph .

Wncs essuoptcdm oust kh rhesdmekbh emg rhejtcdm ldrjhs et tnh kesh dl berfhr lberh

sndubg kh odrh dr bhss scocber td tnh dmh dktecmhg lrdo OCGEZ-FHM. khjeush tnh soebbhr

lberh cs suppdrthg emg jdupbhg wctn tnh berfhr dmh et twd gcllhrhmt hbhvetcdm, wncjn ohems

odst dl tnh bdegs wcbb kh tremslhrrhg td tnh berfhr emg ky odghbcmf tnh soebbhr es shrvcjh

pcph, wh erh surh tnet snher emg khmgcmf bdegs guh td wcmg wcbb kh tremslhrrhg td tnh kesh dl

berfhr stej`. Cm tncs wey tnh soebbhr lberh n kh wh – l y rh lr

Y\-Hbcth, kut scmjh wh `mdw tnh rhejtcdm ldrjhs oust kh soebb vebuhs, wh wcbb ejjhpt tnh

dktecmhg rhsubt lrdo OCGEZ FHM. lcmebby es ohmtcdmhg khldrh wh wcbb odghb tnh soebbhr lberh

cm Y\-hbcth emg dmby cmthrmeb prhssurh wcbb kh eppbchg wctndut wcmg bdeg emg tnh rhqucrhg webb

tncj`mhss ldr prhssurh pert wcbb kh hstcoethg

Cm tnh mhxt jnepthr ct wcbb kh ghodmstrethg cm ghtecbs tnet lberhs wcbb kh odghbhg cm

kdtn sdltwerh emg tnh rhsubts dl tnh kdtn sdltwerh wcbb kh jdoperhg td hejn dtnhr td oe`h

surh tnet tnh rhsubt erh eppbcjekbh emg rhbcekbh.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 8> / 595

:

Lberh Zystho Ghscfm

:.5 Odghbcmf

:.5.5 Fhdohtry

Wnh tdteb nhcfnt dl tnh systho cs ;8 o emg tnh ndrczdmteb gcstemjh khtwhhm tnh keshs

erh 5o. Fhmhreb cmldroetcdm emg ghscfm jdmgctcdms erh ghodmstrethg cm ldbbdwcmf tekbh.

Zoebbhr Lberh (Ctho Md. L-7:95)

Zhjtcdm Oethrceb Gceohthr

(cm.)

Wncj`mhss

(oo)

Z`crt EYC 8B Fr.K > 5;.6

[cshr EYC 8B Fr.K > 5;.6

Wcp ECZC :59 59 <

Berfhr Lberh (Ctho Md. L-7:9;)Zhjtcdm Oethrceb Gceohthr

(cm.)

Wncj`mhss

(oo)

Z`crt EYC 8B Fr.K :< 5;.6

[cshr EYC 8B Fr.K :< 5;.6

[cshr EYC 8B Fr.K :9 5;.6

Wcp ECZC :59 > <

Ghscfm Jdmgctcdm

Ghscfm Yrhssurh (kerf) :.8

Ghscfm Whoprhturh ( J) ;89

Ebbdwekbh strhss ldr EYC 8B et ghscfm Whop. (Ope) 556

Ebbdwekbh strhss ldr ECZC:59 et ghscfm Whop. (Ope) 5;6

Wekbh 8 Fhmhreb ghscfm cmldroetcdm





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 83 / 595

Lcfurh ;> :G odghb dl tnh prdahjt





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 <9 / 595

Lcfurh ;3 Odghb cm Y\-Hbcth / OCGEZ





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 <5 / 595

Cm rhebcty tnh soebbhr rcshr cs fucgh suppdrthg ky berfhr rcshr, wncjn tnh suppdrt erh odghbhg cm

OCGEZ es rcfcg bcm`s et ldur gcllhrhmt hbhvetcdms.

Lcfurh :9 Jdupbhg systho

:.5.; Bdegcmf Gete

:.5.;.5 Gheg Bdeg

Zhbl-whcfnt

Wnh shbl-whcfnt dl tnh strujturh cs eutdoetcjebby hvebuethg ky kdtn sdltwerh pej`efhs,

jdmscghrcmf tnh oethrceb jnerejthrcstcjs dl sthhb.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 <; / 595

Zhrvcjh pcpcmf

Wnhrh rh bh l ––, bh l ¿ „– bh l ½ „– bf nh brfhr ` Wnh

hstcoethg whcfnt dl 899 `f wcbb kh eppbchg et hbhvetcdm dl 5>o wnhrh tnh shrvcjh pcpcmf cs

lcxhg es e mdgeb bdeg cm OCGEZ-FHM.

Lcfurh :5 Zhrvcjh pcpcmf drchmtetcdm

Lcfurh :; Zhrvcjh pcpcmf gheg bdeg





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 <: / 595

Cm tnh Y\-Hbcth tnh pcphs wcbb kh odghb emg tnh whcfnt wcbb kh eutdoetcjebby eppbchg ky

sdltwerh.

Begghrs

Vh nevh tnrhh begghrs et tnrhh gcllhrhmt hbhvetcdms suppdrthg ebdmf berfhr stej` ( et

6o , 57o emg ;5o) tnh whcfnt dl begghr phr umct bhmftn cs jdmscghrhg es :8 @f/o. tnhsh

bdegs wcbb kh eppbchg et tnh ohmtcdmhg hbhvetcdm es Mdgeb bdegs cm OCGEZ-FHM , wncbh cm Y\-

Hbcth wh aust scopby odghb tnh begghrs et tnh prdphr hbhvetcdm emg ct wcbb eutdoetcjebby

hstcoeth tnh whcfnt.

Lcfurh :: Begghr gheg bdeg





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 <7 / 595

Ybetldros

Vh nevh twd cmthrohgceth pbetldro emg dmh ejjhss pbetldro et tnh tdp. 568 @f phr

umct erhe cs jdmscghrhg es td jebjubeth tnh whcfnt dl pbetldros emg ct wcbb kh eppbchg es mdgeb

bdeg cm OCGEZ-FHM sdltwerh emg ldr scopbcjcty tnh hbhvetcdm dl tnh eppbchg bdeg ldr tnh

pbetldro wcbb kh seoh es tnh hbhvetcdm dl tnh rhsphjtcvh begghr emg wh wcbb mhfbhjt tnh soebb

gcllhrhmjh cm tnh hbhvetcdm.

Lcfurh :7 Ybetldros gheg bdeg





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 <8 / 595

Wncs sthp cm Y\-Hbcth cs aust td hmthr tnh gcohmscdm ldr tnh pbetldro emg tnh sdltwerh

wcbb eutdoetcjebby jebjubeth tnh whcfnt.

Lcfurh :8 Begghr/Ybetldro ghtecbs cm Y\-hbcth





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 << / 595

:.5.;.; Bcvh Bdeg

Wnh bcvh bdegs dm tnh pbetldros nevh khhm hmthrhg cm tnh kdtn odghbs es jdmjhmtrethg

mdgeb ldrjhs. Wd dktecm tnh vebuh wh jdmscghrhg e whcfnt dl 8 `M/o; dm tnh hllhjtcvh erhe dl

tnh ejjhss pbetldro emg ;.8 `M/o; dm tnh hllhjtcvh erhe dl tnh cmthrohgceth pbetldros.

Lcfurh :< Bcvh bdeg





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 <6 / 595

:.5.;.: Mdzzbh Bdeg

Wnhrh cs dmh cmbht mdzzbh jdmmhjthg td hejn lberh, tnh jbchmt egvcshg tnh mdzzbh bdeg ldr

hejn mdzzbh ejjdrgcmf td tnhcr dwm stugy. Wnh bdegs erh eppbchg et tnh hmg dl mdzzbh es sndwm

cm tnh lcfurh.

Lcfurh :6 Mdzzbh bdeg





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 <> / 595

:.5.;.7 Vcmg Bdeg

Wnh EZOH Jdgh gdhs mdt fcvh sphjclcj prdjhgurh ldr ghscfmcmf vhsshbs ldr wcmg. Bdjeb ,

steth dr fdvhrmohmt eb aurcsgcjtcdms wcbb rhqucrh sdoh ldro dl emebyscs td ejjdumt ldr wcmg

bdegcmfs. Jbchmt sphjclcjetcdm emg stemgergs ebsd lrhquhmtby rhqucrh jdmscghretcdm dl wcmg.

Jbchmt rhqucrhohmt cs td jebjubeth tnh wcmg prhssurh ejjdrgcmf td Hurdjdgh HM-5335-5.7-

;998 jdgh.

Vcmg ghscfm cs ushg td ghthrocmh tnh ldrjhs emg odohmts et hejn hbhvetcdm td jnhj` cl

tnh jebjubethg snhbb tncj`mhsshs erh eghqueth. Wnh dvhrturmcmf odohmt et tnh kesh cs ushg td

ghthrocmh ebb dl tnh emjndrefh emg suppdrt ghtecbs. Wnhsh ghtecbs cmjbugh tnh muokhr emg sczh

dl emjndr kdbts, tncj`mhss dl s`crt.

Es e bdegcmf, wcmg gcllhrs lrdo shcsocj cm tnet ct cs odrh dr bhss jdmstemt0 wnhrhes,

shcsocj cs cl rhbetcvhby sndrt guretcdm. Cm eggctcdm wcmg prhssurh verchs wctn tnh nhcfnt dl

vhsshb. E vhsshb oust kh ghscfmhg ldr tnh wdrst jesh dl wcmg dr shcsocj, kut mhhg mdt td kh

ghscfmhg ldr kdtn scoubtemhdusby. Vncbh typcjebby tnh wdrst ghscfm jesh ldr shcsocj cs wctn

tnh vhsshb lubb (oexcouo whcfnt), tnh wdrst ghscfm jesh ldr wcmg cs wctn tnh vhsshb hopty.

Wncs wcbb prdgujh tnh oexcouo upbclt guh td ocmcouo rhstrecmcmf whcfnt.

Vcmg bdeg es jebjubethg ejjdrgcmf td tnh Hurdjdgh HM-5335-5.7-;998 jdmscghrcmf tnh

ldbbdwcmf sphjclcjetcdms ky tnh Jbchmt.Emebyscs wes phrldrohg ldr ebb wcmg rdsh gcrhjtcdms

erdumg tnh twd jdupbhg rcshr. Ky tncs copbcjctby tnh tdrscdmeb hllhjts whrh jdmscghrhg. Wnh

wdrst jdmgctcdms ldr tnh wcmg ejtcdm erh tnh dmhs rhpdrthg cm tnh jebjubetcdm rhpdrts.

Kescj wcmg sphhg ldr e : shj fust sphhg et e

nhcfnt dl 59 ohtrhs dm Wr?599 yhers1

:8.< o/s

Whrrecm Jethfdry CC

Wekbh < wcmg ghscfm cmldroetcdm





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 <3 / 595

Lcrst dl ebb tnh wcmg sphhg nes td kh jdmvhrthg dm 59 ocm ohem sphhg ejjdrgcmf td tnh

Hurdjdgh cmput gete.

Lcfurh :> Ohem wcmg sphhg jebjubetcdm

Wnh jebjubetcdm sndws tnh ohem wcmg sphhg dm 59 ocm et 59 o nhcfnt cs ;8.>9 o/s.

Wnh ldbbdwcmf lcfurh sndws tnh prhssurh ebdmf nhcfnt dl tnh strujturh

[dufnmhss lejtdr `r? 9.53

[dufnmhss nhcfnt z9? 9.98 o

Ydwhr `? 9.8;

Wurkubhmjh cmthfreb bhmfnt Bv? <:.5> o

Yhrcdg dm wncjn tnh phej` vhbdjcty cs ohgcethg t? : s

Yhrcdg dm wncjn tnh vhbdjcty cs ohgcethg W? <99 sOhem vebuh dm W cmthrveb \o? ;8.>9 o/s

Wurkubhmjh cmthmscty Cv? 9.5>3

Hxphjthg turkubhmjh lrhquhmjy m? 9.;: Nz

Yhe` lejtdr fv? :.:;

Yrdkekcbcty lejtdr Yv? 9.<5

Fust Lejtdr Fv? 5.:>

Yhe` vhbdjcty vp? :8.<9 o/s

Yhe` \hbdjcty





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 69 / 595

Lcfurh :3 wcmg prdlcbh ebdmf tnh stej`

Q Qjebj v(z) Cv(z) qp

Po_ Po_ Po/s_ PM/o];_

9.99 ;.999 5>.9> 9.;6 83;.5>

5.99 ;.999 5>.9> 9.;6 83;.5>

;.99 ;.999 5>.9> 9.;6 83;.5>

:.99 :.999 ;9.96 9.;7 <>;.;9

7.99 7.999 ;5.7> 9.;: 673.96

8.99 8.999 ;;.86 9.;; >9;.<8

<.99 <.999 ;:.76 9.;5 >76.8:

6.99 6.999 ;7.;; 9.;9 >><.;<

>.99 >.999 ;7.>> 9.;9 3;9.:3

3.99 3.999 ;8.7< 9.53 389.3:

59.99 59.999 ;8.36 9.53 36>.<5

55.99 55.999 ;<.77 9.53 599:.37

5;.99 5;.999 ;<.>6 9.5> 59;6.;3

5:.99 5:.999 ;6.;< 9.5> 597>.3>

57.99 57.999 ;6.<; 9.5> 59<3.;:

58.99 58.999 ;6.3< 9.5> 59>>.;:

5<.99 5<.999 ;>.;> 9.56 559<.57

56.99 56.999 ;>.86 9.56 55;:.96

5>.99 5>.999 ;>.>8 9.56 55:3.57

53.99 53.999 ;3.5; 9.56 5587.7;

;9.99 ;9.999 ;3.:6 9.56 55<3.95

;5.99 ;5.999 ;3.<5 9.56 55>;.38

;;.99 ;;.999 ;3.>7 9.5< 553<.:;

;:.99 ;:.999 :9.9< 9.5< 5;93.58

;7.99 ;7.999 :9.;< 9.5< 5;;5.73

;8.99 ;8.999 :9.7< 9.5< 5;::.:6

9.99

8.99

59.99

58.99

;9.99

;8.99

9 ;99 799 <99 >99 5999 5;99 5799

N h c f n t P o _

Yhe` \hbdjcty Yrhssurh qp PYe_





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 65 / 595

Wnh ldrjh jdhllcjchmt dm e pcph cs tnh prdgujt dl kesh lejtdr ldr jybcmghr wctndut lrhh

hmg lbdw emg tnh sbhmghrmhss lejtdr

Lcfurh 79 ldrjh jdhllcjchmt

Wd kh Zelh tnh ldrjh jdhllcjchmt cs jdmscghrhg td kh 9.> ldr hejn strujtureb pcph

gceohthrs. Ldr Zhrvcjh Ycpcmf e Ldrjh Jdhllcjchmt hqueb td 5.9 cs te`hm cm ejjdumt wncbh cs 5.:

ldr begghr

5.Ldrjh Jdhllcjhmt wctndut lrhh hmg lbdw 5.Ldrjh Jdhllcjhmt wctndut lrhh hmg lbdw 5.Ldrjh Jdhllcjhmt wctndut lrhh hmg lbdw

Yhe` Vcmg \hbdjcty vp? :8.< o/s Yhe` Vcmg \hbdjcty vp? :8.< o/s Yhe` Vcmg \hbdjcty vp? :8. < o/ s

Zhjtcdm Gceohthr G? 9.;53 o Zhjtcdm Gceohthr G? 9.6<; o Zhjtcdm Gceohthr G? 9.357 o

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Ejjdrgcmf td Hurdjdgh, tnh strujtureb lejtdr cs 5.9.

Lcfurh 75 strujtureb lejtdr

Vcmg bdeg dm CWHO L7:9;

Lcfurh 7; bdeg gcstrckutcdm ebdmf Kcffhr lberh

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Lcfurh 7: bdeg gcstrckutcdm ebdmf soebbhr lberh

Q Qjebj v(z) Cv(z) qp JL jsjg G LPo_ Po_ Po/s_ PM/o];_ P-_ P-_ Po_ PM/o)

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Yrdlcbd ghbbh prhsscdmc





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 67 / 595

Lcfurh 77 wcmg bdeg gcstrckutcdm

:.5.;.8 Wnhroeb Bdeg

Zcmjh kdtn lberhs erh lrhh et tnh hmg emg tnhy jem kh hbdmfethg, tnhroeb bdeg cs mdt

eppbcjekbh.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 68 / 595

:.5.;.< Zhcsocj Bdeg

Erf nh bh– nhh, nh ho b ppbkbh kh hrhg

ldr tnh rhfcdm tnet tnh lberh systho wcbb kh cmstebbhg. Ebsd es e rubh dl tnuok ldr lberh systho

erh rhbetcvhby bcfnt wctn rhsphjt td tnh nhcfnt emg fhdohtry, wcmg bdeg cs usuebby tnh

prhgdocmemt bdeg.

:.5.;.6 Bdeg jdokcmetcdms

Bdeg jdokcmetcdm cs gcvcghg cm td twd oecm jethfdrchs

5. Zhrvcjhekcbcty1 cm tncs bdeg jdokcmetcdm tnh oexcouo gcspbejhohmt dl tnh lberh

systho cs copdrtemt. Wnh lejtdr ldr ebb bdeg jesh wcbb kh hqueb td 5 emg wh wcbb

jdoperh tnh oexcouo gcspbejhohmt wctn tnh ebbdwekbh gcspbejhohmt tnet cs

ghlcmhg cm EYC-8:6 es ebrhegy hxpbecmhg.

;. Xbtcoeth steth1 cm tnhsh jethfdrchs shvhreb bdeg jdokcmetcdm wcbb kh ghlcmhg emg tnh

oexcouo strhss tnet cs prdgujhg cm tnh systho wcbb kh stugchg emg ct sndubg kh

bdwhr tnem tnh ebbdwekbh strhss ghlcmhg ky tnh jdgh.

Wnh bdeg jdokcmetcdms erh ghlcmhg cm jdopbcemjh wctn Hurd jdgh.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 6< / 595

Lcfurh 78 bdeg jdokcmetcdms





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 66 / 595

7

Jdmjbuscdm

7.5 [hsubt

7.5.5 Jdopetckcbcty

Es ghsjrckhg khldrh, td kh surh tnet kdtn odghbs erh jdopetckbh emg odghbhg wctn tnh

seoh fhdohtry emg cmput gete, scocber rhsubt ldr tnh oexcouo gcspbejhohmt ebsd oexcouo

snher emg ebsd tnh whcfnt dl tnh systho erh hxphjthg. Wnh rhsubts erh sndwm khbdw.

Lcfurh 7< Bethreb ghlbhjtcdm jdopercsdm





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 6> / 595

Lcfurh 76 Znher Ldrjh jdopercsdm





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 63 / 595

Lcfurh 7> tdteb whcfnt jdopercsdm





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >9 / 595

Es ct nes khhm sndwm, tnhrh cs e vhry soebb gcllhrhmjh khtwhhm tnh dutput quemtctchs dl

OCGEZ jdopercmf td dutput dl Y\-Hbcth emg ebodst tnh seoh rhsubt erh dktecmhg lrdo kdtn

sdltwerh.

Ct jem kh jdmjbughg tnet dur vhrclcjetcdm cs jdrrhjt emg dktecmhg rhejtcdm ldrjhs et tnh

kesh dl tnh hejn lberh erh rhesdmekbh. Es ct wes hxphjthg tnh snher bdeg et tnh kesh dl soebbhr

lberh cs vhry bdw (ekdut 5@M), khjeush tnh bdegs erh ebrhegy tremslhrrhg td tnh kcffhr lberh ky

ohems dl tnh fucgh suppdrt.

Wnh mhxt sthp cs td jnhj` tnh strhss ebdmf tnh rcshrs td shh cl tnh shbhjthg tncj`mhss cs

eghqueth.

Cl tnh strhsshs cmgujhg guh td tnh bdeg jdokcmetcdm erh bdwhr tnem tnh ebbdwekbh

strhss, tnh essuohg tncj`mhsshs erh eppbcjekbh.

Elthr lcmgcmf tnh jdrrhjt vebuh ldr tnh tncj`mhss, tnh rhejtcdm ldrjh et tnh kesh jem kh

jdbbhjthg (vhrtcjeb bdeg, snher, dvhrturmcmf odohmt) emg emjndr kdbt jem kh ghscfmhg.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >5 / 595

7.5.; Ztrhss jnhj`

Wnh strhsshs guh td tnh dtnhr tnrhh bdeg jeshs prdvcghg cm OCGEZ sdltwerh snebb kh

bdwhr tnem ebbdwekbh strhss. Wnh ebbdwekbh strhss ejjdrgcmf td EZOH Jdgh ldr tnh shbhjthg

oethrceb et ghscfmhg thophreturh cs 556 Ope. Wnh ldbbdwcmf lcfurhs ghpcjt tnh oexcouo

hmvhbdph kheo gcefreos emg tnh oexcouo hmvhbdphg kheo strhss

Lcfurh 73 kheo gcefreo





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >; / 595

Lcfurh 89 strhss gcstrckutcdm





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >: / 595





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >7 / 595

Lcfurh 85 Zthhb jnhj`s





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >8 / 595

Es ohmtcdmhg khldrh td te`h cm td ejjdumt tnh cmthrmeb prhssurh emg ebsd td phrldro

tnh jnhj`s ejjdrgcmf td EZOH \CCC Gcv.5. ct cs copdrtemt td rhvchw tnh rhsubt dl tnh Y\-Hbcth

sdltwerh tdd.

Ldr kdtn lberh systhos es e seopbh tnh rhsubt ldr em hbhohmt wctn tnh berfhr rhqucrhg

tncj`mhss guh td cmthrmeb prhssurh erh ghodmstrethg.

Lcfurh 8; Cmthrmeb Yrhssurh Jebjubetcdm ldr kcffhr lberh L-7:9;)





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >< / 595

Lcfurh :-> Cmthrmeb Yrhssurh Jebjubetcdm ldr soebbhr lberh L-7:95)





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >6 / 595

Zcmjh tnh kcffhr Lberh systho wdr`s es tnh suppdrt ldr tnh soebbhr dmh, tnh best

copdrtemt jnhj` ldr tncs lberh cs td stugy tnh rhsubt dl bdeg jdokcmetcdms fhmhrethg ky Y\-

Hbcth sdltwerh emg td jnhj` cl tnh strhss retcd cs bdwhr tnem 5 ldr hejn bdeg jdokcmetcdm. Nhrhdmby twd bdeg jdokcmetcdm erh ghodmstrethg es e seopbh, wncjn dmh dl tnho cs tnh odst

jrctcjeb bdeg jdokcmetcdm wctn tnh strhss retcd dl 9.68., tnus ct jem kh jdmjbughg tnet ebb

shbhjthg tncj`mhss erh eghqueth

Lcfurh 8: strhss jdokcmetcdm ldr kcffhr lberh L-7:9;)





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >> / 595

7.5.: \drthx Znhggcmf

Lcfurh 87 vdrthx snhggcmf jnhj`

Oethrceb Gete

Zphjclcj Vhcfnt f? 6>89 ̀ f/o:

Sdumf Odgubus H? ;59999 Ope

Geopcmf retcd x? 9.95

Zhjtcdm Gete

Hxthrmeb Gceohthr Gh? 6<; oo

tcj`mhss t? >.55 oo

Cmthrmeb gceohthr Gc? 678.6> oo

Erhe E? 53;9> oo;

Lbhxureb cmhrtce odohmt C? 5:<76886>7 oo7

Bcmher oess ghmscty f? 589.6> ̀ f/o

Fbdkeb Gete

Wdteb bhmfnt B? ;5.; o

[hstrecmt td tnh 9 bhmfnt lcxhg

[hstrecmt td tnh B bhmfnt lrhh

Gymeocjs jnerejthrcstcjs

Muokhr dl odgh (aust ldr scopby suppdrthg kheo) m? 5

Metureb Lrhquhmjy l 5? 5.6: Nz

Odgeb bcmher oess o5? 3<.89 ̀ f/o

\drthx sneggcmf Jnerejthrcstcj pereohthrs

[hlhrhmjh wcmg vhbdjc ty et tnh cmsphjthg nhcfnt vo? 7; o/s

Ztrduneb muokhr Zt? 9.;

Jrc tc jeb vhbdjc ty ldr rhsdmemjh vdrthx sneggcmf vjr? <.86< o/s

Zjrdutdm Muokhr Zj? 5<.6

[hymdbg muokhr [h? :.:H+98

Jebjubetcdm dl jrdss wcmg gcspbejhohmt eopbctugh (Zphjtreb Ohtndg)

Jdstemt rhbethg td tnh jrdss shjtcdm Jj? 9.95

JC jdstemt JC? 9.3987;553

Ehrdgymeoc j geopc mf pereohthr oexc ouo @e,oex? ;

Ehrdgymeocj geopcmf pereohthr `e? 5.>59>7;:>

Meroebcshg bcoctcmf eopbctugh eB? 9.7

Jdmstemt j5 j5? 9.9;5;<;537

Jdmstemt J; j;? 5.73;3H-9<

Eopbctugh stemgerg ghvcetcdm sy? 586.;9 oo

Yhe` Lejtdr Hvebuetcdm @p? 7.5>Oexcouo gcspbejhohmt yp? <8<.63 oo

\D[WH^ ZNHGGCMF H\EBXEWCDM EZ HX[DJDGH LD[ JC[JXBE[ ZHJWCDM

MHJHZZE[S GHWECBHG EMEBSZCZ

\D[WH^ ZNEGGCMF EJWCDM ZNEBB KH H\EBXEWHG





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 >3 / 595

Wnh emebyscs sndws tnet tnh eopbctugh dl gcspbejhohmt cs umejjhptekbh. Ldr tncs

rhesdm em Ehrdgymeocj

Ohtndgs cs ushg td octcfeth tnh vdrthx snhggcmf cs ushg.

Yrhvhmtcdm dl hxjhsscvh vckretcdm es phr EZOH ZWZ-5-;999

Wd octcfeth tnh vckretcdm hllhjt em Ehrdgymeocj ohtndg wes ushg cm e wey td gcsrupt

tnh ldroetcdm dl \drtcjhs dm tnh scghs dl tnh stej` emg bcoct tnh sdurjh dl vckretcdm.

Vh ush nhbcjeb stre`hs es cs stethg cm EZOH ZWZ-5-;99< wncjn fcvhs tnh mhhghg

fhdohtrcjeb cmldroetcdm ldr tnh nhbcjeb stre`hs ghscfm.

E tnrhh-stert sht dl jurvhg-pbeth nhbcjeb stre`hs 5;9 ghfrhh epert dm tnh stej`

jcrjuolhrhmjh cs ettejnhg td tnh duthr surlejh dl tnh stej` wctn tnh stre`h pbeth

epprdxcoethby phrphmgcjuber td tnh stej` surlejh et ebb pdcmts.

Wnh pctjn dl tnh nhbcx cs lcvh tcohs tnh ehrdgymeocj gceohthr emg tnh stre`h sndubg

prah ⁇ o lro nh

ehrdgymeocj gceohthr. Ztre`hs dl eghqueth strujtureb tncj`mhss cs prdvcghg dm tnh tdp

⁇: l nh ` nhfn





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 39 / 595

Lcfurh 88 Nhbcjeb ste`hs





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 35 / 595

7.; Kdbt ghscfm

Wnh ldumgetcdm bdegs erh ghodmstrethg khbdw

Lcfurh 8< rhejtcdm ldrjhs guh td scmfbh bdeg jeshs

Wnh jebjubetcdm dl tnh emjndr kdbts cs gdmh uscmf tnh ebbdwekbh bdegs cmgcjethg cm jbchmt

Zphjclcjetcdm.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 3; / 595

Lcfurh 86 Ebbdwekbh bdegs ldr emjndr kdbts

Lcfurh 8> emjndr kdbts jnhj`s ejjdrgcmf td jbchmt sphjclcjetcdm

Lrdo ebb rhejtcdms, tnh wdrst dmhs erh shbhjthg (ncfnbcfnthg cm tnh lcfurh khbdw), emg

ushg cm drghr td ghscfm tnh emjndr kdbts.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 3: / 595

Lcfurh 83 hmvhbdph dl rhejtcdm ldrjhs ushg ldr kdbt ghscfm

Wnh sczh emg muokhr dl tnh kdbts erh essuohg es tnh ldbbdwcmf tekbh.

Ctho Muokhr Kdbt Zczh (oo) Md. dl emjndr Kdbts

L-7:95 O5< >

L-7:9; O:< 5;

Wekbh 6 Zuooery dl rhqucrhg kdbts





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 37 / 595

Wnh ldbbdwcmf lcfurhs cbbustreth tnh bdeg jebjubetcdm emg strhss jnhj` ldr e scmfbh kdbt dl

kcffhr lberh, ejjdrgcmf tnh ohmtcdmhg sczh emg muokhr dl tnh kdbts.

Lcfurh <9Kesh pbeth ghtecbs ldr kcffhr lberh





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 38 / 595

Lcfurh <5 Emjndr kdbts jnhj`s ldr kcffhr lberh

Es ct cs ncfnbcfnthg cm tnh ekdvh, tnh kdbt sczh dr muokhrs erh mdt sullcjchmt emg ct tnh

emjndr kdbts lecb guh td thmscdm bdeg ejjdrgcmf td tnh ldroube..

Ybhesh mdth tnet tnh ekdvh jebjubetcdm jdmscghrs tnh mhutreb excs dl khmgcmf odohmt cm

tnh jhmthr dl keshpbeth , wncjn cs odrh jdmshrvetcvh. Ct ohems dmby nebl dl tnh kdbts erh cm

thmscdm, wncjn cm rhebcty cs mdt truh.

Ejjdrgcmf tnh khbdw jebjubetcdm, ky sherjncmf ldr tnh pdsctcdm dl tnh mhutreb excs, tnh

hxejt muokhr dl tnh kdbts cmvdbvhg ldr tnh thmscdm erh ghodmstrethg.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 3< / 595

Es ct jem kh shhm,> emjndr kdbts erh cmvdbvhg ldr rhscstemjh dl thmscdm,, tnus tnh sczh

emg muokhr dl emjndr kdbts erh eghqueth.

:.Exceb Ldrjh Khmgcmf cmthrejtcdm gcefreo

7.Emjndr kdbts jnhj`

Wdteb snher ejtcdm dm tnh kesh \? <8 ̀ M

Znher rhscstemjh dl tnh emjndr kdbt ( lrdo tnh tekbh) Lv,rg? 557.; ̀ M

Wdteb muokhr dl kdbts m? 5;Ghscfm snher dm tnh wdrst emjndr kdbt Lv,Hg? 8.7; ̀ M

Znher Vdr` retcd r? 9.98

OCMD[ WNEM :9% YEZZHG!

Oexcouo

thmscdm lrdo

pbeth emg frdut

Emjndr kdbt l:<

thmscbh strhmfnt P`M_





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 36 / 595

Wnh ldbbdwcmf lcfurhs ghpcjt tnh bdeg jebjubetcdm emg strhss jnhj` ldr e scmfbh kdbt dl

soebbhr lberh, ejjdrgcmf tnh ohmtcdmhg sczh emg muokhr dl tnh kdbts.

Lcfurh <; Keshpbeth ghtecbs ldr soebbhr lberh





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 3> / 595

Lcfurh <: emjndr kdbts jnhj`s ldr soebbhr lberh

Wnh emjndr kdbts jnhj`s erh pesshg ky tnh lcrst ldroube, tnhrhldrh tnhrh cs md mhhg ldr lurtnhr

cmvhstcfetcdm dl hxejt pdsctcdm dl mhutreb excs.





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 33 / 595

Lcmebby tnh ghscfmhg gete erh rhpdrthg es1

Zoebbhr Lberh (Ctho Md. L-7:95)

Zhjtcdm Oethrceb Gceohthr

(cm.)

Wncj`mhss

(oo)

Z`crt EYC 8B Fr.K > 5;.6

[cshr EYC 8B Fr.K > 5;.6

Wcp ECZC :59 59 59

Berfhr Lberh (Ctho Md. L-7:9;)

Z`crt EYC 8B Fr.K :< 5;.6

[cshr EYC 8B Fr.K :< 5;.6

[cshr EYC 8B Fr.K :9 5;.6

Wcp ECZC :59 > 59

Ctho Muokhr Kdbt Zczh (oo) Md. dl emjndr Kdbts

L-7:95 O5< >

L-7:9; O:< 5;

Wekbh > Ghscfmhg gete





6>6<65 | | bufbcd ;957 599 / 595

8

[hlhrhmjh

5. Oetthws, Jbclldrg. Hfhhr– Fu Yrhurh Hqupoh B1 YrlhbHmfcmhhrcmf Yukbcsncmf ;995.

;. Jnettepegnyey, Zdometn. Yrhssurh \hsshb Ghscfm emg Yrejtcjh. J[J Yrhss ;998.

:. Jerrujc, \cmjhmt E. Dvhrvchw dl Yrhssurh \hsshb Ghscfm 5335

7. EZOH, Wnh Eohrcjem Zdjchty dl Ohjnemcjeb Hmfcmhhrs. [ubhs ldr Jdmstrujtcdm dl

Yrhssurh \hsshbs Zhj. \CCC, Gcv. 5). EZOH Kdcbhr emg Yrhssurh \hsshb Jdgh. ;996

8. Hbbhmkhrfhr, A. Yncbcp, Jnush, [dkhrt emg Jersdm, Kryjh H. Yrhssurh \hsshb1 Wnh

EZOH Jdgh Zcopbclchg >tn

Hgctcdm. OjFrew-Ncbb ;997<. Odhm, [cjnerg E. Yrejtcjeb Fucghkdd` Zhrchs EZOH Zhjtcdm CC 5336, JEZWC

Yukbcsncmf 533<

6. Yhrry, [. N. emg Jncbtdm, J. N Yhrry– Jnhob Hfhhr– Nk` OFrw-

Ncbb, 536:

>. Krcmfes, Adnm H. Wnh Ohteb Kbej` Kdd`, JEZWC Yukbcsncmf 533<

3. Vncth, [. N., emg Hneu`h, H.L. Oethrcebs Zhbhjtcdm ldr [hlcmhrchs emg Essdjdethg

Lejcbctchs. OjFrew-Ncbb, 536:59. Khgmer, Nhmry N. Yrhssurh \hsshb Ghscfm Nemgkdd` ;mg Hgctcdm Oebeker

Lbdrcge1 @rchfhr Yukbcsncmf Jdopemy, 53><

55. Odss, Ghmmcs, [.

Yrhssurh \hsshb Ghscfm Oemueb, :rg Hgctcdm, Kurbcmftdm1 Fubl

Yrdlhsscdmeb Hmfcmhhrcmf ;997.

5;. EZOH, Wnh Eohrcjem Zdjchty dl Ohjnemcjeb Hmfcmhhrs. [ubhs ldr Jdmstrujtcdm dl

Yrhssurh \hsshbs Zhj. \CCC, Gcv. ;).

EZOH Kdcbhr emg Yrhssurh \hsshb Jdgh. ;996

5:. JDEG, Hmfcmhhrcmf Ynyscjs Zdltwerh. ;996 Y\-Hbcth Xshr Fucgh. Nustdm, Whxes1JDEG/Hmfcmhhrcmf Ynyscjs Zdltwerh ;996

57. Ohfyhsy, Hufhmh L. Yrhssurh \hsshb Nemgkdd` 59tn Hgctcdm. Yrhssurh \hsshb

Nemgkdd` Yukbcsncmf Cmj.,;995.

58. \hmsthb, Hguerg Emg @reutneoohr, Wnhdgdr. Wncm Ybeth Emg Znhbbs, Wnhdry,

Emebyscs Emg Eppbcjetcdms. Mhw Sdr` 1 Oerjhb Ghj`hr, Cmj ;995.

5<. Zthllhms, Lremz-Adshpn Kertndbg Emg Ebhxemghr. Cmtrdgujtdry Jdursh Cm

Ztrujtureb Emebyscs.





56. Wcodsnhm`d, Zthpnhm Y. Emg Vdcmdws`y-@rchfhr, Z. Wnhdry Dl Ybeths Emg Znhbbs.

;mg Hgctcdm. BE1 Oj-FrewNcbb,5368

5>. Aeweg, Oeem N. Emg Lerr, Aeohs [. Ztrujtureb Emebyscs Emg Ghscfm Dl YrdjhssHqucpohmt. Adnm Vcbh & Zdms, Cmj 53>7

53. XKJ, Xmcldro Kucbgcmf Jdgh. Ztrujtureb Ghscfm [hqucrhohmts (Jnepthr 5<)

Xmcldro Kucbgcmf Jdgh. 5336

;9. Oddgy, F.k., Ohjnemcjeb ghscfm dl tebb stej`s, Zhpthokhr 53<3

;5. E.@hctn Hsjdh. Ohjnemcjeb Ghscfm dl Yrdjhss Zysthos \db 5, Ycpcmf emg Yrhssurh

vhsshbs. Fubl Yukbcsncmf Jdopemy 53><

;;. E.`hctn Hsjdh. Yrhssurh \hsshb emg Ztej`s, Lchbg [hpecr Oemueb. ;99>

;:. EYC Ztemgerg 8:6 . Lberh Ghtecbs ldr Fhmhreb [hlcmhry emg Yhtrdjnhocjeb Zhrvcjh

. ;99:

;7. Zthhb Ztej`s Wnh Eohrcjem Zdjchty dl Ohjnemcjeb Hmfcmhhrs EZOH ZWZ-5 ;99<

;8. nttp1//www.wc`cphcge.jdo/

;<. nttp1//www.temddtes.jdo/prdahjt/vchw/cg/5<:

D.BRUCIAFREDDO -Coupled Flare System Design Southern Swamp Associated Gas Solution SSAGS Project...

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