DBQ (7 Points)

Question 1 (Document-Based Question)

Suggested reading and writing time: 55 minutes

Please type your essay

Font: Times Roman, Size: 12, Line Spacing: 1.5

Due: October 29, 2018

Directions: Question 1 is based on the accompanying documents

In your response you should contain each of the following.

o Thesis:

1 Point: Present a thesis that makes a historically defensible claim and responds to all parts of the

question. The thesis must consist of one or more sentences located in the introduction.

o Contextualization

1 Point: Situate the argument by explaining the broader historical events, developments, or processes

immediately relevant to the question. (This is information outside of the documents, must 2-3

sentence or a whole paragraph.)

o Use of the Documents:

1 or 2 Points: Utilize the content of at least THREE or SIX of the documents to support the

stated thesis or a relevant argument. (Make sure you explain the documents. Show me you

understand the Document.)

To earn this point(s), the response must accurately describe rather than simply quote the

content from three or six documents. (Make sure you explain the documents. Show me

you understand the Document. DO NOT QUOTE!!!!!!

o Outside Evidence:

1 Point: Supports an argument in response to the prompt using specific and relevant examples of

evidence.

o Analysis and Reasoning

1 Point: For at least THREE documents, explains how or why the document’s point of view,

purpose, historical situation, and or audience is relevant to an argument.

1 Point: Demonstrates a complex understanding of the historical development that is the focus of

the prompt, using evidence to corroborate, qualify, or modify an argument that addresses the

question.

1. Using the documents, compare and contrast Classical Athens and Classical Han China.

Greece and China DBQ6of20

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Source: Maps created from varied sources.

Document A

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Document B

Source: Population estimates from mixed sources, including Thucydides'Athenian armyrecruitment figures in 432 BCE.

Athens: Population Distribution circa 432 BCE

Free male citizens (mostly landowning farmers) 50,000

Free male non-citizens(all males under l8 and residents withoutAthenian parentage) 50,000

Free females (all ages) 100,000

Slaves 115,000

Total population of Attica (Athens plus environs) 315,000

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Aristotle on ClassDistinctions

(4th century BCE)

Certainly the good man and the

statesman and the good citizenought not to learn the crafts ofinferiors except for their ownoccasional use; if they habituallypractice them, there will cease

to be a distinction betweenmaster and slave.

Document C

Source: Population estimates from mixed sources, including Peter N. Stearns el. al., World Civilizations:The Global Experience, AP Edition, New York: Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, lnc., 2003.

Han China: Population Distribution circa 200 CE

Emperor and appointed officials

Educated Mandarin bureaucrats (.ZVo of population)

Landed aristocracy (2Vo otpopulation)

Peasant farmers and some skilled urban workers(907o ofpopulation)

Merchants (not highly valued)

"Mean people" (unskilled workers, street artists and a

few household slaves: 77o ofpopulation)

1,000s

130,000

1,300,000

58,500,000

50,000?

5,000,000

Total population of late Han China 65,000,000

Note: Women made up approximately 50% ol each category exceptbureaucrats and appointed officials, who were male only.

Mencius on ClassDistinctions

(4th century BCE)

There are those who use

their minds and there are

those who use theirmuscles. The former rule;the latter are ruled. Thosewho rule are supportedby those who are ruled.This is the principleaccepted by the wholeEmpire.

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C

Greece and China DBQ8of20

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Source: Excerpt from The Oration of Pericles," The Complete Writings of Thucydides,The Peloponnesian Wars, New York Modern Library .1951

.

Pericles: "Our form of government is..."

Our form of government does not imitate the laws of neighboring states.

On the contrary, we are rather a model to others. Our form of government iscalled a democracy because its administration is in the hands, not of a few, but ofthe whole peoples.

. In the settling of private disputes, everyone is equal before the law.

. Election to public office is made on the basis of ability, not on the basis ofmembership to a particular class.

. No man is kept out of public office by the obscurity of his social standingbecause of his poverty, as long as he wishes to be of service to the state.

And not only in our public life are we free and open, but a sense of freedomregulates our day-to-day life with each other.

. In our private affairs, then, we are tolerant and avoid giving offense.

. But in public affairs, we take great care not to break the laws because of thedeep respect we have for them.

. We give obedience to the men who hold public office from year to year.

'And we pay special regard to those laws that are for the protection of theoppressed and to all the unwritten laws that we know bring disgrace upon thetransgressor when they are broken.

Note: Pericles'words were transcribed by the 5th century Athenian historian, Thucydides.Bullets are added.

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Source: C. M. Bowra, ClassicalGreece, Time-Life Books, 1965. Reprinted by permission of WadhamCollege, executor for Sir Maurice Bowra.

Government in Athens

From the retirement of the Persians

in 419 BCE until the outbreak of the

Peloponnesian War rn 431BCE (Athens

vs. Sparta), Athens displayed a

phenomenal vitality. This, in fact, was

the Athenian Golden Age, withoutparallel in the history of man.

The major strength and inspirationfor this development was Athens'democratic form of government, the firsttrue democracy in history. In the mostprecise and literal sense of the word, theAthenians governed themselves....

The Athenian Assembly was open toall free male citizens of adult age,

regardless of income or class. It met 40times a year, usually at a place calledthe Pnyx, a natural amphitheater on oneof the hills west of the Acropolis. Intheory, any member of the Assemblycould speak about anything, providinghe could command an audience. But forpractical reasons, there was also an

official agenda. This was prepared by aCouncil composed of 500 men, 50 fromeach of the ten Attic tribes. They were

chosen by lot from a list of volunteers,

all of them citizens over the age of 30....

Council members were always paid fortheir services and served for a year.

After an interval they might serve a

second year, but they could never serve

for more than two.

Within the Council was a smaller,inner council of 50 men, called the

Prytany, which met every day and ineffect administered the government.The composition of the Prytany changed

10 times ayear, and its chairmanship,the chief executive position of Athens,changed every day. In theory no one

remained in power long enough toentrench himself. But in reality thisopportunity was open to one class ofmen: the 10 generals of the armedforces who were elected directly fromthe Assembly and served for a year'sterm. A general could be elected any

number of times. Inevitably the generals

played a large and sometimes continuingrole in nonmilitary affairs.

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Source: D.C.Lau, translator and introduction, Mencius, Book V, Part A,5, New York:Penguin Books, 1970. Speakers' names inserted for clarity.

Document Note: Drawing on ancient sources, Mencius tells the story of Yao and Shun, twolegendary rulers of China in the 24th and 23rd centuries BCE. Wan Changwas a student of Mencius. Himself a disciple of Confucius, Mencius livedfrom 370 to 300 BCE.

q

Mandate of Heaven

Wan Chang said: "Is it true that Yao gave the empire to Shun?"

"No," said Mencius. "The emperor cannot give the empire to another."

Wan Chang asked: "In that case who gave the Empire to Shun?"

Mencius said: "Heaven gave it to him."

wan Chang asked: "You say Heaven gave it to him. Does this mean that Heavengave him detailed and minute instructions?"

Mencius said: "No. Heaven does not speak but reveals itself through its actsand deeds."

Wan Chang asked: "How does Heaven do this?"

Mencius said: "The Emperor can recofilmend a man to Heaven but he can notmake Heaven give this man the Empire;... In antiquity, yao recommended Shun toHeaven and Heaven accepted him; he presented him to the people and the peopleaccepted him. Hence I said, 'Heaven does does not speak but reveals itself byacts and deeds."'

wan chang said: "May I ask how Shun was accepted by Heaven ... and how hewas accepted by the people when presented to them?"

Mencius said: "...when Shun was put in charge of affairs, they were kept in orderand the people were content. This showed that the people accepted him.... Heavensees with the eyes of its people. Heaven hears with the ears of its people."

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\ t,lot".Document G

Source: Peter N. Stearns el. al., World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP Edition, New York:Addison-Wesley Educational Publishers, lnc., 2003.

A Remarkably Successful Kind of Government

The Ch'in and Han dynasties ofClassical China established a distinctiveand remarkably successful, kind ofgovernment. The Ch'in stressed centralauthority, whereas the Han expanded thepowers of the bureaucracy. More thanany other factor, it was the structure ofthis government that explained how sucha vast territory could be effectively ruled

- for the Chinese empire was indeed thelargest political system in the classicalworld.

... (The emperor) appointed

Able rulers of the Han dynastyresumed the attack on local warrior-war-lords. In addition, they realized theimportance of creating a large, highlyskilled bureaucracy, one capable ofcarrying out the duties of a complexstate. By the end of the Han period,China had about 130,000 bureaucrats,representing0.2 percent of the popula-tion. The emperor Wu Ti (140 - 87 BCE)established examinations for hisbureaucrats - the first example of civilservice tests of the sort that many

governors to each district of his domain, governments have instituted in modern

who exercised military and legal powers times.... Trained and experienced

in the name of the emperor. They, in bureaucrats, confident in their own

turn, named oftrcials responsible for traditions, could often control the whims

smaller regions.... The effectiveness of of a single ruler, even one who, in the

a central government was further Chinese tradition, regarded himself as

enhanced by the delegation of special divinely appointed - the "Son ofareas and decisions to the emperor's Heaven."

ministers. Some dealt with matters offinance, others with military affairs,and so on.

Note: Although the emperor had enormous power and absolute authority, keep in mind the oldChinese proverb, 'Heaven is high, and the emperor is far away.,,

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Greece and China DBQ12 ot 20

Document H

Source: Pericles'Funeral Oration, Athens: The Hellenic Parliament, 1998'

Pericles on "What is a Good Citizen?"

Here each individual is interested not only in his own affairs but in the

affairs of the state as well; even those who are mostly occupied with their own

business are extremely well informed on general politics - this is a peculiarity ofours: we do not say that a man who takes no interest in politics is a man whominds his own business; we say that he has no business here at all.

Note: Athenian citizens made up 1/6 of the population and had to meet thefollowing citizenship qualifications:

. male

. 18 years of age (voting age in Assembly was 30)

. free (non-slave)

. father and mother must be citizens (as of 451 BCE with the passage of a law)

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6N\ NotesDocument I

Source: Benjamin Jowett, translator, "Dialogues of Crito," The Dialogues of Plalo, 3rd Edition,OxIord Clarendon Press, 1892.

Dialogue of Socrates and Crito in Prison

Note: The year 399 BCE was a ditficult one for lhe Athenians. They had lost their war with Sparta in

404 BCE, and their democratic lorm of government was destroyed. Athens was ruled by agroup of men known as the'Thirty TyIants.'They were concerned that enemies rrom inside

and outside the state would try to overthrow them. One of these "enemies from within" was

Socrates. He was charged with (1) not believing in the gods in whom the stale believed, (2)

introducing other strange gods, and (3) corrupting the youth of Athens. Socrates defendedhimsell against the charge but was found guilty by a majority of 60 pelsons. The prosecution

ordered the death penalty. This conversation, recalled and recorded later by Plato in hisDialogues, took place in prison. Crito, along with Plato, was one of several friends present.

Crito is trying to get Socrates to escape lrom prison.

ln this dialogue'the laws" are treated as iI they are a person.

Socrates:

Crito:

Socrates:

Imagine that I am about to run away, and the laws come and question

me. "Tell us Socrates," they say, "what are you doing? Are you not

trying to destroy the laws and the whole state, as much as it is possible

for you to do? Or do you imagine that a state can exist in which the

decisions of the law are powerless and are set aside and trampled on byindividuals?" What will be our answer, Crito, to these questions? Shallwe reply, "Yes, but the state has injured us and given an unjustsentence?" Shall I say that?

Yes, say that.

Then the laws will say: "Consider, Socrates, that you are going to do us

an injury. We have provided for you and educated you. We have givenyou and every other citizen a share in every good that we had to give.We further proclaim that anyone who does not like the city may gowhere he pleases. But anyone who has experienced the way in whichwe administer justice and organize the state, and still remains here, has

entered into an implied contract that he will obey us. We do not simplyimpose our will. We give a person the choice of either obeying us orconvincing us that we are wrong. You, Socrates, are breaking the

agreements, which you freely made with us. You had your choice. Youmight have gone to Sparta or Crete or some other state. Listen then,

Socrates, to the laws who have brought you up. Think not of life andchildren first, but of the right first."

This, dear Crito, is the voice, which I seem to hear murmuring inmy ears.... And I know that anything more, which you may say, will notconvince me.

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Greece and China DBQ14 ot 20

Document J

Source: D.C. Lau, translator, Confucius, The Analects, London: Penguin Classics, 1979.

Confucius on the lndividual and the State

l6e $wernor of She saif, to Confucius, "ln our viffane there is aman nic8named'Sffaight aody.' Wfiei h*Jather stoft-a tkry, fie gaveevidence against 1tryr|;Confucius ant*rrr{ "ln our viffage t6ose *ho orcstraight a1e quite {rff rrnt. Fathers cwer

"yJt: their sins, anf, sonscweluy Jo, their Jathers. straightness is to 6e found in such 6ehavior."tsoot. xlll, rs

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qSomeone saif, to Confucius, "W6rl do you not taLe part in

7overnment?" lhe Master-said, "ffie-'Eo9t of l{istory says,'Oft! Si*yU-6y

-feing a good son andfrtendfy to fiis 6roi6ers a man can exett an

iif{uenie uyon gwernmint.' ln-so f,oing, a mon is,-in f-act, tahing yartii g-wernment.-1{wv can there 6e any luestion of \ishaving act-iefy to'ta6e yart in gwernment'?" ts0ot.11, zt

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Greece and China DBQ15 of 20

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Source: Discus Thrower (Greek, Sth Century BCE), National Museum, Naples (Alinari).

The world is full of wonders but nothing is more wonderful than man.

Sophocles, circa 450 BCE

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Source: Ch'iu Ying, Landscape in the Style of Li T'ang, Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian lnstitution,Washington, DC: Purchase F1939.4.

Each separate being in the universe returns to the common source.Returning to the source is serenity.

Lao-tzu,55l-479 BCE

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