day7 Protein Synthesis · 2019. 2. 25. · day7_Protein Synthesis Author: WAI Created Date:...
Transcript of day7 Protein Synthesis · 2019. 2. 25. · day7_Protein Synthesis Author: WAI Created Date:...
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS2/21/19
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DO NOW▸What are 3 differences between DNA and
RNA?
▸What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
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AGENDA▸ Transcription
▸ Translation
▸ Summary
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PROTEIN SYNTHESISCORNELL NOTES TITLE (PAGE 105)
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PROTEIN SYNTHESIS▸ Process of assembling proteins using the
information encoded in DNA
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PROTEIN SYNTHESISThe Steps of How to Make Proteins
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Genetic info only flows from:
DNAà RNA à Protein
DNA RNA PROTEIN
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!8
Protein Synthesis
1. Transcription
2. Translation
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Transcriptioncomes from the word transcribe.
To transcribe something means to copy it in another way.
Hint: Court transcriber
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DNA RNA PROTEIN
DNA à RNA = Transcription
Transcription
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TRANSCRIPTION▸ Genetic information is passed from DNA in
the nucleus to mRNA
▸ Transcription: DNA -> RNA
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But why do we need to make a new copy?
*DNA always stays in the nucleus!
*Ribosomes, the protein-making machines, are in the cytoplasm!
Nucleus
DNA à RNA = Transcription
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TRANSCRIPTION STEPS▸ RNA Polymerase (enzyme) unwinds DNA and makes
a matching mRNA
▸ T->A, A->U
▸ pre-mRNA: introns (“useless” code) + exons (codes for gene)
▸ Introns get spliced out, so the final mRNA has exons only
▸ mRNA leaves the nucleus out into the cytoplasm, to a ribosome.
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Step 1: RNA Polymerase (enzyme) unwinds DNA.
T A T A
TA TA
A G C T C G A A C G G A
TCCGTTCGAGCT
A G
C
TC G A A C G G
A
TC
CGTTCGAG
CT
3’ 5’
5’ 3’
RNA polymerase
DNA à RNA = Transcription
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Step 2: RNA Polymerase also makes a matching messenger RNA (mRNA).
T A T A
TA TA
A G
C
TC G A A C G G
A
TC
CGTTCGAG
CT
3’ 5’
5’ 3’
UCCGUUCGAGCRNA polymerase
mRNA
Note:
It matches A to U (uracil)
instead of T (thymine)!!
DNA à RNA = Transcription
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* There are useless DNA codes called INTRONS that get spliced out. The pieces that are left, called EXONS, form the actual mRNA.
Pre-mRNA:UCCGGAG UAACAG U GG A
intron intron
exonexon exon
GAG UAA
mRNA:
UCCG C
Exons are expressed!
DNA à RNA = Transcription
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Step 3: mRNA leaves the nucleus out into the cytoplasm, to a ribosome.
T A T A
TA TA
A G
C
TC G A A C G G
A3’ 5’
5’ 3’
UCCGUUCGAGC
mRNA
TC
CGTTCGAG
CT
A G C T C G A A C G G A
TCCGTTCGAGCT
DNA à RNA = Transcription
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Translationcomes from the word translate.
To translate something means to change it into another language.
translationHey, what’s up?
What do you want to eat?
Hola, que tal?
Que quieres comer?
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DNA RNA PROTEIN
Translation
RNAà Protein = Translation
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TRANSLATION▸ Genetic information is passed from RNA to
make proteins in the ribosomes
▸ Translation: RNA -> protein
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But why do we need to translate RNA?
RNA
A,U,G,C (nucleotides)
Pro, met, ser, val, leu, met…
(amino acids)
PROTEIN
RNAà Protein = Translation
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!22
NUCLEOTIDES AND AMINO ACIDS ARE COMPLETELY
DIFFERENT MOLECULES!!!
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TRANSLATION STEPS▸1. Ribosome reads every 3 nucleotides,
called CODONS (1 codon = 3 nucleotides)
▸Ribosomes starts translating when it reads the codon “AUG.”
▸2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings an amino acid for each codon.
▸ tRNA has an anticodon that matches the codon
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*tRNA has an ANTICODON that matches the codon on the mRNA.
amino acid attachment site
U A C
anticodon
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TRANSLATION STEPS▸ 3. Amino acids connect to make a Protein!
▸ 4. Ribosome stops translating at a STOP codon (UAA , UAG , or UGA ).
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Step 1. Ribosome (rRNA) reads every 3 nucleotides, called CODONS.
(1 codon = 3 nucleotides)
ribosome
C GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A A
RNAà Protein = Translation
mRNA
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Step 2. It starts translating when it reads the codon “AUG.”
ribosome
RNAà Protein = Translation
START
C GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A AmRNA
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Step 3. Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings an amino acid for each codon.
ribosome
START
tRNARNAà Protein = Translation
C GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A AmRNA
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Step 4. Amino acids connect to make a Protein!
ribosome
tRNA
met
RNAà Protein = Translation
C GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A AmRNA
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ribosome
met
tRNARNAà Protein = Translation
STARTC GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A A
mRNA
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ribosome
met
tRNA
pro
RNAà Protein = Translation
STARTC GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A A
mRNA
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ribosome
met pro
tRNARNAà Protein = Translation
STARTC GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A A
mRNA
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ribosome
met pro
tRNA
ser
RNAà Protein = Translation
STARTC GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A A
mRNA
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ribosome
met pro ser
tRNARNAà Protein = Translation
STARTC GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A A
mRNA
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ribosome
met pro ser
tRNA
gly
RNAà Protein = Translation
STARTC GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A A
mRNA
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ribosome
met pro ser gly
STOP
5. Ribosome stops translating at a STOP codon (UAA , UAG , or UGA ).
RNAà Protein = Translation
STARTC GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A A
mRNA
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ribosome
met pro ser gly
STOP
RNAà Protein = Translation
START
5. Ribosome stops translating at a STOP codon (UAA , UAG , or UGA ).
C GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A AmRNA
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A protein is made!met pro gly val
STOP
RNAà Protein = Translation
STARTC GUU CG A GC UU C C A G U G U U A A
mRNA
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What happens to the protein, after it is made?
• It travels in the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (E.R.) (Hallways)
• Then gets packaged & delivered in Golgi Apparatus (Office Aides)
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VIDEO
▸ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oefAI2x2CQM
▸
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-VIDEO SHEET-SUMMARY
-TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION: ANALOGY STORY - PART 4 ONLY
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ILLUSTRATIVE SUMMARY
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ILLUSTRATIVE SUMMARY▸ At least 4 colors
▸Must LABEL
▸Must include ALL terms
▸ If you’re doing a diagram or flow chart, you must EXPLAIN the flow chart