Day 9 Defining Truth
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Transcript of Day 9 Defining Truth
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Everything I tell you is a lie.
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Knowledge: Why does it matter?Follow up on the Truman ShowThinking about knowledge & truth
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Categories of Knowledge
Knowledge by Acquaintance/Direct Experience
Knowing How / Skill
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Categories of KnowledgeKnowing That/Knowledge Claim (Propositional)
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Knowing that . . .
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Knowing that . . . .
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Knowledge: EpistemologyDifferent Kinds of knowledgePropositional Knowledge (by description)Propositional Knowledge (knowing that . . .) vs. knowing
how. . . Knowledge by Acquaintance (what we have of other people,
of places, of food)Knowledge at different levels Is all knowledge equally useful?Does it matter if you have knowledge or not? All things
being equal, would you rather know or not know?
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Essential QuestionsHow do you know what you know?Does it matter if what you believe is true?How can we best define truth and reality?
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Knowing . . . .Knowledge as a mapEpistemology: study of knowledgeRationalism: use of logic , reasonEmpiricism: use of the senses to obtain
information, knowledge
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Theories of Truth
A) Coherence 1. Aim of thinking is to understand--we build a
bridge from what we already know 2. We use this test all the time; a new claim is
checked against beliefs we we already hold; is it plausible? Does is make sense to me?
3. A proposition is true if it fits with your overall set of beliefs --if it logically coheres
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Theories of TruthB) Pragmatism1. Truth is “that which works” and
“that which we create,” what is expedient, useful, not static
2. Scientific Realism vs. Scientific Anti-Realism
3. Anti-Realism: hypotheses & explanations don’t have to be true, they just have to work with what’s observed
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Copernicus 1543• Proposed the heliocentric model of solar system to
replace the Greek (Ptolemaic view)—offered his proposal as a modest hypothesis that might do a better job of “saving the phenomena” or accounting for observations (in this case, the retrograde motion of the planets)
• No big uproar from Church or society
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Galileo Galilei• When Galileo built his telescope in
1609 and in 1610 viewed Jupiter’s moons, he championed Copernicus’ view as true & revelation of truth like scripture
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Theories of TruthB) Correspondence1.Truth must correspond with what is observed; what is verified by senses or by reason: GO & CHECK!2.Claims have to match with reality3.For Science, our theories must tell a true story about nature
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Allegory of the CaveWhich concept of truth do you use the most?Read, listen, reflectHow does this link to Truman Show?
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Is Anything Real?
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It’s the old “brain-in-a-vat” scenario
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Writing ExerciseChoose 1 of the following quotes on the next slide.Respond to the quote by clarifying what you think it means,
whether or not you agree and why/why not. In your response, use examples to illustrate (specific ones) your ideas. Offer at least 1 counterclaim or alternate consideration to your ideas. In other words, show some balance.
Consider the following, if applicable: Is the quote about definitions of terms or ideas? Language? Are there assumptions made in the quote? If so, what are they? What challenges or questions of knowledge is the quote illustrating
about this concept we call “truth”?
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Thinking about IdeasTrue & false are attributes of speech, not of things. And where
speech is not there is neither Truth nor Falsehood. –Thomas Hobbes-
In saying that everyone believes what is true, he is conceding the truth of beliefs which oppose his own; in other words, he is conceding the truth of the opinion that he is wrong. -Socrates-
There is absolutely no criterion for truth. For reason, senses, ideas, or whatever else may exist are all deceptive. –Carneades-
I have never had any doubts about truth, because it seems a notion so transcendentally clear that nobody can be ignorant of it. –R. Descartes-
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Is truth relative?Plato argued that truth is: public,
independent, and eternal]There are no facts, only interpretations
(Nietsche)We are embodied learnersMan is the measure of all things: of things
which are, that they are, and of things which are not, that they are not (Protagoras)