Day 2

Parts of Speech

VerbsNounsPronounsAdjectivesAdverbsPrepositionsConjunctionsInterjections

Nouns

A noun is a name of a person, place, thing, quality, action or idea.

Ex.: George, Brazil, chair, beauty, flight, mercy

Subclasses of Noun

Proper Nouns – name specific people, places and things, and are capitalized Mary, Cameron, South Africa, iPod

Common Nouns – name all items that are not proper nouns, are not capitalized. dog, paper, stoves

Abstract Nouns – name ideas, qualities and other intangibles freedom, fear, neglect

Subclasses of Noun

Concrete Nouns – name things that can be determined by the five senses (sight, hearing, touch, taste and smell) bottle, telephone, letters

Collective Nouns – name groups army, community, committee

Count Nouns – name items that can be physically counted dollar, pills, sandwich

Noncount Nouns / Mass Nouns – items that come in quantities that cannot be counted Food: butter, flour, milk, sugar Nonfood: asphalt, oxygen, snow, gold Abstractions: anger, love, pity

Gender of Nouns

Masculine - male groom, lad, king, rooster

Feminine - female bride, lass, quee, hen

Neuter – no gender house, car, package, handkerchief

Common – either male or female citizen, singer, visitor, cat

Forming the Plural Form of Nouns

1) Most nouns form the plural by adding s to the singular.

idea – ideas car – cars

2) Nouns which end in s, sh, ch, x or z form the plural by adding es.

box – boxes dish – dishes

3) Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant form the plural by changing y to i and adding es.

baby – babies dormitory - dormitories

Forming the Plural Form of Nouns

4) Nouns ending in y preceded by a vowel form the plural by adding s.

toy – toys valley - valleys

5) Some nouns ending in f or fe form the plural by changing f or fe to v and adding s or es.

self – selves life – lives

6) Some nouns retain f in the plural form.roof – roofs belief - beliefs

Forming the Plural Form of Nouns

7) Nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel form the plural by adding s.

bamboo – bamboos radio – radios

8) Nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant form their plural by adding es.

hero – heroes tomato – tomatoes

9) Words pertaining to music that end in o form their plural by adding s.

solo – solos piano - pianos

Forming the Plural Form of Nouns

10) Some nouns change their form in their plural state.

goose – geese child – children

11) For nouns ending in sis, change i to e to make it plural.

crisis – crises parenthesis - parentheses

12) Foreign nouns ending in us form the plural by changing the ending to i.

cactus – cacti fungus - fungi

Forming the Plural Form of Nouns

13) Nouns ending in um or on form the plural by changing the ending to a.

datum – data curriculum - curricula

14) Compound nouns form the plural in different ways. In general, s or es is added to the most important word.

brother-in-law – brothers-in-law

spoonful - spoonfuls

Forming the Plural Form of Nouns

15) Some nouns have the same singular and plural form.

sheep – sheep deer – deer

16) Some nouns are always plural.scissors eyeglasses

17) Plural form of numerals and letters are formed by adding ‘s.

7’s m’s

Pronouns

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence.

The noun that a pronoun replaces is called its antecedent.

Groups of Pronouns

Personal Pronouns - refer to specific people, places or things

Possessive Pronouns – show ownership by persons, places, or things.

PERSON SINGULAR PLURAL

First Person - speaker I, me, my, mine we, us, our, ours

Second Person – person spoken to

you, your, yours you, your, yours

Third Person – person/s spoken about

he, him, his, she her, hers, it, its

they, them, their, theirs

Groups of Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns – point out the nouns that they replace this, that, these, those

Indefinite Pronouns – refer to non-specific persons or things all, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both,

everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, no one, nothing, somebody, someone, something, several, some

Groups of Pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns – introduce questions who(ever), whom(ever), whose, which(ever),

what(ever)

Relative Pronouns – introduce adjective clauses which are word groups that tell which, what kind, or how many that, which, who, whom, whose There is a God who cares.

Adjectives & Articles

An adjective is a word that modifies or qualifies a noun or pronoun. An adjective tells what kind, how many or which one. brass trumpets [what kind] seventy-seven trumpets [how many] the older one [which one]

Adjectives & Articles

Adjectives change form when –er or –est is added or when they are preceded by more or most to form the comparative and superlative

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

silly sillier silliest

powerful more powerful most powerful

Adjectives & Articles

Articles are considered to be adjectives. There are two types of articles: definite (the) indefinite (a, an)

You can send the parcel by Philpost.

The signing of the proclamation of 1763 was a historical event.