David Parsons Synthesis Paper UWRT

8/15/2019 David Parsons Synthesis Paper UWRT

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David Parsons

Professor Curuso

3 June 2016

UWRT 1102

Synthesis Paper (Updated

How Can Music Influence One's Ability to Study?

!istenin" to #usi$ is thou"ht to %e a "reat too& for studyin" and &earnin" and there has %een a

nu#%er of studies and spe$u&ation $onsiderin" #any different varia%&es'

ne varia%&e that is very i#portant to $onsider is the )uestion of #usi$ preferen$e' Does

&istenin" to #usi$ that you en*oy i#prove your perfor#an$e in $o"nitive+de#andin" tas,s- Co"nitive+

de#andin" tas,s are tas,s .hi$h re)uire one to thin, $riti$a&&y/ #a,e $onne$tions/ and dra.

$on$&usions' s one .ou&d assu#e/ it is i#portant to %e at the top of your "a#e/ #enta&&y/ to

appropriate&y $o#p&ete these $ha&&en"es' s your favorite #usi$ he&pin" you rea$h desired resu&ts-

There are a fe. studies that pertain to the topi$ of preferen$e and so#e interestin" resu&ts .ere rea$hed

.ith ea$h of these' The first study/ done at the University of Wa&es/ ea#ined the a%i&ity to seria& re$a&&'

Seria& re$a&& is the a%i&ity to re$a&& a spe$ifi$ &ist of ite#s in order' a$h parti$ipant .as "iven a &ist to


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re$a&& in t.o $onditions4 one .here the #usi$ is &i,ed and the other dis&i,ed (Perha#/5iard' fter

$o#p&etin" the ea#ination/ the findin"s .ere that the perfor#an$e for %oth instan$es did not $han"e

si"nifi$ant&y(Perha#/5iard' nother study/ a&so invo&vin" seria& re$a&&/ resu&tin" in the fa$t that

preferred "enre a$tua&&y perfor#ed .orse on the re$a&& than .ith dis&i,ed #usi$ (S#ith/ Carro&/ and

7orris' n order to ep&ain .hy/ there .as spe$u&ation that preferred #usi$ $an resu&t in 8e#otion and

#e#ories asso$iated .ith the #usi$9 This .as thou"ht to sidetra$, parti$ipants fro# the tas, at hand

(S#ith/ Carro&/ and 7orris' Provin" this $han"e in the %rain/ another study in 201: usin" %rain

i#a"in" revea&ed that there indeed are $han"es in neura& $onne$tivity asso$iated .ith e#otiona& and

#e#ory parts of the %rain(Wi&,ins et a&'' This $an ep&ain .hy preferred #usi$ $an %e distra$tin"'

s persona&ity differen$es in individua&s $an %e asso$iated .ith variety in preferred &earnin"

environ#ents/ the data $o#parin" su$h differen$es shou&d %e $onsidered' ;urnha# and


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aas said a%out &an"ua"e

pro$essin" $an $ertain&y app&y to these instru#enta&s as .e&&' 7ay%e so#e epiri#ents shou&d %e

$ondu$ted .ith preferred instru#enta& "enres $onsidered' Ao.ever/ a study $ondu$ted in ;ran$e

&oo,ed at different $onditions .hi&e &istenin" to a &e$ture(Dossevi&&e/ !a%orde/ and S$e&&es' This study

a&so presented parti$ipants .ith a si&ent environ#ent and $&assi$a& #usi$' The resu&ts sho.ed that the

re$o"nition of the "roup eposed to #usi$ .as 8si"nifi$ant&y hi"her9 than the "roup eposed to si&en$e

(Dossevi&&e/ !a%orde/ and S$e&&es' a&so thin, that is i#portant to rea&ie that #ost study environ#ents

are not $ontro&&ed and are #ost &i,e&y not "oin" to %e 100 per$ent si&ent at a&& ti#es'


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she $an on&y &isten to )uiet/ piano #usi$' 7y father reported that he on&y &istens to his favorite #usi$/

ro$, and ro&& .hen studyin"' 7y o&der sister reported that she usua&&y &istens to &oud e&e$troni$ #usi$/

and that it has to %e .ithout headphones' 7y youn"er sister reported she &istens to popu&ar rap #usi$

#ost of the ti#e/ and so#eti#es e&e$troni$ #usi$ as .e&&' have noti$ed a trend/ and that is the &yri$a&

to instru#ent ratio a#on" the four is %asi$a&&y even' So/ as the studies sho. &yri$a& #usi$ to %e

distra$tin" / this sho.s that there $an %e $ontradi$tin" eperien$es' s previous&y #entioned/ p&a$e%o

affe$t $ou&d have so#ethin" to do .ith this' There are not $urrent&y any &ar"e+s$a&e studies to sho. the

re&ationship %et.een #usi$ study ha%its and p&a$e%o effe$t' have en$oura"ed #y fa#i&y #e#%ers to

see if $han"in" their #usi$ study ha%its .i&& render $ontrastin" resu&ts'

Considerin" that a&& #entioned #usi$ studies have varyin" resu&ts/ it #i"ht %e possi%&e that the

p&a$e%o effe$t #i"ht have so#ethin" to do .ith that varian$e' So/ it #i"ht %e .orth.hi&e to $onsider

ho. the p&a$e%o effe$t #i"ht have an inf&uen$e on students .ith their o.n study ha%its' nother

si"nifi$ant varia%&e to $onsider is the $on$ept of $ontetua& &earnin"' Contetua& &earnin" is &earnin"

infor#ation in a parti$u&ar $ontet/ resu&tin" in %est perfor#an$e for app&yin" that infor#ation in the

sa#e $ontet as .hen &earned' Steven 7 S#ith is a professor at Teas 7 University/ and has

$ondu$ted a study %ased on #usi$ and $ontet+dependent &earnin"' Ae arran"ed a seria& re$a&& test for

parti$ipants in t.o $onditions4 one .ith steady %a$,"round #usi$/ and one .ith re&ative&y nor#a&

environ#enta& sounds' The parti$ipants .ere tested .ith %oth #usi$ and .ithout #usi$ and the resu&ts

sho.ed that perfor#an$e .as hi"her .hen studyin" in the sa#e $ontet as tested in(S#ith' This study

proves the si"nifi$an$e of $ontet .hen &earnin"' ;or students/ this #ay %e i#portant/ %e$ause #ost

testin" environ#ents do not a&&o. the individua& to &isten to #usi$ for any reason'


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Wor, Cited

Dosseville, Fabrice, Sylvain Laborde, and Nicolas Scelles. "Music during Lecture: Will Students Learn

Better?" Learning and Individual Diferences22.2 2!2#: 2$%&'2. ResearchGate. Web. ( )une 2!'.

Fran*, +o-as. "an Music Be Designed to /nance 0our Brain1s er3or-ance?" College Ino Geek .

+o-as Fran*, Feb. 2!'. Web. ( )une 2!'.

Furna-, 4drian, and 4nna Bradley. "Music Wile 0ou Wor*: +e Di5erential Distraction o3 Bac*ground

Music on te ognitive +est er3or-ance o3 6ntroverts and /7traverts." Applied Cognitive Psychology .$

889#: $&$$.Wiley Online Lirary . Web. ( )une 2!'.

;alla-, S., ). rice, and :GGG.a-scie>ub.co-doiabs!.2''>r!.899..(3.!9."Psychological Reports F .(

899#: !9&!$(. A'"ci . Web. ( )une 2!'.

S-it, Steven M. "Bac*ground Music and onte7t&De>endent Me-ory." (he A'erican )ournal o

Psychology 8%. 8%$#: $8&'!(. )"(OR. Web. ( )une 2!'.

+ic*ell, SoHa astello. "Sould 0ou Listen to Music Wile 0ou Study?" %"A (oday College. AS4 +oday, !

Se>t. 2!2. Web. ( )une 2!'.

Wil*ins, C. W., D. 4. ;odges, . ). Laurienti, M. Steen, and ). ;. Burdette. "NetGor* Science and te /5ects

o3 Music re3erence on Functional Brain onnectivity: Fro- Beetoven to /-ine-." "cienti*c

Reports 2!#.+ature&co'. Web. ( )une 2!'.

David Parsons Synthesis Paper UWRT

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