David Levinson 1 Life-Cycle, Money, Space, and the Allocation of Time by David Levinson, University...
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David Levinson Life-Cycle, Money, Space, and the Allocation of Time by David Levinson, University of California, Berkeley Levinson, David (1999) Title: Space, Money, Life-cycle, and the Allocatio n of Time . Transportation 26: 141-171. http://nexus.umn.edu/Papers/LifeCycle.pdf
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Transcript of David Levinson 1 Life-Cycle, Money, Space, and the Allocation of Time by David Levinson, University...
David Levinson 1
Life-Cycle, Money, Space, and the Allocation of Time
by David Levinson,
University of California, Berkeley
Levinson, David (1999) Title: Space, Money, Life-cycle, and the Allocation of Time. Transportation 26: 141-171. http://nexus.umn.edu/Papers/LifeCycle.pdf
David Levinson 2
Outline
Introduction Data Travel Duration Correlations Activity Duration Choice Model Conclusions
David Levinson 3
Introduction
Travel and Activity are Two Sides of the Same Coin
Time in Travel = f (Time at Activity) Time at Activity = f (Life-Cycle, Money,
Space, Temporal Factors, Constraints) Activities Considered (Home, Work,
Shop, Other) Daily Activity Budget (24 hrs)
David Levinson 4
Data
1990/91 Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey
Survey Inverted to Get Activity Diary 21800 Households, 47000 individuals,
150000 Trips Individuals whose total activities did not
add to 1440 minutes, excluded This study looks only at adults (18-65)
David Levinson 5
Travel Duration
Travel Duration = f( Activity Duration & Frequency)
TDi = ß0 + ß1 * ADi + ß2 * AFi Transport Planning Models Only Consider
Activity Frequency, not Duration ADi positive & significant in 6 of 9 activity
categories, negative & significant for 1 of 9 (home) [ Staying Home is Substitute for Travel ]
David Levinson 6
TABLE 1: Models to Predict Travel Duration by Activity Duration and Number
ActivityVisit Other
Home Work Shopping Personal School Doctor Friends Social TOTAL & Related Business Church Dentist Relatives Recreation OTHER
Activity DurationMean 984 492 65.6 89.5 204 85.1 178 150 193
Std. Dev. 257 158 82.7 118.1 161 75.3 147.9 137 168
Travel DurationMean 28.8 24.1 14.7 24.1 17.8 19.1 23.2 23.6 30.2
Std. Dev. 40.1 24.5 17 30.1 14.3 11.9 24.5 28.3 32.7
StopsMean 1.41 1.13 1.27 1.65 1.16 1.07 1.25 1.29 1.84
Std. Dev. 0.69 0.47 0.64 1.08 0.46 0.26 0.6 0.63 1.29
CoefficientsNumber of Stops 7.89 16.90 10.82 11.24 8.63 20.77 14.46 16.40 12.23(t - stat) 12.40 22.93 22.91 20.61 8.57 6.23 13.41 16.36 32.41
Activity Duration -0.024 0.000 0.031 0.028 0.020 0.005 0.027 0.043 0.028(t - stat) -13.623 -0.098 8.334 5.660 7.057 0.415 6.095 9.172 9.668
Constant 41.22 5.18 -0.84 3.22 3.72 -3.51 0.52 -3.78 3.65(t - stat) 20.36 3.61 -1.28 3.07 2.83 -1.00 0.33 -2.76 4.18
N 8038 4287 2589 2260 850 165 1201 1750 4768Adj. R-Square 0.04 0.11 0.22 0.20 0.14 0.20 0.17 0.23 0.24Std. Error 39.42 23.17 15.05 26.89 13.25 10.62 22.41 24.91 31.87F-Stat 181.20 262.91 376.70 291.09 72.56 22.24 123.41 262.42 740.80Sig. F 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00note: mean activity duration, travel duration, and number of stops is only for those making trips (number of stops > 1), as are associated regressions
David Levinson 7
Correlations: Activity Complements or
Substitutes
Non-Travel Activities are Substitutes Travel is Complementary to Like Activity &
Travel to Home; Substitutes for Other Activities.
Matrix TotalCells
Positive and Significant
Negative andSignificant
Activity-Activity 66 1 29
Activity-Travel 144 15 39
Travel-Travel 66 11 10
David Levinson 8
Activity Duration
Space (density, metro area, region) Money (income, work-status, gender) Life-Cycle (age, gender, household
size, # adults, age of oldest child)
David Levinson 9
Residential Density vs. Time Use
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0-99 100-249250-499500-749750-9991000-19992000-29993000-39994000-49995000-74997500-1000010000-4999950000
+
Residential Density (ppsm)
Time (home,
work)
02040
6080100120
140160
Time (shop, other, travel)
HOME WORK SHOP OTHER TRAVEL
David Levinson 10
HOME WORK SHOP OTHER TRAVELCMSA Name 1990 Population Mean Std Dev t-stat Mean Std Dev t-stat Mean Std Dev t-stat Mean Std Dev t-stat Mean Std Dev t-stat Cases
Hartford, CT 1.1 998 249 0.90 243 266 -1.06 23 60 0.37 108 151 0.41 67 66 -0.44 301Providence, RI 1.1 1055 238 1.62 181 256 -1.68 20 38 -0.37 134 142 1.13 50 35 -2.90 30Buffalo, NY 1.2 1045 323 0.92 241 297 -0.30 20 31 -0.41 62 118 -1.77 72 114 0.13 24Portland, OR 1.5 1012 261 0.72 242 287 -0.44 17 50 -0.67 102 146 -0.12 67 54 -0.20 49Milwaukee, WI 1.6 975 253 -0.25 334 265 1.84 21 40 -0.15 56 107 -2.93 53 34 -2.99 43Cincinnati, OH 1.7 974 261 -0.31 265 297 0.14 34 80 1.24 99 131 -0.32 67 56 -0.30 67Denver, CO 1.8 973 266 -0.47 287 290 0.97 24 51 0.42 94 146 -0.76 63 43 -1.47 112Pittsburgh,PA 2.2 1054 239 2.67 203 257 -2.02 28 59 0.99 94 129 -0.74 60 44 -1.83 86Seattle, WA 2.6 965 261 -0.73 258 256 -0.07 18 56 -0.75 118 190 0.67 82 88 1.40 98Cleveland, OH 2.8 953 257 -1.16 254 271 -0.21 20 51 -0.39 120 156 0.93 93 141 1.64 91Miami, FL 3.2 1009 251 0.90 204 258 -2.03 33 72 1.48 131 146 1.72 63 49 -1.18 90Houston, TX 3.7 981 252 -0.16 243 265 -0.71 20 48 -0.52 132 169 1.87 64 47 -1.28 134Dallas, TX 3.9 1001 263 0.71 264 276 0.19 20 41 -0.63 91 123 -1.24 64 63 -0.88 130Boston, MA 4.2 966 255 -0.78 271 276 0.41 11 23 -4.74 115 154 0.70 78 67 1.37 113Detroit, MI 4.7 960 254 -1.18 281 271 0.96 21 59 -0.16 112 150 0.57 66 49 -0.73 156Philadelphia, PA 5.9 988 260 0.16 260 264 0.02 25 59 0.60 98 142 -0.69 70 63 0.24 198San Francisco, CA 6.3 1026 271 2.17 214 257 -2.49 19 41 -0.92 112 165 0.61 68 69 -0.11 210Chicago, IL 8.1 993 269 0.52 263 271 0.18 25 67 0.71 96 155 -0.95 64 58 -1.49 299Los Angeles, CA 14.5 962 255 -1.84 279 276 1.47 22 58 0.09 110 156 0.75 66 57 -1.01 501New York, NY 18.1 979 256 -0.61 267 273 0.80 21 53 -0.43 100 157 -0.92 72 67 1.55 1237
985 258 260 272 22 55 105 154 69 66 3969
David Levinson 11
Census Division vs. Activity Duration
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
NewEngland
MiddleAtlantic
EastNorth
Central
WestNorth
Central
SouthAtlantic
EastSouth
Central
WestSouth
Central
Mountain Pacific
Census Division
Proportion of Day at Activity
HOME WORK OTHER TRAVEL SHOP
David Levinson 12
Time at Home by Income Level
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Less Than$5,000$5,000-$9,999$10,000-$14,999$15,000-$19,999$20,000-$24,999$25,000-$29,999$30,000-$34,999$35,000-$39,999$40,000-$44,999$45,000-$49,999$50,000-$54,999$55,000-$59,999$60,000-$64,999$65,000-$69,999$70,000-$79,999$75,000-$79,999$80,000
+
Income Level
Time (in minutes)
Female, Non-Worker Female, Worker Male, Non-Worker Male, Worker
David Levinson 13
Time at Work by Income Level
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Less Than$5,000$5,000-$9,999$10,000-$14,999$15,000-$19,999$20,000-$24,999$25,000-$29,999$30,000-$34,999$35,000-$39,999$40,000-$44,999$45,000-$49,999$50,000-$54,999$55,000-$59,999$60,000-$64,999$65,000-$69,999$70,000-$79,999$75,000-$79,999$80,000
+
Income Level
Time (in minutes)
Female, Worker Male, Worker
David Levinson 14
Time at Shop by Income Level
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Less Than$5,000$5,000-$9,999$10,000-$14,999$15,000-$19,999$20,000-$24,999$25,000-$29,999$30,000-$34,999$35,000-$39,999$40,000-$44,999$45,000-$49,999$50,000-$54,999$55,000-$59,999$60,000-$64,999$65,000-$69,999$70,000-$79,999$75,000-$79,999$80,000
+
Income Level
Time (in minutes)
Female, Non-Worker Female, Worker Male, Non-Worker Male, Worker
David Levinson 15
Time at Other by Income Level
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Less Than$5,000$5,000-$9,999$10,000-$14,999$15,000-$19,999$20,000-$24,999$25,000-$29,999$30,000-$34,999$35,000-$39,999$40,000-$44,999$45,000-$49,999$50,000-$54,999$55,000-$59,999$60,000-$64,999$65,000-$69,999$70,000-$79,999$75,000-$79,999$80,000
+
Income Level
Time (in minutes)
Female, Non-Worker Female, Worker Male, Non-Worker Male, Worker
David Levinson 16
Time in Travel by Income Level
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Less Than$5,000$5,000-$9,999$10,000-$14,999$15,000-$19,999$20,000-$24,999$25,000-$29,999$30,000-$34,999$35,000-$39,999$40,000-$44,999$45,000-$49,999$50,000-$54,999$55,000-$59,999$60,000-$64,999$65,000-$69,999$70,000-$79,999$75,000-$79,999$80,000
+
Income Level
Time (in Minutes)
Female, Non-Worker Female, Worker Male, Non-Worker Male, Worker
David Levinson 17
Time at Activities by Income
10
210
410
610
810
1010
5000 99991499919999249992999934999399994499949999549995999964999699997499979999
+
Household Income ($US1990)
Duration (minutes)
Home, Work
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Duration (minutes) Shop, Other, Travel
Home Work Shop Other Travel
David Levinson 18
Time at Work by Age
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
18-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65
Age
Time (in Minutes)
Male,Worker Female,Worker
David Levinson 19
Time at Shop by Age
0
10
20
30
40
50
18-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65
Age
Time (in Minutes)
Male, NonWorker Female,NonWorker Male,Worker Female,Worker
David Levinson 20
Time at Other by Age
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
18-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65
Age
Time (in Minutes)
Male, NonWorker Female,NonWorker Male,Worker Female,Worker
David Levinson 21
Time at Travel by Age
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
18-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65
Age
Time (in Minutes)
Male, NonWorker Female,NonWorker Male,Worker Female,Worker
David Levinson 22
Time at Home by Age
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
18-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46-50 51-55 56-60 61-65
Age
Time (in Minutes)
Male, NonWorker Female,NonWorker Male,Worker Female,Worker
David Levinson 23
LifeCycle & Time at Home
Table 3: Life Cycle Stage,Gender, and Activity Duration
TIMEHOMEDifference Difference
Number of Youngest Gender Mean Std Dev of Means of MeansAdults Child Total M-F
1 None Male 933 270 -3.40 -1.881 None Female 971 250 -0.932+ None Male 943 261 -5.64 -4.092+ None Female 982 249 -0.331 0-5 Male 1154 305 1.36 0.891 0-5 Female 1040 247 1.982+ 0-5 Male 932 249 -5.97 -12.882+ 0-5 Female 1084 242 11.241 6-15 Male 1045 298 1.07 1.251 6-15 Female 968 248 -0.692+ 6-15 Male 937 260 -4.71 -6.762+ 6-15 Female 1026 240 4.431 16-21 Male 910 282 -1.05 -1.111 16-21 Female 997 225 0.382+ 16-21 Male 956 258 -2.11 -1.992+ 16-21 Female 993 248 0.651 retired Male 1196 214 3.55 0.361 retired Female 1162 241 2.452+ retired Male 1105 246 6.81 -0.432+ retired Female 1115 232 8.40
TOTAL 984 257
David Levinson 24
LifeCycle & Time at Work
David Levinson 25
LifeCycle & Time at Shop
David Levinson 26
LifeCycle & Time at Other
David Levinson 27
LifeCycle & Time at Travel
David Levinson 28
Choice Model
Logit model to predict share of time between 4 activities (incl. travel to act.) for individuals who undertook all four
Greatest part of explanatory power is in Activity Specific Constant.
2nd most sig = activity frequency
David Levinson 29
David Levinson 30
Conclusions
Activity Duration a key factor explaining travel duration
Activities are substitutes Travel is complement only to like activity
& return trip Activity Duration is fairly constant
between groups, with large individual variations which are not easily predicted
