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Dates

Introduction Sven Birkerts (2006) The Gutenberg Elegies: The Fate of Reading in an

Electronic Age. Faber & Faber, London.

Stop the presses

(hopter 1: Byte flyte George P. Landlow (1996) Twenty minutes into the future, or how

are we moving beyond the book. In: The Future of the Book (ed. Geoffrey Nunberg). University of California Press.

Chris Anderson (2006) The Long Tai!: Why the Future of Business Is Selling More of Less. Hyperion, New York.

Anthony Burgess (1984) 99 Novels. Summit Books, New York.

The London Book Fair (2007) Digitise or die: what is the future of the book? The London Book Fair Website, http://www. londonbookfair.co.uk/page.cfm/Link=198/t=m/goSection=12.

204

notes 205

Mike Elgan (2007) Why e-books are bound to fail. Computerworld, 27 April.

Andrew Marr (2007) Curling up with a good ebook. The Guardian, 11 May.

john Lanchester (2007) It's a steal. The Guardian, 7 April.

Cory Doctorow (2007) You do like reading off a computer screen. Loeus, March.

The Economist (2007) Not bound by anything. The Economist, 22 March.

Booth Tarkington (1998) The Magnificent Ambersons. Modern Library Edition.

(hapfer 2: Us and fhem c. P. Snow (1998) The Two Cultures. Cambridge University Press,

Cambridge.

Bob Thompson (2006) Explosive words. The Washington Post, 22 May.

E. Annie Proulx (1994) Books on top. The New York Times, 24 May.

Ray Bradbury (1991) Fahrenheit 451. DeI Rey, New York.

National Endowment for the Arts (2004) Reading at Risk: a Survey of Literay Reading in Americo.

Pat Walsh (2005) 78 Reasons Why Your Book May Never Be Published and 74 Reasons Why it lust Might. Penguin, New York.

Douglas Rushkoff (1999) Playing the Future: What We Can Leam from Digital Kids. Riverhead Books, New York.

Pip Coburn (2006) The Change Function: Why Some Technologies Take Off and Others Crash and Bum. Penguin Books, New York.

Steven Levy (2006) The Perfect Thing: How the iPod ShuffIes Commerce, Culture, and Coolness. Simon and Schuster, New York.

jon PareIes (2002) David Bowie, 21 st-century entrepreneur. The New York Times, 9 june.

206 print is dead

jacob Weisberg (2000) The good e-book. The New York Tirnes, 4 june.

Marshall McLuhan (1962) The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographie Man. University of Toronto Press.

Motoko Rich (2006) Digital publishing is scrambling the industry's rules. The New York Tirnes, 5 june.

Nicholas A. Basbanes (2005) Every Book Its Reader: The Power of the Printed Word to Stir the Soul. HarperCollins, New York.

(hapter 3: Newspapers are no langer news Nicholas Negroponte (1996) The DNA of Information. Being Digital.

Vintage, New York.

Anna Quindlen (1998) How Books Changed My Life. The Library of Contemporary Thought/Ballantine Books.

Reuters (2006) Newspaper website readership up 31 %. 4 October.

Michael Kinsley (2006) Do newspapers have a future? Tirne, 25 September.

Elizabeth M. Neiva (1995) Chain building: the consolidation of the American newspaper industry, 1995-1980. Business and Eeonornie History, 24(1).

C. P. Snow (1998) The Two Cultures. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Steven Levy (2006) The Perfeet Thing: How the iPod ShuffIes Cornrneree, Culture, and Coolness. Si mon and Schuster, New York.

john Freeman (2007) NBCC campaign to save book reviews. Critical Mass, 23 April, http://bookcriticscircle . b logspot. com/200? / 04/nbcc-will-fight-these-cut-backs.html.

Art Winslow (2007) The new book burning. The Huffington Post, 25 April, http://www.huffingtonpost.com/art-wi ns 1 ow/the-newbook-burning_b_46820.html.

Michael Connolly (2007) The folly of downsizing book reviews. The Los Angeles Tirnes, 29 April.

notes 207

Pat Holt (2007) Book critics: are we driving readers away? Holt Uncensored, 30 April, http://www.hol tuncensored. cornjrnernbersj index.htrnl.

Motoko Rich (2007) Are book reviewers out of print? The New York Times, 2 May.

Totolly wired

(hapter 4: Generation download Joseph Menn (2003) All the Rave: The Rise and Fall of Shawn Fanning's

Napster. Crown Business, New York.

Drew Dernavich (2006) Sorry, I think I just pressed shuffle. The New Yorker, 6 January.

David Kusek and Gerd Leonhard (2005) The Future of Music: Manifesto for the Digital Music Revolution. Berklee Press, Boston, MA.

Neil Howe and William Strauss (2000) Millennials Rising: The Next Great Generation. Vintage, New York.

Alex Williams (2006) The graying of the record store. The New York Times, 16 July.

Associated Press (2006) Tower Records victim of iPod era. 10 October.

MarketWatch (2006) EMI Music CEO says the CD is 'dead'. MarketWatch, 27 October.

Claudia H. Deutsch (2006) A milestore for iTunes; a windfall for a downloader. The New York Times, 24 February.

Matt Richtel (2007) It don't mean a thing if you ain't got that ping. The New York Times, 22 April.

Sven Birkerts (2006) The Gutenberg Elegies: The Fate of Reading in an Electronic Age. Faber &. Faber, London.

208 print is dead

Marshall McLuhan (1964) Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man. New American Library, New York.

(hopfer 5: Generation uplood Marshall McLuhan (1962) The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of

Typographie Man. University of Toronto Press.

Tu Thanh Ha (2006) 'Star Wars Kid' cuts a deal with his tormentors. Toronto G/obe and Mail, 4 july.

Bob Garfield (2006) YouTube vs. boob tube. Wired, December.

Virginia Heffernan (2006) Web guitar wizard revealed at last. The New York Times, 27 August.

Matthew Klam (2006) The online auteurs. The New York Times, 12 November.

joshua Davis (2006) The secret world of lonelygirl. Wired, December.

Reuters (2006) New rock stars use Web videos to win fans. 3 September.

Clive Thompson (2007) Sex, drugs and updating your blog. The New York Times, 1 3 May.

Eric Steuer (2006) (Beastie) Boys on film. Wired, April.

Eric Steuer (2006) The infinite album. Wired, September.

Chris M. Walsh (2006) New beck album denied U.K. chart eligibility. Billboard, 4 October.

Don Tapscott (1998) Growing Up Digital: The Rise of the Net Generation. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Emily Nussbaum (2007) Say anything. New York Magazine, 12 February.

Anna Quindlen (1998) How Reading Changed My Life. The Library of Contemporary Thought, Ballantine, New York.

Steven Levy (2006) The Perfeet Thing: How the iPod ShuffIes Commeree, Culture, and Coolness. Simon and Schuster, New York.

notes 209

Douglas Rushkoff (1 999) Playing the Future: What We Can Learn from Digital Kids. Riverhead Books, New York.

(hopter 6: On demond everything johnnie L. Roberts (2006) Why prime time's now your time.

Newsweek, 30 Oetober.

jeff jarvis (2006) Opinion. The Guardian, 2 Oetober.

Don Tapseott (1998) Growing Up Digital: The Rise of the Net Generation. MeGraw-Hill, New York.

Sean Smith (2006) When the 'bubble' bursts. Newsweek, 23 january.

Paul j. Gough (2006) Spielberg ealls for responsible TV. The Hollywood Reporter. 20 November.

Xeni jardin (2005) Thinking outside the box office. Wired, Deeember.

Thomas H. Davenport and john C. Beek (2001) The Attention Economy: Understanding the New Currency of Business. Harvard Business Sehool Press, Harvard, MA.

Ira Boudway (2007) The media diaries. New York Magazine, 15 january.

jason Epstein (2006) Books@Google. The New York Review of Books, 190etober.

(hopter 7: eBooks ond the revolution thof didn'f hoppen Walt Crawford (2006) Why aren't ebooks more sueeessful? Econtent,

Oetober.

David D. Kirkpatrick (2001) Forecasts of an e-book era were, it seems, premature. The New York Times, 28 August.

CharIes MeGrath (2006) Can't judge an e-book by its sereen? Weil, maybe you ean. The New York Times, 24 November.

210 print is dead

Pip Coburn (2006) The Change Function: Why Some Technologies Take Off and Others Crash and Bum. Penguin, New York.

Steven Levy (2006) The Perfect Thing: How the iPod ShuffIes Commerce, Culture, and Coolness. Simon and Schuster, New York.

Associated Press (2007) Sales of albums plunge, but digital downloads soar. 5 january.

Steve jobs (2007) Thoughts on music. Apple Website, 6 February, http://www.apple.com/hotnews/thoughtsonmusic/.

Thomas Crapton (2007) EMI dropping copy limits on online music. The New York Times, 3 April.

Blake Wilson (2006) Has the iPod for books arrived? Slate, 13 October, http://www.sl ate. comji dj2151525j.

Paul Duguid (1996) Material matters: the past and futurology of the book. In: The Future ofthe Book (ed. Geoffrey Nunberg). University of California Press.

Soying goodbye to the book

(hapter 8: Writers in 0 digital future George Gissing (1980) New Grub Street. Penguin English Li brary,

New York.



jay David Bolter (2001) Writing Space: Computers, Hypertext and the Remediation of Print. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New York.

Robert Coover (1992) The end of books. The New York Times. 21 june.

notes 211

Luca Toschi, (1996) Hypertext and authorship. In: The Future of the Book (ed. Geoffrey Nunberg). University of California Press.

Norman Mailer (1994) Advertisements for Myself. Flamingo Modern Classics, New York.

Pat Walsh (2005) 78 Reasons Why Your Book May Never Be Published and 14 Reasons Why it fust Might. Penguin, New York.

Cory Doctorow (2006) Giving it away. Forbes, 1 December.

Milan Kundera (2007) The Curtain: An Essay in Seven Ports. HarperCollins, New York.

(hopter 9: Readers in 0 digital future Anna Quindlen (1998) How Reading Changed My Life. The Library of

Contemporary Thought, Ballantine, New York.

Chip Walter (2005) Kryder's Law. Scientifie Americon, August.

CharIes McGrath (2006) Can't judge an e-book by its screen? Weil, maybe you can. The New York Times, 24 November.

Marshall McLuhan (1962) The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographie Mon. University of Toronto Press.

W. Somerset Maugham (1963) Collected Short Stories, Vol. 4. Penguin, London.

David Kusek and Gerd Leonhard (2005) The Future of Music: Manifesto for the Digital Musie Revolution. Berklee Press, Boston, MA.

Anthony Burgess (1984) 99 Novels. Summit Books, New York.

jacob Weisberg (2000) The good e-book. The New York Times, 4 june.

Maureen Corrigan (2005) Leave Me Alone, I'm Reading: Finding and Losing Myself in Books. Random House, New York.

Edward Tenner (2007) The prestigious inconvenience of print. The Chronicle of Higher Educotion, 9 March.

212 print is dead

Burt Helm (2005) Curling up with a good e-book. Business Week Online, 29 january, http://www.businessweek.com/technology/ contentjdec2005jtc20051229_155542.htm.

Cory Doctorow (2006) Giving it away. Forbes, 1 December.

(hopfer 10: Will books disoppeor? AI Ries and Laura Ries (2004) The Fall of Advertising and the Rise of PR.

HarperCollins, New York.

julie Bosman (2007) A Princeton maverick succumbs to a cultural shift. The New York Times, 3 january.

Mike Peed (2007) Booksellers fight back as 5 new stores open. The New York Sun, 1 5 january.

Associated Press (2006) Indie bookstores tackle internet. 80ctober.

Dan Barry (2007) A requiem for reading in a smoldering pyre of books. The New York Times, 3 june.

David Kirkpatrick (2000) Stephen King sows dread in publishers with his latest e-tale. The New York Times, 24 july.

jon Katz (2000) Stephen King's net horror story. Slashdot, 4 Decembe~ http://slashdot.org/features/OO/ll/30/1238204.shtml .

Seth Godin (2006) Advice for Authors. Sethgodin.com, 2 August. http://sethgodin.typepad.com/seths_blog/2006/08/advice_ for auth.html

Elaura Niles (2005) Some Writers Deserve to Starve!: 37 Brutal Truths About the Publishing Industry. Writer's Digest Books, Cincinnatti, OH.

Chris Anderson (2006) The Long TaU: Why the Future of Business 15 Selling More of Less. Hyperion, New York.

Emily Maltby (2006) An ATM for books. Fortune Sm oll Business Magazine, 14 December.


notes 213

Sean Wilsey (2006) Why lohn Updike is so wrong about digitized books. Time, 31 May.

Zadie Smith (2007) Fail better. The Guardian, 13 january.

Afterword Sven Birkerts (2006) The Gutenberg Elegies: The Fate of Reading in an

Electronic Age. Faber & Faber, London.


james ). O'Donnell (1996) Trithemius, McLuhan, Cassiodorus. In: The Future of the Book (ed. Geoffrey Nunberg). University of California Press.

Herman Hesse (2002) 5 teppen wo If. Picador USA, New York.

acknowledgements

I would like to express my extreme thanks to Sara Abdulla, whose idea it was for me to write this book. Thanks also to Alexandra Dawe for shepherding my manuscript through its final stages. I would also like to acknowledge the talented people I have had the honor to work with at Holtzbrinck, in particular lohn Sargent, Brian Napack and Fritz Foy. In addition, l'd like to thank a number of other people within the Macmillan family who have shown support and encouragement over the years, including Alison Lazarus, Steve Cohen, Peter Garabedian, Richard Charkin and Stefan von Holtzbrinck.

The Tom Stoppard quote on p. viii is an excerpt from an interview by Daphne Merkin, 'Playing With Ideas' from The New

York Tirnes Magazine, 26 November 2006. Copyright © 2006 by The New York Times Company. Reprinted by permission.

214

Index

acquired attention deficit disorder 78

Advertisements for Myself 145 afternoon: a story 141 Allen, Woody 85 Amis, Martin 146 Anderson, Chris 15, 150, 185 Annie Hall 85 Armies of the Night 145 Atwood, Margaret 19, 62 automobile analogy 28-9

Basbanes, Nicholas A. 46 Beastie Boys, The 92, 147 Beck 92-3 Beck, lohn C. 109 Birkerts, Sven 3, 78-80, 198 Blackberry 77 blogs 4, 84, 151-2, 159

book deals for authors 151 book reviews and 59 compared with reality lV 85 literary 59, 61

Bolter, lay David 141 BOOK acronym 18

book reviews 55-63, 152-3 campaign to save 56-7 compared with flim reviews 58 dull 60 reviewers' self-interest 56-7 social networking websites 58,

61 book tours 149 books

215

absent in dystopias 196 alternative versions 143-4 anachronism 14, 177, 196 association with paper 167-8 attempts to give away 180 burning 180 as containers 18 classification 158-9 competition with other media

38 disadvantages of 166 discussion of 58 distribution 183-4 early resistance to 43 evolution of 16 falling sales 13

216

free down loads 150 future irrelevance 47-8 future use of 25-6 love of 13, 19-20, 45, 167-8 luxury items 176-7 market for parts of 111-12 marketing 183-4 microchunking 113 niche product 169 non-fiction 97-8 as objects 23 philosophical residue 167 popularity of 2-3 pricing 170 production process 1 39 reworking 98-9 specialized markets 1 77 value of 5

bookstores 120, 1 78 changing 1 79 decline of 56, 157 independent 56, 1 78-80

Bosman, Julie 178 Boudway, Ira 110 Bowie, David 43 Bradbury, Ray 35-7, 39, 196 Bubble 106 Burgess, Anthony 1 7-18, 167 byte flight 20

candles 176 Canon Rock 87 Caouette, Jonathan 141 CDs

advantages of 93-4 burning 74 compared with vinyl 124 decline of 75 replacing vinyl 46

Chang, Jerry 87 change

consumers and 41-2 resistance to 33-4,40-4

index

Chaase Yaur Own Adventure books 142

Citizen Kane 95 Coburn, Pip 42, 119 Colbert, Stephen 50 communication

books as primary medium 40-1,46-7

Internet as primary medium 41,47

speed of 4, 71, 200-1 computers

crashing 1 39-40 filmmaking 140 impersonal 20 music production 140 storage 160

Connelly, Michael 58-9 consumers, focus on content 76 content

emailing 159 free 120-1, 1 71-2 importance of 191-2 independence of 88 interaction with 77 uploading 83 user-generated 85, 100 value of 171-4

Coover, Robert 144 Corrigan, Maureen 168 Crawford, Walt 11 7 Creative Commons License 150

Davenport, Thomas H. 109 Davis, Joshua 89 digital cameras 112 digital music sales 75 Digital Natives 4, 69, 198 digital rights management

122-3, 125-8 digital video recording 103 Doctorow, Cory 24-5, 150-1,

164,173

DRM see digital rights management

Duguid, Paul 129 DVDs 106 DVR see digital video recording dystopian visions 195-6

Easton Ellis, Bret 26 eBooks

accessing 165-6 advantages of 22-3, 162, 164 Andrew Marr's trial 21-2 authors' resistance to 27 confusion about 119, 121-2 consumers and 42 copying 164 criticisms of 19-21 devices 121 digital rights management

127-8 early 6, 117 failure of 41,54,117,182 formats 121 free 150 iPod equivalent 128 lack of titles 11 9-20 mimicking paper books 124 poor sales 1 30 portability 162, 164 potential hardware 129 predictions about 116-1 7 pricing 120, 170-1 reasons for failure 118-19,

121-2 searchability 162 sharing 164-5 social objects 164 Stephen King 182 storage capa city 161-2 technological problems 122 unrealistic expectations 11 7

electronic books see eBooks electronic formats 18, 121

index

Eigan, Mike 20 email 201 EMI 126-7 entertainment

choices 108

217

new consumption patterns 110 on demand 105-8, 110-11

Epstein, jason 112 Espresso 185-6

Fadiman, Anne 45 Fahrenheit 457 35-7, 39, 196 Fanning, Shawn 68-9 Faulkner, William 125 Fitzgerald, F. Scott 189 Foer, jonathan Safran 125 Ford, Richard 61 fountain pens 168 Freeman, lohn 56, 62 funtwo 87-8

gadgets 197 games

interactive 96 text adventures 143

Garfield, Bob 87, 104 Generation Download 70-4

desire for content 80 im patience 78 need for connection 77 reading skills 80

Generation Upload 82 audience 97

Ghostbusters 2 Gioia, Dana 37 Gissing, George 1 36, 152 God metaphor 39-40 Godin, Seth 183 Google 6-7, 158

buys YouTube 87 Grey Album, The 73 Grinch, The 1 7 Guero 92

218

Harry Potter see Potter, Harry Heffernan, Virginia 87 Hesse, Hermann 202-3 Hitler, Adolf 45 Holt, Pat 59-61 Howe, Neil 72 hyperlinks 26 hypertext 141-2, 144

information 23 ease of distribution 83

Information, The 93 Internet 4-6

communication and 41 competing with books 15 effect on book reviews 58-9 effect on print publishing

39 information source 3 marketing tool 149 stars 87-90, 104

iPod 15,21,42-3,100 digital rights management

125-8 equivalent for books 128 movies 107 rise of 70 significance of 71 speed of take-up 129 storage capacity 161

iTunes 75-6, 94, 173 digital rights management

125-8

jarvis, jeff 104 Jobs, Steve 126 joyce, Michael 141

King, Stephen 182 Kinsley, Michael 53 Kirkpatrick, David 130, 181 Kiss Army 91 Kleiman, Gary 1 79

index

Kryder's Law 160-1 Kundera, Milan 154 Kusek, David 71, 163, 165

Lanchester, lohn 22-3 Landow, George P. 13 Leathern, Will 180 Leonhard, Gerd 71, 163, 165 Less Than Zero 217 Levy, Alain 75 Levy, Steven 42, 54-5, 99-100,

125 Lim, jeong-Hyun 87-8 lonelygirl15 88-9 Long Tail, The 15, 150, 185

machinima 94-5 Mad About You 139 magazines, dec\ining sales 15 Magnificent Ambersons, The 28-9,

200 Mailer, Norman 145, 153 Marr, Andrew 21-2 Maugham, W. Somerset 162 McGrath, CharIes 118 McLuhan, Marshall 43-4, 79-80,

84-5, 147, 162, 193 Memento 147 Menn, joseph 68 Metallica 69 mix tapes 93 Moore's Law 160-1 movies

alternative versions 146-7 distribution 95-6 downloading 106 falling box office 15 making 140-1 simultaneous release on all

media 106-7 sound 153 VCRs and 105

MP3 15-16,68

index 219

music decline of record store 73-4 digital 75-6 downloading 68, 70, 171 format 72 portability 109 pricing 120, 127 remixes 146 selling one song at a time 99 sharing 68-9

music industry 15-1 7 resistance to change 93

musicians, interaction with 91-2

Napster 68-9 National Book Critics Circle 56 National Endowment for the Arts

37-8 NBCC see National Book Critics

Circle Negroponte, Nicholas 51 Neiva, Elizabeth M. 54 New Grub Street 136, 152 New Yorker, The 161 news

home video uploads 83-4 online 51 sources of 53 syndication 97 twenty-four hour 50

Newspaper Association of America 52

newspapers 2 abandoning book reviews

55-63 declining readership 3, 53 falling sales 15 resistance to change 51-2, 54 websites 50

Niles, Elaura 184 Nineteen Eighty-Four 195-6 Nolan, Christopher 147 nostalgia 200

novels Burgess's description 17-18 effect of 1 92 features of 24-5 independence from medium

17

O'Donnell, J. 199 OK Go 89-90, 188

Pachelbel's Canon 87 Palahniuk, Chuck 149 Peed, Mike 1 79 photography 112 piracy 27-8 Plan 9 From Guter Space 50 Plant, The 182 POD see print-on-demand Potter, Harry 27-8 predictions, faulty 116 printing press, invention of 137 print-on-demand 182-6 Prospero's Books bookstore 180 prosumers 90 Proulx, E. Annie 34 publishers

authors' complaints 181 change and 29-30, 46 eBook failure 123, 130-1 editors 189 effect of print-on-demand 186 finding talent 187-8 marketing 189-90 need for 182 need for change 4 need for interaction 97 new workflow 158 paying authors 190 resistance to change 54-5,

80 roles of 187-91 supporting talent 188 threat to business model 131

220

publishing changes in 201 kinds of 6 readiness for change 199

Pynchon, Thomas 155

Quindlen, Anna 5', 98-9, 138, 157,199

radio 202-3 Raza, Ghyslain 86 readers

changing 26 discovering new books 62 ignored by publishers 157

reading dedine among younger people

79 dedine in 36-7 digital 44 limited time for 109 online 34

Reading at Risk 37-9, 47, 79 Recording Industry Association of

America 69, 127 Red VS. B/ue 95 reviews see book reviews Rich, Motoko 61 Richtel, Matt 77-8 Ries, AI 176 Ries, Laura 176 Roberts, lohnnie L. 103 Rose, lessica 89 Roth, Philip 154-5 Rowling, J. K. 27-8 RSSfeeds 51-2,159 Rushkoff, Douglas 41, 100

screens reading from 24 suitability for new media 25 versatility 12

Secret, The 191

index

shuffle play 94 Simpsons, The 7-8, 84 Smith, Zadie 192 Snow, C. P. 32-4, 54 social networking websites 58,

61,157 Soderbergh, Stephen 106-7 Solomon, Russ 74 Sony eReader 21 Spielberg, Stephen 107 Stalin, losef 45 Star Wars Kid 86 Steppenwolf 202-3 Sterne, Laurence 144 Steuer, Eric 92-3 Strauss, William 72

tags 159 talent 191 Tapscott, Don 97, 105 Tarkington, Booth 28, 200 Tarnation 141 telegrams 200 television

commercials 102, 104 falling ratings 15, 105 portability 109 rise of 36 schedules 102

Tenner, Edward 168-9 Thompson, Bob 33 Time's Arrow 146 TiVo see digital video recording Tower Records 74 Tristram Shandy 144-5 Two Cultures, The 32 typewriter 137

Unconsoled, The 165-6 Updike, lohn 33

veRs 103 video websites 86

virtual bookshelf 165

Walsh, Pat 40, 148 Walter, Chip 160 Wayne, Tom 180 Weisberg, Jacob 167 Weites, Orson 96 Who, The 113-14 Wikipedia 82 Wilson, Blake 124 Winslow, Art 57-8 wireless networks 12 word processors 137-8 words, compared with books

44-5,47

index

writers 136 audience 148 charismatic 153 conservative 144 experimental 141, 146 Internet and 148-9, 151-5 rejecting Internet 151-4 using computers 138-9

Yauch, Adam 92 YouTube 86-7,89, 104

exposure for artists 88-9 OK Go video 89-90 publishers' use of 190

221

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