Date: 30 March, 2008

Abstract: This contribution contains framework and components proposal update for DO R. C

NoticeContributors grant a free, irrevocable license to 3GPP2 and its Organizational Partners to incorporate text or other copyrightable material contained in the contribution and any modifications thereof in the creation of 3GPP2 publications; to copyright and sell in Organizational Partner’s name any Organizational Partner’s standards publication even though it may include all or portions of this contribution; and at the Organizational Partner’s sole discretion to permit others to reproduce in whole or in part such contribution or the resulting Organizational Partner’s standards publication. Contributors are also willing to grant licenses under such contributor copyrights to third parties on reasonable, non-discriminatory terms and conditions for purpose of practicing an Organizational Partner’s standard which incorporates this contribution. This document has been prepared by contributors to assist the development of specifications by 3GPP2. It is proposed to the Committee as a basis for discussion and is not to be construed as a binding proposal on Contributors. Contributors specifically reserves the right to amend or modify the material contained herein and nothing herein shall be construed as conferring or offering licenses or rights with respect to any intellectual property of Contributors other than provided in the copyright statement above.

DO Rev. C Proposal Update

Recommendation: review and adopt

Source: Shu Wang VIA Telecom

Contact: shuwang@via-telecom.com

C30-20090330-047

DO Rev. C Proposal UpdateDO Rev. C Proposal Update

Shu Wang, shuwang@via-telecom.comVIA Telecom

OutlineOutline

HRPD Enhancements Subband OFDMA Multiuser Packet with C/I Sensitive DRC reporting MIMO OFDMA with Antenna Selection

VoIP Capacity Improvements Improve Delay-Limited Capacity with Frequency Diversity

C/I sensitive DRC report for cell-edge ATs Subband hopping for high-C/I ATs

Cell Edge Performance Improvements Subband Interference Management.

Dynamic frequency reuse.

AN Macro Diversity. simple Broadcast Multicast Services

DO Rev. C Air Interface Roadmap: A VIA’s ViewDO Rev. C Air Interface Roadmap: A VIA’s View

The adoption of multi-antenna techniques promises to improve the performance of existing DO network infrastructure in a cost efficient way. Improved link quality: spatial diversity and beamforming Higher Date rate: spatial multiplexing, multiuser MIMO

MIMO OFDMA with antenna selection provides a balance between DO Rev. A/B and the full MIMO DO. OFDMA can also bring additional dimensions in optimizing DO net

work when combined with multi-antenna techniques. It can improve the delay-limited capacity for VoIP-liked services

DO Rev. C with MIMO-OFDMA and antenna selection will be more than a spatial extension of DO Rev A/B.

The additional layered transmission can help enable the simple cooperation between ANs with minimum impact on the unicast transmission of each AN.

Frequency Diversity (1/2): The FundamentalsFrequency Diversity (1/2): The Fundamentals

SNR (dB)

C/C

0

No CQI Feedback

Full CQI Feedback

Source: D. Tse, P. Viswanath, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication

Frequency Diversity (2/2): Lessons We Learned Frequency Diversity (2/2): Lessons We Learned from Rev. Bfrom Rev. B

Using a single queue for N carriers in Rev B, as opposed to N independent queues in Rev A, helps improve the user experience in the presence of frequency-selective (frequency-dependent) fading.This also is very important for VoIP liked applications, where the required data rate for each user is not high but with strict low latency restriction.

Source: Airvana/CDG, EV-DO Rev. B white paper.

Subband OFDMSubband OFDMAA (1/2): Strictly Backward (1/2): Strictly Backward CompatibleCompatible

OFDMA MUP puts the subpackets of multiple users into different subbands. Differentiate Tx power for the subbands for higher spectral efficiency. It provides additional support to the ATs on the cell-edge, in bad reception

condition or with delay sensitive services, and the single/dual antenna ATs.Subband OFDMA is fully compatible with OFDM DO with additional features Adaptive DRC reporting:

An AT reports DRCs for each subband only when the C/I is low and subband channel variation is large. Otherwise, a single DRC is reported instead.

An AT can feedback multiple DRCs for multiple subbands based on the MIMO operation mode.

Adaptive OFDMA Preamble: Only the most efficient OFDMA preamble structure is used by the AN, which depends on the employed OFDMA packing method.

MA

C

Pilo

t

MA

C

MA

C

Pilo

t

MA

C

½ Slot, 1024 Chips ½ Slot, 1024 Chips

Layer-ModulatedOFDM

Layer-ModulatedOFDM

Layer-ModulatedOFDM

Layer-ModulatedOFDM

Common Pilots Common Pilots Common Pilots Common PilotsPow

er

OFDMA Subband

MA

C

Pilo

t

OFDMA SubbandM

AC

OFDMA Subband

MA

C

Pilo

t

OFDMA Subband

MA

C

½ Slot, 1024 Chips ½ Slot, 1024 Chips

OFDMA Subband OFDMA Subband OFDMA Subband OFDMA Subband

Common Pilots Common Pilots Common Pilots Common PilotsPow

er

Subband OFDMSubband OFDMAA (1/2): Frequency Reuse (1/2): Frequency Reuse

OFDM

OFDM

OFDM

OFDM

OFDMA with Subband DRC Feedback, especially for cell-edge ATs

•Strictly Backward Compatible with DO Rev. 0/A/B•Seamlessly Compatible with Other OFDM DO Rev. C Proposals

Multi-Multi-ANTANTenna ATenna AT

It is non-trivial to “squeeze” more and more antennas and RFs into a mobile phone with considering Power consumption. Mechanical limitation.

Multiple radio interfaces there already: GPS, bluetooth, WiFi, …

Antenna spacing requirement. For more spatial diversity gain, the separation should be larger than 0.5λ For 2GHz, the wavelength is about 15cm.

Operating frequency bands.

MIMO with Antenna Selection is a most efficient way to realize the potentials of multi-antenna techniques. There is little spatial diversity loss, as long as the multiplexing

gain is less than a certain threshold. The spatial multiplexing gain loss can be compensated through

frequency diversity.

Reliability/Throughput Tradeoff (1/2): The Reliability/Throughput Tradeoff (1/2): The FundamentalsFundamentals

0 1 2 3 4 0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16 Full Antennas; Nt=4, L

r=N

r=4

Full Antennas; Nt=4, L

r=N

r=2

Antenna Selection; Nt=4, L

r=2, N

r=4

Antenna Selection; Nt=4, L

r=3,N

r=4

Not much spatial diversity gain loss, which happens only when Lr is less than a certain threshold

The difference between achievable spatial multiplexing gains

Spatial Multiplexing Gain r ( How fast the achievable throughput increases )

Sp

atia

l D

ive

rsity G

ain

d(r

) (H

ow

re

liab

le t

he

lin

k b

eco

me

s )

Reliability/Throughput Tradeoff (2/2): Reliability/Throughput Tradeoff (2/2): Implementations and Rank DeficiencyImplementations and Rank Deficiency

In theory, MIMO capacity is achievable with full-rank beamforming at the transmitter side successive interference cancellation at the receiver side.

There are tradeoffs between SCW and MCW MIMO. For a signal processing perspective, a SCW receiver is much

easier to be implemented.

In reality, rank deficiency reduces the achievable throughput when there is strong correlation between Tx or Rx antennas OR the Rx antenna number is less than the Tx antenna number.

MIMO with OFDMA, frequency selectivity gain is added to mitigate rank deficiency. A higher throughput is achievable even when rank deficiency ha

ppens.

MIMO-OFDMA + Antenna Selection (1/2)MIMO-OFDMA + Antenna Selection (1/2)

Rx antenna selection is a most cost efficient multi-antenna technique to asymptotically achieve the full potentials of MIMO techniques. It requires fewer RF chains, has less phone design limitation, lower

power consumption and lower manufacturing cost.

The achievable spectral efficiency can be close to those with full RF chains with following techniques. Antenna Selection: the AT chooses some antennas for the next Rx/

Tx Beam Selection: the AT selects the best beams and feeds back the

PMIs. Subband Selection: the AT calculates PMIs for each subbands and r

eport back the best several PMIs to AN.

MIMO-OFDMA + Antenna Selection (2/2)MIMO-OFDMA + Antenna Selection (2/2)

MA

C

Pilo

t(s)

MIMO-OFDM

MA

C

MA

C

Pilo

t(s)

MIMO-OFDM

MA

C

½ Slot, 1024 Chips ½ Slot, 1024 Chips

MIMO-OFDMMIMO-OFDM

MIMO-OFDM MIMO-OFDMMIMO-OFDMMIMO-OFDMSub

band

Each AT reports DRC for each subband, even in single-antenna or SCW mode, for example. For each single-antenna AT, it reports DRC/PMI for each of the four subba

nds. For each dual-antenna AT, it reports two DRC/PMI for each of two subband

s. Four bits indicate the data rate request and 3 bits indicate the desired serving sector. The channel has 64-ary bi-orthogonal modulation.The DRC is sent on the Walsh codes W8

32 and W2432 and multiplexed on

the I and Q branches, which is similar to the DRC report in the MCW mode.

Delay Sensitive ServicesDelay Sensitive Services

CDM DO was designed and optimized for high throughput. Multiuser diversity scheduling and slow power control with early termination.

However, delay-sensitive services may have different requirements on air interface optimization. One key requirement is to minimize the delays for all served users. Then it is the

throughput or user capacity. As similar in 1x, the users in bad reception condition expect more Tx power while

the users in good reception condition may need less Tx power.

The achievable throughputs of delay-sensitive services are generally optimized with delay-limited capacity instead of water-filling capacity. Multiuser diversity can still be the powerful tool improving the throughput.

The considerations for optimizing delay sensitive services include Channel Sensitive Scheduling in both Time and Frequency Domain

Optimize the channel/user assignment for saving Tx power and minimizing interference. Dynamic Forward Power Allocation in Frequency Domain Reverse Power Control.

The PC rate for the 1x is 800Hz with no early termination, 400Hz with early termination. Early Termination

It works well with imperfect power control and more channel fluctuation.

Delay Limited Capacity and CQI FeedbackDelay Limited Capacity and CQI Feedback

[The theory] For a single-user OFDM, the achievable delay-limited capacity in low SNR region strongly depends on the delay spread, not the path attenuations. In high SNR region, the roles are exchanged.

From a multiuser scheduling perspective, one challenge is the balance between maintaining fairness for weak-channel users and maximizing throughput through strong-channel users. The full DRC feedback for weak-channel users can help the AN with the

efficient multiuser scheduling for delay sensitive services. For the ATs with good channel reception, a single CQI feedback with

necessary subband hopping is enough.

In addition, with full DRC feedback for cell-edge ATs, it can help the AN not only schedule those ATs not only at a good balance between throughputs and fairness but also the interference management.

C/I Sensitive DRC ReportingC/I Sensitive DRC Reporting

DRC reporting is the mechanism to help AN with multiuser scheduling. Typically a 4-bit DRC value is bi-orthogonally coded.

DRC measurements can be obtained through both CDM time-domain pilots and OFDM frequency-domain pilots The general C/I can be obtained from CDM pilots The frequency selectivity can be observed through frequency-domain pilots

DRC reporting can be optimized to reduce the feedback overhead for OFDMA. Frequency selectivity gain is visible only when there is significant difference

between subchannel gains. When an AT sees the subchannel gains are pretty flat OR C/I ratios are pretty

high, it may just report one DRC for all subchannels. The packets for this AT will be transmitted with subband hopping or using all

subbands for frequency diversity.

When an AT detects the variation of subbchannel gains is large AND C/I ratio is not high, it may report multiple DRCs or the DRC for the best subband instead.

Subband HoppingSubband Hopping

For the ATswith good C/I, subband DRC reporting is optional.

If a high-DRC AT feedbacks only a single DRC for all subbands, AN has the following options Option 1: The packets for high DRC will generally be transmitted

through the whole 1.2288MHz bandwidth or all subbands. Option 2: The packets for high DRC can also be transmitted

through one subband or multiple subbands. The subband(s) allocated for the high DRC packet are not fixed. A

predefined subband hopping is applied.

If a high-DRC AT feedbacks multiple subband DRCs with significant variation, the AN may schedule the AT in good subband(s) with no subband hopping.

Cell-Edge Performance ImprovementsCell-Edge Performance Improvements

CDMA2000 1x is well-known to be interference limited, especially on cell edges: Pilot Interference, Overhead Channel Interference and Traffic Channel Interference.

Multiple approaches are available for improving cell-edge performance including Interference Management: power control and frequency reuse.

Subband OFDMA Frequency Reuse and Interference Management

Macro-diversity: cooperation between neighbor ANs. Simple Broadcast Multicast

Considerations for the AN Cooperation Soft combining has the advantage of simple receiver design and the

potential of 3 dB SNR gain. Soft combining puts more scheduling constraints on the ANs.

Interference Management with SFRInterference Management with SFR

Subband 1.1

Subband 1.2

Subband 2.1

Subband 2.2

Subband 3.1

Subband 3.2

f1

f2

f1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Cell 1

the common suband shared by the sectors in cell 1

the common suband shared by all sectors

the common suband shared by the sectors in cell 3

Sector 1.α

Sector 1.β

Sector 1.γ

Cell 1Sector

1.αSector

1.βSector

1.γCell 1

Sector 1.α

Sector 1.β

Sector 1.γ

Cell 1Sector

1.αSector

1.β

Cell 1/2/3

Sectors α

Sectors β

Sector γ

Cell 1/2/3

Sectors α

Sectors β

Sector γ

Cell 1/2/3

Sectors α

Sectors β

Sector γ

Cell 1/2/3

Sectors β

Sector γ

Cell 3Sector

3.αSector

3.βSector

3.γCell 3

Sector 3.α

Sector 3.β

Sector 3.γ

Cell 3Sector

3.αSector

3.βSector

3.γCell 3

Sector 3.α

Sector 3.γ

Shopping centre

Stadium

Park

Time

Frequency

Interference management can be done in the subband level. Interference avoidance is achievable in time domain (slots), frequency

domain (subbands), space domain (sectors) and even through power allocations.

Finer granularity means higher achievable efficiency. It help mobile do handoffs with less ping-pong.

Subband frequency reuse can be done either through network planning or the full CQI report from the cell-edge ATs.

OFDM

OFDM

OFDM

OFDM

OFDMA with Subband DRC Feedback, especially for cell-edge ATs

Cell Cooperation with Broadcast and MulticastCell Cooperation with Broadcast and Multicast

Many emerging mobile services, e.g., alert service and positioning assistance service, require the same FL multicast to cover multiple sectors. It is similar to the full-fledged BCMCS but only for small-sized data bursts,

something like text message broadcast. Its coverage is expected to be more flexible. For example, a couple of

sectors or even one sector only. FL multicast in UHDR-DO is for efficiently delivering the same content to multiple users at the same time in one sector.It is desired to extend the FL multicast to cover multiple sectors with additional macro-diversity gains.

Mobile Radio Access Network

Assistance Server

Data Network

Assistance Server

simple Broadcast Multicast Servicessimple Broadcast Multicast Services

Physical Layer: More than one sectors can transmit the same signal streams

with the same content at the same time and frequency. For alleviating the scheduling constraints, the multicast

signal stream can be transmitted through MUP and layered transmission.

The pilots for separately the channel estimation of each layer are superimposed together with special rotations

One MUP MAC ID is especially reserved with multicast capability.

MAC Layer: AT assigned an unicast MAC ID and multicast MAC ID from each sector in its active set.

Connection Layer AN may assign Multicast MAC address via TCA

Pilots for Simple BCMCSPilots for Simple BCMCS

Pilots

Layer 1 Traffic

Layer 2 Traffic

Frequency Domain Rotation (Time Domain Delay)

Channel Coding

Channel Coding

Channel Interleaver

Channel Interleaver

Scramblers

Repetition/ Truncation

Repetition/ Truncation

Modulation

Modulation

Gain Control

Gain Control

MU

X

For the soft combining simple BCMCS data from different sectors, the sector-specific overheads transmission are separated from the data transmission. The data can be transmitted from a separated layer, which has a layer-specific pilots.