Data specification and dictionaries- overview of vocabularies

Marco Pantaloni Geological Survey of Italy – ISPRA

marco.pantaloni@isprambiente.it

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A small step behind

OneGeology-Europe addresses

Multilingual aspects

Data licensing Sharing of geological knowledge

Demonstration of best practices in provide and

use of geological spatial data

Geological data harmonization

Why Geological Spatial data have to be harmonized?

Geology does not recognise political boundaries, but from one to another country the properties of the same rock formation will be described differently: lithology, age, genesis.

The European Commission require consistent data about geology; they does not change its attribute or portrayal crossing political boundaries.

The INSPIRE directive address this issues.

A general, generic, international Data Specification is therefore essential.

Previous experience

The need for harmonised geological data was recognized in 1881 at the 2° IGC in Bologna when started the 1:1,5 M scale International Geological Map of Europe and the Mediterraneous Regions; this endeavour was finally completed in 2000 (BGR & UNESCO).

It was followed by the first harmonised digital spatial dataset of Europe – the 1:5 M International Geological Map of Europe (Asch, 2005) published also as paper map.

What tells the INSPIRE directive about harmonisation?

The INSPIRE directive starts from the consideration that:

• Many initiatives are taken at national and Community level to collect, harmonise or organise the dissemination or use of spatial information.

Art. 7, Chapt. 3: Interoperability of Spatial Data Sets and Services

• Implementing rules laying down technical arrangements for the interoperability and, where practicable, harmonisation of spatial data sets and services …. shall be adopted

Relevant user requirements, existing initiatives and international standards for the harmonisation of spatial data sets …. shall be taken into account in the development of the implementing rules

Where organisations established under international law have adopted relevant standards to ensure interoperability or harmonisation of spatial data sets and services, these standards shall be integrated

Harmonisation challenges of OneGeology-Europe

> 9,000 km political boundaries within OneGeology-Europe to harmonise

Hardly any country harmonised their data with its neighbour‘s boundaries semantically and/or geometrically

Distributed data: no central editing (as at Geol. Map of Europe-IGME 1:5M)

Difference of scales: target scale 1:1M, but data delivered includes 1:250k, 1:300k,1:400k,1:500k,1:625k, 1:1M

Communication between geologist and informatic specialists

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Who’s worked on it?

1:1M pan-European Scientific Data Specification, Identification and Sourcing working group (OneGeology-Europe - WP 3)

Specification for geological spatial data

Realization of an interoperable 1:1M scale dataset

How: by means of a hard work

Co-ordinating the development of an international/distributed interoperable and adequately harmonized geology spatial dataset at a 1:1M scale for the onshore territory of the EU member States – specifically composition (lithology – geochronology) and structure of the surface geology.

Ensuring availability of the component national datasets for harvesting.

Developing a scientific specification for web-enabled geological data at the appropriate resolution.

Making progress in scientifically harmonising the dataset, including conflict resolution across political boundaries.

Which procedure?

Analysis of individual datasets

Realization of a common vocabulary

Comparison and adaptation to the GeoSciML vocabulary

Relevant features

Has been defined common structure which can describe the national geological units in a homogeneous way.

The relevant topics are (in hierarchical order):

•Lithology

•Age •Genesis (necessary for Quaternary geology) •Tectonic structures

Each topic requires terms and their definitions, referenced to existing definitions and standards.

The OneGeology-Europe vocabulary describes the lithology, age and genesis of the rocks and the tectonic structures. It provides both the definition of terms and the relationship between them.

From the GeoSciML scheme ….

A major basis for the Data Specification work come from the GeoSciML scheme and the CGI/GeoSciML vocabolaries.

They are developed by the Interoperability Working Group (IWG) of the IUGS Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information (CGI).

This work accelerate the development and deployment of this international interchange standard for geological data (GeoSciML ) which will enable the sharing and exchange of the data within and beyond the geological community within Europe and globally.

…. to the OneGeology-Europe vocabulary.

The CGI Simple Lithology vocabulary uses multiple, overlapping hierarchies and offers numerous ways to identify and classify a rock unit.

For the OneGeology-Europe objectives (1:1M scale map) this schema has been considered too complex.

WP3 selected an adequate subset of the CGI vocabulary and submitted more than 120 terms and definitions in order to meet European requirements.

Schema of the development of the 1G-E data specification

CGI = Commission for the management and application of

Geoscience Information

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A common vocabulary

OneGeology-Europe scientific geological vocabulary realized by WP3, reviewed and completed in February 2010.

532 review comments from project partners (21 geological surveys), CGMW and CGI

516 agreed defined terms and definitions on 4 topics: lithology, geological age, genesis, faults

> 120 new terms and definitions fed into the global CGI vocabulary

OneGeology-Europe vocabolary themes

Lithology

EventAge

EventEnvironment

EventProcess

OrogenicEvent

MetamorphicFacies

MetamorphicGrade

GeologicUnitType

GeologicUnitMorphology

GeologicUnitPartRole

ProportionTerm

ContactType

FaultType

FeatureObservationMethod

MappedFeature ObservationMethod

Vocabulary topics, themes, …..

Lithology

Geochronology (age)

Genesis (necessary for Quaternary)

Structures and faults

• Lithology

• EventAge

• EventEnvironment

• EventProcess

• OrogenicEvent

• MetamorphicFacies

• MetamorphicGrade

• GeologicUnitType

• GeologicUnitMorphology

• GeologicUnitPartRole

• ProportionTerms

• ContactType

• FaultType

• FeatureObservationMethod

• MappedFeatureObservationMethod

White = mandatory

Black=optional

…., terms and definitions

The core features of GeoSciML ….. …. both used within OneGeology-Europe

GeoSciML

Geologic feature

Descriptive properties

GeologicUnit

(for rock bodies)

GeologicStructure

(for geologic structures)

Mapped feature

Geometric properties

Properties of GeologicUnit feature type used in OneGeology-Europe

ID • Unique identifier

Name • Name of the geologic unit from a “local”

stratigraphic lexicon

• e.g. ARV = Rosso ammonitico veronese

Description • Free text to describe the geologic unit

• optional

ObservationMethod • Methodologies used for observing the geologic

feature properties.

• i.e. data from single or multiple source

Purpose • State of the GeologicUnit description (instance

from field map, normative from a stratigraphic lexicon, etc.)

GeologicUnitType • Type of geologic unit

• i.e.: unknown, lithologic, lithostratigraphic, lithodemic unit

GeologicUnitMorphology

• Morphology of the rock body (3D, dike) • optional

CompositionPart • Lithology

• GeologicUnitPartRole

• ProportionTerm

CompositionPart:Lithology

Following the GeoSciML schema, lithology is divided into Igneous Material, Sedimentary Material, and Composite Genesis Material.

For OneGeology-Europe two additional categories, Breccia and Tuffite, were added.

The definitions of the terms are kept as close as possible to the existing IUGS definitions (LeMaitre et al., 2002 for igneous rocks and Fettes & Desmons, 2007 for metamorphic rocks) and the CGI SimpleLithology vocabulary, with slight modification to the definitions for GeoSciML when considered appropriate.

The hierarchy of the terms was also defined on the basis of the CGI SimpleLithology vocabulary.

One to five terms, ordered by priority, can be applied to describe the lithology of a rock/map unit.

Can be applied additionally terms for so called ”complex rocks” (that have complex origin and/or structure)

CompositionPart:Lithology 1. Compound material

1.1 Igneous material

1.1.1 level of description

1.1.1.1 level of description

1.1.1.1.1 level of description

1.1.1.1.1.1 level of description

1.1.1.1.1.1.1 level of description

1.2 Sedimentary material

1.3 Composite genesis material 1.4 Breccia 1.5 Tuffite

1. Compound material 1.1 Igneous material

1.1.1 Fragmental

igneous material

1.1 1.1 Pyroclastic

material Tephra

Ash and lapilli; Ash breccia; etc.

1.1.1.2 Pyroclastic rock

Ash tuff, lapillistone or lapilli tuff;

Tuff-breccia, agglomerate or pyroclastic breccia

1.1.2 Igneous rock

1.1.2.1 Phaneritic

igneous rock

Aplite; Pegmatite; Granitoid; Dioritoid; Gabbroid; Anorthositic rock; Syenitoid; Foid dioritoid; Foid

gabbroid; Foid syenitoid; Foidolite

Granite; Dioritic rock; etc.

Monzogranite; Syenogranite;

etc.

1.1.2.2 Fine grained igneous

rock

Rhyolitoid; Dacite; Trachytoid; Andesite; Basalt; Phonolitoid; Tephritoid; Foidoitoid

Rhyolite;Trachytic rock; etc.

1.1.2.3 Ultramafic

igneous rock Peridotite; Pyroxenite; Kometitic rock

1.1.2.4 Exotic composition igneous rock

Carbonatite; Kalsilitic and melilitic rock; Exotic alkaline rock

1.1.2.5 Porphiry

1.1.2.6 Doleritic rock

3 level 4 level 5 level 6 level 7 level

1 level

2 level

Hierarchical overview representation of the OneGeology-Europe vocabulary for

igneous material. For clarity only the main groups are

indicated

1. Compound material 1.2 Sedimentary material

1.2.1 Sediment

1.2

.1.1

Cla

stic

se

dim

ent

Dia

mic

ton

; Gra

vel;

Sa

nd

; Mu

d

Clay; Silt

1.2

.1.2

Car

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dim

ent

Imp

ure

car

bo

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dim

ent

1.2

.1.3

Bio

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sed

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se

dim

ent;

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Peat; Sapropel; Carbonate

ooze; Siliceous ooze

1.2.2 Sedimentary rock

1.2.2.1 Clastic sedimentary rock

Dia

mic

tite

Co

ngl

om

erat

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San

dst

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Arenite; Wacke

Mu

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Claystone; Siltstone;

Shale

1.2

.2.2

Org

anic

ric

h

sed

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tary

ro

ck

Co

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Lignite; Bituminous

coal; Anthracite

1.2

.2.3

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bo

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dim

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ry r

ock

Pu

re c

arb

on

ate

sed

. ro

ck; i

mp

ure

ca

rbo

nat

e s

ed. r

ock

Dolomitic or magnesiac

rock; Limestone; Impure lmst

Dolomite; Chalk;

Travertine

1.2

.2.4

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last

ic

silic

eou

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dim

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ry r

ock

Bio

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silic

a se

dim

en

tary

ro

ck

1.2

.2.5

Iro

n r

ich

se

dim

enta

ry r

ock

1.2

.2.6

Gen

eric

m

ud

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O

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ic b

ear

ing

mu

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1.2

.3 C

he

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sed

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ial

1.2

.3.1

Eva

po

rite

R

ock

sal

t; G

ypsu

m

or

anh

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te

1 level

2 level

3 le

vel

4 le

vel

5 le

vel

6 le

vel

7 level

Hierarchical overview representation of the OneGeology-Europe vocabulary for

sedimentary material. For clarity only the main groups are

indicated

1. Compound material 1.3 Composite genesis material

1.3.1 Composite genesis rock

1.3.1.1. Metamorphic

rock

Foliated metamorphic rock Gneiss; Phyllite;

Slate; Schist

Orthogneiss; Paragneiss; Micaschist

Chlorite actinolite epidote metamorphic rock

Glaucophane lawsonite epidote metamorphic rock

Serpentinite; Quartzite; Amphibolite; Marble; Granulite; Eclogite; Migmatite; Granofels

Hornfels

1.3.1.2. Metasomatic

rock Skarn; Spilite

1.3.2 Material formed in surficial

environment

Bauxite; Duricrust; Residual material

1.3.3. Fault related material

Mylonitic rock

1.3.4 Impact related material

3 level 4 level 5 level 6 level 7 level

1 level

2 level

Metamorphic

rocks

Hierarchical overview representation of the OneGeology-Europe vocabulary for

composite genesis material. For clarity only the main groups are

indicated

Lithology – terms and definitions as in the OneGeology-Europe vocabulary

Hierarchical

ID number

5

level

6

level

4

level

OneGeo-EU

term

OneGeo-EU

broader term

OneGeo-EU

Term definiton

Source of the

definition

CGI

Uniform

Resource Name

Complete URN in

CGI/GeoSciML

vocabulary

CompositionPart:GeologicUnitPartRole

• With GeologicUnitPartRole property is possible to state, whether the GeologicUnit consists of only one type of lithology or if it comprises additional units, e.g. a ‘lithosome’ or ‘cyclic bedding’.

• For OneGeology-Europe, due to both the scale of the maps and the harmonisation, the GeologicUnitPartRole property should in most cases be restricted to one of two values: “only_part” or “unspecified_part_role”.

• Additional values like “inclusion”, “lithosome” or “blocks” should only be used for the description of the complex rocks.

CompositionPart:GeologicUnitPartRole

GeologicUnitPartRole

Part of

Inclusion Blocks

Lithosome

Cyclic bedding package

Geologic unit matrix

Layer lithosome

Unspecified part role

Only part

CompositionPart:ProportionTerm

• In GeoSciML one can describe a GeologicUnit with more than one lithological term.

• To emphasise the predominant lithology the ProportionTerm property is used. When only one lithology is selected that covers the whole GeologicUnit, the ProportionTerm should be set to ‘all’.

• In OneGeology-Europe only three terms (all, predominant, subordinate) are used.

CompositionPart:ProportionTerm

ProportionTerms

major dominant all

subordinate

present predominant

Properties of MetamorphicDescription feature type used in OneGeology-Europe

MetamorphicFacies

• optional

MetamorphicGrade

• optional

ProtolithLithology

• optional

MetamorphicDescription

Metamorphic

grade

Very low grade

Low grade

Medium grade

High grade

Very high grade

Metamorphic

facies

Not specified

Zeolite facies

Subgreenschist facies

Greenschist facies

Epidote amphibolite facies

Amphibolite facies

Pyroxene hornfels facies

Sanidinite facies

Glaucophane-schist facies

Eclogite facies

Granulite facies

Complex rocks

• Geological processes often produce complex rock sequences of heterogeneous geological units comprising diverse lithologies of different genesis and age. As such products of a complicated geological history are difficult to describe, geoscientists have defined terms that are neither purely lithological, nor genetic or age-related, and therefore cannot be described in the properties/categories of this Data Specification.

• For Onegeology-Europe such GeologicUnits are described as ‘composite terms’ and guidelines on how to describe them in GeoSciML are provided in the Vocabulary.

Flysch and molasse

Olistostrome Turbidite Ophiolitic melange

Ophiolite complex

GeologicFeature:GeologicUnit:CompositionPart

Composition part 1

Lithology

Role of composition part

Proportion of composition part

Composition part 2

Lithology

Role of composition part

Proportion of composition part

Composition part 3

Lithology

Role of composition part

Proportion of composition part

Composition part 4

Lithology

Role of composition part

Proportion of composition part

Composition part 5

Lithology

Role of composition part

Proportion of composition part

from 1 up to 5

GeologicUnit has been

portrayed using Lithology of

Composition part 1

Properties of GeologicStructure feature type used in OneGeology-Europe

ID

• Unique identifier

Name

• Name of the geologic structure

• optional

Description

• Free text to describe the geologic structure

• optional

ObservationMethod

• Data from single source document

• Data from multiple source document

Purpose

• State of the GeologicStructure description (e.g. instance from field map, etc.)

FaultType

• Used to describe the type of the fault: normal, reverse, strike-slip, oblique

ContactType

• Used to describe the linear features delimiting impact craters, calderas and glacial stationery lines

GeologicStructure:FaultType

Fault

Strike slip fault

Dextral strike slip fault

Sinistral strike slip fault

Reverse fault

Thrust fault

High angle reverse

Normal fault

Low angle normal fault

Detachment fault

High angle normal fault

Oblique slip fault

GeologicStructure:ContactType

Contact

Lithogenetic contact

Volcanic subsidence zone boundary

Impact structure boundary

Glacial stationery line

Properties of GeologicEvent feature type used in OneGeology-Europe

EventAge

•Represent the age of the geologic unit represented by geochronologic terms or numeric values; it should be populated as a term range giving the lower age and the upper age.

•For Phanerozoic the terms used should be from the ICS geochronologic unit.

•For the Precambrian the ICS units should be used down to system period level, and for epoch level, if required, the new geochronologic units added in the OneGeology-Europe vocabulary.

GeologicHistory

•Record a series of geologicEvent that led to the formation of the geologicUnit

•optional

EventEnvironment

•Describe the environment in which the geologicEvent took place.

•Mandatory for Quaternary, optional in other cases

EventProcess

• describe the geologic process that caused the formation of the GeologicUnit (sedimentary process, magmatic process, metamorphic process)

OrogenicEvent

•Describe the orogenic event that formed or affected a GeologicUnit: if it was formed by an orogeny, the PreferredAge of GeologicEvents should be used; if it was only affected (e.g. folded or metamorphosed) by the orogeny, GeologicHistory of GeologicEvents should be chosen.

•optional

GeologicEvent:EventAge (Geochronology)

• It is mandatory to apply at least one of the terms derived from the International Stratigraphic Chart (ICS, 2009).

• The level of detail would include:

• Eon.

• Era.

• Period.

• Epoch.

• Age/Stage.

• Can be given, if necessary, also numeric values and names of regional (litho) stratigraphic units.

• Is provided a list of orogenic events to be applied to particular metamorphic rock/map unit.

International Stratigraphic Chart (ICS, 2009)

Geochronological age terms

Hierarchical

ID number

OneGeo-EU

Term

OneGeo-EU

Broader

concept

Age

definition

(Ma)

Source of

the

definition

CGI URN Complete

CGI URN

GeologicEvent:EventAge

Age can be recorded as numeric value or geochronologic term,

as single value or as a range.

The age of deposition of a sedimentary rock.

The age of intrusion of a igneous rock.

The protolith age or the final phase of metamorphism of a

metamorphic rock.

Geologic unit has been portrayed using the lower age

EventEnvironment

EventEnvironment

Earth surface setting

Terr

estr

ial s

etti

ng

Lacu

stri

ne

sett

ing;

R

iver

pla

in s

yste

m

sett

ing

Hill

slo

pe

sett

ing

Hu

mid

tro

pic

al

clim

atic

set

tin

g

Po

lar

clim

atic

se

ttin

g

Gla

cier

rel

ated

se

ttin

g

Sub

aqu

eou

s se

ttin

g M

arin

e se

ttin

g B

iolo

gica

l ree

f; b

asin

p

lain

; Co

nti

nen

tal

shel

f; e

tc.

Sho

relin

e se

ttin

g D

elat

ic s

yste

m; C

oas

tal

pla

in

Wet

lan

d s

etti

ng

Bo

g B

asin

bo

g; B

lan

ket

bo

g

Sub

aeri

al s

etti

ng

Aeo

lian

pro

cess

; P

ied

mo

nt

slo

pe

syst

em

cave

Earth interior setting

Low

pre

ssu

re h

igh

te

mp

erat

ure

set

tin

g

Hig

h p

ress

ure

low

te

mp

erat

ure

set

tin

g

Ult

ra h

igh

pre

ssu

re

cru

stal

set

tin

g

Tectonic setting

Pas

sive

co

nti

nen

tal

mar

gin

set

tin

g

Pla

te m

argi

n s

etti

ng

Fore

arc

sett

ing:

V

olc

anic

arc

set

tin

g

Bac

k-ar

c se

ttin

g

Co

llisi

on

al s

etti

ng

Fore

lan

d s

etti

ng

Hin

terl

and

tec

ton

ic

sett

ing

The property EventEnvironment can

be used to describe the environment

in which the GeologicUnit was

formed, e.g. in a ‘Basin plain setting’

or in a ‘volcanic arc setting’.

It is mandatory for Quaternary.

Portrayal Rules: visualizing the content and its status of harmonisation …

Portrayal Rules: visualizing the content and its status of harmonisation …

Portrayal rules for faults and contacts

faults contacts

Results

ECP-2007-GEO-317001

OneGeology-Europe

Scientific/Semantic Data Specification and Dictionaries - Generic Specification for Spatial Geological Data in Europe -

Authors: K. Asch, M. Bavec, S. Bergman, F. Perez Cerdan, P. Y. Declercq, D. Janjou, S. Kacer, S. Klicker, M. Nironen, M. Pantaloni, C. Schubert

August 31, 2010

http://www.geology.cz/1geplus/support

Conclusions

• This OneGeology Europe Scientific/Semantic Data Specification and Dictionaries describes in detail the contents and scientific content model, the classifications, terms and the usage of the vocabulary that will be the base for the Geological Surveys to describe the geology of their country within the project. This is based on existing standards as far as possible.

• The vocabulary deals with an extremely sensitive issue as each European nation has a long held tradition of describing geoscience data in accordance with its own national convention.

• This vocabulary represent a compromise between national schemes; a pan-European cross-boundary approach for geological map data at 1:1M scale; and consistency with a global vocabulary.

• This specification is extremely important; the final version ultimately enable semantic interoperability and also progress to the harmonisation of the data.

• This specification form one of the foundations and inputs for the INSPIRE Geological Data Specification.