Data Representation and Memory Storage
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Transcript of Data Representation and Memory Storage
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Data Representation and Memory Storage
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Data Representation
• How does a computer represent a song? A picture? A video?
• Bits – 0’s and 1’s
• So how does a computer represent bits?
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Data Representation
• OR Magnetic orientation of the poles of a magnet represent the state of a bit
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Data Representation
• A byte is 8 bits• A byte represents many things in a computer
such as characters, commands, colors, etc.
• All computer instructions are done by doing arithmetic operations on bytes
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How to add two numbers in Binary?
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Data Representation
• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is the most widely used coding scheme to represent data
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Data Representation
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64 Bit OS vs. a 32 Bit OS
• Refers to the size of registers used by your CPU
• Supports more RAM• More efficient
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Memory
• Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data
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Memory
Column1 Approximate Number of Bytes Text Pages
Kilobyte 1,000 ½ page
Megabyte 1,000,000 500
Gigabyte 1,000,000,000 500,000
Terabyte 1,000,000,000,000 500,000,000
Petabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000
Exabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000,000
Zettabyte 1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000
Yotabyte 1E+21,000
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Memory
• Two types of memory– Volatile: Program and data when being processed.
Data is lost when power is turned off.– Non-Volatile: Hold configuration information,
basic startup instructions.Keeps data even without power.
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Storage Capability
• Capacity - The amount of data, in bytes, the storage can hold
• Access Time - The amount of time it takes a storage device to locate an item on a storage medium
• Transfer Rate - The time required to deliver an item to or from storage to the processor.
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Storage CapabilityCapacity <Access Rate >Transfer Speed> Type General Usage
Cache Memory Items waiting for use by processor
RAM Items waiting for use by processor
Flash Memory System configuration information Photos, tunes, …
Solid State DriveOperating system, application software, data
Hard Disk DriveOperating system, application software, data
Optical DiskMovies, music, software to be installed
Tape Backup copies of dataCapacity >Access Rate <Transfer Speed<
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Hard Disk Drives
• Contains one or more inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store data, instructions, and information
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Hard Disk Drives
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Hard Disk Drives
• Circuit board controls the movement of the head
• Small motor spins the platters• Head determines the location of the data
(read or write)• Head motor moves head to position head over
data
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Hard Disk Drive
• A head crash occurs when a read/write head touches the surface of a platter
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Hard Disk Drive
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Flash Memory
• Non-Volatile• Electronically erased and reprogrammed• Stores information in cells that contain 1 bit• Lower latency, faster, less noisy, less power
consumed, more reliable than hard drives
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Solid State Drives
• Uses Flash Memory
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RAM – Random Access Memory
• Volatile• Many times faster than Hard Disk
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Cache
• Used by the CPU to reduce average time to access memory.
• Smaller and faster than RAM
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Speed Differences
• SSD vs. HDD – 10 times faster
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Speed Differences
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Cloud Storage
• Networked online storage
• Data centers *Amazon, Last week
• Data is distributed it is stored at more locations
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Cloud Storage
• Not cost efficient for the average computer user
• More security risks• Download and upload rates• Companies can go bankrupt or be shut down
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Optical Disks and Drives
• A disk drive that uses laser light or electromagnetic waves within or near the visible light spectrum as part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical disks
• Photodiodes detects the light reflection
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Read and Write Disks
• To write to an optical disk, use a laser to melt the crystalline metal alloy
• Can be melted back