Data Interchange Standards in Healthcare Rev'd Sunday A. Folayan General Data Engineering Services,...

Data Interchange Standards in Healthcare

Rev'd Sunday A. FolayanGeneral Data Engineering Services,

Ibadan, [email protected] http://www.skannet.com.ng

26-Oct-2015 Data Standards in eHealth 2

The Semiotic Triangle

Thought to Symbol is correctness

Thought to Referent is Adequateness

Symbol to referent is Truth


Representation Constraints The English Language, or Russian, or

German. If you cannot describe it, you cannot document it.

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII). All Computers use ASCII Characters for Communication


Data

Data represents quantities, characters, or symbols on which operations are performed by a computer, stored and recorded on varied storage devices and transmitted in the form of digital electrical signals.


DatabaseA database is an organized collection of data

whose content must be quickly and easily Accessed Managed Updated

Data need not be used where it is stored. This means there must be some common format for exchanging data while maintaining its integrity.


Database Tables (Relations) Each column is an attribute Each row is a record or tuple

Attribute 1(column 1)

Attribute 2(column 2)

Record 1(tuple 1)

Record 2(tuple 2)


Primary An attribute or group of attributes which uniquely

identifies each record in a table May not be a Null value

Foreign When a primary key in a table it used in another

table, it is called a foreign key used primarily for enforcing referential integrity,

but also for establishing relationships between the two tables

Keys


One-to-one (1-to-1) One-to-many (1-to-M or 1-to-) Many-to-Many (M-to-M or -to-)

Key Relationships


The Entity-Attribute Model

Entities are Doctors, Patients, Invoices

Attributes include Name, Ailment, Amount etc.


First Normal Form (1NF) All attributes are single valued & non-repeating

Second Normal Form (2NF) Must be 1NF & must have primary key Each non-primary key attribute must be

functionally dependent on primary key Third Normal form (3NF)

Must be 2NF Each non-primary key attribute must be

dependent only on primary key

Normalization(logical organization)


The OSI ModelLayered Approach to Data Communications

Seven Layers AltogetherEach Layer Performs a Unique FunctionEach Layer Has Its Own ProtocolProtocol Messages in Upper Layer is Data to Layer Below


The OSI Model

The Seven Layers

Physical

Link

Network

Transport

Session

Presentation

Application

Unreliable Wire, Telco Line

Reliable Across Physical Line

Unreliable Thru Multi-Node Network

Reliable End to End

Sync Points and Dialogs

Data Representation & Syntax

User Level Processing

RS232, T1, 802.x

LAPB, HDLC

X.25 Pkt, IP

TCP

ISO Session

ISO Presentation

Telnet, FTP, Mail

Layer Name Description Examples


Health Level 7

Health Level-7 or HL7 refers to a set of international standards for transfer of clinical and administrative data between software applications used by various healthcare providers. These standards focus on the application layer, which is "layer 7" in the OSI model.


Health Level 7HL7 specifies a number of flexible standards,

guidelines, and methodologies by which various healthcare systems can communicate with each other. These data standards are meant to allow healthcare organizations to easily share clinical information. Theoretically, this ability to exchange information should help to minimize the tendency for medical care to be geographically isolated and highly variable.


HL7 Standards

Version 2.x Messaging Standard – an interoperability specification for health and medical transactions

Version 3 Messaging Standard – an interoperability specification for health and medical transactions

Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) – an exchange model for clinical documents, based on HL7 Version 3


HL7 Standards (Cont.)

Continuity of Care Document (CCD) - a US specification for the exchange of medical summaries, based on CDA.

Structured Product Labeling (SPL) – the published information that accompanies a medicine, based on HL7 Version 3

Clinical Context Object Workgroup (CCOW) – an interoperability specification for the visual integration of user applications


Guiding Principles for Sharing Data Stakeholder Inclusiveness

– Industry-wide collaboration– Open cooperation across geographic

boundaries whether local, regional, national or international

– Market competition should be valued to achieve cost effectiveness

Data Protection [Authentication, Authorization] Innovation – Intellectual property Management

Data Interchange Standards in Healthcare Rev'd Sunday A. Folayan General Data Engineering Services,...

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