Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan...

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Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1 , Rui Tan 2 , Benyuan Liu 3 , JianpingWang 2 , Xiaohua Jia 2 ,Chih-wei Yi 4 1 Michigan State University, 2 City University of Hong Kong, 3 University of Massachusetts Lowell, 4 National Chiao Tung University, Taiwan
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Page 1: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks

Guoliang Xing1, Rui Tan2, Benyuan Liu3, JianpingWang2, Xiaohua Jia2,Chih-wei Yi4

1Michigan State University, 2City University of Hong Kong, 3University of Massachusetts Lowell,  4National Chiao Tung 

University, Taiwan

Page 2: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

Outline• Motivation

– Limitations of current studies on sensing coverage

• Problem definition– (α,β)-coverage under disc and fusion models

• Scaling laws of network density for coverage– Disc model vs. data fusion model

• Simulations2

Page 3: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

Mission-critical Sensing Applications

• Large spatial deployment region• Resource-constrained sensor nodes• Stringent performance requirements

– High sensing prob., e.g., 99%, low false alarm rate, e.g., 1%3

100 seismometers in UCLA campus [Estrin 02] acoustic sensors detecting AAV http://www.ece.wisc.edu/~sensit/

Page 4: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

• Fundamental requirement of critical apps– How well is a region monitored by sensors?– Full coverage: any point in a region is covered

• Network density to achieve full coverage– Critical metric for deployment cost and lifetime

Sensing Coverage

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Page 5: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

State of the Art• Numerous studies on coverage protocols/analysis

– Our earlier work [sensys 03] cited >600 on Google Scholar– K-coverage and barrier coverage

• Most existing results are based on simplistic models– All 5 related papers since MobiCom 04 assumed disc model– Ignored sensing uncertainties and collaboration

• Collaborative signal processing theories– Focused on small-scale networks– Made performance analysis of large networks difficult

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Page 6: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

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Sensing Model✘ The (in)famous disc model

✘ Any target within r is detected✘ Deterministic and independent sensing

✔ Real-world event sensing• Probabilistic, no cookie-cutter like “sensing range”!• Collaborative sensing is a must

r

Real Acoustic Vehicle Detection Experiments [Duarte 04]

Page 7: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

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Sensor Measurement Model• Reading of sensor i is yi = si + ni

• Decayed target energy 

• Noise energy follows normal distribution ni ~ N(μ,σ2) • Signal to noise ratio (SNR) is S /σ

, 2 ≤ k ≤ 5

Real Acoustic Vehicle Detection Experiments [Duarte 04]

k

i

iiix

xwxwSs1

)();(

Page 8: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

N – CDF of Normal distributionsi – Energy reading of sensor i

Data Fusion Model• Sensors within distance R from target fuse their readings

– The sum of readings is compared again a threshold η– R is the fusion range

• False alarm rate   PF = 1-N(n· η)

• Detection probability PD = 1 –N(n·η - Σsi)

R

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Page 9: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

Outline• Motivation

– Limitations of current studies on sensing coverage

• Problem definition– (α,β)-coverage under disc and fusion models

• Scaling laws of network density for coverage– Disc model vs. data fusion model

• Simulations9

Page 10: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

(α,β)-Coverage• A physical point p is (α,β)-covered if 

– The system false alarm rate PF ≤ α – For target at p, the detection prob. PD ≥ β

• (α,β)-coverage is the fraction of points in a region that are (α,β)-covered– Full (α,β)-coverage: any point is (α,β)-covered

• Random network deployment– Nodes deployed by Poisson process of density ρ

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Page 11: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

Disc and Fusion Coverage• Coverage under the disc model

– Sensors independently detect targets within sensing range r

• Coverage under the fusion model– Sensors collaborate to detect targets within fusion range R

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grayscale represents PD

Page 12: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

(α,β)-Coverage under Disc Model

• Choose sensing range r s.t. if any point is covered by a sensor, the region is (α,β)-covered

ρd: density of networkQ-1: inverse Complementary CDF of std Normal distr.

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2

1Coverage rde

SNR

QQw

)()(r

111

[Liu 2004]

Page 13: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

(α,β)-Coverage under Fusion Model

• The (α,β)-coverage of a network of density ρf

Г(R) is function of fusion range R, α, β and w(.)

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optimal fusion range

2

2)(Coverage

R

RRQ

d

d

opt fusion range

grows w density!

Page 14: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

Outline• Motivation

– Limitations of current studies on sensing coverage

• Problem definition– (α,β)-coverage under disc and fusion models

• Scaling laws of network density for coverage– How does network density grow when coverage  1– Disc model vs. data fusion model

• Simulations14

Page 15: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

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Full Coverage with Opt Fusion Range

• ρf and ρd are densities of random networks under fusion and disc models

• When k=2 (acoustic signals)

• Density significantly reduced via data fusion! 

5k2 ,/11 kdf

df

Page 16: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

Network Density vs. SNR

• For full coverage with fixed fusion range R 

• Disc model is good for high SNR and small k– Most low-power sensors have low SNRs, and k ≥ 2

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k

d

f SNR2

Page 17: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

Coverage with Non-opt Fusion Range

• Density ratio ρf/ρd satisfies

• ρf << ρd for high coverage requirement– Fusion range R may grow with network density– Sensing range r is a constant

2

22

R

r

d

f

17

SNR

QQw

)()(r

111

Page 18: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

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Trace-driven Simulations• Data traces collected from 75 acoustic sensors in vehicle 

detection experiments [Duarte 04]– α=0.05, β=0.95, deployment region: 1000m x 1000m

fusion saves more sensors

Page 19: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

Conclusions

• Reveal limitations of current analytical results– Only applicable for slowly decaying signals with high SNRs– Disc model significantly underestimates coverage

• Provide insights into fusion design of large networks– Data fusion can significantly improve coverage!– Fusion parameters (e.g., fusion range) are critical

• First step toward bridging the gap bw CSP and  performance analysis of sensor networks

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Page 20: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

Future Work

• Fusion-based coverage for regular deployments

• Fusion-based coverage for moving targets

• Deployment algorithms for fusion-based coverage

Page 21: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

Simulation on Synthetic Data

• k=2, target position is localized as the geometric center of fusing nodes

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Page 22: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

Coverage under Disc Model• Deterministic deployment

– Optimal topology is hexagon• Random deployment

– Sensors deployed by a Poisson point process of density ρ– The coverage (fraction of points covered by at least one sensor):

deterministic deployment random deployment 22

[Liu 2004]

Page 23: Data Fusion Improves the Coverage of Wireless Sensor Networks Guoliang Xing 1, Rui Tan 2, Benyuan Liu 3, Jianping Wang 2, Xiaohua Jia 2,Chih-wei Yi 4 1.

Contributions

• Introduce probabilistic and collaborative sensing models in the analysis of coverage– Data fusion: sensors combine data for better inferences

• Derive scaling laws of network density for full coverage

• Compare the performance of disc and fusion models– Data fusion can significantly improve coverage!

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