Data Communication & Networking, Farozen Bits

Data Communications and Networking, 4/e

Behrouz A. Forouzan

1. INTRODUCTION

1. The _______ is the physical path over which a message travels.A)Protocol

B)Medium

C)Signal

D)All the above2 ). The information to be communicated in a data communications system is the _______.A)Medium

B)Protocol

C)Message

D)Transmission3 ). Frequency of failure and network recovery time after a failure are measures of the _______ of a

network.A)Performance

B)Reliability

C)Security

D)Feasibility4 ). An unauthorized user is a network _______ issue.A)Performance

B)Reliability

C)Security

D)All the above5 ). Which topology requires a central controller or hub?A)Mesh

B)Star

C)Bus

D)Ring6 ). Which topology requires a multipoint connection?A)Mesh

B)Star

C)Bus

D)Ring

7 ). Communication between a computer and a keyboard involves ______________ transmission.A)simplex

B)half-duplex

C)full-duplex

D)automatic8 ). A television broadcast is an example of _______ transmission.A)simplex

B)half-duplex

C)full-duplex

D)automatic9 ). A _______ connection provides a dedicated link between two devices.A)point-to-point

B)multipoint

C)primary

D)secondary10 ). In a _______ connection, more than two devices can share a single link.A)point-to-point

B)multipoint

C)primary

D)secondary11 ). In _______ transmission, the channel capacity is shared by both communicating devices at all

times.A)simplex

B) half-duplex

C)full-duplex

D)half-simplex12 ). In the original ARPANET, _______ were directly connected together.A)IMPs

B)host computers

C)networks

D)routers13 ). This was the first network.

B)NSFNETC)ANSNET

D)ARPANET

A)CSNET

14 ). Which organization has authority over interstate and international commerce in the communications field?

A)ITU-T

B)IEEE

C)FCC

D)ISOC15 ). _______ are special-interest groups that quickly test, evaluate, and standardize new technologies.

A)Forums

B)Regulatory agencies

C)Standards organizations

D)All of the above16 ). Which agency developed standards for physical connection interfaces and electronic signaling

specifications?A)EIA

B)ITU-T

C)ANSI

D)ISO17 ). _______ is the protocol suite for the current Internet.A)TCP/IP

B)NCP

C)UNIX

D)ACM18 ). _______ refers to the structure or format of the data, meaning the order in which they are

presented.A)Semantics

B)Syntax

C)Timing

D)All of the above19 ). ________ defines how a particular pattern to be interpreted, and what action is to be taken based

on that interpretation.A)Semantics

B)Syntax

C)Timing

D)None of the above

20 ). _______ refers to two characteristics: when data should be sent and how fast it can be sent.A)Semantics

B)Syntax

C)Timing

D)none of the above21 ). Data flow between two devices can occur in a _______ way.A)simplex

B)half-duplex

C)full-duplex

D)all of the above22 ). In a ______ connection, two and only two devices are connected by a dedicated link.A)multipoint

B)point-to-point

C)(a) and (b)

D)none of the above23 ). In a ________ connection, three or more devices share a link.A)multipoint

B)point-to-point

C)(a) and (b)

D)none of the above24 ). ______ refers to the physical or logical arrangement of a network.A)Data flow

B)Mode of operation

C)Topology

D)None of the above25 ). Devices may be arranged in a _____ topology.A)mesh

B)ring

C)bus

D)all of the above26 ). A _______ is a data communication system within a building, plant, or campus, or between nearby

buildings.

A)MAN

B)LAN

C)WAN

D)none of the above27 ). A ______ is a data communication system spanning states, countries, or the whole world.A)MAN

B)LAN

C)WAN

D)none of the above28 ). ________ is a collection of many separate networks.A)A WAN

B)An internet

C)a LAN

D)None of the above29 ). There are ______________ Internet service providers.A)local

B)regional

C)national and international

D)all of the above30 ). A ________ is a set of rules that governs data communication.A)forum

B)protocol

C)standard

D)none of the above31 ). ________ is an idea or concept that is a precursor to an Internet standard.A)RCF

B)RFC

C)ID

D)none of the above

2. NETWORK MODELS1. The Internet model consists of _______ layers.

A)Three

B)Five

C)Seven

D)Eight2 ). The process-to-process delivery of the entire message is the responsibility of the _______ layer.A)Network

B)Transport

C)Application

D)Physical3 ). The _______ layer is the layer closest to the transmission medium.A)Physical

B)Data link

C)Network

D)Transport4 ). Mail services are available to network users through the _______ layer.A)Data link

B)Physical

C)Transport

D)Application5 ). As the data packet moves from the upper to the lower layers, headers are _______.A)Added

B)Removed

C)Rearranged

D)Modified

6 ). The _______ layer lies between the network layer and the application layer.A)Physical

B)Data link

C)Transport

D)None of the above

7 ). Layer 2 lies between the physical layer and the _______ layer.A)Network

B)Data link

C)Transport

D)None of the above8 ). When data are transmitted from device A to device B, the header from A's layer 4 is read by B's

_______ layer.A)Physical

B)Transport

C)Application

D)None of the above9 ). The _______ layer changes bits into electromagnetic signals.A)Physical

B)Data link

C)Transport

D)None of the above10 ). Which of the following is an application layer service?A)Remote log-in

B)File transfer and access

C)Mail service

D)All the above11 ). Why was the OSI model developed?A)Manufacturers disliked the TCP/IP protocol suite.

B)The rate of data transfer was increasing exponentially

C)Standards were needed to allow any two systems to communicate

D)None of the above12 ). The _______ model shows how the network functions of a computer ought to be organized.A)CCITT

B)OSI

C)ISO

D)ANSI13 ). The physical layer is concerned with the movement of _______ over the physical medium.A)programs

B)dialogs

C)protocols

D)bits14 ). The OSI model consists of _______ layers.A)three

B)five

C)seven

D)eight15 ). In the OSI model, as a data packet moves from the lower to the upper layers, headers are _______.

A)added

B)removed

C)rearranged

D)modified16 ). In the OSI model, when data is transmitted from device A to device B, the header from A's layer 5

is read by B's _______ layer.A)physical

B)transport

C)session

D)presentation17 ). In the OSI model, what is the main function of the transport layer?A)node-to-node delivery

B)process-to-process message delivery

C)synchronization

D)updating and maintenance of routing tables18 ). In the OSI model, encryption and decryption are functions of the ________ layer.A)transport

B)session

C)presentation

D)application19 ). When a host on network A sends a message to a host on network B, which address does the router

look at?A)port

B)logical

C)physical

D)none of the above

20 ). To deliver a message to the ). application program running on a host, the _______ address must be consulted.

A)port

B)IP

C)physical

D)none of the above21 ). IPv6 has _______ -bit addresses.A)32

B)64

C)128

D)variable

22 ). ICMPv6 includes _______.A)IGMP

B)ARP

C)RARP

D)a and b23 ). The ______ layer is responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next.A)physical

B)data link

C)transport

D)none of the above24 ). The ______ layer adds a header to the packet coming from the upper layer that includes the logical

addresses of the sender and receiver.A)physical

B)data link

C)network

D)none of the above25 ). The_________ layer is responsible for the delivery of a message from one process to another.A)physical

B)transport

C)network

D)none of the above26 ). The Internetworking Protocol (IP) is a ________ protocol.A)reliable

B)connection-oriented

C)both a and b

D)none of the above27 ). _______ is a process-to-process protocol that adds only port addresses, checksum error control,

and length information to the data from the upper layer.A)TCP

B)UDP

C)IP

D)none of the above28 ). __________ provides full transport layer services to applications.A)TCP

B)UDP

C)ARP

D)none of the above29 ). The ________ address, also known as the link address, is the address of a node as defined by its

LAN or WAN.A)port

B)physical

C)logical

D)none of the above30 ). Ethernet uses a ______ physical address that is imprinted on the network interface card (NIC).A)32-bit

B)64-bit

C)6-byte

D)none of the above31 ). A port address in TCP/IP is ______ bits long.A)32

B)48

C)16

D)none of the above

32 ). The ____ created a model called the Open Systems Interconnection, which allows diverse systems to communicate.

A)OSI

B)ISO

C)IEEE

D)none of the above

33 ). The seven-layer _____ model provides guidelines for the development of universally compatible networking protocols.

A)OSI

B)ISO

C)IEEE

D)none of the above34 ). The physical, data link, and network layers are the ______ support layers.A)user

B)network

C)both (a) and (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)35 ). The session, presentation, and application layers are the ____ support layers.A)user

B)network

C)both (a) and (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)36 ). The _______ layer links the network support layers and the user support layers.A)transport

B)network

C)data link

D)session37 ). The _______ layer coordinates the functions required to transmit a bit stream over a physical

medium.A)transport

B)network

C)data link

D)physical38 ). The _______ layer is responsible for delivering data units from one station to the next without

errors.

A)transport

B)network

C)data link

D)physical

39 ). The ______ layer is responsible for the source-to-destination delivery of a packet across multiple network links.

A)transport

B)network

C)data link

D)physical40 ). The ________ layer is responsible for the process-to-process delivery of the entire message.A)transport

B)network

C)data link

D)physical41 ). The ______ layer establishes, maintains, and synchronizes the interactions between

communicating devices.A)transport

B)network

C)session

D)physical42 ). The _______ layer ensures interoperability between communicating devices through

transformation of data into a mutually agreed upon format.A)transport

B)network

C)data link

D)presentation

43 ). The _________ layer enables the users to access the network.A)transport

B)application

C)data link

D)physical44 ). TCP/IP is a ______ hierarchical protocol suite developed ____ the OSI model.A)seven-layer;

before

B)five-layer; before

C)six-layer; before

D)five-layer; after

45 ). The TCP/IP _______ layer is equivalent to the combined session, presentation, and application layers of the OSI model.

A)application

B)network

C)data link

D)physical46 ). The ________ address, also known as the link address, is the address of a node as defined by its

LAN or WAN.A)physical

B)IP

C)port

D)specific47 ). The ____ address uniquely defines a host on the Internet.A)physical

B)IP

C)portD)specific48 ). The_____ address identifies a process on a host.A) physical

B) IPC) port

D) specific

3. DATA AND SIGNALS

1. Before data can be transmitted, they must be transformed to ________.A)periodic signals

B)electromagnetic signals

C)aperiodic signals

D)low-frequency sine waves2 ). A periodic signal completes one cycle in 0.001 s. What is the frequency?A)1 Hz

B)100 Hz

C)1 KHz

D)1 MHz3 ). In a frequency-domain plot, the horizontal axis measures the ________.A)peak amplitude

B)frequency

C)phase

D)slope4 ). In a time-domain plot, the horizontal axis is a measure of ________.A)signal amplitude

B)frequency

C)phase

D)time5 ). If the bandwidth of a signal is 5 KHz and the lowest frequency is 52 KHz, what is the highest

frequency?A)5 KHzB)10 KHzC)47 KHz

D)57 KHz6 ). What is the bandwidth of a signal that ranges from 1 MHz to 4 MHz?A)4 MHz

B)1 KHz

C)3 MHz

D)none of the above

7 ). As frequency increases, the period ________.A)decreases

B)increases

C)remains the same

D)doubles8 ). Given two sine waves A and B, if the frequency of A is twice that of B, then the period of B is

________ that of A.A)one-half

B)twice

C)the same as

D)indeterminate from9 ). A sine wave is ________.A)periodic and continuous

B)aperiodic and continuous

C)periodic and discrete

D)aperiodic and discrete10 ). If the maximum amplitude of a sine wave is 2 V, the minimum amplitude is ________ V.A)2

B)1

C)-2

D)between -2 and 2

11 ). A signal is measured at two different points. The power is P1 at the first point and P2 at the second point. The dB is 0. This means ________.

A)P2 is zeroB)P2 equals P1

C)P2 is much larger than P1

D)P2 is much smaller than P1

12 ). ________ is a type of transmission impairment in which the signal loses strength due to the resistance of the transmission medium.

A)Attenuation

B)Distortion

C)Noise

D)Decibel13 ). ________ is a type of transmission impairment in which the signal loses strength due to the

different propagation speeds of each frequency that makes up the signal.A)Attenuation

B)Distortion

C)Noise

D)Decibel14 ). ________ is a type of transmission impairment in which an outside source such as crosstalk

corrupts a signal.A)Attenuation

B)Distortion

C)Noise

D)Decibel15 ). When propagation speed is multiplied by propagation time, we get the ________.A)throughput

B)wavelength of the signal

C)distortion factor

D)distance a signal or bit has traveled16 ). Data can be ________.A)analog

B) digitalC) (a) or (b)

D) none of the above17 ). ______ data are continuous and take continuous values.A)analog

B)digital

C)(a) or (b)

D)none of the above18 ). _______ data have discrete states and take discrete values.A)Analog

B)Digital

C)(a) or (b)

D)None of the above19 ). Signals can be ________.A)analog

B)digital

C)either (a) or (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)20 ). _____ signals can have an infinite number of values in a range.A)Analog

B)Digital

C)(a) or (b)

D)None of the above21 ). _______ signals can have only a limited number of values.A)Analog

B)Digital

C)(a) or (b)

D)None of the above22 ). Frequency and period are ______.A)inverse of each otherB)proportional to each otherC)the same

D)none of the above23 ). ________is the rate of change with respect to time.A)Amplitude

B)Time

C)Frequency

D)Voltage24 ). _______ describes the position of the waveform relative to time 0.A)Frequency

B)Phase

C)Amplitude

D)Voltage25 ). A sine wave in the ______ domain can be represented by one single spike in the _____ domain.

A)time; frequency

B)frequency; time

C)time; phase

D)phase; time26 ). A _________ sine wave is not useful in data communications; we need to send a _______ signal.A)composite; single-frequency

B)single-frequency; composite

C)single-frequency; double-frequency

D)none of the above27 ). The _____ of a composite signal is the difference between the highest and the lowest frequencies

contained in that signal.A)frequency

B)period

C)bandwidth

D)amplitude28 ). A(n)_________ signal is a composite analog signal with an infinite bandwidth.A)digital

B)analog

C)either (a) or (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)29 ). Baseband transmission of a digital signal is possible only if we have a ____ channel.A)low-pass

B)bandpass

C)low rate

D)high rate30 ). If the available channel is a ____ channel, we cannot send a digital signal directly to the channel.A)low-pass

B)bandpass

C)low rate

D)high rate31 ). For a ______ channel, the Nyquist bit rate formula defines the theoretical maximum bit rate.A)noisy

B)noiseless

C)bandpass

D)low-pass32 ). For a ______ channel, we need to use the Shannon capacity to find the maximum bit rate.A)noisy

B)noiseless

C)bandpass

D)low-pass33 ). _________ can impair a signal.A)Attenuation

B)DistortionC)Noise

D)All of the above34 ). The _________ product defines the number of bits that can fill the link.A)bandwidth-periodB)frequency-

amplitude

C)bandwidth-delayD)delay-amplitude

4. DIGITAL TRANSMISSION1. Unipolar, bipolar, and polar encoding are types of _______ encoding.

A)line

B)block

C)NRZ

D)Manchester

2 ). _______ encoding has a transition at the middle of each bit.A)RZ

B)Manchester

C)Differential Manchester

D)All the above3 ). _______ encoding has a transition at the beginning of each 0 bit.A)RZ

B)Manchester

C)Differential Manchester

D)All the above4 ). PCM is an example of _______ conversion.A)digital-to-digital

B)digital-to-analog

C)analog-to-analog

D)analog-to-digital5 ). If the frequency spectrum of a signal has a bandwidth of 500 Hz with the highest frequency at 600

Hz, what should be the sampling rate, according to the Nyquist theorem?A)200 samples/s

B)500 samples/s

C)1000 samples/s

D)1200 samples/s6 ). The Nyquist theorem specifies the minimum sampling rate to be_______.A)equal to the lowest frequency of a

signal

B)equal to the highest frequency of a signal

C)twice the bandwidth of a signal

D)twice the highest frequency of a signal

7 ). Which of the following encoding methods does not provide for synchronization?A)NRZ-L

B)RZ

C)NRZ-I

D)Manchester

8 ). Which encoding method uses alternating positive and negative values for 1s?A)NRZ-I

B)RZ

C)Manchester

D)AMI9 ). Which quantization level results in a more faithful reproduction of the signal?A)2

B)8

C)16

D)3210 ). Block coding can help in _______ at the receiver.A)Synchronization

B)Error detection

C)Attenuation

D)(a) and (b)

11 ). In _______ transmission, bits are transmitted simultaneously, each across its own wire.A)Asynchronous serial

B)Synchronous serial

C)Parallel

D)(a) and (b)

12 ). In _______ transmission, bits are transmitted over a single wire, one at a time.A)asynchronous

serial

B)synchronous serial

C)parallel

D)(a) and (b)

13 ). In _______ transmission, a start bit and a stop bit frame a character byte.A)asynchronous

serial

B)synchronous serialC)parallel

D)(a) and (b)

14 ). In asynchronous transmission, the gap time between bytes is _______.A)fixed

B)variable

C)a function of the data rate

D)zero15 ). ___________ conversion involves three techniques: line coding, block coding, and scrambling.A)Analog-to-digital

B)Digital-to-analog

C)Analog-to-analog

D)Digital-to-digital16 ). ________ is the process of converting digital data to a digital signal.A)Block coding

B)Line coding

C)Scrambling

D)None of the above17 ). _______ provides redundancy to ensure synchronization and inherent error detection.A)Block coding

B)Line coding

C)Scrambling

D)None of the above18 ). ________ is normally referred to as mB/nB coding; it replaces each m-bit group with an n-bit

group.A)Block coding

B)Line coding

C)Scrambling

D)None of the above19 ). ________ provides synchronization without increasing the number of bits.A)Scrambling

B)Line coding

C)Block coding

D)None of the above20 ). Two common scrambling techniques are ________.A)NRZ and RZB)AMI and NRZ

C)B8ZS and HDB3D)Manchester and differential

Manchester21 ). The most common technique to change an analog signal to digital data is called __________.A)PAL

B)PCM

C)sampling

D)none of the above22 ). The first step in PCM is ________.A)quantization

B)modulation

C)sampling

D)none of the above23 ). There are three sampling methods: __________.A)quantized, sampled, and ideal

B)ideal, sampled, and flat-top

C)ideal, natural, and flat-top

D)none of the above24 ). ______ finds the value of the signal amplitude for each sample; ____ finds the change from the

previous sample.A)DM; PCM

B)PCM; DM

C)DM; CM

D)none of the above25 ). While there is (are) only _____ way(s) to send parallel data, there is (are) three subclass(es) of

serial transmission.A)one; two

B)two; three

C)one; three

D)none of the above26 ). In ______ transmission, we send 1 start bit (0) at the beginning and 1 or more stop bits (1s) at the

end of each byte.A)synchronous

B)asynchronous

C)isochronous

D)none of the above27 ). In _________ transmission, we send bits one after another without start or stop bits or gaps. It is

the responsibility of the receiver to group the bits.A)synchronous

B)asynchronous

C)isochronous

D)none of the above28 ). The ________ mode provides synchronization for the entire stream of bits must. In other words, it

guarantees that the data arrive at a fixed rate.A)synchronous

B)asynchronous

C)isochronous

D)none of the above29 ). A _________ digital signal includes timing information in the data being transmitted.A)self-synchronizing

B)self-modulated

C)self-transmitted

D)none of the above30 ). In decoding a digital signal, the receiver calculates a running average of the received signal power,

called the _______.A)baseline

B)base

C)line

D)none of the above31 ). The ________ rate defines the number of data elements sent in 1s; the ______ rate is the number

of signal elements sent in 1s.A)data; signal

B)signal; data

C)baud; bit

D)none of the above32 ). The signal rate is sometimes called the ____ rate.A)baud

B)bit

C)signal

D)none of the above33 ). The data rate is sometimes called the ___ rate.A)baud

B)bit

C)signal

D)none of the above34 ). In a _____ scheme, all the signal levels are on one side of the time axis, either above or below.A)polar

B)bipolar

C)unipolar

D)all of the above35 ). In ______ schemes, the voltages are on the both sides of the time axis. For example, the voltage

level for 0 can be positive and the voltage level for 1 can be negative.A)polar

B)bipolar

C)unipolar

D)all of the above36 ). In _____, the level of the voltage determines the value of the bit.A)NRZ-I

B)NRZ-L

C)both (a) and (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)37 ). In ______, the change or lack of change in the level of the voltage determines the value of the bit.

A)NRZ-I

B)NRZ-L

C)both (a) and (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)38 ). The idea of RZ and the idea of NRZ-L are combined into the ________ scheme.A)Mancheste

r

B)differential Manchester

C)both (a) and (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)39 ). The idea of RZ and the idea of NRZ-I are combined into the ________ scheme.A)Mancheste

r


C)both (a) and (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)40 ). In _______ encoding, the duration of the bit is divided into two halves. The voltage remains at one

level during the first half and moves to the other level in the second half. The transition at the middle of the bit provides synchronization.

A)Manchester


C)both (a) and (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)41 ). In ___________ there is always a transition at the middle of the bit, but the bit values are

determined at the beginning of the bit. If the next bit is 0, there is a transition; if the next bit is 1, there is none.

A)Manchester


C)both (a) and (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)42 ). In Manchester and differential Manchester encoding, the transition at the middle of the bit is used

for __________.A)bit transfer

B)baud transfer

C)synchronization

D)none of the above43 ). The minimum bandwidth of Manchester and differential Manchester is ____ that of NRZ.A)the same as

B)twice

C)thrice

D)none of the above44 ). In _______encoding, we use three levels: positive, zero, and negative.A)unipolar

B)bipolar

C)polar

D)none of the above45 ). The _____ scheme uses data patterns of size 2 and encodes the 2-bit patterns as one signal element

belonging to a four-level signal.A)4B5B

B)2B1Q

C)MLT-3

D)none of the above46 ). The ______ scheme uses three levels (+V, 0, and -V) and three transition rules to move between

the levels.A)4B5BB)2B1Q

C)MLT-3

D)none of the above47 ). ______ substitutes eight consecutive zeros with 000VB0VB.A)B4B8

B)HDB3

C)B8ZS

D)none of the above48 ). ______ substitutes four consecutive zeros with 000V or B00VA)B4B8

B)HDB3

C)B8ZSf

D)none of the above

5. ANALOG TRANSMISSION1. ASK, PSK, FSK, and QAM are examples of ________ conversion.

A)digital-to-digital

B)digital-to-analog

C)analog-to-analog

D)analog-to-digital2 ). AM and FM are examples of ________ conversion.A)digital-to-digital

B)digital-to-analog

C)analog-to-analog

D)analog-to-digital3 ). In QAM, both ________ of a carrier frequency are varied.A)frequency and amplitude

B)phase and frequency

C)amplitude and phaseD)none of the above4 ). If the baud rate is 400 for a QPSK signal, the bit rate is ________ bps.A)100

B)400

C)800

D)16005 ). If the bit rate for an ASK signal is 1200 bps, the baud rate is ________.A)300

B)400

C)600

D)12006 ). If the bit rate for an FSK signal is 1200 bps, the baud rate is ________.A)300

B)400

C)600

D)12007 ). If the bit rate for a 16-QAM signal is 4000 bps, what is the baud rate?A)300

B)400

C)1000

D)12008 ). If the baud rate for a 64-QAM signal is 2000, what is the bit rate?A)300

B)400

C)1000

D)120009 ). Given an AM radio signal with a bandwidth of 10 KHz and the highest-frequency component at 705

KHz, what is the frequency of the carrier signal?A)700 KHz

B)705 KHz

C)710 KHz

D)Cannot be determined from given information10 ). _______ conversion is the process of changing one of the characteristics of an analog signal based

on the information in the digital data.A)Digital-to-analog

B)Analog-to-analog

C)Analog-to-digital

D)Digital-to-digital11 ). Which of the following is not a digital-to-analog conversion?A)ASKB)PSKC)FSK

D)AM12 ). In ________, the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied to create signal elements. Both frequency

and phase remain constant.A)ASK

B)PSK

C)FSK

D)QAM13 ). In _________, the frequency of the carrier signal is varied to represent data. Both peak amplitude

and phase remain constant.A)ASK

B)PSK

C)FSK

D)QAM14 ). In ________, the phase of the carrier is varied to represent two or more different signal elements.

Both peak amplitude and frequency remain constant.A)ASK

B)PSK

C)FSK

D)QAM15 ). A constellation diagram shows us the __________ of a signal element, particularly when we are

using two carriers (one in-phase and one quadrature).A)amplitude and phase

B)amplitude and frequency

C)frequency and phase

D)none of the above16 ). Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is a combination of ___________.A)ASK and FSK

B)ASK and PSK

C)PSK and FSK

D)none of the above17 ). ________ uses two carriers, one in-phase and the other quadrature.A)ASK

B)PSK

C)FSK

D)QAM

18 ). _________ conversion is the representation of analog information by an analog signal.A)Digital-to-analog

B)Analog-to-analog

C)Analog-to-digital

D)Digital-to-digital19 ). Analog-to-analog conversion is needed if the available bandwidth is _______.A)low-pass

B)band-pass

C)either (a) or (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)20 ). Which of the following is not an analog-to-analog conversion?A)AM

B)PM

C)FM

D)QAM21 ). In _____ transmission, the carrier signal is modulated so that its amplitude varies with the

changing amplitudes of the modulating signal.A)AM

B)PM

C)FM

D)none of the above22 ). In _____ transmission, the frequency of the carrier signal is modulated to follow the changing

voltage level (amplitude) of the modulating signal. The peak amplitude and phase of the carrier signal remain constant, but as the amplitude of the information signal changes, the frequency of the carrier changes correspondingly.

A)AM

B)PM

C)FM

D)none of the above23 ). In _____ transmission, the phase of the carrier signal is modulated to follow the changing voltage

level (amplitude) of the modulating signal.

A)AM

B)PM

C)FM

D)none of the above

24 ). In _______, the peak amplitude of one signal level is 0; the other is the same as the amplitude of the carrier frequency.

A)PSK

B)OOK

C)FSK

D)none of the above

25 ). How many carrier frequencies are used in BASK?A)2

B)1

C)0

D)none of the above26 ). How many carrier frequencies are used in BFSK?A)2

B)1

C)0

D)none of the above27 ). How many carrier frequencies are used in BPSK?A)2

B)1

C)0

D)none of the above28 ). How many carrier frequencies are used in QPSK?A)2

B)1

C)0

D)none of the above29 ). The constellation diagram of BASK has ______ dots.A)2

B)1

C)0

D)none of the above30 ). The constellation diagram of BPSK has ______ dots.A)2

B)1

C)0

D)none of the above31 ). The constellation diagram of QPSK has ______ dots.A)2

B)1

C)4

D)none of the above32 ). The constellation diagram of 16-QAM has ______ dots.A)4

B)16

C)8

D)none of the above33 ). The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allows ______kHz for each AM station.A)5

B)10

C)20

D)none of the above34 ). The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allows ______ kHz for each FM station.A)20

B)100

C)200

D)none of the above

6. BANDWIDTH UTILIZATION: MULTIPLEXING AND SPREADING

1. The sharing of a medium and its link by two or more devices is called _______.A)modulation

B)encoding

C)line discipline

D)multiplexing2 ). Which multiplexing technique transmits analog signals?A)FDM

B)TDM

C)WDM

D)(a) and (c)

3 ). Which multiplexing technique transmits digital signals?A)FDM

B)TDM

C)WDM

D)None of the above4 ). Which multiplexing technique shifts each signal to a different carrier frequency?A)FDM

B)TDM

C)Both (a) and (b)

D)None of the above5 ). In synchronous TDM, for n signal sources of the same data rate, each frame contains _______ slots.

A)n

B)n + 1C)n - 1

D)0 to n6 ). In TDM, the transmission rate of the multiplexed path is usually _______ the sum of the

transmission rates of the signal sources.A)greater than

B)less than

C)equal to

D)not related to

7 ). Which multiplexing technique involves signals composed of light beams?A)FDM

B)TDM

C)WDM

D)none of the above8 ). _________ utilization is the use of available bandwidth to achieve specific goals.A)Frequency

B)Bandwidth

C)Amplitude

D)None of the above9 ). ________ can be achieved by using multiplexing; ______ can be achieved by using spreading.A)Efficiency; privacy and antijamming

B)Privacy and antijamming; efficiency

C)Privacy and efficiency; antijamming

D)Efficiency and antijamming; privacy10 ). ________ is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous transmission of multiple signals

across a single data link.A)Demodulating

B)Multiplexing

C)Compressing

D)None of the above

11 ). In a multiplexed system, __ lines share the bandwidth of ____ link.A)1; n

B)1; 1

C)n; 1

D)n; n12 ). The word ______ refers to the portion of a _______ that carries a transmission.A)channel; link

B)link; channel

C)line; channel

D)line; link13 ). ______ can be applied when the bandwidth of a link (in hertz) is greater than the combined

bandwidths of the signals to be transmitted.A)TDM

B)FDM

C)Both (a) or (b)

D)Neither (a) or (b)14 ). FSM is an _________technique.A)analog

B)digital

C)either (a) or (b)

D)none of the above15 ). ____ is designed to use the high bandwidth capability of fiber-optic cable.A)FDM

B)TDM

C)WDM

D)None of the above

16 ). ______ is an analog multiplexing technique to combine optical signals.A)FDM

B)TDM

C)WDM

D)None of the above17 ). _____ is a digital process that allows several connections to share the high bandwidth of a link.A)FDM

B)TDM

C)WDM

D)None of the above

18 ). _____ is a digital multiplexing technique for combining several low-rate channels into one high-rate one.

A)FDM

B)TDM

C)WDM

D)None of the above19 ). We can divide ____ into two different schemes: synchronous or statistical.A)FDM

B)TDM

C)WDM

D)none of the above20 ). In ________ TDM, each input connection has an allotment in the output even if it is not sending

data.A)synchronous

B)statistical

C)isochronous

D)none of the above

21 ). In ________ TDM, slots are dynamically allocated to improve bandwidth efficiency.A)synchronous

B)statistical

C)isochronous

D)none of the above22 ). In ________, we combine signals from different sources to fit into a larger bandwidth.A)spread spectrum

B)line coding

C)block coding

D)none of the above23 ). _______ is designed to be used in wireless applications in which stations must be able to share the

medium without interception by an eavesdropper and without being subject to jamming from a malicious intruder.

A)Spread spectrum

B)Multiplexing

C)Modulation

D)None of the above.

24 ). The _______ technique uses M different carrier frequencies that are modulated by the source signal. At one moment, the sign modulates one carrier frequency; at the next moment, the signal modulates another carrier frequency.

A)FDM

B)DSSS

C)FHSS

D)TDM25 ). The ______ technique expands the bandwidth of a signal by replacing each data bit with n bits.A)FDM

B)DSSS

C)FHSSD)TDM

7. TRANSMISSION MEDIA1. Transmission media are usually categorized as _______.

A)fixed or unfixed

B)guided or unguided

C)determinate or indeterminate

D)metallic or nonmetallic2 ). Transmission media lie below the _______ layer.A)physical

B)network

C)transport

D)application3 ). _______ cable consists of an inner copper core and a second conducting outer sheath.A)Twisted-pair

B)Coaxial

C)Fiber-optic

D)Shielded twisted-pair4 ). In fiber optics, the signal is _______ waves.A)light

B)radio

C)infrared

D)very low-frequency5 ). Which of the following primarily uses guided media?A)cellular telephone system

B)local telephone system

C)satellite communications

D)radio broadcasting

6 ). Which of the following is not a guided medium?A)twisted-pair cable

B)coaxial cable

C)fiber-optic cable

D)atmosphere

7 ). What is the major factor that makes coaxial cable less susceptible to noise than twisted-pair cable?A)inner conductor

B)diameter of cable

C)outer conductor

D)insulating material8 ). In an optical fiber, the inner core is _______ the cladding.A)denser than

B)less dense than

C)the same density as

D)another name for9 ). The inner core of an optical fiber is _______ in composition.A)glass or plastic

B)copper

C)bimetallic

D)liquid10 ). When a beam of light travels through media of two different densities, if the angle of incidence is

greater than the critical angle, _______ occurs.A)reflection

B)refraction

C)incidence

D)criticism

11 ). When the angle of incidence is _______ the critical angle, the light beam bends along the interface.A)more than

B)less than

C)equal to

D)none of the above12 ). Signals with a frequency below 2 MHz use _______ propagation.A)ground

B)sky

C)line-of-sight

D)none of the above13 ). Signals with a frequency between 2 MHz and 30 MHz use ______ propagation.A)ground

B)sky

C)line-of-sight

D)none of the above14 ). Signals with a frequency above 30 MHz use _______propagation.A)ground

B)sky

C)line-of-sight

D)none of the above15 ). A parabolic dish antenna is a(n) _______ antenna.A)omnidirectional

B)bidirectional

C)unidirectional

D)horn

16 ). A(n) _____ medium provides a physical conduit from one device to another.A)guided

B)unguided

C)either (a) or (b)

D)none of the above17 ). ________ cable consists of two insulated copper wires twisted together.A)Coaxial

B)Fiber-optic

C)Twisted-pair

D)none of the above18 ). _______ cable is used for voice and data communications.A)Coaxial

B)Fiber-optic

C)Twisted-pair

D)none of the above19 ). __________ consists of a central conductor and a shield.A)Coaxial

B)Fiber-optic

C)Twisted-pair

D)none of the above20 ). _____ cable can carry signals of higher frequency ranges than _____ cable.A)Twisted-pair; fiber-optic

B)Coaxial; fiber-optic

C)Coaxial; twisted-pair

D)none of the above21 ). ______ cables are composed of a glass or plastic inner core surrounded by cladding, all encased in

an outside jacket.A)Coaxial

B)Fiber-optic

C)Twisted-pair

D)none of the above22 ). ______ cables carry data signals in the form of light.A)Coaxial

B)Fiber-optic

C)Twisted-pair

D)none of the above23 ). In a fiber-optic cable, the signal is propagated along the inner core by _______.A)reflection

B)refraction

C)modulation

D)none of the above

24 ). _________ media transport electromagnetic waves without the use of a physical conductor.A)Guided

B)Unguided

C)Either (a) or (b)

D)None of the above25 ). Radio waves are _________.A)omnidirectional

B)unidirectional

C)bidirectional

D)none of the above26 ). Microwaves are _________.A)omnidirectional

B)unidirectional

C)bidirectional

D)none of the above

27 ). _______ are used for cellular phone, satellite, and wireless LAN communications.A)Radio waves

B)Microwaves

C)Infrared waves

D)none of the above28 ). ________ are used for short-range communications such as those between a PC and a peripheral

device.A)Radio waves

B)Microwaves

C)Infrared waves

D)none of the above

8. SWITCHING1 ). Traditionally, _____ methods of switching have been important.

A)four

B)three

C)five

D)six2 ). We can divide today's networks into ____ broad categories.A)four

B)three

C)five

D)two3 ). Packet-switched networks can also be divided into ______subcategories: virtual-circuit networks

and datagram networksA)four

B)three

C)two

D)five4 ). A ________ network is made of a set of switches connected by physical links, in which each link is

divided into n channels.A)line-switched

B)frame-switched

C)circuit-switched

D)none of the above5 ). Circuit switching takes place at the ________ layer.A)data line

B)physical

C)network

D)transport6 ). In _______, the resources need to be reserved during the setup phase; the resources remain

dedicated for the entire duration of data transfer phase until the teardown phase.A)datagram switching

B)circuit switching

C)frame switching

D)none of the above7 ). In _________, there is no resource allocation for a packet.A)datagram switching

B)circuit switching

C)frame switching

D)none of the above8 ). In _________, resources are allocated on demand.A)datagram switching

B)circuit switching

C)frame switching

D)none of the above9 ). In __________, each packet is treated independently of all others.A)datagram switching

B)circuit switching

C)frame switching

D)none of the above10 ). In _______ there are no setup or teardown phases.A)datagram switching

B)circuit switching

C)frame switching

D)none of the above11 ). A _________ network is a cross between a circuit-switched network and a datagram network. It

has some characteristics of both.A)virtual-circuit

B)packet-switched

C)frame-switched

D)none of the above12 ). We can say that a packet switch has _______ types of components.A)two

B)three

C)four

D)none of the above13 ). The simplest type of switching fabric is the ______ switch.A)crosspoint

B)crossbar

C)TSI

D)STS14 ). A ________ switch is a multistage switch with microswitches at each stage that route the packets

based on the output port represented as a binary string.A)crossbar

B)TSI

C)banyan

D)none of the above15 ). In a banyan switch, for 8 inputs and 8 outputs, we have _____ stages.A)8

B)4

C)3

D)216 ). In a banyan switch, for 8 inputs and 8 outputs, we have _____ microswitches at each stage.A)8

B)4

C)3

D)217 ). A ________ switch combines space-division and time-division technologies to take advantage of

the best of both.A)TST

B)SSS

C)TTT

D)none of the above

18 ). The most popular technology in time-division switching is called the _________.A)STI

B)ITS

C)TSI

D)none of the above19 ). Based on the Clos criteria, if N = 200, then n must be equal to or greater than ____.A)10

B)20

C)30

D)4020 ). Based on the Clos criteria, if N = 200, then k must be equal to or greater than ____.A)21

B)19

C)31

D)4121 ). Based on the Clos criteria, if N = 200, then the minimum number of crosspoints is greater than or

equal to _______.A)15,200

B)18,000

C)42,000

D)20,00022 ). In a one-stage space division switch, if N = 200, the number of crosspoints is ______.A)10,000

B)20,000

C)40,000

D)30,00023 ). In a three-stage space division switch, if N = 200, the number of crosspoints is ______.A)40,000

B)greater than 40,000

C)less than 40,000

D)greater than 100,00024 ). A ________ switch combines crossbar switches in several (normally three) stages.A)multistage

B) multiple crossbarC) multiple path

D)none of the above

25 ). In _______ switching, the paths in the circuit are separated from one another spatially.A)time-division

B)space-division

C)two-dimensional

D)three-dimensional26 ). A switched WAN is normally implemented as a _______ network.A)virtual-circuit

B)datagram

C)circuit-switched

D)none of the above27 ). In a ________ network, two types of addressing are involved: global and local.A)virtual-circuit

B)datagram

C)circuit-switched

D)none of the above28 ). The network layer in the Internet is designed as a __________ network.A)virtual-circuit

B)datagram

C)circuit-switched

D)none of the above29 ). A switch in a datagram network uses a routing table that is based on the ______ address.A)sourc

e

B)destination

C)local

D)none of the above30 ). The _______ address in the header of a packet in a datagram network normally remains the same

during the entire journey of the packet.A)sourc

e

B)destination

C)local

D)none of the above

9. USING TELEPHONE AND CABLE NETWORKS FOR DATA TRANSMISSION1 ). A local telephone network is an example of a _______ network.

A)packet-switched

B)circuit-switched

C)message-switched

D)none of the above2 ). The local loop has _______ cable that connects the subscriber telephone to the nearest end office.

A)twisted-pair

B)coaxial

C)fiber-optic

D)none of the above3 ). Data from a computer are _______; the local loop handles _______ signals.A)analog; analog

B)analog; digital

C)digital; digital

D)digital; analog4 ). _______ is suitable for businesses that require comparable upstream and downstream data rates.A)VDSL

B)ADSL

C)SDSL

D)(a) and (b)

5 ). DMT is a modulation technique that combines elements of _______ and _______.A)FDM; TDM

B)QDM; QAM

C)FDM; QAM

D)PSK; FSK6 ). The largest portion of the bandwidth for ADSL carries _______.A)voice communication

B)upstream data

C)downstream data

D)control data

7 ). _______ was designed as an alternative to the T-1 line.A)VDSL

B)ADSL

C)SDSL

D)HDSL8 ). HDSL encodes data using _______.A)4B/5B

B)2B1Q

C)1B2Q

D)6B/8T9 ). Another name for the cable TV office is the _______.

A)splitter

B)fiber node

C)combiner

D)head end10 ). A traditional cable TV network transmits signals ______.A)upstream

B)downstream

C)upstream and downstream

D)none of the above11 ). In an HFC network, the downstream data are modulated using the _______ modulation technique.

A)PSK

B)QAM

C)PCM

D)ASK12 ). In an HFC network, the upstream data are modulated using the _______ modulation technique.A)QAM

B)QPSK

C)PCM

D)ASK13 ). The standard for data transmission over an HFC network is called _______.A)MCNS

B)DOCSIS

C)CMTS

D)ADSL14 ). The original telephone network, which is referred to as the plain old telephone system (POTS),

was an ________ system.A)digital

B)analog

C)digital as well as analog

D)none of the above15 ). The modern telephone network is now ________.A)digital

B)analog

C)digital as well as analog

D)none of the above16 ). The telephone network is made of ______ major components.A)2

B)3

C)4

D)none of the above17 ). The United States is divided into many _______.A)LECs

B)LATAs

C)IXCs

D)none of the above18 ). The carrier that handles intra-LATA services is called a(n) _____ .A)POP

B)IXC

C)LEC

D)none of the above19 ). The carrier that handles inter-LATA services is called a(n) _______.A)POP

B)IXC

C)LEC

D)none of the above20 ). In ______signaling, the same circuit is used for both signaling and data.A)in-band

B)out-of-band

C)mixedD)none of the above21 ). In ________signaling, a portion of the bandwidth is used for signaling and another portion for

data.A)in-band

B)out-of-band

C)mixed

D)none of the above22 ). The protocol that is used for signaling in the telephone network is called ______.A)POP

B)SSS

C)SS7

D)none of the above23 ). Telephone companies provide two types of analog services: analog _______ services and analog

_____services.A)switched; in-band

B)out-of-band; in-band

C)switched; leased

D)leased; out-of-band24 ). The two most common digital services are ________ service and ______.A)switched/56; switched/64

B)switched/56; DDS

C)DDS; swiched 64

D)leased; out-of-band25 ). The term modem is a composite word that refers to the two functional entities that make up the

device: a signal _______ and a signal _______.A)modulator; demodulator

B)demodulator; modulator

C)modern; demo

D)none of the above26 ). Most popular modems available are based on the ________standards.A)V-series

B)X-series

C)VX-series

D)none of the above27 ). ______technology is a set of technologies develpoed by the telephone companies to provide high

data rate transmission.A)ASL

B)DSL

C)LDS

D)none of the above28 ). The traditional cable TV system used ________cable end to end.A)twisted-pair

B)coaxial

C)fiber-optic

D)none of the above29 ). The second generation of cable networks is called a(n) _________ network.

A)HFC

B)HCF

C)CFH

D)none of the above30 ). The HFC network uses _______ cable.A)twisted-pair

B)coaxial

C)fiber-optic

D)a combination of (b) and (c)31 ). To use a cable network for data transmission, we need two key devices: a ______ and a

_________A)CM; CMS

B)CT; CMTS

C)CM; CMTS

D)none of the above

10. ERROR DETECTION AND CORRECTION1 ). Which error detection method uses one's complement arithmetic?

A)Simple parity check

B)Two-dimensional parity check

C)CRC

D)Checksum2 ). Which error detection method consists of just one redundant bit per data unit?A)Simple parity check

B)Two-dimensional parity check

C)CRC

D)Checksum

3 ). In cyclic redundancy checking, what is the CRC?A)The divisor

B)The quotient

C)The dividend

D)The remainder4 ). In cyclic redundancy checking, the divisor is _______ the CRC.A)The same size as

B)one bit less than

C)one bit more than

D)none of the above5 ). A burst error means that two or more bits in the data unit have changed.A)double-bit

B)burst

C)single-bit

D)none of the above6 ). In ________ error ).ion, the receiver ).s errors without requesting retransmission.A)backward

B)onward

C)forward

D)none of the above7 ). In ________ error ).ion, the receiver asks the sender to send the data again.A)backward

B)retransmission

C)forward

D)none of the above8 ). We can divide coding schemes into two broad categories: ________ and ______coding.A)block; linear

B)linear; nonlinear

C)block; convolution

D)none of the above9 ). In modulo-2 arithmetic, __________ give the same results.A)addition and multiplication

B)addition and division

C)addition and subtraction

D)none of the above

10 ). In modulo-2 arithmetic, we use the ______ operation for both addition and subtraction.A)XOR

B)OR

C)AND

D)none of the above11 ). In _____ coding, we divide our message into blocks, each of k bits, called ___.A)block; blockwords

B)linear; datawords

C)block; datawords

D)none of the above12 ). We add r redundant bits to each block to make the length n = k + r. The resulting n-bit blocks are

called _________.A)dataword

s

B)blockwords

C)codewords

D)none of the above13 ). The ________ between two words is the number of differences between corresponding bits.A)Hamming code

B)Hamming distance

C)Hamming rule

D)none of the above

14 ). To guarantee the detection of up to 5 errors in all cases, the minimum Hamming distance in a block code must be _______.

A)5

B)6

C)11

D)none of the above15 ). To guarantee ).ion of up to 5 errors in all cases, the minimum Hamming distance in a block code

must be ________.A)5

B)6

C)11

D)none of the above

16 ). In a linear block code, the _______ of any two valid codewords creates another valid codeword.

A)XORing

B)ORing

C)ANDing

D)none of the above17 ). A simple parity-check code can detect __________ errors.A)an even-number of

B)two

C)no errors

D)an odd-number of

18 ). _______codes are special linear block codes with one extra property. If a codeword is rotated, the result is another codeword.

A)Non-linear

B)Convolution

C)Cyclic

D)none of the above19 ). The _____of errors is more difficult than the ______.A)).ion; detection

B)detection; ).ion

C)creation; ).ion

D)creation; detection20 ). In modulo-11 arithmetic, we use only the integers in the range ______, inclusive.A)1 to 10

B)1 to 11

C)0 to 10

D)none of the above21 ). In modulo-2 arithmetic, we use only ______.A)1 and 2

B)0 and 2

C)0 and 1

D)none of the above22 ). Adding 1 and 1 in modulo-2 arithmetic results in _________.A)1

B)2

C)0

D)none of the above23 ). In block coding, if k =2 and n =3, we have _______ invalid codewords.A)8

B)4

C)2

D)none of the above24 ). The Hamming distance between equal codewords is _________.A)1

B)n

C)0

D)none of the above25 ). The Hamming distance between 100 and 001 is ________.A)2

B)0

C)1

D)none of the above26 ). In block coding, if n = 5, the maximum Hamming distance between two codewords is ________.A)2

B)3

C)5

D)none of the above27 ). If the Hamming distance between a dataword and the corresponding codeword is three, there are

_____ bits in error.A)3

B)4

C)5

D)none of the above28 ). The _______ of a polynomial is the highest power in the polynomial.A)range

B)degree

C)power

D)none of the above29 ). The divisor in a cyclic code is normally called the _________.

A)degree

B)generator

C)redundancy

D)none of the above30 ). A generator that contains a factor of ____ can detect all odd-numbered errors.A)x

B)x + 1

C)1

D)none of the above31 ). Checksums use _________ arithmetic.A)two's complement arithmetic

B)one's complement arithmetic

C)either (a) or (b)

D)none of the above32 ). In one's complement arithmetic, if positive 7 is 0111, then negative 7 is ________.A)1111

B)1101

C)1000

D)none of the above33 ). The checksum of 1111 and 1111 is _________.A)1111

B)0000

C)1110

D)0111

34 ). The checksum of 0000 and 0000 is __________.A)1111

B)0000

C)1110

D)0111

12. DATA LINK CONTROL1 ). In a Go-Back-N ARQ, if the window size is 63, what is the range of sequence numbers?

A)0 to 63

B)0 to 64

C)1 to 63

D)1 to 642 ). In Go-Back-N ARQ, if frames 4, 5, and 6 are received successfully, the receiver may send an ACK

_______ to the sender.A)5

B)6

C)7

D)any of the above3 ). ARQ stands for _______.A)Automatic repeat quantization

B)Automatic repeat request

C)Automatic retransmission request

D)Acknowledge repeat request

4 ). For Stop-and-Wait ARQ, for 10 data packets sent, _______ acknowledgments are needed.A)exactly 10

B)less than 10

C)more than 10

D)none of the above5 ). HDLC is an acronym for _______.A)High-duplex line communication

B)High-level data link control

C)Half-duplex digital link combination

D)Host double-level circuit

6 ). Data link control deals with the design and procedures for ______ communication.A)node-to-node

B)host-to-host

C)process-to-process

D)none of the above

7 ). _______ in the data link layer separates a message from one source to a destination, or from other messages going from other sources to other destinations.

A)Digitizing

B)Controlling

C)Framing

D)none of the above8 ). In _______ framing, there is no need for defining the boundaries of frames.A)fixed-size

B)variable-size

C)standard

D)none of the above9 ). In ________ framing, we need a delimiter (flag) to define the boundary of two frames.A)fixed-size

B)variable-size

C)standard

D)none of the above10 ). _________framing uses two categories of protocols: character-oriented and bit-oriented.A)Fixed-size

B)Variable-size

C)Standard

D)None of the above11 ). In a ________ protocol, the data section of a frame is a sequence of characters.A)bit-oriented

B)character-oriented

C)either (a) or (b)

D)none of the above12 ). In a _________ protocol, the data section of a frame is a sequence of bits.A)byte-oriented

B)bit-oriented

C)either (a) or (b)D)none of the above13 ). In _________ protocols, we use ________.A)character-oriented; byte stuffing

B)character-oriented; bit stuffing

C)bit-oriented; character stuffing

D)none of the above14 ). Byte stuffing means adding a special byte to the data section of the frame when there is a character

with the same pattern as the ______.A)heade

r

B)trailer

C)flag

D)none of the above15 ). In ________ protocols, we use ________.A)byte-oriented; bit stuffing

B)character-oriented; bit stuffing

C)bit-oriented; bit stuffing

D)none of the above16 ). Bit stuffing means adding an extra 0 to the data section of the frame when there is a sequence of

bits with the same pattern as the ________.A)heade

r

B)trailer

C)flag

D)none of the above17 ). _______ control refers to a set of procedures used to restrict the amount of data that the sender can

send before waiting for acknowledgment.A)Flow

B)Error

C)Transmission

D)none of the above18 ). ______ control refers to methods of error detection and ).ion.A)Flow

B)Error

C)Transmission

D)none of the above19 ). The Simplest Protocol and the Stop-and-Wait Protocol are for ______ channels.A)noisy

B)noiseless

C)either (a) or (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)20 ). The Stop-And-Wait ARQ, Go-Back-N ARQ, and the Selective Repeat ARQ are for ______

channels.A)noisy

B)noiseless

C)either (a) or (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)21 ). The ____ Protocol has neither flow nor error control.A)Stop-and-Wait

B)Simplest

C)Go-Back-N ARQ

D)Selective-Repeat ARQ22 ). The _______Protocol has flow control, but not error control.A)Stop-and-Wait

B)Simplest

C)Go-Back-N ARQ

D)Selective-Repeat ARQ23 ). The _______Protocol has both flow control and error control.A)Stop-and-Wait

B)Go-Back-N ARQ

C)Selective-Repeat ARQ

D)both (b) and (c)24 ). In the _____ Protocol, the sender sends its frames one after another with no regard to the receiver.A)Stop-and-Wait

B)Simplest

C)Go-Back-N ARQ

D)Selective-Repeat ARQ25 ). In the _____ Protocol, the sender sends one frame, stops until it receives confirmation from the

receiver, and then sends the next frame.A)Stop-and-Wait

B)Simplest

C)Go-Back-N ARQ

D)Selective-Repeat ARQ26 ). The _________Protocol, adds a simple error control mechanism to the _______Protocol.A)Stop-and-Wait ARQ; Stop-and-Wait

B)Go-Back-N ARQ; Stop-and-Wait

C)Selective Repeat ARQ; Go-Back-N ARQ

D)none of the above27 ). In the _________Protocol, if no acknowledgment for a frame has arrived, we resend all

outstanding frames.A)Stop-and-Wait ARQ

B)Go-Back-N ARQ


D)none of the above28 ). In the _________ protocol we avoid unnecessary transmission by sending only frames that are

corrupted.A)Stop-and-Wait ARQ

B)Go-Back-N ARQ


D)none of the above29 ). Both Go-Back-N and Selective-Repeat Protocols use a _________.A)sliding frame

B)sliding window

C)sliding packet

D)none of the above30 ). In Go-Back-N ARQ, if 5 is the number of bits for the sequence number, then the maximum size of

the send window must be _____A)15

B)16

C)31

D)131 ). In Go-Back-N ARQ, if 5 is the number of bits for the sequence number, then the maximum size of

the receive window must be _____A)15

B)16

C)31

D)132 ). In Selective Repeat ARQ, if 5 is the number of bits for the sequence number, then the maximum

size of the send window must be _____A)15

B)16

C)31

D)133 ). In Selective Repeat ARQ, if 5 is the number of bits for the sequence number, then the maximum

size of the receive window must be _____A)15

B)16

C)31

D)134 ). High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) is a _______ protocol for communication over point-to-

point and multipoint links.A)bit-oriented

B)byte-oriented

C)character-oriented

D)none of the above35 ). The most common protocol for point-to-point access is the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which is

a _________protocol.A)bit-oriented

B)byte-oriented

C)character-oriented

D)none of the above36 ). _______ control refers to a set of procedures used to restrict the amount of data that the sender can

send before waiting for acknowledgment.A)Flow

B)Error

C)Transmission

D)none of the above37 ). _________control in the data link layer is based on automatic repeat request, which is the

retransmission of data.A)Flow

B)Error

C)Transmission

D)none of the above38 ). In Stop-and-Wait ARQ, we use sequence numbers to number the frames. The sequence numbers

are based on __________arithmetic.A)modulo-2

B)modulo-4

C)modulo-m

D)none of the above39 ). In Stop-and-Wait ARQ, the acknowledgment number always announces in ______ arithmetic the

sequence number of the next frame expected.A)modulo-2

B)modulo-4

C)modulo-m

D)none of the above40 ). In the Go-Back-N Protocol, if the size of the sequence number field is 8, the sequence numbers are

in ________ arithmetic,A)modulo-2

B)modulo- 8

C)modulo-256

D)none of the above41 ). Stop-and-Wait ARQ is a special case of Go-Back-N ARQ in which the size of the send window is

1.A)2

B)1

C)8

D)none of the above42 ). In _________, the station configuration is unbalanced. We have one primary station and multiple

secondary stations.A)ABM

B)NRM

C)ARM

D)NBM43 ). In _________, the configuration is balanced. The link is point-to-point, and each station can

function as a primary and a secondary.A)ABM

B)NRM

C)ARM

D)NBM44 ). In PPP, the ________ is responsible for establishing, maintaining, configuring, and terminating

links.A)NCP

B)LCP

C)CHAP

D)PAP45 ). In PPP, ________ is a simple authentication procedure with a two-step process:A)NCP

B)LCP

C)CHAP

D)PAP46 ). In PPP, _______ is a three-way hand-shaking authentication protocol in which the password is

kept secret; it is never sent online.A)NCP

B)LCP

C)CHAP

D)PAP

13. MULTIPLE ACCESS1 ). In ________ each station sends a frame whenever it has a frame to send.

A)pure ALOHA

B)slotted ALOHA

C)both (a) and (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)2 ). In pure ALOHA, the vulnerable time is ______ the frame transmission time.A)the same as

B)two times

C)three times

D)none of the above3 ). The maximum throughput for pure ALOHA is ________ per cent.A)12.2

B)18.4

C)36.8

D)none of the above4 ). In __________, each station is forced to send only at the beginning of the time slot.A)pure ALOHA

B)slotted ALOHA

C)both (a) and (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)

5 ). In slotted ALOHA, the vulnerable time is ______ the frame transmission time.A)the same as

B)two times

C)three times

D)none of the above6 ). The maximum throughput for pure ALOHA is ________ per cent.A)12.2

B)18.4

C)36.8

D)none of the above7 ). The vulnerable time for CSMA is the ________propagation time.A)the same as

B)two times

C)three times

D)none of the above8 ). In the _________ method, after the station finds the line idle, it sends its frame immediately. If the

line is not idle, it continuously senses the line until it finds it idle.A)nonpersistent

B)1-persistent

C)p-persistent

D)none of the above9 ). In the ________method, a station that has a frame to send senses the line. If the line is idle, it sends

immediately. If the line is not idle, it waits a random amount of time and then senses the line again.A)nonpersistent

B)1-persistent

C)p-persistent

D)none of the above10 ). In the _______method, after the station finds the line idle it sends or refrain from sending based on

the outcome of a random number generator. If the line is busy, it tries again.A)nonpersistent

B)1-persistent

C)p-persistent

D)none of the above11 ). We have categorized access methods into _______ groups.A)two

B)three

C)fourD)five

12 ). In ___________ methods, no station is superior to another station and none is assigned the control over another.

A)random access

B)controlled access

C)channelization

D)none of the above13 ). In ______, the chance of collision can be reduced if a station senses the medium before trying to

use it.A)MA

B)CSMA

C)FDMA

D)CDMA14 ). ________ requires that each station first listen to the medium before sending.A)MA

B)CSMA

C)FDMA

D)CDMA15 ). __________ augments the CSMA algorithm to detect collision.A)CSMA/CA

B)CSMA/CD

C)either (a) or (b)

D)both (a) and (b)16 ). In ________, a station monitors the medium after it sends a frame to see if the transmission was

successful. If so, the station is finished. If, however, there is a collision, the frame is sent again.A)CSMA/CA

B)CSMA/CD

C)either (a) or (b)

D)both (a) and (b)17 ). To avoid collisions on wireless networks, ________was invented.A)CSMA/CA

B)CSMA/CD

C)either (a) or (b)

D)both (a) and (b)

18 ). In _______, collisions are avoided through the use of three strategies: the interframe space, the contention window, and acknowledgments.

A)CSMA/CA

B)CSMA/CD

C)either (a) or (b)

D)both (a) and (b)19 ). In _______ methods, the stations consult one another to find which station has the right to send.A)random access

B)controlled access

C)channelization

D)none of the above20 ). In _______ methods, a station cannot send unless it has been authorized by other stations.A)random access

B)controlled access

C)channelization

D)none of the above21 ). We discussed ______ popular controlled-access methods.A)two

B)three

C)four

D)none of the above22 ). In the ________ method, a station needs to make a reservation before sending data. Time is

divided into intervals.A)reservation

B)polling

C)token passing

D)none of the above23 ). In the _____ method, time is divided into intervals. In each interval, a reservation frame precedes

the data frames sent in that interval.A)reservation

B)polling

C)token passing

D)none of the above24 ). In the ______ method, all data exchanges must be made through the primary device even when the

ultimate destination is a secondary device.A)reservation

B)polling

C)token passing

D)none of the above25 ). In the _______ method, the primary device controls the link; the secondary devices follow its

instructions.A)reservation

B)polling

C)token passing

D)none of the above26 ). In the _______ method, the stations in a network are organized in a logical ring.A)reservation

B)polling

C)token passing

D)none of the above27 ). In the _______ method, each station has a predecessor and a successor.A)reservation

B)polling

C)token passing

D)none of the above28 ). In the _________ method, a special packet called a ______ circulates through the ring.A)reservation: control

frame

B)polling: poll request

C)token passing: token

D)none of the above29 ). _________ is a multiple-access method in which the available bandwidth of a link is shared in

time, frequency, or through code, between different stations.A)Random access

B)Controlled access

C)Channelization

D)none of the above30 ). We discussed ________ channelization protocols.A)two

B)three

C)four

D)none of the above

31 ). In ________, the available bandwidth is divided into frequency bands.A)FDMA

B)TDMAC) CDMAD) none of the above32 ). In ______, each station is allocated a band to send its data. In other words, each band is reserved

for a specific station, and it belongs to the station all the time.A)FDMA

B)TDMA

C)CDMA

D)none of the above33 ). In _______, the stations share the bandwidth of the channel in time.A)FDMA

B)TDMA

C)CDMA

D)none of the above34 ). In _____, each station is allocated a time slot during which it can send data. Each station transmits

its data in its assigned time slot.A)FDMA

B)TDMA

C)CDMA

D)none of the above35 ). In _____, each station transmits its data in its assigned time slot.A)FDMA

B)TDMA

C)CDMA

D)none of the above36 ). In ______, the stations use different codes to achieve multiple access.A)FDMA

B)TDMA

C)CDMA

D)none of the above37 ). _______ is based on coding theory and uses sequences of numbers called chips.A)FDMA

B)TDMA

C)CDMA

D)none of the above38 ). In _______, the sequences are generated using orthogonal codes such the Walsh tables.A)FDMAB)TDMA

C)CDMAD)none of the above

13. WIRED LANS: ETHERNET

1 ). What is the hexadecimal equivalent of the Ethernet address 01011010 00010001 01010101 00011000 10101010 00001111?

A)5A:88:AA:18:55:F0

B)5A:81:BA:81:AA:0F

C)5A:18:5A:18:55:0F

D)5A:11:55:18:AA:0F2 ). If an Ethernet destination address is 07:01:02:03:04:05, then this is a ______ address.A)unicast

B)multicast

C)broadcast

D)any of the above3 ). If an Ethernet destination address is 08:07:06:05:44:33, then this is a ______ address.A)unicast

B)multicast

C)broadcast

D)any of the above4 ). Which of the following could not be an Ethernet unicast destination?A)43:7B:6C:DE:10:00

B)44:AA:C1:23:45:32

C)46:56:21:1A:DE:F4

D)48:32:21:21:4D:345 ). Which of the following could not be an Ethernet multicast destination?A)B7:7B:6C:DE:10:00

B)7B:AA:C1:23:45:32

C)7C:56:21:1A:DE:F4

D)83:32:21:21:4D:34

6 ). _______ is the most widely used local area network protocol.A)Token Ring

B)Token Bus

C)Ethernet

D)none of the above7 ). The IEEE 802.3 Standard defines _________ CSMA/CD as the access method for first-generation

10-Mbps Ethernet.A)1-persistent

B)p-persistent

C)non-persistent

D)none of the above8 ). The _______ layer of Ethernet consists of the LLC sublayer and the MAC sublayer.A)data link

B)physical

C)network

D)none of the above9 ). The _____ sublayer is responsible for the operation of the CSMA/CD access method and framing.A)LLC

B)MII

C)MAC

D)none of the above10 ). Each station on an Ethernet network has a unique _______ address imprinted on its network

interface card (NIC).A)5-byte

B)32-bit

C)48-bit

D)none of the above11 ). The minimum frame length for 10-Mbps Ethernet is _______bytes.A)32

B)80

C)128

D)none of the above12 ). The maximum frame length for 10-Mbps Ethernet is ________ bytes.A)1518

B)1500

C)1200

D)none of the above13 ). _________ uses thick coaxial cable.A)10Base5

B)10Base2

C)10Base-T

D)10Base-F14 ). __________ uses thin coaxial cable.A)10Base5

B)10Base2

C)10Base-T

D)10Base-F15 ). _________ uses four twisted-pair cables that connect each station to a common hub.A)10Base5

B)10Base2

C)10Base-T

D)10Base-F16 ). ________ uses fiber-optic cable.A)10Base5

B)10Base2

C)10Base-T

D)10Base-F17 ). Fast Ethernet has a data rate of ________Mbps.A)10

B)100

C)1000

D)10,00018 ). In _________, autonegotiation allows two devices to negotiate the mode or data rate of operation.A)Standard

B)Fast Ethernet

C)Gigabit Ethernet

D)Ten-Gigabit Ethernet19 ). __________ uses two pairs of twisted-pair cable.A)100Base-

TX

B)100Base-FX

C)100Base-T4

D)none of the above20 ). _________ uses two fiber-optic cables.A)100Base-

TX

B)100Base-FX

C)100Base-T4

D)none of the above21 ). _________ uses four pairs of voice-grade, or higher, twisted-pair cable.A)100Base-

TX

B)100Base-FX

C)100Base-T4

D)none of the above22 ). Gigabit Ethernet has a data rate of ________Mbps.A)10

B)100

C)1000

D)10,00023 ). Gigabit Ethernet access methods include _______ mode.A)half-duplex

B)full-duplex

C)both (a) and (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)24 ). __________ uses two optical fibers and a short-wave laser source,A)1000Base-SX

B)1000Base-LX

C)1000Base-T

D)none of the above25 ). __________uses two optical fibers and a long-wave laser source.A)1000Base-SX

B)1000Base-LX

C)1000Base-T

D)none of the above26 ). __________ uses four twisted pairs.A)1000Base-SX

B)1000Base-LX

C)1000Base-T

D)none of the above27 ). ________ uses short-wave 850-nm multimode fiber.A)10GBase-S

B)10GBase-L

C)10GBase-E

D)none of the above28 ). ________uses long-wave 1310-nm single mode fiber.A)10GBase-S

B)10GBase-L

C)10GBase-E

D)none of the above29 ). ________ uses 1550-mm single mode fiber.A)10GBase-S

B)10GBase-L

C)10GBase-E

D)none of the above30 ). In Ethernet addressing, if the least significant bit of the first byte is 0, the address is _________.

A)unicast

B)multicast

C)broadcast

D)none of the above31 ). In Ethernet addressing, if the least significant bit of the first byte is 1, the address is _________.A)unicast

B)multicast

C)broadcast

D)none of the above32 ). In Ethernet addressing, if all the bits are 1s, the address is _________.A)unicast

B)multicast

C)broadcast

D)none of the above33 ). ______defines a protocol data unit (PDU) that is somewhat similar to that of HDLC.A)MAC

B)LLC

C)LLU

D)none of the above

34 ). The purpose of the _______ is to provide flow and error control for the upper-layer protocols that actually demand these services

A)MAC

B)LLC

C)LLU

D)none of the above35 ). In the Ethernet, the _______field is actually added at the physical layer and is not (formally) part

of the frame.A)CRC

B)preamble

C)address

D)none of the above36 ). In the Ethernet frame, the _______ field contains error detection information.A)CRC

B)preamble

C)address

D)none of the above37 ). Standard Ethernet (10-Mbps) uses _______ encodingA)NRZ

B)AMI

C)Mancheste

r

D)differential Manchester38 ). 100Base-TX uses _________ block coding and ________ line coding.A)4B/5B; NRZ

B)8B/10B; NRZ

C)4B/5B; MLT-3

D)8B/10B; NRZ39 ). 100Base-FX uses _________ block coding and ________ line coding.A)4B/5B; NRZ-I

B)8B/10B; NRZ

C)4B/5B; MLT-3

D)8B/10B; NRZ40 ). 100Base-T4 uses ________ line coding.A)NRZ

B)8B6T

C)MLT-3

D)Manchester

41 ). 1000Base-SX, 1000Base-LX, and 1000Base-CX use _________ block coding and ________ line coding.

A)4B/5B; NRZ

B)8B/10B; NRZ

C)4B/5B; MLT-3

D)8B/10B; NRZ42 ). 1000Base-T uses ________ line coding.A)4D-PAM5

B)8B6T

C)MLT-3

D)Manchester

14. WIRELESS LANS1 ).IEEE has defined the specifications for a wireless LAN, called _______, which covers the physical and data link layers.

A) IEEE 802.3B) IEEE 802.5C) IEEE 802.11D) IEEE 802.2

2). In IEEE 802.11, a ___ is made of stationary or mobile wireless stations and an optional central base station, known as the access point (AP).

A) ESSB) BSSC) CSSD) none of the above

3). In IEEE 802.11, a BSS without an AP is called an _________.

A) an ad hoc architectureB) an infrastructure networkC) either (a) or (b)D) neither (a) nor (b)

4). In IEEE 802.11, a BSS with an AP is sometimes referred to as ____________.

A) an ad hoc architectureB) an infrastructure networkC) either (a) or (b)D) neither (a) nor (b)

5). In IEEE 802.11, communication between two stations in two different BSSs usually occurs via two ________.

A) BSSsB) ESSsC) APsD) none of the above

6). In IEEE 802.11, a station with ________ mobility is either stationary (not moving) or moving only inside a BSS.

A) no-transitionB) BSS-transitionC) ESS-transitionD) none of the above

7). In IEEE 802.11, a station with ________mobility can move from one BSS to another, but the movement is confined inside one ESS.


8).In IEEE 802.11, a station with ________ mobility can move from one ESS to another.


9 ). In IEEE 802.11, _______ is an optional access method that can be implemented in an infrastructure network (not in an ad hoc network).

A) DCFThis is the ). answer.B) PCF

C) either (a) or (b)

D) neither (a) nor (b)

10 ). In IEEE 802.11, when a frame is going from one station in a BSS to another without passing through the distribution system, the address flag is _____

This is the ). answer.A) 00

B) 01

C) 10

D) 11

11 ). In IEEE 802.11, when a frame is coming from an AP and going to a station, the address flag is _______.

A) 00This is the ). answer.B) 01

C) 10

D) 11

12 ). In IEEE 802.11, when a frame is going from a station to an AP, the address flag is _____.

A) 00

B) 01This is the ). answer.C) 10

D) 11

13 ). In IEEE 802.11, when a frame is going from one AP to another AP in a wireless distribution system, the address flag is _____

A) 00

B) 01

C) 10This is the ). answer.D) 11

14 ). The IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless LANs defines two services: ______ and _______.

A) BSS; ASS

B) ESS; SSSThis is the ). answer.C) BSS; ESS

D) BSS; DCF

15 ). In IEEE 802.11, the access method used in the DCF sublayer is _________.

A) ALOHAThis is the ). answer.B) CSMA/CA

C) CSMA/CD

D) none of the above

16 ). In IEEE 802.11, the access method used in the PCF sublayer is ______.

A) contention

B) controlledThis is the ). answer.C) polling


17 ). In IEEE 802.11, the ______ is a timer used for collision avoidance.This is the ). answer.A) NAV

B) BSS

C) ESS


18 ). In IEEE 802.11, the MAC layer frame has ______ fields.

A) four

B) five

C) sixThis is the ). answer.D) none of the above

19 ). In IEEE 802.11, the addressing mechanism can include up to ______addresses.This is the ). answer.A) four

B) five

C) six


20 ). The original IEEE 802.11, uses _________.

A) FHSS

B) DSSS

C) OFDMThis is the ). answer.D) either (a) or (b)

21 ). The IEEE 802.11a, uses _________.

A) FHSS

B) DSSSThis is the ). answer.C) OFDM

D) either (a) or (b)

22 ). The IEEE 802.11b, uses _________.

A) FHSSThis is the ). answer.B) DSSS

C) OFDM


23 ). The IEEE 802.11g, uses _________.

A) FHSS

B) DSSSThis is the ). answer.C) OFDM


24 ). The original IEEE 802.11, has a data rate of _____Mbps.This is the ). answer.A) 1

B) 6

C) 11

D) 22

25 ). IEEE 802.11a, has a data rate of _____Mbps.

A) 1



26 ). IEEE 802.11b, has a data rate of _____Mbps.

A) 1

B) 2This is the ). answer.C) 5.5


27 ). IEEE 802.11g, has a data rate of _____Mbps.

A) 1

B) 2


28 ). The IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs use ________ types of frames.

A) four

B) five

C) sixThis is the ). answer.D) none of the above

29 ). Bluetooth is a _______ technology that connects devices (called gadgets) in a small area.

A) wired LANThis is the ). answer.B) wireless LAN

C) VLAN


30 ). A Bluetooth network is called a ________.This is the ). answer.A) piconet

B) scatternet

C) bluenet


31 ). In Bluetooth, multiple ________ form a network called a _________.

A) scatternet; piconetsThis is the ). answer.B) piconets: scatternet

C) piconets: bluenet

D) bluenet; scatternet

32 ). A Bluetooth network consists of _____ primary device(s) and up to ____ secondary devices.

A) one; five

B) five; three

C) two; sixThis is the ). answer.D) one; seven

33 ). The RTS and CTS frames in CSMA/CA ____ solve the hidden station problem. The RTS and CTS frames in CSMA/CA ____ solve the exposed station problem.

This is the ). answer.A) can; cannot

B) cannot; can

C) can; can

D) cannot; cannot

34 ). In Bluetooth, the current data rate is ____Mbps

A) 2

B) 5

C) 11This is the ). answer.D) none of the above

35 ). In Bluetooth, the _______ layer is roughly equivalent to the physical layer of the Internet model.

This is the ). answer.A) radio

B) baseband

C) L2CAP


36 ). In Bluetooth, the _____layer is roughly equivalent to the MAC sublayer in LANs.

A) radioThis is the ). answer.B) baseband

C) L2CAP


37 ). In Bluetooth, the L2CAP sublayer, is roughly equivalent to the LLC sublayer in LANs.

A) radio

B) basebandThis is the ). answer.C) L2CAP


38 ). The access method in Bluetooth is ________.

A) FDMAThis is the ). answer.B) TDD-TDMA

C) CDMA


39 ). In Bluetooth, the _____ link is used when avoiding latency (delay in data delivery) is more important than integrity (error-free delivery).

This is the ). answer.A) SCO

B) ACL

C) ACO

D) SCL

40 ). In Bluetooth, the _____ link is used when data integrity is more important than avoiding latency.

A) SCOThis is the ). answer.B) ACL

C) ACO

D) SCL

41 ). Bluetooth uses ______method in the physical layer to avoid interference from other devices or other networks.

A) DSSSThis is the ). answer.B) FHSS

C) FDMA


Connecting LANs, Backbone Networks, and Virtual LANs

1 ). A repeater is a connecting device that operates in the _______ layer of the Internet model.

This is the ). answer.A) physical

B) data link

C) network

D) all of the above

2 ). A _______ regenerates a signal, connects segments of a LAN, and has no filtering capability.

This is the ). answer.A) repeater

B) bridge

C) router


3 ). A _______ is a connecting device that operates in the physical and data link layers of the Internet model.

A) repeaterThis is the ). answer.B) bridge

C) router


4 ). A ________ bridge can forward and filter frames and automatically build its forwarding table.

A) simple

B) dualThis is the ). answer.C) transparent


5 ). A bridge can use the _________ algorithm to create a loopless topology.

A) binary treeThis is the ). answer.B) spanning tree

C) multiway tree


6 ). A _______ LAN allows several LANs to be connected.This is the ). answer.A) backbone

B) wireless

C) wired


7 ). A backbone is usually a ______.

A) bus

B) starThis is the ). answer.C) either (a) or (b)


8 ). A virtual local area network (VLAN) is configured by _________.This is the ). answer.A) software

B) physical wiring

C) hardware


9 ). Membership in a VLAN can be based on _________.

A) port numbers

B) MAC addresses

C) IP addressesThis is the ). answer.D) all of the above

10 ). VLANs can_________.

A) reduce network traffic

B) provide an extra measure of security

C) either (a) or (b)This is the ). answer.D) both (a) and (b)

11 ). _________ is just a connector.

A) An active hubThis is the ). answer.B) A passive hub



12 ). In a star-topology Ethernet LAN, _______ is just a point where the signals coming from different stations collide; it is the collision point.




13 ). ________ is part of the media; its location in the Internet model is below the physical layer.




14 ). A _______ is a device that operates only in the physical layer.

A) passive hubThis is the ). answer.B) repeater

C) bridge

D) router

15 ). A ________receives a signal and, before it becomes too weak or corrupted, regenerates the original bit pattern. It then sends the refreshed signal.


C) bridge

D) router

16 ). A __________ forwards every frame; it has no filtering capability.


C) bridge

D) router

17 ). ________ is actually a multiport repeater. It is normally used to create connections between stations in a physical star topology.

This is the ). answer.A) An active hub

B) A passive hub



18 ). A ________ operates in both the physical and the data link layer.

A) passive hub

B) repeaterThis is the ). answer.C) bridge

D) router

19 ). A _______ can check the MAC addresses contained in the frame.

A) passive hub


D) router

20 ). A ______ has a table used in filtering decisions.

A) passive hub



21 ). A ________ is a device in which the stations are completely unaware of its existence.

A) passive hub

B) repeater

C) simple bridgeThis is the ). answer.D) transparent bridge

22 ). IEEE 802.1d specification, defines _________ criteria for a transparent bridges.

A) twoThis is the ). answer.B) three

C) four


23 ). A spanning tree is a graph in which there is no _____.

A) node

B) branchThis is the ). answer.C) loop

D) arc

24 ). In a bridged LAN, the _______ algorithm creates a topology in which each LAN can be reached from any other LAN through one path only.

This is the ). answer.A) spanning tree

B) binary tree

C) unary tree


25 ). A three-layer switch is a kind of ________.

A) repeater

B) bridgeThis is the ). answer.C) router


26 ). A two-layer switch is a ______.

A) repeaterThis is the ). answer.B) bridge

C) router


27 ). Some new two-layer switches, called _______ switches, have been designed to forward the frame as soon as they check the MAC addresses in the header of the frame.

This is the ). answer.A) cut-through

B) go-through

C) come-through


28 ). A _______ is a three-layer device that handles packets based on their logical addresses.

A) repeater



29 ). A ______ normally connects LANs and WANs in the Internet and has a table that is used for making decisions about the route.

A) repeater



30 ). A ______ switch is a faster and more sophisticated router.

A) two-layerThis is the ). answer.B) three-layer

C) four-layer


31 ). A ________ is normally a computer that operates in all five layers of the Internet model or seven layers of OSI model.

A) repeater

B) bridge

C) routerThis is the ). answer.

D) gateway

32 ). A _____ can be used as a connecting device between two internetworks that use different models.

A) repeater

B) bridge

C) routerThis is the ). answer.D) gateway

33 ). In a _____ backbone, the backbone is just one switch.

A) bus

B) ringThis is the ). answer.C) star


34 ). A ________ link acts as a LAN in a remote backbone connected by remote bridges.

This is the ). answer.A) point-to-point

B) multipoint

C) multidrop


35 ). VLANs create _________ domains.

A) unicast

B) multicastThis is the ). answer.C) broadcast


36 ). In a(n) _______ configuration, the administrator types the port numbers, the IP addresses, or other characteristics, using the VLAN software.

This is the ). answer.A) manual

B) automatic

C) semiautomatic


37 ). In a(n) _____ configuration, the stations are automatically connected or disconnected from a VLAN using criteria defined by the administrator.

A) manualThis is the ). answer.B) automatic

C) semiautomatic


38 ). In a(n) ______ configuration, the initializing is done manually, with migrations done automatically.

A) manual

B) automaticThis is the ). answer.C) semiautomatic


Wireless WANs: Cellular Telephone and Satellite Networks

1 ). _______ is a first-generation cellular phone system.This is the ). answer.A) AMPS

B) D-AMPS

C) GSM


2 ). __________ is a second-generation cellular phone system.

A) AMPSThis is the ). answer.B) D-AMPS

C) GSM


3 ). ____________ is a digital version of AMPS.

A) GSMThis is the ). answer.B) D-AMPS

C) IS-95


4 ). ___________ is a second-generation cellular phone system used in Europe.

This is the ). answer.A) GSM

B) D-AMPS

C) IS-95


5 ). ________ is a second-generation cellular phone system based on CDMA and DSSS.

A) GSM

B) D-AMPSThis is the ). answer.C) IS-95


6 ). The __________ cellular phone system will provide universal personal communication.

A) first-generation

B) second-generationThis is the ). answer.C) third-generation


7 ). In a ______ handoff, a mobile station only communicates with one base station.This is the ). answer.A) hard

B) soft

C) medium


8 ). In a ______ handoff, a mobile station can communicate with two base stations at the same time.

A) hardThis is the ). answer.B) soft

C) medium


9 ). _______ is an analog cellular phone system using FDMA.This is the ). answer.A) AMPS

B) D-AMPS

C) GSM


10 ). AMPS operates in the ISM _____ band.This is the ). answer.A) 800-MHz

B) 900-MHz

C) 1800-MHz


11 ). In AMPS, each band is divided into ______ channels.

A) 800

B) 900


12 ). AMPS has a frequency reuse factor of _______.

A) 1

B) 3


13 ). AMPS uses ______ to divide each 25-MHz band into channels.This is the ). answer.A) FDMA

B) TDMA

C) CDMA


14 ). D-AMPS uses ______ to divide each 25-MHz band into channels.

A) FDMA

B) TDMA

C) CDMAThis is the ). answer.D) both (a) and (b)

15 ). GSM allows a reuse factor of _______.


C) 5

D) 7

16 ). GSM is a digital cellular phone system using ________.

A) FDMA

B) TDMA

C) CDMAThis is the ). answer.D) both (a) and (b)

17 ). IS-95 is based on ____________.

A) FDMA

B) CDMA

C) DSSSThis is the ). answer.D) all of the above

18 ). IS-95 uses the ISM _______band.

A) 800-MHz

B) 900-MHz

C) 1900-MHzThis is the ). answer.D) either (a) or (c)

19 ). IS-95 uses the _______ satellite system for synchronization.This is the ). answer.A) GPS

B) Teledesic

C) Iridium


20 ). In an IS-95 system, the frequency-reuse factor is normally _____.This is the ). answer.A) 1

B) 3

C) 5

D) 7

21 ). In the third generation of cellular phones, _______ uses W-CDMA.This is the ). answer.A) IMT-DS

B) IMT-MC

C) IMT-TC

D) IMT-SC

22 ). In the third generation of cellular phones, ________ uses CDMA2000.

A) IMT-DSThis is the ). answer.B) IMT-MC

C) IMT-TC

D) IMT-SC

23 ). In the third generation of cellular phones, ______ uses a combination of W-CDMA and TDMA.

A) IMT-DS

B) IMT-MCThis is the ). answer.C) IMT-TC

D) IMT-SC

24 ). In the third generation of cellular phones, _______ uses TDMA.

A) IMT-DS

B) IMT-MC

C) IMT-TCThis is the ). answer.D) IMT-SC

25 ). The period of a satellite, the time required for a satellite to make a complete trip around the Earth, is determined by _________ law.

This is the ). answer.A) Kepler's

B) Newton's

C) Ohm's


26 ). The signal from a satellite is normally aimed at a specific area called the _________.

A) path

B) effectThis is the ). answer.C) footprint


27 ). There is (are) _____ orbit(s) for a GEO satellite.This is the ). answer.A) one

B) two

C) many


28 ). MEO satellites are located at altitudes between km.

A) 3000 and 5000

B) 5000 and 10,000This is the ). answer.C) 5000 and 15,000


29 ). LEO satellites are normally below an altitude of ________ km.


C) 3000


30 ). ______ is based on a principle called trilateration.This is the ). answer.A) GPS

B) Teledesic

C) Iridium


31 ). Low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellites have _____ orbits.

A) equatorialThis is the ). answer.B) polar

C) inclined


32 ). A GEO is at the ________ orbit and revolves in phase with Earth.This is the ). answer.A) equatorial

B) polar

C) inclined


33 ). GPS satellites are ________ satellites.

A) GEOThis is the ). answer.B) MEO

C) LEO


34 ). ________ satellites provide time and location information for vehicles and ships.

This is the ). answer.A) GPS

B) Iridium

C) Teledesic


35 ). Iridium satellites are ________satellites.

A) GEO

B) MEOThis is the ). answer.C) LEO


36 ). ________ satellites can provide direct universal voice and data communications for handheld terminals.

A) GPSThis is the ). answer.B) Iridium

C) Teledesic


37 ). Teledesic satellites are _________satellites.

A) GEO

B) MEOThis is the ). answer.C) LEO


38 ). ________ satellites will provide universal broadband Internet access.

A) GPS

B) IridiumThis is the ). answer.C) Teledesic


SONET/SDH

1 ). _______ is a standard developed by ANSI for fiber-optic networks.This is the ). answer.A) SONET

B) SDH



2 ). _______ is a standard developed by ITU-T.

A) SONETThis is the ). answer.B) SDH



3 ). SONET has defined a hierarchy of signals called ________.This is the ). answer.A) STSs

B) STMs



4 ). SDH has defined a hierarchy of signals called ________.

A) STSsThis is the ). answer.B) STMs



5 ). An ______ signal is the optical modulation of an STS-n (or STM-n) signal.This is the ). answer.A) OC-n

B) TDM-n

C) FDM-n


6 ). .SONET defines _______ layers.

A) two

B) threeThis is the ). answer.C) four

D) five

7 ). SONET is a _______ TDM system.

A) asynchronousThis is the ). answer.B) synchronous

C) statistical


8 ). A SONET system can use _________.

A) STS multiplexers

B) regenerators

C) add/drop multiplexersThis is the ). answer.D) all of the above

9 ). SONET sends ________ frames per second

A) 1000

B) 2000

C) 4000

This is the ). answer.D) 8000

10 ). In SONET each frame lasts _______ microseconds.

A) 20

B) 64


11 ). An STS-1 frame is made of ________ rows


C) 90


12 ). An STS-1 frame is made ______columns

A) 1



13 ). An STS-3 frame is made of ______ rows.


C) 27


14 ). An STS-3 frame is made of ________ columns.

A) 9



15 ). SONET network topologies can be __________.

A) linear

B) ring

C) meshThis is the ). answer.D) all of the above

16 ). A linear SONET network can be __________.

A) point-to-point

B) multipointThis is the ). answer.C) either (a) or (b)


17 ). A ring SONET network can be _________.

A) unidirectional

B) bidirectional.This is the ). answer.C) either (a) or (b)


18 ). To make SONET backward-compatible with the current hierarchy, its frame design includes a system of.

A) OCs

B) STMs

C) STSsThis is the ). answer.D) VTs

19 ). A ________ is a repeater.This is the ). answer.A) regenerator

B) ADM

C) STS multiplexer/demultiplexer


20 ). __________ allow insertion and extraction of signals.

A) regeneratorsThis is the ). answer.B) ADMs

C) STS multiplexer/demultiplexers


21 ). A _______ is the optical link connecting two neighbor devices.This is the ). answer.A) section

B) line

C) path


22 ). A ______ is the portion of the network between two multiplexers.

A) sectionThis is the ). answer.B) line

C) path


23 ). A ______is the end-to-end portion of the network between two STS multiplexers.

A) section

B) lineThis is the ). answer.C) path


24 ). The ______ layer is responsible for the movement of a signal from its optical source to its optical destination.

A) section

B) lineThis is the ). answer.C) path

D) photonic

25 ). The ____ layer is responsible for the movement of a signal across a physical line.

A) sectionThis is the ). answer.B) line

C) path

D) photonic

26 ). The ______ layer is responsible for the movement of a signal across a physical section.

This is the ). answer.A) section

B) line

C) path

D) photonic

27 ). The _______ layer corresponds to the physical layer of the OSI model.

A) section

B) line

C) pathThis is the ). answer.D) photonic

28 ). An STS multiplexer is a ______ device.

A) one-layer

B) two-layer

C) three-layerThis is the ). answer.D) four-layer

29 ). An add/drop multiplexer is a ______ device.

A) one-layer

B) two-layerThis is the ). answer.C) three-layer

D) four-layer

30 ). A regenerator is a ________ device.

A) one-layerThis is the ). answer.B) two-layer

C) three-layer

D) four-layer

31 ). In SONET, for each frame, the bytes are transmitted __________.This is the ). answer.A) from left to the right, top to bottom

B) from right to the left, bottom to top

C) from left to the right, bottom to top

D) from right to the left, top to bottom

32 ). In SONET, for each byte, the bits are transmitted ____________.

A) from least significant to the most significantThis is the ). answer.B) from most significant to the least significant

C) two at a time

D) three at a time

33 ). Each ________in a SONET frame can carry a digitized voice channel.

A) bitThis is the ). answer.B) byte

C) frame


34 ). The section overhead consists of ______octets.

A) 1


D) 18

35 ). Line overhead consists of ________ bytes.

A) 1

B) 6


36 ). The path overhead consists of ______ bytes.

A) 1


D) 18

37 ). In ________ APS, there are normally two lines: one working line and one protection line. Both lines are active all the time.

This is the ). answer.A) one-plus-one

B) one-to-one

C) one-to-many


38 ). In ______ APS, there is one working line and one protection line. The data are normally sent on the working line until it fails.

A) one-plus-oneThis is the ). answer.B) one-to-one

C) one-to-many


39 ). In ________APS, there is only one protection line for many working lines. When a failure occurs in one of the working lines, the protection line takes control until the failed line is repaired.

A) one-plus-one

B) one-to-oneThis is the ). answer.C) one-to-many


Virtual-Circuit Networks: Frame Relay and ATM

1 ). ________ is a virtual-circuit wide-area network that was designed in response to demands for a new type of WAN in the late 1980s and early 1990s.

A)X.25

B)Frame Relay

C)ATM

D)none of the above2 ). Frame Relay provides ________.A)PVCs

B)SVCs

C)either (a) or (b)


3 ). VCIs in Frame Relay are called ______.A)PVC

B)SVC

C)DLCIs

D)none of the above4 ). In Frame Relay, when a _____ is selected, the corresponding table entry is recorded for all switches

by the administratorA)PVC

B)SVC

C)either (a) or (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)5 ). In Frame Relay, when. ______ is selected, it requires establishing and terminating phasesA)a PVC

B)an SVC

C)either (a) or (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)6 ). Frame Relay has _______.A)only the physical layer

B)only the data link

C)the physical and data link layers

D)the physical, data link, and network layers7 ). At the data link layer, Frame Relay uses a protocol that supports _____control.A)flow

B)error

C)either (a) or (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)8 ). In Frame Relay, an address can be ________ bytes.A)only 2

B)2 to 3

C)2 to 4

D)none of the above9 ). In Frame Relay, the EA field defines the number of bytes; it is _____ in the last byte of the address.

A)0

B)1

C)2

D)310 ). To handle frames arriving from other protocols, Frame Relay uses a device called a _________.A)VOFR

B)FRAD

C)MUX

D)none of the above11 ). Frame Relay networks offer an option called ______________ that sends voice through the

network.A)VOFR

B)FRAD

C)MUX

D)none of the above12 ). ________ is the cell relay protocol designed by the corresponding Forum and adopted by the ITU-

T.A)X.25

B)Frame Relay

C)ATM

D)none of the above13 ). A _______ is defined as a small, fixed-size block of information.A)frame

B)packet

C)cell

D)none of the above14 ). In ATM, a virtual connection is defined by _________.A)VPI

B)VCI

C)DLCI

D)a combination of (a) and (b)15 ). The ATM standard defines ______ layers.A)two

B)three

C)four

D)five16 ). The VPI of a UNI is _______ bits in length.A)8

B)12

C)16

D)2417 ). The VPI of an NNI is _______ bits in length.A)8

B)12

C)16

D)2418 ). The ATM data packet is a cell composed of ______ bytes.A)40

B)50

C)52

D)5319 ). ______ eliminates the varying delay times associated with different-size packets.A)X.25

B)Frame Relay

C)ATM

D)all of the above20 ). A(n) ______ is the interface between a user and an ATM switch.A)UNI

B)NNI

C)NNN

D)None of the above21 ). _________ is the interface between two ATM switches.A)UNI

B)NNI

C)NNN

D)none of the above22 ). In ATM, connection between two endpoints is accomplished through _______.A)TPs

B)VPs

C)VCs

D)all of the above

23 ). In ATM, the _______layer accepts transmissions from upper-layer services and maps them into ATM cells.

A)physical

B)ATM

C)AAL

D)none of the above24 ). In ATM, the ______ layer provides routing, traffic management, switching, and multiplexing

services.A)physical

B)ATM

C)AAL

D)none of the above25 ). In ATM, the _____ layer defines the transmission medium, bit transmission, encoding, and

electrical-to-optical transformation.A)physical

B)ATM layer

C)AAL

D)none of the above26 ). The AAL is divided into _______ sublayers.A)two

B)three

C)four

D)none of the above27 ). In ATM, ______ is for constant-bit-rate data.A)AAL1

B)AAL2

C)AAL3/4

D)AAL528 ). In ATM, _______is for short packets.A)AAL1

B)AAL2

C)AAL3/4

D)AAL529 ). In ATM, _____ is for conventional packet switching (virtual-circuit approach or datagram

approach).A)AAL1

B)AAL2

C)AAL3/4

D)AAL530 ). In ATM, ______ is for packets requiring no sequencing and no error control mechanism.A)AAL1

B)AAL2

C)AAL3/4

D)AAL531 ). ________ technology can be adapted for use in a LAN (ATM LAN).A)X.25

B)Frame Relay

C)ATM

D)none of the above32 ). In a _____ ATM LAN, an ATM switch connects stations.A)pure

B)legacy

C)mixed architecture

D)none of the above33 ). In a _______ ATM LAN, the backbone that connects traditional LANs uses ATM technology.A)pure

B)legacy


D)none of the above34 ). A _______ ATM LAN combines features of a pure ATM LAN and a legacy ATM LAN.A)pure

B)legacy


D)none of the above

Network Layer: Logical Addressing

1 ). An IPv4 address consists of _______ bits.A)4

B)8

C)32

D)642 ). In IPv4, class _______ has the greatest number of addresses in each block.A)A

B)B

C)C

D)D3 ). Identify the class of the following IPv4 address: 4.5.6.7.A)A

B)B

C)C

D)none of the above4 ). Identify the class of the following IPv4 address: 229.1.2.3.A)A

B)B

C)D

D)none of the above5 ). Identify the class of the following IPv4 address: 191.1.2.3.A)A

B)B

C)C

D)none of the above6 ). What is the result of ANDing 255 and 15?A)255

B)15

C)0


B)15

C)0


B)14

C)0


B)65

C)64

D)none of the above10 ). Which one is not a contiguous mask?A)255.255.255.254

B)255.255.224.0

C)255.148.0.0

D)all are11 ). The number of addresses in a class C block is _______.A)65,534

B)16,777,216

C)256

D)none of the above12 ). The number of addresses in a class B block is _______.A)65,536

B)16,777,216

C)256

D)none of the above13 ). The number of addresses in a class A block is _______.A)65,534

B)16,777,216

C)256

D)none of the above14 ). The number of addresses assigned to an organization in classless addressing _______.A)can be any number

B)must be a multiple of 256

C)must be a power of 2

D)none of the above15 ). The first address assigned to an organization in classless addressing _______.A)must be a power of

4

B)must be evenly divisible by the number of addresses

C)must belong to one of the A, B, or C classes

D)none of the above16 ). Which address could be the beginning address of a block of 32 classless addresses?A)2.4.6.5

B)2.4.6.16

C)2.4.6.64


B)2.4.6.15

C)2.4.6.62


B)2.4.6.15

C)2.4.6.0

D)none of the above19 ). What is the first address of a block of classless addresses if one of the addresses is 12.2.2.76/27?A)12.2.2.0

B)12.2.2.32

C)12.2.2.64

D)none of the above20 ). What is the first address of a block of classless addresses if one of the addresses is 12.2.2.76/10?

A)12.0.0.0

B)12.2.0.0

C)12.2.2.2

D)none of the above21 ). What is the first address of a block of classless addresses if one of the addresses is 12.2.2.127/28?A)12.2.2.0

B)12.2.2.96

C)12.2.2.112

D)none of the above

22 ). Find the number of addresses in a block of classless addresses if one of the addresses is 12.2.2.7/24.

A)32

B)64

C)256

D)none of the above23 ). Find the number of addresses in a block of classless addresses if one of the addresses is

12.2.2.7/30.A)2

B)4

C)8

D)none of the above24 ). What is the last address of a block of classless addresses if one of the addresses is 12.2.2.127/28?A)12.2.2.16

B)12.2.2.112

C)12.2.2.127

D)none of the above25 ). What is the last address of a block of classless addresses if one of the addresses is 12.2.2.6/30?A)12.2.2.2

B)12.2.2.6

C)12.2.2.7

D)none of the above26 ). An organization is granted a block; one address is 2.2.2.64/20. The organization needs 10 subnets.

What is the subnet prefix length?A)/20

B)/24

C)/25

D)none of the above27 ). An organization is granted a block; one address is 2.2.2.64/25. If the subnet prefix length is /28,

what is the maximum number of subnets?A)2

B)4

C)8

D)none of the above28 ). An organization is granted a block of classless addresses with the starting address 199.34.76.64/28.

How many addresses are granted?A)8

B)16

C)32

D)none of the above29 ). An organization is granted a block of classless addresses with the starting address

199.34.76.128/29. How many addresses are granted?A)8

B)16

C)32

D)none of the above30 ). An organization is granted a block of classless addresses with the starting address 199.34.32.0/27.

How many addresses are granted?A)8

B)16

C)32

D)none of the above31 ). What is the default mask for class A in CIDR notation?A)/9

B)/8

C)/16

D)none of the above32 ). What is the default mask for class B in CIDR notation?A)/9

B)/8

C)/16

D)none of the above33 ). What is the default mask for class C in CIDR notation?A)/24

B)/8

C)/16

D)none of the above34 ). In classless addressing, the ______ is another name for the common part of the address range.A)suffix

B)prefix

C)netid

D)none of the above

35 ). In classless addressing, the _______ is the varying part (similar to the hostid).A)suffix

B)prefix

C)hostid

D)none of the above36 ). In classless addressing, the prefix length defines the _____________.A)netid

B)hostid

C)mask

D)none of the above37 ). In a block, the prefix length is /24; what is the mask?A)255.255.255.0

B)255.255.242.0

C)255.255.0.0

D)none of the above38 ). In a block, the prefix length is /15; what is the mask?A)255.254.0.0

B)255.255.255.0

C)255.255.255.128

D)none of the above39 ). In a block, the mask is 255.255.192.0; what is the prefix length?A)/20

B)/28

C)/18

D)none of the above40 ). An IPv6 address is _________ bits long.A)32

B)64

C)128

D)none of the above41 ). An IPv6 address consists of ________ bytes (octets);A)4

B)8

C)16

D)none of the above42 ). To make addresses more readable, IPv6 specifies ____________notation.A)dotted decimal

B)hexadecimal colon

C)both a and b

D)none of the above43 ). In hexadecimal colon notation, a 128-bit address is divided into _______ sections, each _____

hexadecimal digits in length.A)8: 2

B)8: 3

C)8: 4

D)none of the above44 ). An IPv6 address can have up to __________ colons.A)8

B)7

C)4

D)none of the above45 ). An IPv6 address can have up to __________ hexadecimal digits.A)16

B)32

C)8

D)none of the above46 ). In IPv6, _______ address defines a single computer.A)a unicast

B)a multicast

C)an anycast

D)none of the above47 ). In IPv6, ____ address defines a group of computers with addresses that have the same prefix.A)a unicast

B)a multicast

C)an anycast

D)none of the above48 ). In IPv6, _________ address defines a group of computers.A)a unicast

B)a multicast

C)an anycast

D)none of the above49 ). In IPv6, the ________ prefix defines the purpose of the address.A)type

B)purpose

C)both a and b

D)none of the above50 ). In IPv6, the___________ address is generally used by a normal host as a unicast address.A)provider-based unicast

B)link local

C)site local

D)none of the above51 ). In IPv6, a _________address comprises 80 bits of zero, followed by 16 bits of one, followed by

the 32-bit IPv4 address.A)link local

B)site local

C)mapped

D)none of the above52 ). In IPv6, a ___________ address is an address of 96 bits of zero followed by 32 bits of IPv4

address.A)link local

B)site local

C)mapped

D)none of the above53 ). In IPv6, a _______ address is used if a LAN uses the Internet protocols but is not connected to the

Internet for security reasons.A)link local

B)site local

C)mapped

D)none of the above54 ). In IPv6, a ______address is used if a site with several networks uses the Internet protocols but is

not connected to the Internet for security reasons.A)link local

B)site local

C)mapped

D)none of the above

Network Layer: Internet Protocol

1 ). A best-effort delivery service such as IPv4 includes _______.A)error checking

B)error ).ion

C)datagram acknowledgment

D)none of the above2 ). In IPv4 header, an HLEN value of decimal 10 means _______.A)there are 10 bytes of options

B)there are 40 bytes of options

C)there are 10 bytes in the header

D)there are 40 bytes in the header

3 ). In IPv4, what is the value of the total length field in bytes if the header is 28 bytes and the data field is 400 bytes?

A)428

B)407

C)107

D)4274 ). In IPv4, what is the length of the data field given an HLEN value of 12 and total length value of

40,000?A)39,988

B)40,012

C)40,048

D)39,9525 ). An IPv4 datagram is fragmented into three smaller datagrams. Which of the following is true?A)The do not fragment bit is set to 1 for all three datagrams.

B)The more fragment bit is set to 0 for all three datagrams.

C)The identification field is the same for all three datagrams.

D)The offset field is the same for all three datagrams.6 ). In IPv4, if the fragment offset has a value of 100, it means that _______.A)the datagram has not been

fragmented

B)the datagram is 100 bytes in size

C)the first byte of the datagram is byte 100

D)the first byte of the datagram is byte 8007 ). In IPv4, what is needed to determine the number of the last byte of a fragment?A)Identification number

B)Offset number

C)Total length

D)(b) and (c)

8 ). The IPv4 header size _______.A)is 20 to 60 bytes long

B)is always 20 bytes long

C)is always 60 bytes long

D)depends on the MTU9 ). Which of the following is a necessary part of the IPv6 datagram?A)Base header

B)Extension header

C)Data packet from the upper layer

D)(a) and (c)

10 ). In IPv6, the _______ field in the base header restricts the lifetime of a datagram.A)version

B)next-header

C)hop limit

D)neighbor-advertisement11 ). The ________ protocol is the transmission mechanism used by the TCP/IP suite.A)ARP

B)IP

C)RARP

D)none of the above12 ). IP is _________ datagram protocol.A)an unreliable

B)a connectionless

C)both a and b

D)none of the above

13 ). The term ________ means that IP provides no error checking or tracking. IP assumes the unreliability of the underlying layers and does its best to get a transmission through to its destination, but with no guarantees.

A)reliable delivery

B)connection-oriented delivery

C)best-effort delivery

D)none of the above14 ). In IPv4, an HLEN value of decimal 10 means _______.A)there are 10 bytes of options

B)there are 40 bytes of options

C)there are 40 bytes in the header

D)none of the above15 ). In IPv4, which field or bit value unambiguously identifies the datagram as a fragment?A)Do not fragment bit ? 0

B)More Fragment bit ? 0

C)Fragment offset = 1000

D)none of the above16 ). The IPv4 header size _______.A)is 20 to 60 bytes long

B)is 20 bytes long

C)is 60 bytes long

D)none of the above17 ). In IPv4, when a datagram is encapsulated in a frame, the total size of the datagram must be less

than the _______.A)MUT

B)MAT

C)MTU

D)none of the above18 ). The IPv4 header field formerly known as the service type field is now called the _______ field.A)IETF

B)checksum

C)differentiated services

D)none of the above19 ). In IPv6, options are inserted between the _________ and the ___________ data.A)base header; extension header

B)base header; upper-layer data

C)base header; frame header

D)none of the above20 ). IPv6 allows _________ security provisions than IPv4.A)more

B)less

C)the same level

D)none of the above21 ). In IPv6, when a datagram needs to be discarded in a congested network, the decision is based on

the _______ field in the base header.A)hop limit

B)priority

C)next header

D)none of the above22 ). In IPv6, the _______ field in the base header and the sender IP address combine to indicate a

unique path identifier for a specific flow of data.A)flow label

B)next header

C)hop limit

D)destination IP address

Network Layer: Address Mapping, Error Reporting, and Multicasting

1 ). A _______ address is an internetwork address with universal jurisdiction.A)physical

B)logical

C)a and b

D)none of the above2 ). The logical addresses in the Internet are called _______ addresses.A)port

B)IP

C)Email

D)none of the above3 ). A ________ is a local address. Its jurisdiction is over a local network.A)physical

B)logical

C)a and b

D)none of the above4 ). If the sender is a host and wants to send a packet to another host on the same network, the logical

address that must be mapped to a physical address is ______.A)the destination IP address in the datagram header

B)the IP address of the router found in the routing table

C)either a or b

D)none of the above5 ). If the sender is a host and wants to send a packet to another host on another network, the logical

address that must be mapped to a physical address is ______.A)the destination IP address in the datagram header


C)either a or b

D)none of the above6 ). The sender is a router that has received a datagram destined for a host on another network. The

logical address that must be mapped to a physical address is ______.A)the destination IP address in the datagram header


C)either a or b

D)none of the above7 ). The sender is a router that has received a datagram destined for a host on the same network. The

logical address that must be mapped to a physical address is ______.A)the destination IP address in the datagram header


C)either a or b

D)none of the above8 ). In _______, a table associating a logical address with a physical address is updated manually.A)static mapping

B)dynamic mapping

C)physical mapping

D)none of the above9 ). _______ is a dynamic mapping protocol in which a physical address is found for a given logical

address.A)ARP

B)RARP

C)both a and b

D)none of the above10 ). The target hardware address on an Ethernet is _______ in an ARP request.A)0x000000000000

B)0.0.0.0

C)variable

D)class dependent11 ). An ARP reply is normally _______.A)broadcast

B)multicast

C)unicast

D)none of the above12 ). An ARP request is normally _______.A)broadcast

B)multicast

C)unicast

D)none of the above13 ). A technique called ______ is used to create a subnetting effect.A)ARP

B)RARP

C)proxy ARP

D)none of the above14 ). A _______ is an ARP that acts on behalf of a set of hosts.A)ARP

B)RARP

C)proxy ARP

D)none of the above15 ). ICMP is a _________ layer protocol.A)data link

B)transport

C)network

D)none of the above16 ). ICMP messages are divided into two broad categories: _____________.A)query and error reporting messages

B)request and response messages

C)request and reply messages

D)none of the above17 ). An ICMP message has _____ header and a variable-size data section.A)a 16-byte

B)a 32-byte

C)an 8-byte

D)none of the above18 ). Which of the following is true about ICMP messages?A)An ICMP error message may be generated for an ICMP error

message.

B)An ICMP error message may be generated for each fragment.

C)An ICMP error message may be generated for a multicast datagram.

D)none is true19 ). Which of the following is true about ICMP messages?A)An ICMP error message may be generated for an ICMP error

message.

B)An ICMP error message may be generated only for the first fragment.

C)An ICMP error message may be generated for a multicast datagram.

D)none is true20 ). IGMP is a companion to the ______ protocol.A)UDP

B)TCP

C)ICM

D)none of the above21 ). IGMP is _______ protocol.A)an error reporting

B)a group management

C)a transmission

D)none of the above22 ). IGMP helps a ________ router create and update a list of loyal members related to each router

interface.A)broadcast

B)unicast

C)multicast

D)none of the above

23 ). IGMP operates __________.A)locally

B)globally

C)both a and b

D)none of the above24 ). An IGMP query is sent from a _______ to a _______.A)host; host

B)host; router

C)router; host or router

D)none of the above25 ). The _______ is used by a router in response to a received leave report.A)general query message

B)special query message

C)membership report

D)none of the above26 ). The least significant 23 bits in a 48-bit Ethernet address identify a ________.A)multicast router

B)host

C)multicast group

D)none of the above27 ). The _______ field of the IGMP message is all zeros in a query message.A)version

B)type

C)group address

D)none of the above28 ). A multicast message is sent from _______ to _______.A)one source; one destination

B)one source; multiple destinations

C)multiple sources; one destination

D)none of the above29 ). In networks that do not support physical multicast addressing, multicasting can be accomplished

through _______.A)mapping

B)queries

C)tunneling

D)none of the above30 ). If four hosts on a network belong to the same group, a total of _______ sent in response to a

general query message.A)one membership report is

B)two membership reports are

C)three membership reports are

D)none of the above31 ). In IGMP, a membership report is sent _______.A)once

B)twice

C)three times

D)none of the above32 ). In IGMP, the general query message ___________________ group.A)does not define a

particular

B)explicitly defines a

C)can define more than one

D)none of the above33 ). An IGMP packet is carried in an __________ packet.A)UDP

B)IP

C)Ethernet frame

D)none of the above34 ). The IP packet that carries an IGMP packet has a value of _______ in its protocol field.A)3

B)2

C)1

D)none of the above

Network Layer: Delivery, Forwarding, and Routing

1 ). In _______ delivery, both the deliverer of the IP packet and the destination are on the same network.A)a connectionless

B)a direct

C)an indirect

D)none of the above2 ). In _______ delivery, the deliverer of the IP packet and the destination are on different networks.A)a connection-oriented

B)a direct

C)an indirect

D)none of the above3 ). In _______ forwarding, the full IP address of a destination is given in the routing table.A)next-hop

B)network-specific

C)host-specific

D)default4 ). In _______ forwarding, the mask and destination addresses are both 0.0.0.0 in the routing table.A)next-hop

B)network-specific

C)host-specific

D)default5 ). In _______ forwarding, the destination address is a network address in the routing table.A)next-hop

B)network-specific

C)host-specific

D)default6 ). In _______ forwarding, the routing table holds the address of just the next hop instead of complete

route information.A)next-hop

B)network-specific

C)host-specific

D)default7 ). The idea of address aggregation was designed to alleviate the increase in routing table entries when

using ________.A)classful addressing

B)classless addressing

C)both a and b

D)none of the above8 ). The principle of ________ states that the routing table is sorted from the longest mask to the

shortest mask.A)first mask matching

B)shortest mask matching

C)longest mask matching

D)none of the above9 ). The use of hierarchy in routing tables can ________ the size of the routing tables.A)reduc

e

B)increase

C)both a and b

D)none of the above10 ). _______ deals with the issues of creating and maintaining routing tables.A)Forwarding

B)Routing

C)Directing

D)None of the above11 ). A _______ routing table contains information entered manually.A)static

B)dynamic

C)hierarchical

D)none of the above12 ). A _______ routing table is updated periodically using one of the dynamic routing protocols.A)static

B)dynamic

C)hierarchical

D)none of the above13 ). The input and output ports of a router perform the ________ layer functions of the router.A)physical and data link

B)network

C)transport

D)none of the above14 ). The routing processor of a router performs the ________ layer functions of the router.A)physical and data link

B)network

C)transport

D)none of the above15 ). The task of moving the packet from the input queue to the output queue in a router is done by

_________.A)input and output ports

B)routing processor

C)switching fabrics

D)none of the above16 ). A static table is one _______.A)with manual entries

B)which is updated automatically

C)either a or b

D)none of the above17 ). A dynamic table is one _______.A)with manual entries

B)which is updated automatically

C)either a or b

D)none of the above18 ). For purposes of routing, the Internet is divided into ___________.A)wide area

networks

B)autonomous networks

C)autonomous systems

D)none of the above19 ). ____________ is a group of networks and routers under the authority of a single administration.

A)An autonomous system

B)An area

C)a and b

D)none of the above20 ). Routing inside an autonomous system is referred to as _______________.A)interdomain routing

B)intradomain routing

C)both a and b

D)none of the above

21 ). Routing between autonomous systems is referred to as ____________.A)interdomain routing

B)intradomain routing

C)both a and b

D)none of the above22 ). In _______ routing, the least cost route between any two nodes is the route with the minimum

distance.A)path vector

B)distance vector

C)link state

D)none of the above23 ). In ________, each node maintains a vector (table) of minimum distances to every node.A)path vector

B)distance vector

C)link state

D)none of the above24 ). In distance vector routing, each node periodically shares its routing table with _________ and

whenever there is a change.A)every other

node

B)its immediate neighbors

C)one neighbor

D)none of the above25 ). The Routing Information Protocol (RIP) is an intradomain routing based on _________ routing.

A)distance vector

B)link state

C)path vector

D)none of the above26 ). The metric used by _______ is the hop count.A)OSPF

B)RIP

C)BGP

D)none of the above

27 ). The _________ routing uses the Dijkstra algorithm to build a routing table.A)distance

vector

B)link state

C)path vector

D)none of the above28 ). The Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol is an intradomain routing protocol based on

_______ routing.A)distance

vector

B)link state

C)path vector

D)none of the above29 ). The _______ protocol allows the administrator to assign a cost, called the metric, to each route.

A)OSPF

B)RIP

C)BGP

D)none of the above30 ). In OSPF, a ________ link connects two routers without any other host or router in between.A)point-to-point

B)transient

C)stub

D)none of the above31 ). In OSPF, a _______ link is a network with several routers attached to it.A)point-to-point

B)transient

C)stub

D)none of the above32 ). In OSPF, a ________ link is a network is connected to only one router.A)point-to-point

B)transient

C)stub

D)none of the above33 ). In OSPF, when the link between two routers is broken, the administration may create a _________

link between them using a longer path that probably goes through several routers.A)point-to-point

B)transient

C)stub

D)none of the above34 ). In ________ routing, we assume that there is one node (or more) in each autonomous system that

acts on behalf of the entire autonomous system.A)distant vector

B)path vector

C)link state

D)none of the above35 ). ___________ is an interdomain routing protocol using path vector routing.A)BGP

B)RIP

C)OSPF

D)none of the above36 ). To create a neighborhood relationship, a router running BGP sends an ________ message.A)open

B)update

C)keepalive

D)none of the above37 ). An area is _______.A)part of an

AS

B)composed of at least two ASs

C)another term for an AS

D)none of the above38 ). A one-to-all communication between one source and all hosts on a network is classified as a

_______ communication.A)unicast

B)multicast

C)broadcast

D)none of the above39 ). A one-to-many communication between one source and a specific group of hosts is classified as a

_______ communication.A)unicast

B)multicast

C)broadcast

D)none of the above40 ). A one-to-one communication between one source and one destination is classified as a _______

communication.A)unicast

B)multicast

C)broadcast

D)none of the above41 ). In ______, the router forwards the received packet through only one of its interfaces.A)unicasting

B)multicasting

C)broadcasting

D)none of the above42 ). In _______, the router may forward the received packet through several of its interfaces.A)unicasting

B)multicasting

C)broadcasting

D)none of the above43 ). Emulation of ________ through ___________ is not efficient and may create long delays.A)unicasting; multiple unicasting

B)multicasting; multiple unicasting

C)broadcasting; multicasting

D)none of the above44 ). In unicast routing, each router in the domain has a table that defines a ______ path tree to possible

destinations.A)average

B)longest

C)shortest

D)none of the above45 ). In multicast routing, each involved router needs to construct a ________ path tree for each group.A)average

B)longest

C)shortest

D)none of the above46 ). In the _______ tree approach, each router needs to have one shortest path tree for each group.

A)group-shared

B)source-based

C)a or b

D)none of the above47 ). In the group-shared tree approach, _________ involved in multicasting.A)only the core router

is

B)all routers are

C)only some routers are

D)none of the above48 ). Multicast link state routing uses the _______ tree approach.A)source-

based

B)group-shared

C)a or b

D)none of the above49 ). The Multicast Open Shortest Path First (MOSPF) protocol is an extension of the OSPF protocol

that uses multicast routing to create source-based trees. The protocol is based on _______ routing.A)distance

vector

B)link state

C)path vector

D)none of the above50 ). MOSPF is a _______ protocol.A)data-driven

B)command-driven

C)both a and b

D)none of the above51 ). _________ broadcasts packets, but creates loops in the systems.A)Forwarding

B)Flooding

C)Backwarding

D)none of the above52 ). In RPF, a router forwards only the copy that has traveled the _______ path from the source to the

router.A)shortest

B)longest

C)average

D)none of the above53 ). RPF eliminates the ________ in the flooding process.A)forwarding

B)backwarding

C)flooding

D)none of the above54 ). RPF guarantees that each network receives only ____ of the multicast packet.A)one copy

B)two copies

C)a or b

D)none of the above55 ). RPB creates a shortest path _______ tree from the source to each destination.A)unicast

B)multicast

C)broadcast

D)none of the above56 ). RPB guarantees that each destination receives _________ of the packet.A)one copy

B)no copies

C)multiple copies

D)none of the above57 ). In ________, the multicast packet must reach only those networks that have active members for

that particular group.A)RPF

B)RPB

C)RPM

D)none of the above58 ). _______ adds pruning and grafting to _______ to create a multicast shortest path tree that supports

dynamic membership changes.A)RPM; RPB

B)RPB; RPM

C)RPF: RPM

D)none of the above59 ). __________ is an implementation of multicast distance vector routing. It is a source-based routing

protocol, based on RIP.A)MOSPF

B)DVMRP

C)CBT

D)none of the above60 ). DVMRP is a ________routing protocol, based on RIP.A)source-

based

B)group-shared

C)both a and b

D)none of the above61 ). Pruning and grafting are strategies used in _______.A)RPF

B)RPB

C)RPM

D)none of the above62 ). A _______ message tells an upstream router to stop sending multicast messages for a specific

group through a specific router.A)wee

d

B)graft

C)prune

D)none of the above63 ). A _______ message tells an upstream router to start sending multicast messages for a specific

group through a specific router.A)wee

d

B)graft

C)prune

D)none of the above64 ). CBT is a ________ protocol that uses a core as the root of the tree.A)source-

based

B)group-shared

C)a or b

D)none of the above65 ). PIM-DM is used in a _______ multicast environment, such as a LAN.A)dense

B)sparse

C)a or b

D)none of the above66 ). PIM-SM is used in a _______multicast environment such as a WAN.A)dense

B)sparse

C)a or b

D)none of the above67 ). In _______, a logical tunnel is established by encapsulating the multicast packet inside a unicast

packet.A)UNIBONE

B)MULTBONE

C)MBONE

D)none of the above

Process-to-Process Delivery: UDP, TCP, and SCTP

1 ). One of the responsibilities of the transport layer protocol is to create a ______ communication.A)host-to-host

B)process-to-process

C)node-to-node

D)none of the above2 ). UDP is called a ________________transport protocol.A)connectionless, reliable

B)connection-oriented, unreliable

C)connectionless, unreliable

D)none of the above3 ). UDP does not add anything to the services of IP except for providing _______ communication.A)node-to-node

B)process-to-process

C)host-to-host

D)none of the above4 ). UDP is an acronym for _______.A)User Delivery Protocol

B)User Datagram Procedure

C)User Datagram Protocol

D)none of the above5 ). Although there are several ways to achieve process-to-process communication, the most common is

through the __________ paradigm.A)client-server

B)client-client

C)server-server

D)none of the above6 ). The local host and the remote host are defined using IP addresses. To define the processes, we need

second identifiers called ____________.A)UDP addresses

B)transport addresses

C)port addresses

D)none of the above7 ). The ports ranging from 49,152 to 65,535 can be used as temporary or private port numbers. They

are called the ________ ports.A)well-known

B)registered

C)dynamic

D)none of the above8 ). In the sending computer, UDP receives a data unit from the _______ layer.A)application

B)transport

C)IP

D)none of the above9 ). In the sending computer, UDP sends a data unit to the _______ layer.A)application

B)transport

C)IP

D)none of the above

10 ). UDP and TCP are both _______ layer protocols.A)data link

B)network

C)transport

D)none of the above11 ). Which of the following functions does UDP perform?A)process-to-process communication

B)host-to-host communication

C)end-to-end reliable data delivery

D)none of the above12 ). When the IP layer of a receiving host receives a datagram, _______.A)delivery is complete

B)a transport layer protocol takes over

C)a header is added

D)none of the above13 ). UDP needs the _______ address to deliver the user datagram to the ). application process.A)port

B)application

C)internet

D)none of the above14 ). A port address in UDP is _______bits long.A)8

B)16

C)32

D)any of the above15 ). Which of the following does UDP guarantee?A)flow control

B)connection-oriented delivery

C)flow control

D)none of the above16 ). The source port address on the UDP user datagram header defines _______.A)the sending computer

B)the receiving computer

C)the process running on the sending computer

D)none of the above17 ). The combination of an IP address and a port number is called a ____________.A)transport address

B)network address

C)socket address

D)none of the above18 ). To use the services of UDP, we need ________ socket addresses.A)four

B)two

C)three

D)none of the above19 ). UDP packets are called __________.A)user datagrams

B)segments

C)frames

D)none of the above20 ). UDP packets have a fixed-size header of _______ bytes.A)16

B)8

C)40

D)none of the above21 ). UDP packets are encapsulated in ___________.A)an Ethernet frame

B)an TCP segment

C)an IP datagram

D)none of the above22 ). UDP uses ________ to handle outgoing user datagrams from multiple processes on one host.A)flow control

B)multiplexing

C)demultiplexing

D)none of the above23 ). UDP uses _______ to handle incoming user datagrams that go to different processes on the same

host.A)flow control

B)multiplexing

C)demultiplexing

D)none of the above24 ). TCP is a __________protocol.A)stream-

oriented

B)message-oriented

C)block-oriented

D)none of the above25 ). TCP allows the sending process to deliver data as a _______of bytes and allows the receiving

process to obtain data as a _________ of bytes.A)message; message

B)stream; stream

C)block; block

D)none of the above26 ). Because the sending and the receiving processes may not write or read data at the same speed, TCP

________.A)speeds up the slower process

B)slows down the faster process

C)uses buffers

D)none of the above27 ). TCP groups a number of bytes together into a packet called a ___________.A)user datagram

B)segment

C)datagram

D)none of the above28 ). TCP is a ___________ protocol.A)connection-oriented

B)connectionless

C)both a and b

D)none of the above29 ). TCP is a(n) _______ transport protocol.A)unreliable

B)best-effort delivery

C)reliable

D)none of the above

30 ). TCP uses _________________ to check the safe and sound arrival of data.A)an acknowledgment mechanism

B)out-of-band signalling

C)the services of another protocol

D)none of the above31 ). The bytes of data being transferred in each connection are numbered by TCP. The numbering starts

with a __________________.A)0

B)1

C)randomly generated number

D)none of the above32 ). TCP assigns a sequence number to each segment that is being sent. The sequence number for each

segment is the number of the _______ byte carried in that segment.A)first

B)last

C)middle

D)none of the above33 ). Communication in TCP is ___________.A)simplex

B)half-duplex

C)full-duplex

D)none of the above34 ). The value of the acknowledgment field in a segment defines the number of the ______byte a party

expects to receive.A)first

B)last

C)next

D)none of the above35 ). The acknowledgment number is ________.A)independent

B)randomly generated

C)cumulative

D)none of the above36 ). The value of the window size is determined by _________.A)the sender

B)the receiver

C)both the sender and receiver

D)none of the above37 ). The inclusion of the checksum in the TCP segment is ________.A)optional

B)mandatory

C)at the discretion of the application program

D)none of the above38 ). A TCP segment is encapsulated in __________.A)an IP datagram

B)an Ethernet frame

C)a UDP user datagram

D)none of the above39 ). Connection establishment in TCP is called __________ handshaking.A)two-way

B)four-way

C)one-way

D)none of the above40 ). A SYN segment cannot carry data; it consumes _____ sequence number(s).A)no

B)one

C)two

D)none of the above41 ). A SYN + ACK segment cannot carry data; it consumes _____ sequence number(s).A)no

B)three

C)two

D)none of the above42 ). An ACK segment, if carrying no data, consumes ______ sequence number(s).A)no

B)one

C)two

D)none of the above43 ). The connection establishment procedure in TCP is susceptible to a serious security problem called

the _________ attack.A)ACK flooding

B)FIN flooding

C)SYN flooding

D)none of the above44 ). The SYN flooding attack belongs to a group of security attacks known as a _____ attack.A)denial of service

B)replay

C)man-in-the middle

D)none of the above45 ). The FIN segment consumes ____ sequence numbers if it does not carry data.A)two

B)three

C)no

D)none of the above46 ). The FIN + ACK segment consumes _____ sequence number(s) if it does not carry data.A)two

B)three

C)one

D)none of the above47 ). In TCP, one end can stop sending data while still receiving data. This is called a ______.A)half-close

B)half-open

C)one-way termination

D)none of the above48 ). A(n) _________ machine is a machine that goes through a limited number of states.A)infinite state

B)finite state

C)both a and b

D)none of the above49 ). __________ control regulates the amount of data a source can send before receiving an

acknowledgment from the destination.A)Erro

r

B)Flow

C)Congestion

D)none of the above50 ). To accomplish flow control, TCP uses a ___________ window protocol.A)limited-size

B)sliding

C)fixed-size

D)none of the above51 ). TCP sliding windows are __________ oriented.A)packet

B)segment

C)byte

D)none of the above52 ). ACK segments consume _______ sequence number(s) and _______ acknowledged.A)no; are not

B)one; are not

C)no; are

D)none of the above53 ). TCP delivers _______ out-of-order segments to the process.A)all

B)no

C)some

D)none of the above54 ). IP is responsible for _______ communication while TCP is responsible for _______

communication.A)host-to-host; process-to-process

B)process-to-process; host-to-host

C)process-to-process; network-to-network

D)none of the above55 ). If a segment carries data along with an acknowledgment, this is called _______.A)backpacking

B)piggybacking

C)piggypacking

D)none of the above56 ). Multiply the header length field by _______ to find the total number of bytes in the TCP header.A)2

B)4

C)6

D)none of the above57 ). Urgent data requires the urgent pointer field as well as the URG bit in the _______ field.A)control

B)offset

C)sequence number

D)none of the above58 ). The options field of the TCP header ranges from 0 to _______ bytes.A)10

B)20

C)40

D)none of the above59 ). If the ACK value is 200, then byte _______ has been received successfully.A)199

B)200

C)201

D)none of the above60 ). Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) is a new _____________protocol.A)reliable, character-oriented

B)reliable, message-oriented

C)unreliable, message-oriented

D)none of the above61 ). SCTP allows __________ service in each association.A)single stream

B)multistream

C)double stream

D)none of the above62 ). SCTP association allows _____________ for each end.A)only one IP

address

B)multiple IP addresses

C)only two IP address

D)none of the above63 ). In SCTP, a data chunk is numbered using ________.

A)a TSN

B)an SI

C)an SSN

D)none of the above64 ). To distinguish between different streams, SCTP uses ___________.A)a TSN

B)an SI

C)an SSN

D)none of the above65 ). To distinguish between different data chunks belonging to the same stream, SCTP uses

___________.A)TSNs

B)SIs

C)SSNs

D)none of the above66 ). TCP has ____________; SCTP has ____________.A)packets; segments

B)segments; packets

C)segments; frames

D)none of the above67 ). The control information in SCTP is included in the ________.A)header control

field

B)control chunks

C)data chunks

D)none of the above68 ). An SCTP packet can carry __________.A)only one data chunk

B)several data chunks

C)no data chunks

D)none of the above69 ). In SCTP, the acknowledgment number and window size are part of each ________.A)data chunk

B)control chunk

C)a or b

D)none of the above70 ). There is no need for a header length field in SCTP because ________________.A)there are no options in the general header

B)the size of the header is fixed

C)both a and b

D)none of the above71 ). The checksum in SCTP is ________ bits.A)16

B)32

C)64

D)none of the above72 ). The association identifier in SCTP is __________________.A)a unique verification tag

B)a combination of logical and port addresses

C)either a or b

D)none of the above73 ). In SCTP, control information and data information are carried in _______ chunks.A)the same chunk

B)different chunks

C)either a or b

D)none of the above74 ). In SCTP, acknowledgment numbers are used to acknowledge _____________.A)both data chunks and control chunks

B)only control chunks

C)only data chunks

D)none of the above75 ). In an SCTP packet, control chunks come ___________ data chunks.A)after

B)before

C)a or b

D)none of the above76 ). In SCTP, ___________ can be carried in a packet that carries an INIT chunk.A)only data chunks

B)only control chunks

C)no other chunk

D)none of the above77 ). A connection in SCTP is called an ____________.A)negotiation

B)association

C)transmission

D)none of the above

Domain Name System

1 ). In a _______ name space, a name is assigned to an address. A name in this space is a sequence of characters without structure.

A)flat

B)hierarchical

C)organized

D)none of the above2 ). In a _________name space, each name is made of several parts.A)flat

B)hierarchical

C)organized

D)none of the above3 ). To have a hierarchical name space, a ______________ was designed.A)domain space

B)domain name

C)domain name space

D)none of the above4 ). In the DNS, the names are defined in ___________ structure.A)a linear list

B)an inverted-tree

C)a graph

D)none of the above5 ). Each node in the tree has a _______, which is a string with a maximum of ___ characters.A)label; 127

B)name; 255

C)label; 63

D)none of the above6 ). The root of the DNS tree is _______.A)a string of characters

B)a string of 63 characters

C)an empty string

D)none of the above7 ). A full domain name is a sequence of labels separated by ________.A)semicolons

B)dots

C)colons

D)none of the above8 ). If a label is terminated by a null string, it is called a __________.A)PQDN

B)FQDN

C)SQDN

D)none of the above9 ). If a label is not terminated by a null string, it is called a __________.A)PQDN

B)FQDN

C)SQDN

D)none of the above10 ). A _________ is a subtree of the domain name space.A)label

B)name

C)domain

D)none of the above11 ). What a server is responsible for or has authority over is called a _________.A)domain

B)label

C)zone

D)none of the above12 ). A _______ is a server whose zone consists of the whole tree.A)domain server

B)zone server

C)root server

D)none of the above13 ). A ________ server loads all information from the disk file.A)primary

B)secondary

C)zone

D)none of the above14 ). A ________ server loads all information from the primary server.A)primary

B)secondary

C)zone

D)none of the above15 ). When the secondary downloads information from the primary, it is called ______ transfer.A)domain

B)zone

C)label

D)none of the above16 ). In the Internet, the domain name space (tree) is divided into _______ different sections:A)three

B)two

C)four

D)none of the above17 ). The _______ domains define registered hosts according to their generic behavior.A)generic

B)country

C)inverse

D)none of the above18 ). The first level in the generic domains section allows ______ possible labels.A)10

B)12

C)16

D)none of the above19 ). The ____________ domain section uses two-character country abbreviations.A)generic

B)country

C)inverse

D)none of the above20 ). The _________ domain is used to map an address to a name.A)generic

B)country

C)inverse

D)none of the above21 ). In __________ resolution, the resolver expects the server to supply the final answer.A)iterative

B)recursive

C)straight

D)none of the above22 ). In __________ resolution, the server returns the IP address of the server that it thinks can resolve

the query.A)iterative

B)recursive

C)straight

D)none of the above23 ). In the domain name chal.atc.fhda.edu, _______ is the least specific label.A)chal

B)atc

C)edu

D)none of the above24 ). In the domain name chal.atc.fhda.edu, _______ is the most specific label.A)chal

B)atc

C)fhda

D)none of the above25 ). A host with the domain name pit.arc.nasa.gov. is on the _______ level of the DNS hierarchical

tree. (The root is level one.)A)third

B)fourth

C)fifth

D)none of the above26 ). A pointer query involves the _______ domain.A)inverse

B)reverse

C)root

D)none of the above27 ). DNS can use the services of ________ using the well-known port 53.A)UDP

B)TCP

C)either (a) or (b)

D)none of the above

Congestion Control and Quality of Service

1 ). In ________ we try to avoid traffic congestion.A)congestion control

B)quality of service

C)either (a) or (b)

D)both (a) and (b)2 ). In _________, we try to create an appropriate environment for the traffic.A)congestion control

B)quality of service

C)either (a) or (b)

D)both (a) and (b)3 ). Traffic ______ are qualitative values that represent a data flow.A)controls

B)descriptors

C)values

D)none of the above4 ). The _______ defines the maximum data rate of the traffic.A)peak data rate

B)maximum burst size

C)effective bandwidth

D)none of the above

5 ). The________ normally refers to the maximum length of time the traffic is generated at the peak rate.

A)peak data rate



D)none of the above6 ). The ________ is a function of three values: average data rate, peak data rate, and maximum burst

size.A)peak data rate



D)none of the above7 ). A _________ traffic model has a data rate that does not change.A)constant bit rate

B)variable bit rate

C)bursty

D)none of the above8 ). In the ________ traffic model, the rate of the data flow changes in time, with the changes smooth

instead of sudden and sharp.A)constant bit rate

B)variable bit rate

C)bursty

D)none of the above9 ). In the ______ traffic model, the data rate changes suddenly in a very short time.A)constant bit rate

B)variable bit rate

C)bursty

D)none of the above10 ). _______ happens in any system that involves waiting.A)Congestion

B)Jamming

C)Error

D)none of the above11 ). Congestion in a network or internetwork occurs because routers and switches have _______.A)tables

B)queues

C)crosspoints

D)none of the above12 ). In a network, when the load is much less than the capacity of the network, the delay is _________.

A)at a maximum

B)at a minimum

C)constant

D)none of the above13 ). In a network, when the load reaches the network capacity, the delay _______.A)increases sharply

B)decreases sharply

C)remains constant

D)cannot be predicted

14 ). In a network, when the load is below the capacity of the network, the throughput ______________.

A)increases sharply

B)increases proportionally with the load

C)declines sharply

D)declines proportionally with the load15 ). In a network, after the load reaches the capacity, throughput _______.A)increases sharply

B)increases proportionally with the load

C)declines sharply

D)declines proportionally with the load16 ). In ________ congestion control, policies are applied to prevent congestion before it happens.A)open-loop

B)closed-loop

C)either (a) or (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)17 ). In _______ congestion control, mechanisms are used to alleviate congestion after it happens.A)open-loop

B)closed-loop

C)either (a) or (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)18 ). The technique of ________refers to a congestion control mechanism in which a congested node

stops receiving data from the immediate upstream node or nodes.A)backpressur

e

B)choke packet

C)implicit signaling

D)explicit signaling19 ). A ___________ is a packet sent by a node to the source to inform it of congestion.A)backpressur

e

B)choke packet


D)explicit signaling20 ). In __________, there is no communication between the congested node or nodes and the source.

The source guesses that there is a congestion somewhere in the network from other symptoms.A)backpressur

e

B)choke packet


D)explicit signaling21 ). In the __________ method, the signal is included in the packets that carry data.A)backpressur

e

B)choke packet


D)explicit signaling22 ). In the ________ algorithm of TCP, the size of the congestion window increases exponentially until

it reaches a threshold.A)slow-start

B)congestion avoidance

C)congestion detection

D)none of the above23 ). In the _________ algorithm of TCP, the size of the congestion window increases additively until

congestion is detected.A)slow-start



D)none of the above24 ). In the ___________ algorithm of TCP, the size of the threshold is dropped to one-half, a

multiplicative decrease.A)slow-start



D)none of the above25 ). In Frame Relay, the ________ bit warns the sender of congestion in the network.A)BECN

B)FECN

C)either (a) or (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)26 ). In Frame Relay, the ________ bit is used to warn the receiver of congestion in the network.A)BECN

B)FECN

C)either (a) or (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)27 ). Traditionally, ________types of characteristics are attributed to a flow.A)two

B)three

C)four

D)five28 ). _________ is a characteristic that a flow needs. Lack of it means losing a packet or

acknowledgment, which entails retransmission.A)Reliability

B)Delay

C)Jitter

D)Bandwidth29 ). _______ is a flow characteristic that applications can tolerate in different degrees.A)Reliability

B)Delay

C)Jitter

D)Bandwidth30 ). ________ is the variation in delay for packets belonging to the same flow.A)Reliability

B)Delay

C)Jitter

D)Bandwidth31 ). In ________, queuing packets wait in a buffer (queue) until the node (router or switch) is ready to

process them.A)FIFO

B)priority

C)weighted fair

D)none of the above32 ). In ________ queuing, packets are first assigned to a priority class. Each class has its own queue.A)FIFO

B)priority

C)weighted fair

D)none of the above33 ). In _________ queuing, the packets are assigned to different classes and admitted to different

queues. The queues, however, are weighted based on the priority of the queues; higher priority means a higher weight. The system processes packets in each queue in a round-robin fashion with the number of packets selected from each queue based on the corresponding weight.

A)FIFO

B)priority

C)weighted fair

D)none of the above34 ). In the ______ bucket algorithm, bursty chunks are stored in the bucket and sent out at an average

rate.A)leaky

B)token

C)either (a) or (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)35 ). The _______ bucket algorithm allows idle hosts to accumulate credit for the future in the form of

tokens.A)leaky

B)token

C)either (a) or (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)36 ). In _________, when a source makes a reservation, it needs to define a flow specification.A)Integrated Services

B)Differentiated Services

C)Connectionless

D)Connection-Oriented37 ). _________ is a class-based QoS model designed for IP.A)Integrated Services

B)Differentiated Services

C)Connectionless

D)Connection-Oriented38 ). In Frame Relay, the user can never exceed the_________.A)access rate

B)committed burst size

C)committed information rate

D)excess burst size

39 ). In Frame Relay, a ___________ is the maximum number of bits in a predefined time that the network is committed to transfer without discarding any frame or setting the DE bit.

A)access rate



D)excess burst size

40 ). In Frame Relay, the _____________ defines an average rate in bits per second.A)access rate



D)excess burst size

41 ). In Frame Relay, the ___________ is the maximum number of bits in excess of Bc that a user can send during a predefined time.

A)access rate



D)excess burst size

42 ). In ATM, the _________ class is designed for customers who need real-time audio or video services. The service is similar to that provided by a dedicated line such as a T line.

A)CBR

B)VBR

C)ABR

D)UBR43 ). In ATM, the _________ class is divided into two subclasses: real-time (VBR-RT) and non-real-

time (VBR-NRT). VBR-RT is designed for those users who need real-time services (such as voice and video transmission) and use compression techniques to create a variable bit rate. VBR-NRT is designed for those users who do not need real-time services but use compression techniques to create a variable bit rate.

A)CBR

B)VBR

C)ABR

D)UBR44 ). In ATM, the _________ class delivers cells at a minimum rate. If more network capacity is

available, this minimum rate can be exceeded.A)CBR

B)VBR

C)ABR

D)UBR45 ). In ATM, the _________ class is a best-effort delivery service that does not guarantee anything.A)CBR

B)VBR

C)ABR

D)UBR

Remote Logging, Electronic Mail, and File Transfer

1 ). TELNET is an abbreviation for ____________.A)terminal network

B)telephone network

C)telecommunication network

D)none of the above2 ). TELNET is a ________ client-server application program.A)specific-purpose

B)general-purpose

C)both a and b

D)none of the above3 ). When a user logs into a local time-sharing system, it is called ________ login.

A)local

B)remote

C)temporary

D)none of the above4 ). When a user wants to access an application program or utility located on a remote machine, he or

she performs ___________ login.A)local

B)remote

C)temporary

D)none of the above5 ). NVT uses two sets of characters, one for _____and one for __________.A)sending; receiving

B)request; reply

C)data; control

D)none of the above6 ). For data, NVT uses US ASCII characters with the highest order bit set to ______.A)1

B)0

C)a or b

D)none of the above7 ). For control, NVT uses US ASCII characters with the highest order bit set to ______.A)1

B)0

C)a or b

D)none of the above8 ). TELNET uses only one TCP connection. The server uses ________ port and the client uses

________ port.A)a well-known; another well-

known

B)an ephemeral; another ephemeral

C)a well-known; an ephemeral

D)none of the above9 ). To distinguish data from control characters, each sequence of control characters is preceded by a

special control character called ________.A)ICA

B)IAC

C)AIC

D)none of the above10 ). In the _______ mode, the echoing is done by the client.A)default

B)character

C)line

D)none of the above11 ). In the _______ mode, each character typed is sent by the client to the server.A)default

B)character

C)line

D)none of the above12 ). In the ____ mode, line editing (echoing, character erasing, line erasing, and so on) is done by the

client.A)default

B)character

C)line

D)none of the above13 ). The _______ is software residing on the remote system that allows the remote system to receive

characters from a TELNET server.A)terminal driver

B)pseudoterminal driver

C)TELNET client

D)none of the above14 ). The _______ translates local characters into NVT form.A)terminal driver

B)TELNET client

C)TELNET server

D)none of the above15 ). The _______ translates NVT characters into a form acceptable by the remote operating system.A)terminal driver

B)TELNET client

C)TELNET server

D)none of the above16 ). If the sender wants to disable an option, it sends a _______ command.A)WILL

B)DO

C)WONT

D)none of the above17 ). If the sender wants to enable an option, it sends a _______ command.A)WILL

B)DO

C)WONT

D)none of the above18 ). If the sender wants an option disabled by the receiver, it sends a _______ command.A)WILL

B)DO

C)DONT

D)none of the above19 ). If the sender wants an option enabled by the receiver, it sends a _______ command.A)WILL

B)DO

C)WONT

D)none of the above20 ). _______ is the standard mechanism provided by TCP/IP for copying a file from one host to

another.A)TELNET

B)SMTP

C)TFTP

D)none of the above21 ). FTP uses the services of ________.A)UDP

B)IP

C)TCP

D)none of the above22 ). In FTP, the well-known port ____ is used for the control connection and the well-known port

________ for the data connection.A)21; 22

B)21; 20

C)20; 21

D)none of the above23 ). In FTP, _______ is the service type used by the IP protocol because this is an interactive

connection between a user (human) and a server.A)maximize throughput

B)minimize delay

C)minimize error

D)none of the above24 ). For the control connection, FTP uses the __________ character setA)regular ASCII

B)EBCDIC

C)NVT ASCII

D)none of the above25 ). During an FTP session the control connection is opened _______.A)exactly

once

B)exactly twice

C)as many times as necessary

D)none of the above26 ). During an FTP session the data connection is opened _______.A)exactly

once

B)exactly twice

C)as many times as necessary

D)none of the above27 ). In FTP, a file can be organized into records, pages, or a stream of bytes. These are types of an

attribute called _______.A)file types

B)data structures

C)transmission modes

D)none of the above28 ). In FTP, there are three types of _______: stream, block, and compressed.A)file types

B)data structures

C)transmission modes

D)none of the above29 ). In FTP, ASCII, EBCDIC, and image define an attribute called _______.A)file type

B)data structure

C)transmission mode

D)none of the above30 ). In FTP, when we _______, it is copied from the server to the client.A)retrieve a

file

B)retrieve a list

C)a and c

D)none of the above31 ). In FTP, when we _______, it is copied from the client to the server.A)retrieve a

file

B)store a file

C)retrieve a list

D)none of the above32 ). ________ is part of a local hard drive, a special file with permission restrictions.A)A

message

B)A response

C)An agent

D)None of the above33 ). When the sender and the receiver of an email are on the same system, we need only ___________.

A)one UA

B)two UAs

C)one UA and one MTA

D)none of the above34 ). When the sender and the receiver of an email are on different systems, we need only

_____________.A)one MTA

B)two UAs

C)two UAs and one pair of MTAs

D)none of the above

35 ). When the sender is connected to the mail server via a LAN or a WAN, we need ______________.

A)two MTA

B)two UAs and two pairs of MTAs

C)two UAs and a pair of MTAs

D)none of the above36 ). When both sender and receiver are connected to a mail server via a LAN or a WAN, we need

___________________.A)two UAs, two pairs of MTAs, and a pair of

MAAs

B)two UAs, and two pairs of MTAs

C)two UAs, two pairs of MTAs, and two pairs of MAAs

D)none of the above37 ). ________ provides service to the user to make the process of sending and receiving a message

easier.A)An MTA

B)An MAA

C)A UA

D)none of the above38 ). Which of the following services is not provided by a UA?A)composing messages

B)reading messages

C)replying messages

D)all are39 ). There are two types of user agents: _________ and ___________.A)command-driven; data-driven

B)command-driven; GUI-based

C)command-based and data-based

D)none of the above40 ). The ________ usually contains the sender address, the receiver address, and other information.A)message

B)envelope

C)both a and b

D)none of the above41 ). The message contains the ________ and the __________.A)header; envelop

B)header; body

C)envelop; body

D)none of the above42 ). In the Internet, the email address consists of two parts: a _______ and a _______.A)local part; domain name

B)global part; domain name

C)label; domain name

D)none of the above43 ). _________ is a supplementary protocol that allows non-ASCII data to be sent through email.A)JPEG

B)MPEG

C)MIME

D)none of the above44 ). The actual mail transfer is done through ____________.A)UAs

B)MTAs

C)MAAs

D)none of the above45 ). The formal protocol that defines the MTA client and server in the Internet is called ___________.

A)SMTP

B)SNMP

C)TELNET

D)none of the above46 ). The process of transferring a mail message occurs in ________ phases.A)two

B)four

C)five

D)none of the above47 ). SMTP is a __________protocol.A)pull

B)push

C)both a and b

D)none of the above48 ). The third stage in an email transfer needs a ________ protocol.

A)pull

B)push

C)both a and b

D)none of the above49 ). The third stage in an email transfer uses a(n) ________ protocol.A)UA

B)MTA

C)MAA

D)none of the above50 ). Currently two message access protocols are available: _______ and _________.A)POP3; IMAP2

B)POP4; IMAP1

C)POP3; IMAP4

D)none of the above51 ). Which part of the mail created by the UA contains the sender and receiver names?A)envelope

B)address

C)header

D)none of the above52 ). The MIME _______ header uses text to describe the type of data in the body of the message.A)content-type

B)content-transfer-encoding

C)content-description

D)none of the above53 ). _______ is more powerful and complex than _______.A)POP3; IMAP4

B)IMAP4; POP3

C)SMTP; POP3

D)none of the above

WWW and HTTP

1 ). _________ is a repository of information linked together from points all over the world.

A)The WWW

B)HTTP

C)HTML

D)none of the above2 ). The WWW today is a _______ client-server service, in which a client using a browser can access a

service using a server.A)limited

B)vast

C)distributed

D)none of the above3 ). The _________ is a standard for specifying any kind of information on the Internet.A)URL

B)ULR

C)RLU

D)none of the above4 ). In a URL, the _______ is the client-server program used to retrieve the document.A)path

B)protocol

C)host

D)none of the above5 ). In a URL, the ______ is the computer on which the information is located.A)path

B)protocol

C)host

D)none of the above6 ). In a URL, an optional ________ can be inserted between the host and the path, and it is separated

from the host by a colon.A)path

B)protocol

C)host

D)none of the above7 ). In a URL, the _______ is the full name of the file where the information is located.A)path

B)protocol

C)host

D)none of the above8 ). A cookie is made by the ________ and eaten by the _________.A)client; client

B)client; server

C)server; server

D)none of the above9 ). The documents in the WWW can be grouped into ______ broad categories.A)two

B)three

C)four

D)none of the above10 ). A _______ document is a fixed-content document that is created and stored in a server. The client

can get a copy of the document only.A)static

B)dynamic

C)active

D)none of the above11 ). _____________ is a language for creating Web pages.A)HTTP

B)HTML

C)FTTP

D)none of the above12 ). A _______ document is created by a Web server whenever a browser requests the document.A)static

B)dynamic

C)active

D)none of the above13 ). ___________ is a technology that creates and handles dynamic documents.A)GIC

B)CGI

C)GCI

D)none of the above14 ). Dynamic documents are sometimes referred to as _________ dynamic documents.A)client-site

B)server-site

C)both a and b

D)none of the above15 ). For many applications, we need a program or a script to be run at the client site. These are called

_______________ documents.A)static

B)dynamic

C)active

D)none of the above16 ). One way to create an active document is to use __________.A)CGI

B)Java stand-alone programs

C)Java applets

D)none of the above17 ). Active documents are sometimes referred to as _________ dynamic documents.A)client-site

B)server-site

C)both a and b

D)none of the above18 ). HTTP uses the services of _________ on well-known port 80.A)UDP

B)IP

C)TCP

D)none of the above19 ). In HTTP, the first line in a request message is called a _______ line; the first line in the response

message is called the ________ line.A)request;

response

B)response; request

C)response; status

D)none of the above20 ). In a ___________ connection, one TCP connection is made for each request/response.A)persistent

B)nonpersistent

C)both a and b

D)none of the above21 ). In a ___________connection, the server leaves the connection open for more requests after

sending a response.A)persistent

B)nonpersistent

C)both a and b

D)none of the above22 ). HTTP version 1.1 specifies a _________connection by default.A)persistent

B)nonpersistent

C)both a and b

D)none of the above23 ). In HTTP, a _______ server is a computer that keeps copies of responses to recent requests.A)regular

B)proxy

C)both a and b

D)none of the above24 ). An HTTP request message always contains _______.A)a header and a body

B)a request line and a header

C)a status line, a header, and a body

D)none of the above25 ). Which of the following is present in both an HTTP request line and a status line?A)HTTP version number

B)URL

C)status code

D)none of the above26 ). The HTTP request line contains a _______ method to request a document from the server.A)GET

B)POST

C)COPY

D)none of the above27 ). A user needs to send the server some information. The request line method is _______.

A)OPTION

B)PATCH

C)POST

D)none of the above28 ). The HTTP request line contains a _______ method to get information about a document without

retrieving the document itself.A)HEAD

B)POST

C)COPY

D)none of the above29 ). A response message always contains _______.A)a header and a body

B)a request line and a header

C)a status line and a header

D)none of the above30 ). An applet is _______ document application program.A)a static

B)an active

C)a passive

D)a dynamicNetwork Management: SNMP1). SNMP defines the ___________________ to be sent from a manager to an agent and vice versa.

A)format of the packets

B)encoding of the packets

C)number of packets

D)none of the above

2). A manager is a host that runs the SNMP _______ process.

A)client

B)server

C)both a and b

D)none of the above

3). An agent is a host or computer that runs the SNMP _______ process.

A)client

B)server

C)both a and b

D)none of the above

4). SNMP uses two other protocols:________ and _________.

A)MIB; SMTP

B)SMI; MIB

C)FTP; SMI

D)none of the above

5). ________ defines the general rules for naming objects, defining object types, and showing how to encode objects and values.

A)MIB

B)BER

C)SMI

D)none of the above

6). We can compare the task of network management to the task of writing a program. Both tasks need rules. In network management this is handled by ___________.

A)SMNP

B)MIB

C)SMI

D)none of the above

7). We can compare the task of network management to the task of writing a program. Both tasks need variable declarations. In network management this is handled by _________.

A)SMNP

B)MIB

C)SMI

D)none of the above

8). We can compare the task of network management to the task of writing a program. Both tasks have actions performed by statements. In network management this is handled by _______.

A)SMNP

B)MIB

C)SMI

D)none of the above

9). SMI emphasizes three attributes to handle an object: _____, ________, and _________.

A)name; data type; size

B)name; size; encoding method

C)name; data type; encoding method

D)none of the above

10). To name objects globally, SMI uses an object identifier, which is a hierarchical identifier based on a _______ structure

A)linear

B)tree

C)graph

D)none of the above

11). All objects managed by SNMP are given an object identifier. The object identifier always starts with _______.

A)1.3.6.1.2.1

B)1.3.6.1.2.2

C)1.3.6.1.2.3

D)none of the above

12). To define the data type, SMI uses fundamental _______ definitions and adds some new definitions.

A)AMS.1

B)ASN.1

C)ASN.2

D)none of the above

13). SMI has two broad categories of data type: _______ and _______.

A)simple; complex

B)simple; structured

C)structured; unstructured

D)none of the above

14). The _______ data types are atomic data types.

A)structure

B)simple

C)both a and b

D)none of the above

15). SMI defines two structured data types: ________ and _________.

A)sequence; atomic

B)sequence; sequence of

C)a sequence of; array

D)none of the above

16). SMI uses another standard, ___________, to encode data to be transmitted over the network.

A)MIB

B)ANS.1

C)BER

D)none of the above

17). The _________ ordering enables a manager to access a set of variables one after another by defining the first variable.

A)lexicographic

B)linear

C)non-linear

D)none of the above

18). The GetRequest PDU is sent from the _______ to the __________ to retrieve the value of a variable or a set of variables.

A)client; server

B)server; client

C)server; network

D)none of the above

19). The Response PDU is sent from the ______ to the ______ in response to GetRequest or GetNextRequest.

A)server; client

B)client; server

C)network; host

D)none of the above

20). The Trap PDU is sent from the ______ to the _______ to report an event.

A)server; client

B)client; server

C)network; host

D)none of the above

21). SNMP uses the services of UDP on two well-known ports, _______ and _______.

A)161; 162

B)160; 161

C)160; 162

D)none of the above

22). _______ runs the SNMP client program; _______ runs the SNMP server program.

A)A manager; a manager

B)An agent; an agent

C)A manager; an agent

D)An agent; a manager

23). INTEGER, OCTET STRING, and ObjectIdentifier are _______ definitions used by SMI.

A)MIB

B)SNMP

C)ASN.1

D)none of the above

24). Which of the following could be a legitimate MIB object identifier?

A)1.3.6.1.2.1.1

B)1.3.6.1.2.2.1

C)2.3.6.1.2.1.2

D)none of the above

25). Which is a manager duty?

A)Retrieve the value of an object defined in an agent.

B)Store the value of an object defined in an agent.

C)a and b

D)none of the above

26). For a 1-byte length field, what is the maximum value for the data length?

A)127

B)128

C)255

D)none of the above

27). An object id defines a _______. Add a zero suffix to define the _______.

A)variable; table

B)table; variable

C)variable; variable contents

D)none of the above

28). An SNMP agent can send _______ messages.

A)GetRequest

B)SetRequest

C)Trap

D)none of the above

29). An SNMP agent can send _______ messages.

A)Response

B)GetRequest

C)SetRequest

D)none of the above

30). The _______ field in the SNMP PDU is an offset that points to the variable in error.

A)community

B)enterprise

C)error index

D)none of the above

31). The _______ field in the SNMP PDU reports an error in a response message.

A)community

B)enterprise

C)error status

D)none of the above

32). The _______ field in the SNMP PDU consists of a sequence of variables and their corresponding values.

A)version

B)community

C)VarBindList

D)none of the above

MULTIMEDIA

1 ). We can divide audio and video services into _______ broad categories.A)three

B)two

C)four

D)none of the above2 ). ________ audio/video refers to on-demand requests for compressed audio/video files.A)Streaming live

B)Streaming stored

C)Interactive

D)none of the above3 ). ___________ audio/video refers to the broadcasting of radio and TV programs through the Internet.

A)Interactive

B)Streaming live

C)Streaming stored

D)none of the above4 ). _________ audio/video refers to the use of the Internet for interactive audio/video applications.A)Interactiv

e

B)Streaming live

C)Streaming stored

D)none of the above5 ). According to the Nyquist theorem, we need to sample an analog signal ________times the highest

frequency.A)three

B)two

C)four

D)none of the above6 ). In ________ encoding, the differences between the samples are encoded instead of encoding all the

sampled values.A)predictive

B)perceptual

C)both a and b

D)none of the above

7 ). __________ encoding is based on the science of psychoacoustics, which is the study of how people perceive sound.

A)Predictive

B)Perceptual

C)both a and b

D)none of the above8 ). ____________ is used to compress images.A)MPEG

B)JPEG

C)either a or b

D)none of the above9 ). ____________ is used to compress video.A)MPEG

B)JPEG

C)either a or b

D)none of the above10 ). The first phase of JPEG is ___________.A)DCT transformation

B)quantization

C)data compression

D)none of the above11 ). The second phase of JPEG is ___________.A)DCT transformation

B)quantization

C)data compression

D)none of the above12 ). The third phase of JPEG is ___________.A)DCT transformation

B)quantization

C)data compression

D)none of the above13 ). Jitter is introduced in real-time data by the _______________.A)error caused during transmission

B)delay between packets

C)both a and b

D)none of the above14 ). To prevent _________, we can timestamp the packets and separate the arrival time from the

playback time.A)error

B)jitter

C)either a or b

D)none of the above15 ). A ________buffer is required for real-time traffic.A)playback

B)reordering

C)sorting

D)none of the above16 ). A __________on each packet is required for real-time traffic.A)timestamp

B)sequence number

C)both a and b

D)none of the above17 ). Real-time traffic needs the support of ____________.A)broadcasting

B)multicasting

C)both a and b

D)none of the above18 ). __________ means changing the encoding of a payload to a lower quality to match the bandwidth

of the receiving network.A)Translation

B)Mixing

C)both a and b

D)none of the above19 ). __________ means combining several streams of traffic into one stream.A)Translation

B)Mixing

C)both a and b

D)none of the above

20 ). _________ is not suitable for interactive multimedia traffic because it retransmits packets in case of errors.

A)UDP

B)TCP

C)both a and b

D)none of the above21 ). __________ is the protocol designed to handle real-time traffic on the Internet.A)TCP

B)UDP

C)RTP

D)none of the above22 ). RTP uses a temporary even-numbered _______ port.A)UDP

B)TCP

C)both a and b

D)none of the above23 ). ___________ is a protocol for controlling the flow and quality of data.A)RTP

B)RTCP

C)UDP

D)none of the above24 ). RTCP uses an odd-numbered _______ port number that follows the port number selected for RTP.

A)UDP

B)TCP

C)both a and b

D)none of the above25 ). ___________ is an application protocol that establishes, manages, and terminates a multimedia

sessionA)RIP

B)SIP

C)DIP

D)none of the above26 ). _______ is a standard to allow telephones on the public telephone network to talk to computers

connected to the Internet.A)SIP

B)H.323

C)Q.991

D)none of the above27 ). A real-time video performance lasts 10 min. If there is jitter in the system, the viewer spends

_______ minutes watching the performance.A)less than 10

B)more than 10

C)exactly 10

D)none of the above28 ). A _______ shows the time a packet was produced relative to the first or previous packet.A)timestamp

B)playback buffer

C)sequence number

D)none of the above29 ). _______ are used to number the packets of a real-time transmission.A)Timestamps

B)Playback buffers

C)Sequence numbers

D)none of the above30 ). In a real-time video conference, data from the server is _______ to the client sites.A)unicast

B)multicast

C)broadcast

D)none of the above31 ). A _______ adds signals from different sources to create a single signal.A)timestamp

B)sequence number

C)mixer

D)none of the above32 ). A _______ changes the format of a high-bandwidth video signal to a lower quality narrow-

bandwidth signal.A)timestamp

B)sequence number

C)translator

D)none of the above33 ). An RTP packet is encapsulated in _______.A)a UDP user datagram

B)a TCP segment

C)an IP datagram

D)none of the above34 ). When there is more than one source, the _______ identifier defines the mixer.A)synchronization source

B)contributor

C)timestamp

D)none of the above

CRYPTOGRAPHY

1). ________ is the science and art of transforming messages to make them secure and immune to attacks.

A)Cryptography

B)Cryptoanalysis

C)either (a) or (b)


2). The ________is the original message before transformation.

A)ciphertext

B)plaintext

C)secret-text

D)none of the above

3). The ________ is the message after transformation.

A)ciphertext

B)plaintext

C)secret-text

D)none of the above

4). A(n) _______ algorithm transforms plaintext to ciphertext

A)encryption

B)decryption

C)either (a) or (b)


5). A(n) ______ algorithm transforms ciphertext to plaintext.

A)encryption

B)decryption

C)either (a) or (b)


6). A combination of an encryption algorithm and a decryption algorithm is called a ________.

A)cipher

B)secret

C)key

D)none of the above

7). The _______ is a number or a set of numbers on which the cipher operates.

A)cipher

B)secret

C)key

D)none of the above

8). In a(n) ________ cipher, the same key is used by both the sender and receiver.

A)symmetric-key

B)asymmetric-key

C)either (a) or (b)


9). In a(n) ________, the key is called the secret key.

A)symmetric-key

B)asymmetric-key

C)either (a) or (b)


10). In a(n) ________ cipher, a pair of keys is used.

A)symmetric-key

B)asymmetric-key

C)either (a) or (b)


11). In an asymmetric-key cipher, the sender uses the__________ key.

A)private

B)public

C)either (a) or (b)


12). In an asymmetric-key cipher, the receiver uses the ______ key.

A)private

B)public

C)either (a) or (b)


13). A ________ cipher replaces one character with another character.

A)substitution

B)transposition

C)either (a) or (b)


14). _________ ciphers can be categorized into two broad categories: monoalphabetic and polyalphabetic.

A)Substitution

B)Transposition

C)either (a) or (b)


15). The _______ cipher is the simplest monoalphabetic cipher. It uses modular arithmetic with a modulus of 26.

A)transposition

B)additive

C)shift

D)none of the above

16). The Caesar cipher is a _______cipher that has a key of 3.

A)transposition

B)additive

C)shift

D)none of the above

17). The ________ cipher reorders the plaintext characters to create a ciphertext.

A)substitution

B)transposition

C)either (a) or (b)


18). A(n) ______ is a keyless substitution cipher with N inputs and M outputs that uses a formula to define the relationship between the input stream and the output stream.

A)S-box

B)P-box

C)T-box

D)none of the above

19). A(n) _______is a keyless transposition cipher with N inputs and M outputs that uses a table to define the relationship between the input stream and the output stream.

A)S-box

B)P-box

C)T-box

D)none of the above

20). A modern cipher is usually a complex _____cipher made of a combination of different simple ciphers.

A)round

B)circle

C)square

D)none of the above

21). DES is a(n) ________ method adopted by the U.S. government.

A)symmetric-key

B)asymmetric-key

C)either (a) or (b)


22). DES has an initial and final permutation block and _________ rounds.

A)14

B)15

C)16

D)none of the above

23). The DES function has _______ components.

A)2

B)3

C)4

D)5

24). DES uses a key generator to generate sixteen _______ round keys.

A)32-bit

B)48-bit

C)54-bit

D)42-bit

25). ________ DES was designed to increase the size of the DES key

A)Double

B)Triple

C)Quadruple

D)none of the above

26). _______ is a round cipher based on the Rijndael algorithm that uses a 128-bit block of data.

A)AEE

B)AED

C)AER

D)AES

27). AES has _____ different configurations

A)two

B)three

C)four

D)five

28). ECB and CBC are ________ ciphers.

A)block

B)stream

C)field

D)none of the above

29). One commonly used public-key cryptography method is the ______ algorithm.

A)RSS

B)RAS

C)RSA

D)RAA

30). The ________ method provides a one-time session key for two parties.

A)Diffie-Hellman

B)RSA

C)DES

D)AES

31). The _________ attack can endanger the security of the Diffie-Hellman method if two parties are not authenticated to each other.

A)man-in-the-middle

B)ciphertext attack

C)plaintext attack

D)none of the above

NETWORK SECURITY

1 ). Message ________ means that the sender and the receiver expect privacy.A)confidentiality

B)integrity

C)authentication

D)none of the above2 ). Message_____ means that the data must arrive at the receiver exactly as sent.A)confidentiality

B)integrity

C)authentication

D)none of the above3 ). Message _______ means that the receiver is ensured that the message is coming from the intended

sender, not an imposter.A)confidentiality

B)integrity

C)authentication

D)none of the above4 ). _________ means that a sender must not be able to deny sending a message that he sent.A)Confidentiality

B)Integrity

C)Authentication

D)Nonrepudiation5 ). ________ means to prove the identity of the entity that tries to access the system's resources.

A)Message authentication

B)Entity authentication

C)Message confidentiality

D)none of the above6 ). A(n) _________ can be used to preserve the integrity of a document or a message.A)message digest

B)message summary

C)encrypted message

D)none of the above7 ). A(n) ________function creates a message digest out of a message.A)encryption

B)decryption

C)hash

D)none of the above8 ). A hash function must meet ________ criteria.A)two

B)three

C)four

D)none of the above9 ). A _______ message digest is used as an MDC.A)keyless

B)keyed

C)either (a) or (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)10 ). To authenticate the data origin, one needs a(n) _______.A)MDC

B)MAC

C)either (a) or (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)11 ). A ________ signature is included in the document; a _______ signature is a separate entity.A)conventional; digital

B)digital; digital

C)either (a) or (b)


12 ). Digital signature provides ________.A)authentication

B)nonrepudiation

C)both (a) and (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)13 ). Digital signature cannot provide ________ for the message.A)integrity

B)confidentiality

C)nonrepudiation

D)authentication14 ). If _________ is needed, a cryptosystem must be applied over the scheme.A)integrity

B)confidentiality

C)nonrepudiation

D)authentication15 ). A digital signature needs a(n)_________ system.A)symmetric-key

B)asymmetric-key

C)either (a) or (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)16 ). A witness used in entity authentication is ____________.A)something known

B)something possessed

C)something inherent

D)all of the above17 ). In _______, a claimant proves her identity to the verifier by using one of the three kinds of

witnesses.A)message authentication

B)entity authentication

C)message confidentiality

D)message integrity18 ). Password-based authentication can be divided into two broad categories: _______ and _______.A)fixed; variable

B)time-stamped; fixed

C)fixed; one-time

D)none of the above19 ). In ________ authentication, the claimant proves that she knows a secret without actually sending

it.A)password-based

B)challenge-response

C)either (a) or (b)

D)neither (a) nor (b)20 ). Challenge-response authentication can be done using ________.A)symmetric-key ciphers

B)asymmetric-key ciphers

C)keyed-hash functions

D)all of the above21 ). A(n) _____ is a trusted third party that assigns a symmetric key to two parties.A)KDC

B)CA

C)KDD

D)none of the above22 ). A(n)______ creates a secret key only between a member and the center.A)CA

B)KDC

C)KDD

D)none of the above23 ). The secret key between members needs to be created as a ______ key when two members contact

KDC.A)public

B)session

C)complimentary

D)none of the above24 ). __________ is a popular session key creator protocol that requires an authentication server and a

ticket-granting server.A)KDC

B)Kerberos

C)CA

D)none of the above25 ). A(n) ________is a federal or state organization that binds a public key to an entity and issues a

certificate.

A)KDC

B)Kerberos

C)CA

D)none of the above26 ). A(n) ______ is a hierarchical system that answers queries about key certification.A)KDC

B)PKI

C)CA

D)none of the above27 ). The _______ criterion states that it must be extremely difficult or impossible to create the message

if the message digest is given.A)one-wayness

B)weak-collision-resistance

C)strong-collision-resistance

D)none of the above28 ). The ________ criterion ensures that a message cannot easily be forged.A)one-wayness



D)none of the above29 ). The _______criterion ensures that we cannot find two messages that hash to the same digest.A)one-wayness



D)none of the above

Security in the Internet: IPSec, SSL/TLS, PGP, VPN, and Firewalls

1 ). _________ is a collection of protocols designed by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) to provide security for a packet at the network level.

This is the ). answer.A) IPSec

B) SSL

C) PGP


2 ). _________ operates in the transport mode or the tunnel mode.This is the ). answer.A) IPSec

B) SSL

C) PGP


3 ). In the ______ mode, IPSec protects information delivered from the transport layer to the network layer.

This is the ). answer.A) transport

B) tunnel



4 ). IPSec in the ______ mode does not protect the IP header.This is the ). answer.A) transport

B) tunnel



5 ). The _______ mode is normally used when we need host-to-host (end-to-end) protection of data.

This is the ). answer.A) transport

B) tunnel



6 ). In the _______ mode, IPSec protects the whole IP packet, including the original IP header.

A) transportThis is the ). answer.B) tunnel



7 ). IPSec defines two protocols: _______ and ________.

A) AH; SSL

B) PGP; ESPThis is the ). answer.C) AH; ESP


8 ). ______ provides authentication at the IP level.This is the ). answer.A) AH

B) ESP

C) PGP

D) SSL

9 ). ______ provides either authentication or encryption, or both, for packets at the IP level.

A) AHThis is the ). answer.B) ESP

C) PGP

D) SSL

10 ). IPSec uses a set of SAs called the ________.

A) SAD

B) SABThis is the ). answer.C) SADB


11 ). ______ is the protocol designed to create security associations, both inbound and outbound.

A) SA

B) CA

C) KDCThis is the ). answer.D) IKE

12 ). IKE creates SAs for _____.

A) SSL

B) PGPThis is the ). answer.C) IPSec

D) VP

13 ). IKE is a complex protocol based on ______ other protocols.

A) twoThis is the ). answer.B) three

C) four

D) five

14 ). IKE uses _______.

A) Oakley

B) SKEME

C) ISAKMPThis is the ). answer.D) all of the above

15 ). A _______network is used inside an organization.This is the ). answer.A) private

B) public

C) semi-private

D) semi-public

16 ). An ________ is a private network that uses the Internet model.This is the ). answer.A) intranet

B) internet

C) extranet


17 ). An _________ is a network that allows authorized access from outside users.

A) intranet

B) internetThis is the ). answer.C) extranet


18 ). The Internet authorities have reserved addresses for _______.

A) intranets

B) internets

C) extranetsThis is the ). answer.D) none of the above

19 ). A ______ provides privacy for LANs that must communicate through the global Internet.

A) VPP

B) VNP

C) VNNThis is the ). answer.D) VPN

20 ). A _______ layer security protocol provides end-to-end security services for applications.

A) data link

B) networkThis is the ). answer.C) transport


21 ). ______ is actually an IETF version of _____

A) TLS; TSS

B) SSL; TLSThis is the ). answer.C) TLS; SSL

D) SSL; SLT

22 ). _______ provide security at the transport layer.

A) SSL

B) TLS


23 ). ______ is designed to provide security and compression services to data generated from the application layer.

A) SSL

B) TLS


24 ). Typically, ______ can receive application data from any application layer protocol, but the protocol is normally HTTP.

A) SSL

B) TLS


25 ). SSL provides _________.

A) message integrity

B) confidentiality

C) compressionThis is the ). answer.D) all of the above

26 ). The combination of key exchange, hash, and encryption algorithms defines a ________ for each SSL session.

A) list of protocolsThis is the ). answer.B) cipher suite

C) list of keys


27 ). In _______, the cryptographic algorithms and secrets are sent with the message.

A) IPSec

B) SSL

C) TLSThis is the ). answer.D) PGP

28 ). One security protocol for the e-mail system is _________.

A) IPSec

B) SSLThis is the ). answer.C) PGP


29 ). ______ was invented by Phil Zimmerman.

A) IPSec



30 ). ________ provides privacy, integrity, and authentication in e-mail.

A) IPSec



31 ). In PGP, to exchange e-mail messages, a user needs a ring of _______ keys.

A) secretThis is the ). answer.B) public


D) both (a) and (b)

32 ). In ______, there is a single path from the fully trusted authority to any certificate.

This is the ). answer.A) X509

B) PGP

C) KDC


33 ). In _____, there can be multiple paths from fully or partially trusted authorities.

A) X509This is the ). answer.B) PGP

C) KDC


34 ). _______ uses the idea of certificate trust levels.

A) X509This is the ). answer.B) PGP

C) KDC


Data Communication & Networking, Farozen Bits

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