ASSIGNMENT 1RESEARCH PAPER ON DATA COMMUNICATION

Research in data communication and networking concepts

XYZ Research Company

By Noradlirazman Bin Othman

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Table of ContentsTable of Contents ........................................................................................................ 2 Summary of XYZ Research Company and Network Requirements ................................ 3 Implementation of ... 4 IP Addresses and variable-length subnet masking

(VLSM)

Implementation of Routing .......................................................................................... 7 Implementation of VLANs, Spanning tree protocol (STP), and Switches ...................... 9 Physical Layer Design and Equipment ........................................................................ 11 Testing and Verification Strategies ............................................................................ 12 Recommendations for the Future ............................................................................... 13 Logical Diagram ........................................................................................................ 14 The Advantages and Disadvantages of VLAN..... 15 Reference.................................................................................................................. 17

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Summary of XYZ Research Company and Network RequirementsAbout XYZ Research CompanyThe XYZ Research Company is a small company that is developing highspeed wireless products. The main office occupies two buildings in Bangi. One building is for the Administration Group. The other building is for the Sales and Marketing Group, and the larger Research and Development Group. The Research Group and the Sales and Marketing Group will each have employees located on all three floors of the main building. The XYZ Research Company also has a Sales Branch Office located in Kajang.

Host Requirements 18 employees in the Research and Development group o 8 located on Floor 3 o 6 located on Floor 2 o 4 located on Floor 1 9 employees in the Sales and Marketing group o 2 located on Floor 3 o 4 located on Floor 2 o 3 located on Floor 1 7 employees in the Administration group o All 7 located in Administration Building 5 employees in the remote sales office o All 5 located in Branch Office 5 servers o All 5 located on Floor 1 100% growth of IP requirements expected (except servers)

Routing, Switching, and VLAN Requirements Connection to the Internet router using subnet 200.200.100.0/30 Internal addressing with public class C network 223.0.0.0 using VLSM IP addresses on all networking devices 4 VLANs: Management, Research and Development, Sales and Marketing, and Server Switches connected in a loop to allow for alternative paths

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) routing protocol; all routers use Process ID 50, Area 0 Loopback address assigned on each router and used as the Router ID

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Implementation masking (VLSM)

of

IP

Addresses

and

variable-length

subnet

All networking devices are assigned an IP address from the public class C network 223.0.0.0. VLSM is used to allow for the most efficient use of the IP address pool as possible.

VLSM DesignThe following table shows how the class C network was subnetted to fulfill the host requirements. # of hosts 37 19 11 6 4 15 2 2 2 Network Address Subnet Mask 223.0.0.0 223.0.0.64 223.0.0.96 223.0.0.112 223.0.0.120 223.0.0.128 223.0.0.160 223.0.0.164 223.0.0.168 223.0.0.172 223.0.0.236 223.0.0.252 Max # of hosts 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.248 255.255.255.248 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.252 255.255.255.252 255.255.255.252 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.252 In Use? 62 30 14 6 6 30 2 2 2 62 14 2 Network Name Yes Research and Development VLAN Yes Sales and Marketing VLAN Yes Sales Branch LAN Yes Server VLAN Yes Management VLAN Yes Admin LAN Yes Border to Admin Link Yes Border to Main Link Yes Main to Branch Link No No No

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IP Address DesignThe following tables indicate the IP address assigned to each device in the network. Research and Development VLAN For all hosts on this VLAN, Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.192 and Gateway is 223.0.0.1. Hostname R&D01 R&D02 R&D03 R&D04 R&D05 R&D06 R&D07 R&D08 R&D09 R&D10 R&D11 R&D12 R&D13 R&D14 R&D15 R&D16 R&D17 R&D18 IP Address 223.0.0.2 223.0.0.3 223.0.0.4 223.0.0.5 223.0.0.6 223.0.0.7 223.0.0.8 223.0.0.9 223.0.0.10 223.0.0.11 223.0.0.12 223.0.0.13 223.0.0.14 223.0.0.15 223.0.0.16 223.0.0.17 223.0.0.18 223.0.0.19 Hostname R&D19 R&D20 R&D21 R&D22 R&D23 R&D24 R&D25 R&D26 R&D27 R&D28 R&D29 R&D30 R&D31 R&D32 R&D33 R&D34 R&D35 R&D36 IP Address 223.0.0.20 223.0.0.21 223.0.0.22 223.0.0.23 223.0.0.24 223.0.0.25 223.0.0.26 223.0.0.27 223.0.0.28 223.0.0.29 223.0.0.30 223.0.0.31 223.0.0.32 223.0.0.33 223.0.0.34 223.0.0.35 223.0.0.36 223.0.0.37

Sales and Marketing VLAN For all hosts on this VLAN, Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.224 and Gateway is 223.0.0.65. Hostname Sales01 Sales02 Sales03 Sales04 Sales05 Sales06 Sales07 Sales08 Sales09 IP Address 223.0.0.66 223.0.0.67 223.0.0.68 223.0.0.69 223.0.0.70 223.0.0.71 223.0.0.72 223.0.0.73 223.0.0.74 Hostname Sales10 Sales11 Sales12 Sales13 Sales14 Sales15 Sales16 Sales17 Sales18 IP Address 223.0.0.75 223.0.0.76 223.0.0.77 223.0.0.78 223.0.0.79 223.0.0.80 223.0.0.81 223.0.0.82 223.0.0.83

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Sales Branch LAN For all hosts on this LAN, Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.240 and Gateway is 223.0.0.97. Hostname Branch01 Branch02 Branch03 Branch04 Branch05 IP Address 223.0.0.98 223.0.0.99 223.0.0.100 223.0.0.101 223.0.0.102 Hostname Branch06 Branch07 Branch08 Branch09 Branch10 IP Address 223.0.0.103 223.0.0.104 223.0.0.105 223.0.0.106 223.0.0.107

Server VLAN For all servers on this VLAN, Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.248 and Gateway is 223.0.0.113. Hostname Server01 Server02 Server03 Server04 Server05 IP Address 223.0.0.114 223.0.0.115 223.0.0.116 223.0.0.117 223.0.0.118

Management VLAN For all switches, Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.248 and Gateway is 223.0.0.121. Hostname Floor1Sw Floor2Sw Floor3Sw IP Address 223.0.0.122 223.0.0.123 223.0.0.124

Admin LAN For all hosts on this LAN, Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.224 and Gateway is 223.0.0.129. Hostname Admin01 Admin02 Admin03 Admin04 Admin05 Admin06 Admin07 IP Address 223.0.0.130 223.0.0.131 223.0.0.132 223.0.0.133 223.0.0.134 223.0.0.135 223.0.0.136 Hostname Admin08 Admin09 Admin10 Admin11 Admin12 Admin13 Admin14 IP Address 223.0.0.137 223.0.0.138 223.0.0.139 223.0.0.140 223.0.0.141 223.0.0.142 223.0.0.143

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Router-to-Router Links For all router-to-router links, Subnet Mask is 255.255.255.252. Function Border to Admin Border to Main Main to Branch IP Address 1 223.0.0.161 223.0.0.165 223.0.0.169 IP Address 2 223.0.0.162 223.0.0.166 223.0.0.170

Implementation of RoutingSelection of Routing ProtocolXYZ Research Company needed a recommendation on which routing protocol to use on the network, so four properties of four different routing protocols were examined. Properties in favor of a protocol are marked in green, while properties against a protocol are marked in red. Routing Protocol Property 1: Supports VLSM RIPv1 RIPv2 EIGRP OSPF No Yes Yes Yes Property 2: Property 3: Easy to Configure Proprietary Yes No Yes No Yes No No Yes Property 4: Fast Convergence No No Yes No

Based on the findings, Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) was recommended to be the routing protocol to use on the XYZ Research Companys network, and the company agreed with this recommendation.

Selection of DR ( Designated Router)Because OSPF was selected to be the routing protocol used on the network, the next step was to select which router will be the DR. Between the two routers in the Administration Building, the Admin LAN router AdminRo was selected to be the DR. AdminRo only handles traffic in and out of the Admin LAN, whereas the Border router BorderRo handles all traffic to and from the Internet as well as traffic between the Admin LAN and the other LANs. Since AdminRo has significantly less workload than BorderRo, AdminRo is the ideal choice for DR. A DR does not have to be elected on the serial connections between the routers because an election is not required on point-to-point links such as these.

Router TablesThe following tables show the purpose and connection details of each interface and

subinterface on each router.

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Border RouterHostname BorderRo Inter- Description DCE/ Speed/ Network face DTE? Clock Name rate s0/0 Internet DTE Connection s0/1 Border to DCE 64000 Main Link fa0/0 Border to 100Mb Admin Link lo0 Loopback

Network Address200.200.100.0 223.0.0.164 223.0.0.160

Interface Address200.200.100.2 223.0.0.165 223.0.0.161 192.168.0.1

Subnet Mask

255.255.255.252 255.255.255.252 255.255.255.252 255.255.255.255

Admin RouterHostname AdminRo Inter- Description DCE/ Speed/ Network Network face DTE? Clock Name Address rate 223.0.0.160 fa0/0 Border to 100Mb Admin Link 223.0.0.128 fa0/1 Admin LAN 100Mb Admin lo0 Loopback Main RouterHostname MainRo Inter- Description DCE/ Speed/ face DTE? Clock rate s0/0 Main to DCE 64000 Branch Link s0/1 Border to DTE Main Link fa0/0 Management 100Mb .1 VLAN fa0/0 R&D VLAN 100Mb .10 fa0/0 Sales VLAN 100Mb .20 fa0/0 Server VLAN 100Mb .30 lo0 Loopback Network Name Switch R&D Sales Server Network Address223.0.0.168 223.0.0.164 223.0.0.120 223.0.0.0 223.0.0.64 223.0.0.112

Interface Address223.0.0.162 223.0.0.129 192.168.0.2

Subnet Mask

255.255.255.252 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.255

Interface Address223.0.0.169 223.0.0.166 223.0.0.121 223.0.0.1 223.0.0.65 223.0.0.113 192.168.0.3

Subnet Mask

255.255.255.252 255.255.255.252 255.255.255.248 255.255.255.192 255.255.255.224 255.255.255.248 255.255.255.255

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Branch RouterHostname BranchRo Inter- Description DCE/ Speed/ Network Network face DTE? Clock Name Address rate 223.0.0.168 s0/0 Main to DTE Branch Link fa0/0 Branch LAN 100Mb Branch 223.0.0.96 lo0 Loopback

Interface Address223.0.0.170 223.0.0.97 192.168.0.4

Subnet Mask

255.255.255.252 255.255.255.240 255.255.255.255

Implementation of VLANs, Spanning tree protocol (STP), and SwitchesIn order to accommodate the employees on each of the three floors of the Main Building, three switches will have to be used, and VLANs will have to be set up on all of them, so that members of each workgroup can communicate with each other, even though they are physically separated by floors. The Branch Office and Administrative Building will each have one switch to connect the hosts of the Sales Branch LAN and Admin LAN, respectively. These switches will not be configured with any VLANs.

Selection of STP Root BridgeIn this network, the three switches in the Main Building are connected in a loop so that if one switch or trunk link fails, an alternative path can be used. When redundant links are used, one of the switches should be selected to be the STP Root Bridge. In this case, Floor1Sw, the switch located on the first floor, should be the STP Root Bridge, because it is the switch where the router serving the Main Building is connected. This makes it so that traffic destined for a location outside the originating VLAN has to travel no more than two trunk links (including the one attached to the router) to reach the router.

Switch TablesThis table outlines the necessary switch hardware, their locations, and their roles in the network. Hostname Model # of Ports Floor1Sw 2950 24 Floor2Sw 2950 24 Floor3Sw 2950 24 BranchSw 2950 24 AdminSw 2950 24 Loc. IP Address Gateway Mgmt VLAN 1 1 1 1 1 VTP Mode Server Client Client VTP Dom. XYZ XYZ XYZ STP Root Yes No No

1st Fl. 223.0.0.122 223.0.0.121 2nd Fl. 223.0.0.123 223.0.0.121 3rd Fl. 223.0.0.124 223.0.0.121 Branch 223.0.0.110 223.0.0.97 Admin 223.0.0.158 223.0.0.129

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1st Floor SwitchHostname Floor1Sw Inter- Descrip- Spd. FDX Network face tion Name fa0/1- R&D 100 Yes R&D fa0/9 fa0/10- Sales 100 Yes Sales fa0/16 fa0/17- Server 100 Yes Server fa0/21 fa0/22 MainRo 100 Yes fa0/23 Floor3Sw 100 Yes fa0/24 Floor2Sw100 Yes 2nd Floor SwitchHostname Floor2Sw Inter- Descrip- Spd. FDX Network face tion Name fa0/1- R&D 100 Yes R&D fa0/13 fa0/14- Sales 100 Yes Sales fa0/22 fa0/23 Floor1Sw 100 Yes fa0/24 Floor3Sw100 Yes 3rd Floor SwitchHostname Floor3Sw Inter- Descrip- Spd. FDX Network face tion Name fa0/1- R&D 100 Yes R&D fa0/17 fa0/18- Sales 100 Yes Sales fa0/22 fa0/23 Floor2Sw 100 Yes fa0/24 Floor1Sw100 Yes Branch Interface fa0/1fa0/24

Network Address223.0.0.0 223.0.0.64

Subnet Mask VLAN Port EncapType sulation 255.255.255.192 10 Acc.255.255.255.224

20 30 Tru. Tru. Tru.

Acc. Acc. dot1q dot1q dot1q

223.0.0.112 255.255.255.248

Network Address223.0.0.0 223.0.0.64

Subnet Mask VLAN Port EncapType sulation 255.255.255.192 10 Acc.255.255.255.224

20 Tru. Tru.

Acc. dot1q dot1q

Network Address223.0.0.0 223.0.0.64

Subnet Mask VLAN Port EncapType sulation 255.255.255.192 10 Acc.255.255.255.224

20 Tru. Tru.

Acc. dot1q dot1q

Office SwitchHostname BranchSw Descrip- Spd. FDX Network Network Subnet Mask VLAN Port Encaption Name Address Type sulation Branch 100 Yes Branch 223.0.0.96 255.255.255.240 1 Acc.

Administrative Building SwitchHostname AdminSw Inter- Descrip- Spd. FDX Network Network Subnet Mask VLAN Port Encapface tion Name Address Type sulation 223.0.0.128 255.255.255.224 fa0/1- Admin 100 Yes Admin 1 Acc. fa0/24

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Physical Layer Design and EquipmentThis is a summary of the equipment that will be needed at each distribution facility within the company.

Administration BuildingEquipment Type Model Description Cost Router 2620 1 2 Serial 1 Fa Router 2621 1 2 Fa Switch Patch Panel 2950 1 1 24 Fa 24 Qty. # of Ports Border Router (BorderRo). Connects to Internet Connection, AdminRo, and MainRo. Admin Building Router (AdminRo). Connects to BorderRo and AdminSw. Admin LAN Switch (AdminSw). Connects to AdminRo and Admin LAN PCs. Allows connections between network devices.

Main Building, 1st FloorEquipment Type Model Description Cost Router 2620 1 2 Serial 1 Fa Switch 2950 1 24 Fa Qty. # of Ports Main Building Router (MainRo). Connects to BorderRo, BranchRo, and Floor1Sw. Floor 1 Switch (Floor1Sw). Connects to MainRo, Floor2Sw, Floor3Sw, and Floor 1 VLAN PCs. Allows connections between network devices.

Patch Panel

1

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Main Building, 2nd FloorEquipment Type Model Description Cost Switch 2950 1 24 Fa Patch Panel 1 24 Qty. # of Ports Floor 2 Switch (Floor2Sw). Connects to Floor1Sw, Floor3Sw, and Floor 2 VLAN PCs. Allows connections between network devices.

Main Building, 3rd FloorEquipment Type Model Description Cost Switch 2950 1 24 Fa Patch Panel 1 24 Qty. # of Ports Floor 3 Switch (Floor3Sw). Connects to Floor1Sw, Floor2Sw, and Floor 3 VLAN PCs. Allows connections between network devices.

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Branch OfficeEquipment Type Model Description Cost Router 2620 1 2 Serial 1 Fa Switch 2950 1 24 Fa Patch Panel 1 24 Qty. # of Ports Branch Office Router (BranchRo). Connects to MainRo and BranchSw. Branch Office Switch (BranchSw). Connects to BranchRo and Sales Branch LAN PCs. Allows connections between network devices.

Testing and Verification StrategiesAfter configuration of all network devices (routers and switches), testing will need to be performed to ensure that the configuration is correct. XYZ Research Company required a minimum of three types of tests to demonstrate the functionality of the network. Ping (ICMP ECHO) will be the primary test method used to verify accessibility between hosts. When the destination host is the HTTP Server (Server01), an attempt will also be made to access the website stored on the server.

Test TablesThe following tables outline the three types of tests requested by the company and their results. Routing Between Main Building VLANs From VLAN To VLAN Protocol Hosts Pass/Fail? 10 20 ICMP ECHO R&D03/Sales02 10 30 ICMP ECHO/HTTP R&D03/Server01 20 30 ICMP ECHO/HTTP Sales02/Server01 Access of All Hosts to Each Other From Host R&D03 R&D03 Sales02 Sales02 Server01 Server01 Branch01 and HTTP Service To Host Pass/Fail? Branch01 Admin01 Branch01 Admin01 Branch01 Admin01 Admin01

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Behavior of the Internetwork When a Trunk Link Fails From Host To Host Trunk Up/Down Route R&D03 Sales02 1-2 Down R&D03 Sales02 2-3 Down R&D03 Sales02 3-1 Down R&D03 Server01 1-2 Down R&D03 Server01 2-3 Down R&D03 Server01 3-1 Down Sales02 Server01 1-2 Down Sales02 Server01 2-3 Down Sales02 Server01 3-1 Down

Pass/Fail?

Recommendations for the FutureThe network as designed will meet XYZ Research Companys requirements as well as their expectations of 100% growth within the next few years. However, if growth exceeds their expectations, the networking equipment selected will be insufficient. Fortunately, the use of VLANs in this network will allow the network to scale easily. One recommendation is to add additional switches to the network to allow additional host and/or server connections as needed. There are plenty of leftover IP Addresses to accommodate additional hosts, so purchasing another class C network should not be necessary until much later in the future. The trunk links in the Main Building are Fast Ethernet (100Mbps) links. This is ok, but during periods of heavy network usage, such as multiple users simultaneously transferring large amounts of data between hosts on different VLANs, the trunk links may prove to be a bottleneck. A second recommendation would be to purchase switches which have Gigabit Ethernet (1000Mbps) support. This change would theoretically increase the bandwidth of inter-VLAN communications tenfold, reducing slowdown and increasing productivity.

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Logical Diagram

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The Advantages and Disadvantages of VLAN Introduction VLAN(Virtual Local Area Network)is a newly used technology, a VLAN is a logical subnet and also a logical broadcast domain, it allow us to set network logically instead of physically. This is very useful when we design networks for a big company, because generally, a computer should has lots of departments, we use VLAN technology to provide security and more convenient management for each department. But everything has two sides ,VLAN is the same, this article is to sum up the advantages and disadvantages of VLAN.

1. Advantages of VLAN 1.1 Prevent from broadcasting 1.2 Perform more security 1.3 Use switch instead of router

As we know, VLAN technology use layer3 switch, which has both the routing function and switch function, because router should do the routing of the whole network, its a huge job, so the speed of the network will be slow down by the router. If we use VLAN, we can avoid this, because we use the layer3 switch, we can do switching on the switch, and dont need to check the ip address of each package, its much faster than the router, and so we can improve the speed of networks.1.4 Simple and intuitionistic network management and not bounded by geography 1.5 Economic elements

1.6 Can also use wireless technology

2. Disadvantages of VLAN

2.1 Communication problem between VLANsFor VLAN provide high security, there must be another problem,that is the communication between VLANs. If a user in VLAN1 need to communicate with someone in VLAN2, they cant directly connected, we must configure the information of the user in the switch, if case like that occur continually, we cant manage them if we use VLAN. We should always configure, and then VLAN loses its predominance.

2.2 Complexity of VLANJust like VLAN provides us such advantage, it also brings us troubles. If we expand the whole network extensively, the Complexity of VLAN will increase quickly. We can imagine the result, and once the network broken, maintaining will cost a lot of money.

2.3 Routers carrying capacityWe use a router to manage the routing of VLANs, if the whole network is not very large, the router can afford the workload, but if we use it in a really large network which has lots of VLANs, it is not a good way to load all the works to a single router.

2.4 Cant prevent from virusBecause in a VLAN, every user is in the same network, so if one user infects the virus, there would be great possibility for others to infect the same virus.

Reference1. 2. 3. 4. 5. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_LAN http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR#Computing http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanning_tree_protocol http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classless_Inter-Domain_Routing#VLSM http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First