Data Collection at U.S. Geological Survey Stream Gages
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Transcript of Data Collection at U.S. Geological Survey Stream Gages
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Data Collection at Data Collection at U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey
Stream GagesStream Gages
Antietam Creek nr Sharpsburg, Md.
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The first USGS gaging station was established on the Rio Grande near Embudo, New Mexico in 1889.
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Embudo trainees dispersed to collect data in other locations
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Streamflow Measurements in the East
“Flood Crest March 18, 1936”
Potomac River at Chain Bridge nr Washington, D.C.
Potomac River at Point of Rocks, Md.
1889
1994
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The Embudo LegacyData collected using nationally consistent, prescribed
standards
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. The U.S. Geological Survey currently collects
streamflow data at over 7,000 sites
Potomac River at Little Falls nr Washington, D.C.
Minebank Run at Loch Raven, Md.
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Data from over 18,500 locations can be analyzed with confidence
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The basic piece of data collected at gaging
stations is stream STAGE (water level)
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Stage can be sensed usingSTILLING WELLS
Outside reference gages
Intakes
Little Patuxent River nr Guilford, Md.
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Stage can also be sensed using PRESSURE TRANSDUCERS
Orifice LineOrifice Line
Gwynns Falls at Washington Blvd. at
Baltimore, Md.
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Stage is usually:
•Measured to an accuracy standard of:
“either 0.01 ft or 0.2 percent of the effective stage being measured” -- Office of Surface Water memorandum 93.07
•Recorded every 15 minutes
Basic Data Recorder
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Most users of streamflow
information need to know the
DISCHARGE of the stream
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Discharge usually measured using the
velocity-area method
Channel Cross Section
Discharge= Velocity x Depth x Width
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1
10
100
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Discharge (cfs)
Sta
ge
(ft)
Rating Curve
Discharge Measurements
Discharge measurements are used to develop rating curves
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Discharge must be measured at all stages
1
10
100
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000Discharge (cfs)
Sta
ge
(ft)
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Discharge measurements during high stages are particularly important
Indirect measurement
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To maintain ratings,
discharge must be measured
regularly
1
10
100
1 10 100 1000 10000Discharge (cfs)
Sta
ge
(f
t)
For example: rating changes as channel fills.
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Staff gages can be damaged
Datum must be checked regularly
Benchmark at a station
Surveying crew from Utah District Gage houses settle
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Jack DoyleBoise Field Office
By local office personnel
All gaging station data are checked and reviewed regularly
And by national review teams
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Data from USGS gaging stations can be used to meet a variety of needs
Data from Thomas and Wahl, 1993
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Current needs
Modeling and floodforecasting
Chesapeake Bay inflow
Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Md.
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Long-term needs
Regional relations
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Uses of Streamflow Information:Flood Frequency Analysis
Rank Year Peak 1 1993 10,500 cfs 2 1995 3,200 3 1988 2,340 4 1989 1,850 5 1997 1,230 6 1990 948 7 1992 550 8 1996 320 9 1991 200 10 1994 163
100
1000
10000
100000
0.010.1110100
Exceedance Probability
Dis
char
ge,
in
cfs
100-yearflood
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Data dissemination
http://water.usgs.gov
http://md.usgs.gov
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Data dissemination
Hydrologic Stations
GOES
Wallops, VirginiaCommand and DataAcquisition Center
DOMSAT
User Operations
( Internet )
Stage
http://water.usgs.gov
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Post-mounted gage houseand sattelite antenna
USGS continues to pursue use of new technology
Acoustic doppler currentprofiler being used in Idaho
Aquacalc being usedto collect discharge information