Data Colection Types
Transcript of Data Colection Types
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DATA COLLECTION
Dimensions of Data CollectionApproaches
2. Structure3. Quantifiability
4. Researcher Obtrusiveness
5. Objectivity
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Major Types of DataMajor Types of Data
CollectionCollectionSelf ReportsObservation
Biophysiologic Measures
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en y ng a aNeeds: Quantitative
StudyData Requirements for the following:2.Testing hypotheses or addressing the research
questions
3.Describing sample characteristics4.Controlling extraneous variables
5.Analyzing potential biases
6.Understanding subgroup effects7.Interpreting results
8.Checking the manipulation
9.Obtaining administrative information
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Types of Data Collection: Qualitative
Unstructured Interviews An oral self-report in which the
researcher asks a respondent questions
without having a predetermined planregarding the content or flow of
information to be gathered
Conversational and interactive Mode of choice when researchers do
not have a clear idea of what it is they
do not know
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Types of Data Collection:
Qualitative Researchcontd
Semistructured InterviewsAn interview in which the researcher has listed topics
to cover rather than specific question to ask
Interviewers are guided by a topic guides thediscussion according to a written set of questions ortopics to be covered
Joint InterviewsAn interview where two or more people are
interviewed simultaneously, typically usingstructured or unstructured interview
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Life HistoriesAre narrative self-disclosures about individual life
experiencesEncourage respondents to narrate, in chronological
sequence, their life experiencesOral HistoriesFocus on describing important themes rather than
individualsUsed in order to gather personal recollections of events
and perceived causes and consequencesCritical IncidentsMethod of gathering information about peoples
behaviors by examining specific incidents relating to thebehavior under investigation
Types of Data Collection:Types of Data Collection:
Qualitative ResearchQualitative Research contd.contd.
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Types of Qualitative Reportscontd.
Diaries and JournalsRespondents are asked to maintain daily records about some
aspects of their lives
Think-Aloud MethodUsed to collect data about cognitive processes such as
thinking, problem-solving, and decision-making Photo Elicitation InterviewsInvolves an interview stimulated and guided by photographicimages.Self-Report Narratives on the InternetInvolves narrative self-reports from a potentially rich data
source, where data is directly solicited from a large audienceof Internet users
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Gathering Qualitative Self-Report Data
Purpose:To enable researchers to construct
reality in ways that are consistent with theconstruction of the people being studied.
Goal:
Requires researchers to take steps toovercome communication barriers and toenhance the flow of meaning.
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Gathering Qualitative Self-Report Data
Steps:Preparing for the Interview
Conversational but purposefulwhich requires thought andpreparationResearcher + respondent =
common vocabularyTIP: 1. Memorize the centralquestions to maintain eyecontact
2. Use high-quality tape
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Conducting the InterviewPrepare the respondents by putting them
at ease
Close rapport with respondentsprovides access to richerinformation and to
personal,intimate details of their
stories Be a good listener
Be prepared for strong emotions
Potential interview crises
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Conducting the Interviewcontd
Post interview Procedures
Tape recording interviews are
listened and checked foraudibility and completeness soonafter the interview is over
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Evaluation of QualitativeApproaches
1. Qualitative interviews are of greatest utility when anew era of research is being explored
3. An unstructured approach may allow investigatorsto ascertain what the basic issues or problems are,how sensitive or controversial the topic is, howeasy it is to secure respondents cooperation in
discussing issues, how individuals conceptualizeand talk about the problems , and what range ofopinions or behaviors exist relevant to the topic.
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va ua on oQualitative
Approaches Qualitative interviews are extremely time-
consuming and demanding of researchers
skills in analyzing and interpreting theresulting data.
They do not lend themselves to the rigorous
testing of hypotheses about cause-and-effect
relationships.
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Quantitative Self-Report
InstrumentsOpen-ended QuestionAllow respondent to answer in their
own words, in narrative fashion
Closed-ended QuestionOr fixed-alternativeOffer respondents alternative replies,
from which subjects must choose theone that most closely matches theappropriate answer
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Quantitative Self-
Report InstrumentsQuestionnairesSelf-administered questionnaires
can be distributed in person, bymail, or over the internetAdvantages: less costly and require
less time and energy to administer,offer the possibility of completeanonymity, and absence ofinterviewer ensures no interviewerbias
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Quantitative Self-Report Instruments
Interviews
Advantages outweigh those ofquestionnaires in terms of responserates, audience, clarity, depth ofquestioning, missing information,order of questions, sample control,supplementary data
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Using and Preparing StructuredUsing and Preparing Structured
Self-Report InstrumentsSelf-Report Instruments
Dichotomous questionsRequire respondents to make achoice between alternatives.
Multiple-choice questions
This offer more than two responsealternatives.
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Using and Preparing StructuredUsing and Preparing Structured
Self-Report InstrumentsSelf-Report Instruments
Cafeteria questionsThese are a special type of multiple
question that asks respondents toselect a response that mostcorresponds to their view.
Rank-order questionsThese questions ask respondents torank target concepts along acontinuum, such as the most to
least important.
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Using and Preparing StructuredUsing and Preparing Structured
Self-Report InstrumentsSelf-Report Instruments
Forced-choice questionsRequire respondents to choose between twostatements that represent polar positions orcharacteristics.
Rating questionsAsk respondents to evaluate something along
anordered dimension.
ChecklistsEncompass several questions that have the
sameresponse format.
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Using and Preparing StructuredUsing and Preparing Structured
Self-Report InstrumentsSelf-Report Instruments
Calendar questions
These questions are used to obtain
retrospective information about thechronology of different events and
activities in peoples lives.
Visual analogue scalesThese are used to measuresubjective
experiences, such as pain.
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LIKERT SCALES/SUMMATED RATING
SCALES Named after Rensis Likert Most widely used scaling technique Steps in Constructing Likert-typeScale: Develop a large pool of items
that state different position onan issue.
Total score is computed bysumming the item scores
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COMPOSITE SCALES
SEMANTIC DIFFERENTIAL SCALE
Technique for measuring psychosocialtrait
Respondents are asked to rate a concepton a series of bipolar adjectives
2 Considerations to Guide Selection:
Adjective pairs should beappropriated for the concept beingused and for the information beingsought.
The extent to which the adjectivemeasure the same dimension of the
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Existing Self-Report Scalesand Psychological Measures
CINAHL database includes
information on the scales usedin research studies
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ResponseBiases
Tendency of respondents todistort their responses
Response setsExtreme responseAcquiescence response set
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Development of structuredself report instrument
Once data needs have been identified cluster them intoseparate modules or areas of questioningSequence modules to an order that is psychologicallymeaningful and encourages candor and cooperation
The schedule should begin with questions that areinteresting and non sensitive,Before questioning you must read about the introductorycomments but most often incorporated into an informedconsent form
Introduction should be pleasant and tastefully structuredsince it is the first contact with the potential participantsWhen first instrument draft is already in order criticallydiscuss with experts or peer reviewers in your area ofinterest
It should also be reviewed with individuals who have thetechnical expertise to detect problems
Development of
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Development ofstructured self report
instrument contd
Introduction should be pleasant and tastefullystructured since it is the first contact with the
potential participantsWhen first instrument draft is already in ordercritically discuss with experts or peerreviewers in your area of interestIt should also be reviewed with individualswho have the technical expertise to detectproblemsRevision based on feedbackPretesting
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Tips for DevelopingStructured Self-Report
Instruments
Tips for Wording Questions:Clarity
Ability of Respondents to Give InformationBiasSensitive Information
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Tips for Developing StructuredSelf-Report Instruments
State the question in the affirmative Avoid long sentences or phrases, and avoid
technical terms
Avoid double-barreled question thatcontain two distinct ideas.
Do not assume that respondents will beaware of, or informed about, issues orquestions in which you are interested.
Avoid leading questions that suggest aparticular kind of answer
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Tips for Developing StructuredSelf-Report Instruments contd
State a range of alternatives within thequestion itself when possible
For questions that deal withcontroversial opinion or sociallyunacceptable behavior close-endedquestion may be preferred.
Impersonal wording of a question is
sometimes useful in minimizingembarrassment and encouraginghonesty.
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Tips for PreparingResponse Alternatives
Alternatives should be mutuallyexclusive
There should be an underlyingrationale for ordering alternatives
Response alternatives should notbe too lengthy
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Tips for Formattingan Instrument
Set off the response options from the question
or stem itself
Give special care to formatting filter questionsAvoid forcing all respondents to go through
inapplicable questions in SAQ