Table of Contents

I. Introduction – The Rusyns and their “Language” in the European ContextI.1. Objectives and Structure of the Work –Rusyn within the Standard Language

DebateII. The Rusyns – Facts and Controversies1

II.1. On the History and the Present of the RusynsII.2. The Question of Identity – Rusyns or UkrainiansII.3. Aspects of the Question of the Origin of RuysnsII.4. The Religion as a Foundation of Rusyn Identity

III. The History of the Rusyn PeopleIII.1. The History of the Rusyns in the Carpathian Rus’ – Hungary, Slovakia, and the

Ukraine.III.1.1. From the Beginning until 17th CenturyIII.1.2. The Habsburg Restoration and ReformsIII.1.3. The National Renaissance of 1848III.1.4. Cultural and National DeclineIII.1.5. The First World War and the Interwar PeriodIII.1.6. The Second World War and its Consequences for the Rusyn PeopleIII.1.7. The Decades under Communist Rule

III.2. The History of the Rusyns in the Carpathian Rus’ – The Lemko-Rusyns in Poland

III.2.1. The Historical Events until 1918III.2.2. The Interwar Period and the Second World WarIII.2.3. From 1945 to the Present

III.3. The History of the Yugoslavian Rusyns.III.3.1. The Resettlement of the Rusyns in VojvodinaIII.3.2. The History of the Backa-Rusyns until Today

III.4. The Carpatho-Rusyns in the United States of AmericaIII.4.1. The Church and Social Lives of the Carpatho-Rusyns in the USAIII.4.2. The Culture and Language of the Carpatho-Rusyns in the USA

III.5. The Carpatho-Rusyns in CanadaIV. The History of [the] Rusyn [Language]

IV.1. The Problem of the Classification of the Rusyn LanguageIV.2. The Linguistic Situation in Subcarpathia

IV.2.1. The Beginning of Appreciation of the Vernacular (1848-1918)IV.2.2. The Dispute over the ‘Language Question’ after 1918IV.2.3. The ‘Solution’ to the Language Question after 1945

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IV.3. The Development of the Rusyn Language in VojvodinaIV.3.1. Havrijil Kostelnik – ‘Father of the Rusyn Literary Language’IV.3.2. Rusyn Language and Cultural Politics from 1918-1990

IV.4. Rusyn Cultural Organizations as Catalyst of the ‘Rusyn Renaissance’IV.4.1. The ‘Lemko Society’ in PolandIV.4.2. The ‘Rusyn Renaissance’ in SlovakiaIV.4.3. Rusyn Cultural Organizations in the Ukraine, Romania, Hungary, and the

Czech RepublicIV.4.4. The ‘Rusyn Mother’ in Vojvodina

V. The History of Standardization of RusynV.1.Rusyn in Vojvodina

V.1.1. Havrijil Kostelnik’s “Gramatika bacvan’ sko-ruskej besedi”V.1.2. The “Macerinska beseda” of Mikola M. KocisV.1.3. Orthographic and Lexicographical Works

V.2.The Standards of Vojvodina-RusynV.2.1. Alphabet, Phonetics, Phonology, and AccentV.2.2. The Orthography of Vojvodina-RusynV.2.3. The Morphology of Vojvodina-RusynV.2.4. The Syntax of Vojvodina-RusynV.2.5. The Lexicon of Vojvodina-Rusyn

V.3.Carpatho-Rusyn and the ‘Regional Slavic Literary Languages’V.4.The Standardization of Carpatho-Rusyn

V.4.1. The Seminar of Bardejovske KupeleV.4.2. The Codification of the Slovakian Variant of RusynV.4.3. The “Pravyla Rusyn’skoho Pravopysu” of Pan’ko and Jabur

V.5.The Slovakian Variant of Carpatho-RusynV.5.1. General [Information] on the Classification of the Rusyn of East SlovakiaV.5.2. The Question of the Distinctiveness of the Rusyn of East Slovakia in

relation to Ukrainian and other Slavic LanguagesV.5.3. Alphabet, Phonetics, Phonology, and Accent of the Rusyn of East

SlovakiaV.5.4. The Orthography of the Rusyn of East SlovakiaV.5.5. The Morphology of the Rusyn of East SlovakiaV.5.6. The Syntax of the Rusyn of East SlovakiaV.5.7. The Lexicon of the Rusyn of East Slovakia

V.6.The Standardization of Carpatho-Rusyn in PolandV.6.1. The Scientific Investigation of the Carpatho-Rusyn of PolandV.6.2. The Characteristics of the Lemko Dialects of Poland

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V.7.Attempted Standardizations of Carpatho-Rusyn in the Transcarpathian Region of the Ukraine

V.8.The Transcarpathian Variant of Carpatho-RusynV.8.1. Alphabet, Phonetics, PhonologyV.8.2. The Orthography of Transcarpathian RusynV.8.3. The Morphology of Transcarpathian RusynV.8.4. Adverbs and so called ‘Helper Words’V.8.5. The Syntax of Transcarpathian Rusyn

VI. The Stylistic Development of RusynVI.1. Rusyn Literature

VI.1.1. Rusyn Literature in YugoslaviaVI.1.2. Rusyn Literature in SlovakiaVI.1.3. Lemko-Rusyn LiteratureVI.1.4. Literary Efforts in the Ukraine

VI.2. Rusyn Language MediaVI.3. The Development of Rusyn Technical TerminologyVI.4. Textual Examples in the Specialized Styles (Genres)

VI.4.1. Yugoslavia/Vojvodina Rusyn TextsVI.4.2. Texts in the Slovakian Variant of RusynVI.4.3. Texts in the Transcarpathian Variant of RusynVI.4.4. Texts in the Polish Variant of RusynVI.4.5. Texts in the Hungarian Variant of Rusyn

VII. The Social Framework for the Development of RusynVII.1. The Status of Rusyn Language Educational System

VII.1.1. The Rusyn Educational System in YugoslaviaVII.1.2. The Rusyn School System in SlovakiaVII.1.3. The Rusyn Department at Presov UniversityVII.1.4. Lemko-Rusyn in the Polish School SystemVII.1.5. Rusyn in the Educational Systems of Hungary, the Ukraine, and

RomaniaVII.2. The Problem of the Bilingualism of the Rusyns

VIII. The Political Framework for the Development of RusynVIII.1. The Rusyn World CongressVIII.2. The Legal and Political Status of the Rusyn Minority

VIII.2.1. The Status of the Rusyn Minority in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia

VIII.2.2. The Status of the Rusyn Minority in SlovakiaVIII.2.3. The Status of the Rusyn Minority in HungaryVIII.2.4. The Minority Legal Situation of the Lemko-Rusyn of Poland

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VIII.2.5. Romanian Minority Politics and the Rusyns in RomaniaVIII.2.6. Minority Politics in the Transcarpathian Region of the Ukraine

IX. The Sociolinguistic Situation of RusynX. Concluding RemarksXI. Appendix

XI.1. Concise Overview of the History Subcarpathian RusynXI.2. Chronological Outline of the History of Yugoslavian RusynXI.3. The Phonetic Reflexes of Vojvodina-Rusyn in ComparisonXI.4. The Distribution of the Features of the Transcarpathian Literary Language

in the DialectsXI.5. Overview of the Essential Transcarpathian Rusyn PronounsXI.6. Terminological Glossary of Transcarpathian Rusyn

XII. Literature Cited

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