Daruharidra Final

Darvi | *Presented By: Vijendra Kr. *Guided By: Dr. B. Mukhopadhyay (H.O.D.) Deptt. of Shalakya Tantra

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DARDARDARDARVVVVIIII ((((nkohZnkohZnkohZnkohZ))))

(Latin Name : Berberis aristata D.C.) Family :Berberidaceae

English Names: Indian Barberry, Tree Turmeric

Bengali-Damhaldi

Hindi- Chitra, Chotra, Daruhaldi, Kasmal, Kasmar, Rasauat,

Kashmiri-Rasvat

Malyalam-Maradrisina, Maramanjal

Marathi-Daru-Jald

Punjabi-Sumlu, Simlu

Tamil-Masamangal, Mullukale, Usikkala

Sanskrit-Daruharidra, Darvi, Kata, Katankateri, Pittadaru, Suvaranavarna;

nkohZ nknkohZ nknkohZ nknkohZ nk# gfjæk p itZU;k p A# gfjæk p itZU;k p A# gfjæk p itZU;k p A# gfjæk p itZU;k p A dVadVsjh dVadVsjh dVadVsjh dVadVsjh ihrk p HkosRlSo ip¥~ipk AAihrk p HkosRlSo ip¥~ipk AAihrk p HkosRlSo ip¥~ipk AAihrk p HkosRlSo ip¥~ipk AA lSo dkfy;d% ÁkslSo dkfy;d% ÁkslSo dkfy;d% ÁkslSo dkfy;d% ÁksäLFkk dkys;dks·fi p AäLFkk dkys;dks·fi p AäLFkk dkys;dks·fi p AäLFkk dkys;dks·fi p A ihr ihr ihr ihr ææææq”p q”p q”p q”p gfjægfjægfjægfjæq”p q”p q”p q”p ihrnk#ihrnk#ihrnk#ihrnk# pppp ihrde~ AAihrde~ AAihrde~ AAihrde~ AA nkohZnkohZnkohZnkohZ fu”kkxq.kk fdUrq us=d.kZ;ks jksxuqr~ Afu”kkxq.kk fdUrq us=d.kZ;ks jksxuqr~ Afu”kkxq.kk fdUrq us=d.kZ;ks jksxuqr~ Afu”kkxq.kk fdUrq us=d.kZ;ks jksxuqr~ A ¼Hkko ¼Hkko ¼Hkko ¼Hkko ÁÁÁÁdk”k½dk”k½dk”k½dk”k½

MORPHOLOGICAL DESCRIPTION : It is an erect thorny shrub of length 1.8-3.6 meter or sometimes 4-5 meter with

pale yellowish-brown and deeply furrowed bark. Leaves are characteristic,

fascicled in axils of branched or simple spines, coriaceous, usually sharp toothed

and with very fine veins. Inflorescence is a simple, drooping and densely flowered

raceme. Fruits are long, ovoid and bluish-black to bluish-purple in colour. Seeds

are a few. The plant occurs in Himalaya at 6250-12000 ft. Wood of the stem is

used.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS:

� The alkaloids found in the Berberis aristata mainly in Roots and Bark are

� Berberine,

� Berberamine

� Aromoline

� Columbamine

� Kerachin

� Oxycanthine

� Umballiatine

� Jatrorrhizine

� Hydrastine

� Fruits contain Citric and Malic acid.


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PROPERTIES (Pharmacodynamics):

� Guna -Laghu,Ruksha

� Rasa – Tikta ,Kashay (fruit: Madhur-Amla)

� Veerya –Ushna (fruit: Shita)

� Vipaka - Katu

� Doshic Action: Kapha Pitta pacifying – Vata aggravating

ACTIONS (KARMA) :

Pittasaraka, Yakriduttejaka, Deepana, Grahi, Rakta-Shodhaka, Rakta-

Stambhaka(Rasanjan Extract), Rochana, Trishna-Nigraha, Kaphaghna,

Swedajanana, Varnya, Jwarghna, Shothhara, Vranashodhana, Chakshushya.

Daruharidra reduces kapha, checks excess secretions and helps to alleviate

inflammation of the liver and spleen. It is Aama-pachana in action, metabolizing

toxins and pacifying pitta due to its tikta rasa. Its energetic properties indicate that

it aggravates vata as its action is drying and catabolic. It stimulates and corrects

meda dhatu ,agni and alleviates excess body secretions often experience when

kapha is aggravated. This is seen in conditions of the vagina as in leucorrhea and

from weeping wounds experienced when suffering ulcerated skin disorders. This

action relates directly to drying rasa dhatu and reducing the formation of them ala

of rasa being poshaka kapha.

Berberine hydrochloride, an alkaloid isolated from B.aristata, have significant anti-

inflammatory activity on acute, subacute and chronic types of inflammations

produced by immunological and non-immunological methods.

PARTS USED : � Root,

� Stem,

� Fruits

DOSES:

Root bark Juice: 12-24 gm.

Decoction : 50-100 gm.

Rasanjana/Rasauta (wood extract): 0.5-1.0 gm. (In Vishama Jwara 1.0-2.0 gm.)

Fruits : 6-12 gm.


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THERAPEUTIC USES (INDICATIONS):

Exteranal Administration:

Netra roga (Diseases of Eyes) : Netra-abhishyanda, Netra-Shotha, Naktandhya,

Karna Roga (Diseases Of Ear): Karnashoola, Karnasrava, Putikarna,

Mukharoga (Diseases Of Mouth)

Raktavikarajanya Shotha, Phiranga, Upadansha, Sarvalingavikara, Shuka Dosha,

Gandamala, Bhagandara, Visarpa, Bala Guda Paka, Sarvavisha, Nadi-Vrana.

Shoth vedana (Inflammatory diseases)

Internal Administration:

Yakrittavikara, Kamala, Pandu, Agnimandya, Aruchi, Trishana, Raktasrava,

Raktavikara, Rakta-pitta, Raktapradara, Raktaarsha, Kasa, Prameha, Pishtameha,

Unmada graha, kushtha, kandu, Visphota, Vriddhiroga, Tvakavikara, Varnavikara,

OTHER USES OF DARVI : � Milk boiled with daruharidra, cooled and mixed with a little rock salt should

be used to wash the eyes.

� Decoction made of daruharidra and mixed with honey is used to wash the in

all type of eye inflammation.

� Daruharidra mixed with trikatu is made into pills which are rubbed and

applied as paste in anjananamika with inflammation and itching.

� In case of poisoning haridra and daruharidra are used as paste.

� Decoction of Daruharidra alleviates Leucorrhoea.

� Decoction of Daruharidra root bark is given in Malaria.

� The roots are useful for healing ulcers, urethral discharge in leucorrhea,

ophthalmia, jaundice.

� Daruharidra satva is known as RASANJANA/ RASAUTA (wood extract)

which is dark brown in colour and consistency of Opium having bitter

astringent taste, readily soluble in water forming rich yellowish brown

colour.

� Daruharidra mixed with honey should be used as collyrium RASANJANA is

medicinally potent and quite useful product of this drug is used frequently in

various ailments in external mode of application and extract is also orally

used in certain other diseases.

� The raw material of Daruharidra fruit (Zirisk) is moist sticky mass of small

black fruit most of them are abortive but few contain one or two oblong

seeds a thin roughy brown resin, beneath which a membrane covering exists.


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RASANJANA/ RASAUTA:

nkohZ DokFk lea{khjaikna iDRok ;nk ?kue~ AnkohZ DokFk lea{khjaikna iDRok ;nk ?kue~ AnkohZ DokFk lea{khjaikna iDRok ;nk ?kue~ AnkohZ DokFk lea{khjaikna iDRok ;nk ?kue~ A rnk jlk¥~tuk[;a rUus=;ks ijea fgre~ AArnk jlk¥~tuk[;a rUus=;ks ijea fgre~ AArnk jlk¥~tuk[;a rUus=;ks ijea fgre~ AArnk jlk¥~tuk[;a rUus=;ks ijea fgre~ AA jlk¥~tua rk{;Za “kSya jl xHkZ¥~p rk{;Zte~ Ajlk¥~tua rk{;Za “kSya jl xHkZ¥~p rk{;Zte~ Ajlk¥~tua rk{;Za “kSya jl xHkZ¥~p rk{;Zte~ Ajlk¥~tua rk{;Za “kSya jl xHkZ¥~p rk{;Zte~ A jlk¥~tua dVq”ys’e fo’kus=fodkjuqr~ AAjlk¥~tua dVq”ys’e fo’kus=fodkjuqr~ AAjlk¥~tua dVq”ys’e fo’kus=fodkjuqr~ AAjlk¥~tua dVq”ys’e fo’kus=fodkjuqr~ AA m’.ka jlk;ua fräa Nsnua oz.k nks’k g`r~ A m’.ka jlk;ua fräa Nsnua oz.k nks’k g`r~ A m’.ka jlk;ua fräa Nsnua oz.k nks’k g`r~ A m’.ka jlk;ua fräa Nsnua oz.k nks’k g`r~ A ¼Hkko Ádk”k½¼Hkko Ádk”k½¼Hkko Ádk”k½¼Hkko Ádk”k½

The decoction of Darvi added with equal quantity of milk is boiled and reduced to

one fourth of the total quantity and allowed to cool. After it becomes thick jelly it

is called Rasanjana (Darvi rasanjana) and is highly beneficial to the eye when used

as Collyrium. Rasanjana, tarkshyashaila , Rasagarbha, Tarkshyajam are synonyms.

Rasanjana (Rasaut) pungent mitigates shleshma (kapha) poision diseases of

eyesbut in potency rejuvenator better punctures hard covering of doshas and clears

the doshas from the wounds.

Different Ayurvedic Formulations of Darvi: • Chandraprabha vati,

• Chandanadi vati,

• Darvi Kwatha,

• Darvi Ghrita,

• Darvighrita-Paratisaran

• Darvi Taila,

• Darvi Yoga,

• Darviyavani Churna,

• Darviyavani Vati,

• Darvi Rasa-Kriya,

• Darvyadi Asthapana,

• Darvyadi Kashaya,

• Darvyadighrita,

• Darvyadi Yoga,

• Darvyadi Lauha

• Darvyadi Leha

• Darvyadi Taila

• Laghuvishagarbha taila

• Punarnava mandura

• Phalatrikadi Kwatha

• Rasanjanadi Churna


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-:BERBERINE:- Berberine is a plant alkaloid with a long history of medicinal use in both

Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine.

It is present in Berberis aristata (tree turmeric), Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal),

Coptis chinensis (Coptis or goldenthread), Berberis aquifolium (Oregon grape),

and Berberis vulgaris (barberry). The berberine alkaloid can be found in the roots,

rhizomes, and stem bark of the plants. Berberine extracts and decoctions have

demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against a variety of organisms

including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoans, helminths, and chlamydia. Currently,

the predominant clinical uses of berberine include bacterial diarrhea, intestinal

parasite infections, and ocular trachoma infections.

-:PHARMACOLOGY:-

The pharmacologic actions of berberine include metabolic inhibition of certain

organisms, inhibition of bacterial enterotoxin formation, inhibition of intestinal

fluid accumulation and ion secretion, inhibition of smooth muscle contraction,

reduction of inflammation, platelet aggregation inhibition, platelet count elevation

in certain types of thrombocytopenia, stimulation of bile and bilirubin secretion,

and inhibition of ventricular tachyarrhythmias.

Clinical Applications

Bacterial Diarrhea:

Diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholera and Escherichia coli has been the focus of

numerous berberine studies, and results indicate several mechanisms which may

explain its ability to inhibit bacterial diarrhea. An animal study found berberine

reduced the intestinal secretion of water and electrolytes induced by cholera toxin.

Other studies have shown berberine directly inhibits some V. cholera and E. coli

enterotoxins, significantly reduces smooth muscle contraction and intestinal

motility, and delays intestinal transit time in humans.

Berberine sulfate has also been found to be directly bacteriocidal to V. cholera. In

the case of E. coli, in vitro research indicated berberine sulfate was capable of

inhibiting bacterial adherence to mucosal or epithelial surfaces, the first step in the

infective process. This may be a result of berberine’s inhibitory effect on fimbrial

structure formation on the surface of the treated bacteria.


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Intestinal Parasites:

Berberine extracts and salts have demonstrated growth inhibition of Giardia

lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Leishmania donovani,

with crude extracts being more effective than berberine salts.

In tropical climates Giardia lamblia infestation (giardiasis) is a common

occurrence, particularly in pediatric populations. Clinical trials conducted in India

showed berberine administration improved gastrointestinal symptoms and resulted

in a marked reduction in Giardia-positive stools. In comparison to metronidazole

(Flagyl), another popular giardiasis medication, berberine was nearly as effective

at half the dose.

Berberine Structure:

N+

O

O

OCH3

H3CO

Both in vivo and in vitro studies of berberine’s

effects on E. histolytica indicated berberine

sulfate was rapidly amoebicidal and caused

encystation, degeneration, and eventual lysis of

the trophozoite forms. Berberine sulfate rapidly

inhibited the growth of Trichomonas vaginalis via

formation of large autophagic vacuoles that

eventually result in lysis of the trophozoite forms.Studies have shown berberine

markedly decreased parasitic load and rapidly improved hematologic parameters in

infected animals. In vitro results indicated berberine inhibited multiplication,

respiration, and macromolecular biosynthesis of amastigote forms of the parasite,

interfered with the nuclear DNA of the promastigote form, and inhibited organism

maturation.


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ROLE IN OCULAR TRACHOMA INFECTIONS:****

A clinical study of aqueous berberine versus sulfacetamide for the treatment of

Chlamydia trachomatis infection was conducted on 51 subjects in an outpatient

eye clinic. It was determined that while sulfacetamide eye drops produced slightly

better clinical results, conjunctival scrapings of these patients remained positive for

the infective agent and relapses occurred. In contrast, the conjunctival scrapings of

patients receiving the berberine chloride eye drops were negative for C.

trachomatis and there were no relapses, even one year after treatment. It was also

concluded that, while berberine chloride had no direct anti-chlamydial properties,

it seemed to cure the infection by stimulating some protective mechanism in the

host. A second clinical study found berberine chloride superior to sulfacetamide in

both the clinical course of trachoma and in achieving a drop in serum antibody

titers against C. trachomatis.

Cardiovascular Effects:

Both clinical trials and animal research have indicated berberine administration

prevented ischemiainduced ventricular tachyarrhythmia, stimulated cardiac

contractility, and lowered peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure. The

mechanism for berberine’s antiarrhythmic effect is unclear, but an animal study

indicated it may be due to suppression of delayed after-depolarization in the

ventricular muscle. An animal study suggested, in addition to affecting several

other parameters of cardiac performance, berberine may have a

vasodilatory/hypotensive effect attributable to its potentiation of acetylcholine.

Anti-inflammatory Effects:

In vitro studies utilizing human cell lines demonstrated that berberine inhibited

activator protein 1 (AP-1), a key transcription factor in inflammation and

carcinogenesis. Another study, utilizing human peripheral lymphocytes, showed

berberine to exert a significant inhibitory effect on lymphocyte transformation,

concluding that its anti-inflammatory action may be due to inhibition of DNA

synthesis in activated lymphocytes.

A third study concluded that during platelet activation in response to tissue injury,

berberine had a direct affect on several aspects of the inflammatory process. It

exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of arachidonic acid release from cell

membrane phospholipids, inhibition of thromboxane A2 from platelets, and

inhibition of thrombus formation.


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Other Effects:

Berberine has demonstrated a number of other beneficial effects, including

immunostimulation via increased blood flow to the spleen, macrophage activation,

elevation of platelet counts in cases of primary and secondary thrombocytopenia,

and increased excretion of conjugated bilirubin in experimental

hyperbilirubinemia.

In addition, berberine may possess anti-tumor promoting properties as evidenced

by inhibition of COX-2 transcription and N-acetyltransferase activity in colon and

bladder cancer cell lines, and transient, but marked, inhibitory action on the growth

of mouse sarcoma cells in culture.

Dosage and Toxicity:

Berberine is not considered toxic at doses used in clinical situations, nor has it been

shown to be cytotoxic or mutagenic. Side-effects can result from high dosages and

may include gastrointestinal discomfort, dyspnea, lowered blood pressure, flu-like

symptoms, and cardiac damage. Berberine usage should be avoided in pregnancy,

due to potential for causing uterine contractions and miscarriage, and in jaundiced

neonates because

of its bilirubin displacement properties. The therapeutic dosage for most clinical

situations is 200 mg orally two to four times daily.

• Another alkaloid in barberry, called berberamine, is believed to help fight

infections by stimulating white blood cells called macrophages.

• Aromoline has screened for antimalarial (antiplasmodial), antiamoebic and

cytotoxic activities via the use of in vitro microtests. This has also evaluated

for antiallergic effect and proven to be of potent action.

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