Darlington transistor

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Circuit diagram of Darlington configuration

In electronics, the Darlington transistor (often called a Darlington pair) is a semiconductor device which combines two bipolar transistors in a single device so that the current amplified by the first is amplified further by the second. This gives a high current gain (written β or hFE), and takes less space than two discrete transistors in the same configuration. Integrated packaged devices are available, but it is still common also to use two separate transistors.

The Darlington configuration was invented by Bell Laboratories engineer Sidney Darlington in 1953. He patented the idea of having two or three transistors on a single chip, but not that of an arbitrary number (which might have covered all modern integrated circuits).

A similar configuration but with transistors of opposite type (NPN and PNP) is the Sziklai pair, sometimes called the "complementary Darlington".

Behaviour

A Darlington pair behaves like a single transistor with a high current gain (the product of the gains of the two transistors):

A typical modern device has a current gain of 1000 or more, so that only a tiny base current is needed to make the pair switch on. Integrated devices have three leads (B, C and E), broadly equivalent to those of a standard transistor.

The base-emitter voltage is also higher. It is the sum of both base-emitter voltages:

VBE = VBE1 + VBE2

Thus, to turn on, there must be about 0.7 V across both base-emitter junctions (connected in series in the device), so that we

need about 1.4 V in total. The saturation voltage of a Darlington pair is about 0.7 V, which can cause substantial power dissipation. Another drawback is a reduction in switching speed, because the first transistor cannot actively inhibit the base current of the second, which makes the device slow to switch off. To alleviate this, the second transistor often has a base resistor of a few hundred ohms

The Darlington has more phase shift at high frequencies than a single transistor and hence can more easily become unstable with feedback.

Darlington pairs are available as integrated packages or can be made from two discrete transistors; Q1 (the left-hand transistor in the diagram) can be a low power type, but normally Q2 (on the right) will need to be high power. The maximum collector current IC(max) of the pair is that of Q2. A typical integrated power device is the 2N6282, which includes a switch-off resistor and has a current gain of 2400 at IC=10A.

A Darlington pair can be sensitive enough to respond to the current passed by skin contact even at safe voltages. Thus, it can form the input stage of a touch-sensitive switch.