Dams in Cold Climates: Design Considerations and ... Considerations and Challenges of Construction...
Transcript of Dams in Cold Climates: Design Considerations and ... Considerations and Challenges of Construction...
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USSD The Challenges of Dams in
Cold Climates – September 2017
Dams in Cold Climates:
Design Considerations and
Challenges of Construction
Doug Johnson, P.E., FERC Division of Dam Safety and Inspections
Regional Engineer, Portland OR
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FERC-regulated Dams in Alaska
Susitna-Watana
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Hebgen Dam in MT
Hebgen Dam
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Portland Region Dams
> 5000 feet Elevation.
Dam NameCrest
ElevationState Hazard Class
Mystic Dike 7675 MT H
Mystic Lake 7674 MT H
Viva Naughton 7249 WY H
Hebgen Dam 6546 MT H
Georgetown Dam 6443 MT H
Soda 5725 ID H
Grace Dike 5559 ID S
Grace Main 5559 ID S
Ashton 5147 ID H
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Portland Region Dams
at Highest Elevations In Alaska
Dam Name Crest Elevation State Hazard Class
Collection Pond (Goat Lake) 2885 AK L
Middle Fork Diversion (Bradley Lk.) 2204 AK L
Shotgun Creek Div 1931 AK L
Falls Creek Div 1650 AK L
Rolling Rock Creek Div 1485 AK L
Stetson Creek Diversion 1430 AK L
Terror Lake 1428 AK L
Allison Creek 1300 AK L
Crystal Lake 1299 AK H
Nuka River Div 1286 AK L
Cooper Lake 1220 AK H
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Allison Creek Dam
If we keep digging we may find where we stopped working last summer!
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Challenges of Constructing
FERC Projects In Cold Regions
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Salmon Creek Dam
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View looking up Valley at Dam
Height = 170 ft.Crest Length = 650 ft.Storage ≈ 12,000 ac-ft
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Downstream Face of Dam
First Constant Angle Arch
Dam in US.
Completed 1914
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Upstream Face showing severe
freeze-thaw damage
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Close-up view of eroded area of
upstream face
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Rubble at base of dam is remnant of
shotcrete facing applied in 1960’s
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Cold Climate Design Considerations
Dam built in 1914 – no air entrainment, poor consolidation, segregation of concrete
Severe Freeze-thaw environment
Tried to shotcrete faces of dam in 60s – most of that has fallen off.
Dam has lost over 2 feet in thickness.
As result dam is under reservoir restriction due to seismic instability – 32 foot drawdown
However, even without the drawdown the dam still retains sufficient thickness to resist static loads
Cost to rehab is prohibitive due to remote access – AEL&P has decided to live with restriction
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Lake Dorothy Hydroelectric
Project
Alaska Electric Light and Power
Juneau, Alaska
2006 - 2010
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Juneau
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Lake Dorothy looking north toward outlet
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Lake Dorothy
Tunnel Entrance
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Final Round - 12’ dia. By 12’ Thick 8/19/2008
Water then fills tunnel up to plug
Valve on pipe side of plug is opened or closed to control water out of Lake
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Actual Tunneling Begins July 2007
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Downstream face of tunnel plug
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Lake Tap
Lake tap was initiated from Lake Dorothy shoreline to allow observation of air pocket and energy from the blast emerge from below the water line
The final lake tap blast took place on August 19, 2008.
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LAKE DOROTHY IS TAPPED!
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Bifurcation of 60-inch penstock
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Barge Landing Facility
Substation & Camp
Shop & Crew Quarters
Powerhouse
Access Road
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Losing Downhill Slope
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Completed Road
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Construction of concrete face panels
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Reservoir Elevation 985 feet
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6.4 cfs
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Lake Dorothy Powerhouse
The Lake Dorothy Project went into operation on Aug. 31, 2009
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Challenges Constructing the
Lake Dorothy Project
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Only Access to Site by Air
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Seasonal Working
Conditions
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Initial landing areas were limited
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All Tunneling Equipment Airlifted in Pieces
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Fog and rain can move in very quickly
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Weather Impacts
Good weather where crew could easily access tunnel - Rates of 40 feet per day
Typical advance rates averaged 25 feet per day
Changing weather conditions prevented mining crews from achieving steady advancement rates.
Fog and wind could quickly show up and force an early exit form the portal
2007 – 35 weather related delay days
2008 – 33 weather related delay days
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Allison Creek DamConstruction 2014-16
Main Project Features
• 16-foot-high, 95-foot-wide concrete gravity diversion dam with 50-foot-wide spillway
• 42-inch-diameter, 7,200-foot-long steel penstock
• 700-foot-long, 16-foot-diameter access tunnel through which a segment of the penstock would be routed
• 65 foot by 65 foot powerhouse with two turbine/generating units with a combined capacity of 6.5-MW
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Alyeska Oil Terminal
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Powerhouse foundation construction with lower tunnel
portal in background
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Upper Portal August 2014 – Tunnel near completion
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Pioneering Road from Upper Portal to Dam Site
August 2014
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Diversion Dam Site July 2015
Twin 48-inch-diameter CMP diversion conduits carry
Allison Creek through right abutment
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View of Penstock Below Lower Tunnel Portal and
Powerhouse Below July 2015
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Concrete being placed for diversion dam intake structure.
August 2015
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Allison Creek diversion dam at spring break-up 2016
getting ready for final construction season to start.
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Allison Creek Powerhouse at spring break-up 2016
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Allison Creek Diversion Dam nearing completion
June 2016
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Mass excavation of steep slope in reach 4 continues before
penstock installation (dashed line) can resume.
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Upstream face of completed diversion dam with reservoir
full to the top of the spillway. August 2016
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Downstream View of Completed Diversion Dam
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Completed Powerhouse
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Cold Climate Design Considerations
Rugged terrain, no existing roads – the use of tunnels is common in Alaska. Construction can continue through winter.
The Allison tunnel was designed to serve as both the penstock route and construction access road to site.
Very Limited window for construction – June to September. Took 3 years to complete project.
Frigid temps and deep snow necessitated burying penstock
Project can only generate 6 months out of the year due to deep snow and frozen conditions at diversion dam.
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Hebgen Lake Dam
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Hebgen Lake Dam
Dam Height = 88ftCrest Length = 721 ftNormal Storage 386,000 af
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Hebgen Lake Dam
Underwent 2 major rehab projects in the 2008-2016 period.
Failure of Outlet Tower Stoplogs in Aug 2008 + seismic inadequacy –necessitated rehab of tower 2008-14
Spillway removal and replacement 2015-16
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Outlet Tower Rehab
Had to build cellular cofferdam first to dewater front of tower.
Work could not proceed in winter, due to ice, snow, and reservoir lowering which required use of outlet instead of spillway.
Cofferdam provided with a spillway gate to discharge wintertime flows.
Scope of Project was to first stabilize tower, then improve seismic stability, replace the intake gates, and install a guard gate
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Cellular cofferdam
Outlet tower
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Winter comes early here
December 8, 2010
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Work was able to continue despite cold and snow
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View inside Outlet Tower
Extreme danger posed by ice overhead from
leaking stoplogs.
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Rebar and concrete damaged from winter flows.
June 3013
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Eventually, the structure was competed, in 2015!
Which leads us to the next phase…..
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Spillway Removal and
Replacement Once Intake was completed and functional,
spillway removal could start
Contractor reused sheetpiling from outlet cellular cofferdam to construct new cofferdam in front of spillway.
Cofferdam installed in December 2015 so that it would be in place come spring, when reservoir was filled.
New Outlet Tower acted as only spillway during
construction.
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Being December, it wasn’t the most hospitable
condition for construction!
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Sheet Piling being installed
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View of ongoing removal of cofferdam from intake
structure.
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Not surprisingly, come the following spring, there
was a lot of seepage through the cofferdam!
550 gpm.
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Subsequently, a second cofferdam and sheetpile
wall was constructed along with a sump to improve
seepage control at the site
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View of cofferdam with spillway fully removed
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Once again, construction extended into December
Placing embankment fill around core wall
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Blankets were placed on fill surface at night to
keep snow off and prevent freezing.
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Snow was cleared off and blankets removed in
morning prior to fill placement.
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Finished Spillway and closure embankment in
2017
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Finished Spillway Chute
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Takeaway Points
Short construction seasons mean that work must be done in multi-year stages. Detailed scheduling and planning ahead are critical.
Severe weather conditions can damage recently completed work. Protecting partially completed work from damage can prevent delays in construction schedule.
Tunneling work can be done year round. This makes building a combined power tunnel (or penstock) and construction access road attractive.
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Takeaway Points
Portable structures such as tents and canopies can help extend the construction seasons but may require dis/re-assembly for winter snow loading.
In Alaska, lack of access is as much a problem as the cold climate. Equipment and supplies must be barged or helicoptered in, making construction costs much higher and advanced planning for deliveries critical.
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QUESTIONS?