Dam Monitoring in Laos

8/13/2019 Dam Monitoring in Laos

1/102

Theun Hinboun Power Company

Theun Hinboun Expansion PTheun Hinboun Expansion PTheun Hinboun Expansion PTheun Hinboun Expansion P

CONSTRUCTION

NG Dam - Monitoring of NG

C-CO-C-AGD-TR-014-A0

Date: 17/09/2011 Rev. A0


2/102

A0 17/09/11 First Issue MLH

Revision Date Subject of Revision Drafted C

Theun Hinboun Expansion Theun Hinboun Expansion Theun Hinboun Expansion Theun Hinboun Expansion Owner:

Theun Hinboun Power Com

Main Contractor:

Engineering Consultants:

COYNE ET BELLIERBureau d'Ingnieurs Conseils

Engineering Consultants:

CONSTRUCTION

NG Dam - Monitoring of NG da


3/102

THXP NG Dam - Monitoring of NG dam

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. REFERENCES

3. MAIN INSTRUMENTS

1.1 General

1.2 Water pressure vibrating wire cells (electrical piezoPC

1.3 Stand pipe piezometers PZ and DPZ

1.4 Pendulums (plumb-lines) - PLD and PLV

1.5 Thermometers T

1.6 Levelling studs LS

1.7 Surface movement markers MM

1.8 Joint opening device JM

1.9 V-Notch weirs for seepage measurement - MW

1.10 Reservoir water level

2 PRINCIPLE OF THE MONITORING

2.1 Data to be collected

2.2 Visual inspection

2.3 Data processing

a) Water pressure vibrating wire cells (electrical piezo


4/102


i) Reservoir water level

3 MEASURING FREQUENCY

Appendix A: Monitoring system location

Appendix B: Monitoring system - SISGEO Instruction Manu

Appendix C: Devices Certificate

Appendix D: Drilling and Verticality tests of Invert pendulum


5/102


TABLE OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Dam monitoring - Instrument layout (plan view) ...................Figure 2: Section PC1 on the RB, ch. 0+160.......................................Figure 3: Section PC2 on the RB, ch. 0+220.......................................Figure 4: Section PC3 on the spillway, ch. 0+273 ...............................Figure 5: Section PC4 on the spillway, ch. 0+328 ...............................Figure 6: Section PC5 on the LB, ch. 0+385.......................................Figure 7: Section PC6 on the LB, ch. 0+434.......................................

Figure 8: PZ 0+070 on the RB ............................................................Figure 9: PZ 0+110 on the RB ............................................................Figure 10: PZ 0+160 on the RB ..........................................................Figure 11: DPZ 0+196 on the RB........................................................Figure 12: PZ 0+217.5 on the RB .......................................................Figure 13: PZ 0+230.5 and DPZ 0+235 on the RB..............................Figure 14: DPZ 0+300 on the spillway ................................................Figure 15: PZ 0+347.4 and DPZ 0+350 on the LB ..............................Figure 16: PZ 0+419 and DPZ 0+416 on the LB .................................Figure 17: PZ 0+440 on the LB...........................................................Figure 18: PZ 0+468 on the LB ch. 0+468 ......................................Figure 19: PZ 0+510.5 on the LB ch. 0+510.50................................Figure 20: The Pendulums elevation layout .....................................Figure 21: Cartesian axis system at the top of the hole.......................Figure 22: Borehole profile survey ......................................................Figure 23: Detection of wire position at Hi depth.................................Figure 24: Detecting of the X and Y components at i depth.................

Figure 25: Example of hole free section diagram................................Figure 26: Thermometers Layout.....................................................Figure 27: Thermometers at ch. 0+160 ...............................................Figure 28: Thermometers at ch. 0+211 ...............................................Figure 29: Thermometers at ch. 0+290 ...............................................Figure 30: Thermometers at ch. 0+330 ...............................................Figure 31: Thermometers at ch. 0+354 ...............................................Figure 32: Thermometers at ch. 0+374 ...............................................Figure 33: Thermometers at ch. 0+411 ...............................................

Figure 34: Thermometers at ch. 0+450 ...............................................Figure 35: Typical section - topographic monitoring............................Figure 36: Studs for precision levelling and V-Notch weirs- Upstream Figure 37: Surface movement markers and stud - Downstream view..Figure 38: Layout................................................................................Figure 39: Vibrating-wire piezometers.................................................Figure 40: Four reading positions


6/102


1. INTRODUCTION

This technical note describes the monitoring system of NG Dam. Itsdam Operation and Maintenance Manual, regarding the monitoring sy

Nota: the yellow part of this report will be updated later on with the as

2. REFERENCES

[1] Employers Requirements Part A Paragraph 5.3 NG Dam, outlet

[2] Employers Requirements Part B Paragraph 4, 4.15 Design o

pressure relief well[3] C-CO-D-AGE-SP-002 NG Dam Instrumentation Technical Spe[4] C-CM-C-MNG-QA-060 NG Dam Instrumentation Qualification [5] C-CO-D-ADG-CA-001 Definition of NG Dam Monitoring system[6] C-CO-C-AGD-EQ-003 to 028 NG dam instrumentation drawings[7] C-CO-E-AGD-EQ-005, 006, 013 to 017 As Built - NG dam instru[8] C-CO-C-AGD-TR-007 NG Dam First impounding of NG dam re[9] C-CO-C-AGD-CA-002 NG Dam Stability analysis of the dam

[10] C-CO-C-AGD-CA-011 - Modeling of the underground water flow ththe dam[11] C-CO-C-AGD-TR-009 NG Dam - Adaptation of monitoring equi

the impounding[12] INTERNATIONAL STANDARD - ISO 1438:2008 - Hydrometry

measurement using thin-plate weirs


7/102


Main instruments

1.1 General

The following measuring devices are to be considered to monitor th[7]):

Dam monitoring:

- 25 Pressure cells (vibrating wire piezometer) P

- 10 piezometers, D/S toe open pipe P

- 5 direct piezometers from gallery with manometer D

- 3 Direct pendulums P

- 3 Invert pendulums P

- 42 Thermometers T

Topographic control:

- 51 levelling studs L

- 20 surface movement markers M- 34 3D joint-meters (

Water control:

- 6 seepage measuring weirs (V-Notch) M

- Water level indicator:

o U/S (intake powerhouse) Reservoir Water Level R

o D/S (Spillway LB abutment) Tail Water Level T


8/102



9/102


1.2 Water pressure vibrating wire cells (electrical piezome

Vibrating wire piezometers are installed in the foundation at the lFigure 1. Foundation cells are installed in 90 mm diameter boreholesFigure 2 to Figure 7. These piezometers are required to monitor upliffoundation particularly during the first filling and subsequently.

The majority of the pressure cells are located at the contact dam/fopore-water pressure in the nearest vicinity of the NG dam. The fewfoundation are required to monitor uplift pressures on the dam foundefficiency of the grout curtain and the drainage of the deep foundation

At each chainage, switch terminal boxes are placed in order to conneboxes in the lower gallery, 2 boxes in the upper gallery).

Figure 3: Section


10/102


Figure 4: Section PC3 on the spillway, ch. 0+273 Figure 5: Sectio


11/102


1.3 Stand pipe piezometers PZ and DPZ

15 nos. stand pipe piezometers are installed to monitor the water pDam foundation, completing and cross-checking data recorded by the

Foundation stand pipe are installed in 120 mm diameter boreholes Figure 8 to Figure 19.

These piezometers are:

- drilled (vertical) from natural ground at downstream dam toread with a water depth portable measuring probe PZ.

- drilled from the gallery, inclined, closed by a manometer, (5 un

Piezometers consist of a porous intake connected to the ground surfpore water pressure can be observed by the use of different measurin

manual system has been foreseen by means of sounding lead.

Figure 8: PZ 0+070 on the RB Figure 9: PZ 0+110 on the RB


12/102


Figure 14: DPZ 0+300 on the spillwayFigure 15: PZ 0+34


13/102


Figure 18: PZ 0+468 on the LB ch. 0+468 Figure 19: PZ 0+510


14/102


1.4 Pendulums (plumb-lines) - PLD and PLV

Pendulum monitoring devices are installed in different profile of theFigure 1.

Each profile shall be equipped with an inverted pendulum, adisplacement of the dam base compared to the foundation, and a dirthe displacement of the top of the dam in comparison with the dam ba

Total of 3 direct and 3 indirect pendulums, with reading devices are inintermediated reading is performed on the direct pendulum at ch. 0+3

See Figure 20.


15/102


The following procedure was implemented:

1) At the top of the casing, two wires were installed in order to oaxis system that will give the position of the hole center.

Figure 21: Cartesian axis system at the top of th

2) A piece of steel with concrete inside, hung from a 3 mm diamthe gallery roof, was placed inside the hole.

3) The distance h between the pulley axis and the grid on tmeasured.

4) The weight was stopped every meter in the borehole.

measurements Xi and Yi, distance of the wire from the two axFigure 23).


16/102


Figure 24: Detecting of the X and Y components a

6) Once reported the center hole positions at each depth, itrelated circumferences. The area common to all circumfersection and the coordinometer have to be mounted exactly ov

Figure 25: Example of hole free section diagr


17/102


1.5 Thermometers T

Thermometers installed in different sections of the dam, as shownThermometers read 2-hourly for the first week after installation, 6-hweeks and daily for the next five months. The reading is then oThermometers control the peak temperature during setting of theallows to understand when the dam has reached is maturity, and thabody is only influenced by the external seasonal and water from theffect.

Total of 42 Thermometers are installed in the dam (Temperature raterminal boxes shall be placed in order to connect the Thermometers

See Figure 26 to Figure 34.


18/102


Figure 27: Thermometers at ch. 0+160 Figure 28: Ther



19/102




20/102


1.6 Levelling studs LS

Lines of levelling studs are placed on different dam locations.

Levelling studs are located, according to the drawings [6], as follows:

- 6 levelling downstream heel;

- 22 levelling along the galleries, one per block, fixed to the roof

- 23 levelling studs on the dam crest (one per block).A total of 51 levelling studs are provided (see Figure 35, Figure 36 an

1.7 Surface movement markers MM

Lines of survey points are located as defined on the drawing [6], adam.

The survey points are the supports for corner prisms able of reflectinstation and are securely fixed to the dam. The survey points are plaface of the dam and on the dam crest at various emplacements (se37).

A total of 20 supports for corner prism and the total station device are

Two reference survey pillars are installed on both banks at the locdrawing [6].

1.8 Joint opening device JM

Joint opening devices (3D) allowing read the opening of dam vertical


21/102


1.9 V-Notch weirs for seepage measurement - MW

The measurement canal bottom has a 1-3% slope towards the wperfectly vertical and perpendicular in relation to the canal axis.

The staff gauge is fixed at the wall of the stilling basin. The measurewith manual readings of the H value, directly on the staff gauge.

6 (six) seepage measurements are installed in the dam galleries as[6], in order to measure seepage in the dam (see Figure 35 and Figur

two seepage measurement on gallery weirs in the upper galle

four seepage measurement on both sides of the sump pit in th

The purpose of the weir is to measure the instantaneous flow. Lmeasured by means of water level measuring rod staff gauge (manbasin variations).

Figure 35: Typical section - topographic monito


22/102


Figure 37: Surface movement markers and stud - Down

Figure 38: Layout


23/102


2 PRINCIPLE OF THE MONITORING

2.1 Data to be collected

The data collected for the monitoring are:

- manual measures:

o 15 piezometers:

10 piezometers, D/S toe open pipe

5 direct piezometers from gallery with manome

o 14 coordinates from the pendulums

o 51 levelling data (vertical displacement Z)

o 60 (= 3 X 20) topographic data (X, Y and Z) o 102 (= 3 x 34) data from the 9 3Djoint-meters

o 6 seepage measuring weirs (V-Notch)

o water level upstream and downstream

- Electrical measures first with data logger:

o 25 Pressure Cells (vibrating wire piezometer)

o 42 Thermometers

- Meteorological data:

o minimum and maximum temperature

o daily rain

Measure Device

Uplift pressure 25 pressure cells


24/102


2.2 Visual inspection

Visual inspections consist in checking the galleries, the toe of the damand all other particular points in order to:

- detect coming of water and cracks,

- follow the behaviour of the drain curtain,

For the active drains, the drain where a discharges bigger than 2

regularly measured and be added as a monitored data in the inspecti

2.3 Data processing

Prior the impounding, a first reading was done in order to confirm thand calibration parameters and in order to value their plausibility.

a) Water pressure vibrating wire cells (electrical piezom

The Pressure Cell consists of a filter, a saturated hydraulic chamber a pressure sensitive elastic diaphragm. Water pressure transmitted ta deflection of the diaphragm that is directly proportional to the pressu

In Vibrating-wire piezometers, the diaphragm deformation cause a frequency of vibration of a tensioned steel wire suspended betweentransducer body. The water pressure acting on the diaphragm can change in measured frequency of the vibrating wire.


25/102


S

IL

P

0

=

Where P = Pressure in kPa;

Io = Frequency-squared (f) reading taken beforeinstrument in air (Hz x 10-3);

L = Instrument (f) reading (Hz x 10-3);

S = Linear conversion factor reported on the calibratio

The water level associated is:

81.9

PzWL +=

Where WL = Water level in m.a.s.l;

z = Pressure cell elevation in m.a.s.l;

P = Pressure in kPa.

b) Stand pipe piezometers PZ and DPZ

For the 10 open pipe piezometers at the D/S toe of the Dam, tmeasuring the water level inside the piezometer tube by means of a m

It is important that the readings are always referred to the top procedure is to survey topographically the top of the tube so to ob

level.

Water level (m.a.s.l) = top of the pipe (m.a.s.l) read

The pressure give by the manometer of the 5 direct piezometers froThe water level associated is then calculated as follows:


26/102


c) Pendulums (plumb-lines) - PLD and PLV

The pendulum readings are made with an optical readout (Coordmanual readings of horizontal movements of a plumb line. 7 coordinosite.

The coordinates (X;Y) of the steel wire are determined by means of When the photocell light ray intercepts the steel wire, a green light toff when the wire is not anymore intercepted by the photocell light

recorded on the 4 positions of the coordinometer (see Figure 40).

An initial reading was taken after installation accomplishment. Allcompared to this initial reading

The initial readings on the 4 positions are Lxi1, Lxi2, Lyi1, Lyi2, Lxi3, Lx

So the initial positions are then:

2

21 LxiLxiXa+

= ;2

21 LyiLyiYa+

=

2

43 LxiLxi

Xb+

= ;2

3 LyLyi

Yb+

=

With X = axis upstream (-) / downstream (+)

Y = axis right bank (-) / left bank (+)

The current readings on the 4 positions are Lx1, Lx2, Ly1, Ly2, Lx3, Lx4


27/102


28/102


The reading consists in periodical measurements of the position balong three perpendicular axes. From the reading, the variations of thspace between the two sides of the crack are computed.

Readings are taken by a dial gauge in mm (see Figure 41).

h) V-Notch weirs for seepage measurement MW

The water level in the basin of the weir V-Notch h is measured manfixed at 1m upstream of the weir.

The Kindsvater-Shen formula (see [12]) for triangular notch weirs is:

2/52

2tan

15

8ed hgCQ

=

Where Q = flow [m3/s];

Cd = coefficient of discharge equal to 0.58;

1m


29/102


3 MEASURING FREQUENCY

The first year and after the period of brutal variation of water level (>water discharge on the spillway shall be strengthening monitored. Sbe tightened:

First years or period of brutal variation of water level (>5

and/or water discharge on the spillway

Devices Frequenc

PC 25 pressure cells

PZ & DPZ 15 piezometers

One series per week

PLD 3 direct pendulums

PLV 3 invert pendulums

One series per week

T 42 thermocouples One series per month

LS 51 levelling studs

MM20 surface movement

markers

One topographic and levelling ca(during the first year)

JM 11 3Djoint-meters One series per week

MW 4 seepage measuring weirs Two series per week

RWL &TWL

2 staff gauges One series per day

Table 2: Monitoring of the dam during the first years or durinvariation of water level (>5m in one week) and/or water discha


30/102


After the first years, and during period when the water level is staimplement the following measurement frequency during the exploitati

After the first year and with stable water le

Devices Frequenc

PC 25 pressure cells

PZ & DPZ 15 piezometers

One series every 15 days

PLD 3 direct pendulums

PLV 3 invert pendulums

One seriesper month

T 42 thermocouples One series per month

LS 51 levelling studs

MM20 surface movement

markers

Two topographic and levelling ca

JM 11 3Djoint-meters One series every 15 days

MW 4 seepage measuring weirs One series every 15 days

RWL &TWL

2 staff gauges One series per day

Table 3: Monitoring of the dam after the first years and with

The notion of first years and the reading frequencies are tentative anactual site conditions by the engineering consultant in charge of the m


31/102


TABLE OF APPENDICES

A Monitoring system location

B Monitoring system - SISGEO Instruction Manua

C Devices Certificate

D Drilling and Verticality tests of Invert pendulum


32/102

THXP NG Dam Monitoring of NG dam


33/102


4. Pressure cells

C1-P

C2

PC1-P

C3

PC2-P

C1

PC2-P

C

2

PC2-P

C3

PC3-P

C1

PC3-P

C2

PC3-P

C3

PC3-P

C4

PC3-P

C5

384

390

374

390

374

415

412.

7

402

412

402

384

390

374

390

374

8556

.5

9264

.7

8988

.3

9683.2

9506

.7

8344

.6

9868

.9

9620

.1

10611

.3

10153

.9

24

.7

24.7

26

.7

29

.1

25

.2

30

.9

25

.2

9604

.4

9534

.6

9264

.2

9842.6

9641

.2

9172

.8

10298

.7

10643

.0

11027

.0

11097

.2

23

.5

24.1

28

.2

29

.2

28

.6

18

.9

17

.4

25

26

24

8489

.1

8402

.9

9082

.6

9638.4

9364

.5

8356

.1

9890

.3

9614

.4

10565

.9

10152

.3

25

.6

25.6

26

.4

28

.3

26

.7

26

.7

27

.1

25

.2

31

25

.2

9546

.0

9476

.0

9563

.0

9663.0

10067

.0

9193

.0

10297

.0

10660

.0

11062

.0

11118

.0

21

20

20

20

21

21

21

22

21

21

9.6

0403

-8.5

43

58

-9.6

0173

-9.1

736

7

-9.3

3791

-5.3

7929

-4.0

4189

-4.9

0809

-5.5

358

-4.3

6706

30/06/11

30/06/11

05/05/11

07/05/1

1

05/05/11

16/03/11

16/03/11

02/12/10

02/12/10

02/12/10

0+

160

0+

220

0+

273

PC4-P

C3

PC4-P

C

4

PC4-P

C5

PC5-P

C1

PC5-P

C2

PC5-P

C3

PC5-P

C4

PC5-P

C5

PC6-P

C1

PC6

-PC2

PC6-P

C3

PC6-P

C4

377

392

377

383

.2

388

.9

377

.7

395

.8

384

.9

409

.74

39

6.7

7

410

.36

412

.4

377

392

377

383

.4

389

.3

377

.9

396

.1

385

.0

410

.04

39

7.0

7

410

.47

412

.45

8999

.4

10274.4

7625

.9

9542

.7

9

657

.3

9127

.0

8979

.6

9671

.5

8783

.3

70

60

.4

7480

.8

9571

.1

25

.7

29

.7

25

.3

25

.4

27

.6

23

.8

29

.7

25

.6

36

.9

2

4.4

26

.5

27

.7

10009

.9

10512.4

8989

.2

10417

.8

1

0272

.3

9984

.8

9283

.6

10361

9655

.5

90

79

.1

8479

.1

10250

.0

0+

385

0+

434

0+

328



34/102


Appendix B: Monitoring system - SIInstruction Manual

1. Instruction Manuel Piezometers

2. Instruction Manuel Direct and InvPendulums

3. Instruction Manuel Optical Coord

4. Instruction Manuel Thermometers

5. Instruction Manuel Joint-Meters

6. Instruction Manuel Flow Meter

Pl i fi hi t tt h bl d


35/102

Plusieurs fichiers sont attachs ensemble da

Adobe conseille dutiliser la version 8 (ou ultrieure) dAdobe Reade

pour manipuler les documents contenus dans un lot PDF. En effectu

vers la dernire version, vous bnficierez des avantages suivants :

Un affichage PDF optimis et intgr

Une impression aise

Des recherches rapides

Vous ne disposez pas de la dernire version dA

Cliquez ici pour tlcharger la dernire version d

Si vous disposez dj dAdobe Reade

cliquez sur un fichier dans le lot PDF pour

http://www.adobe.com/fr/products/acrobat/readstep2.htmlhttp://www.adobe.com/fr/products/acrobat/readstep2.html


36/102

G a o to g o G da

Appendix C: Devices Certificate


37/102


38/102


39/102


40/102


41/102


42/102


43/102


44/102


45/102


46/102


47/102


48/102


49/102


50/102


51/102


52/102


53/102


54/102


55/102


56/102


57/102


58/102


59/102


60/102


61/102


62/102


63/102


64/102



65/102

Appendix D: Drilling and Verticality Inverted pendulums


66/102


67/102


68/102


69/102

Distance between the pulley and the top of the hole: 4.76 m

DeviationDeviation Deviation

26/07/2011

Invert pendulum at ch. 0+233


70/102

DepthDeviation

topbottom

EST

bottom

SOUTHm mm mm mm

1 Est 3

1 South 3

2 Est 3

2 South 3

3 Est 3

3 South 3

4 Est 3

4 South 3

5 Est 3

5 South 3

6 Est 3

6 South 3

7 Est 3

7 South 3

8 Est 3

8 South 3

9 Est 3

9 South 3

10 Est 3

10 South 311 Est 3

11 South 3

12 Est 3

12 South 3

13 Est 3

13 South 4

14 Est 3

14 South 3

15 Est 3

15 South 416 Est 3

16 South 4

17 Est 3

17 South 3

18 Est 3

18 South 3

19 Est 3

19 South 4

20 Est 3

20 South 4

21 Est 3

21 South 3

22 Est 3

22 South 3

23 Est 3

23 South 3

16.9 16.9

17.5 17.5

15.6 20.8

16.2 16.2

14.3 14.3

15.0 20.0

13.1 17.4

13.7 13.7

11.8 11.8

12.5 16.6

10.6 10.6

11.2 14.9

9.3 9.3

9.9 9.9

8.0 8.0

8.7 8.7

6.8 6.8

7.4 7.4

4.9

5.5 5.5

6.2 6.2

Direction

3.6 3.6

4.3 4.3

4.9

Deviation -

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 5 10

Deviation

Depth(m)

Deviation - S

0

5

10

0 5 10

Deviation


71/102


72/102


73/102


74/102


75/102


76/102


77/102


DepthDeviation

top

Deviation

bottom

Deviation

bottom

22/06/2011

Direction


Deviation -


78/102

topEST SOUTH

m mm mm mm

1 Est 0

1 South 0

2 Est 0

2 South 0

3 Est 0

3 South 0

4 Est 0

4 South 0

5 Est 0

5 South 06 Est 0

6 South 0

7 Est 0

7 South 0

8 Est 0

8 South 0

9 Est 0

9 South 0

10 Est 0

10 South 011 Est 0

11 South 0

12 Est 0

12 South 0

13 Est 0

13 South 0

14 Est 0

14 South 0

15 Est 0

15 South 016 Est 0

16 South 0

17 Est 0

17 South 0

18 Est 0

18 South 0

19 Est 0

19 South 0

20 Est 0

20 South 0

21 Est 0

21 South 0

22 Est 0

22 South 0

23 Est 0

23 South 0

0.0 0.0

0.0

Direction

0.0 0.0

0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 0 0

Deviation

Depth(m)

Deviation - S

0

5

10

0 0 0

Deviation


79/102


80/102


81/102


82/102


83/102


84/102


85/102


86/102


87/102


88/102


89/102


90/102


91/102


92/102


DepthDeviation

top

Deviation

bottom

EST

Deviation

bottom

SOUTH

m mm mm mm


15/07/2011

Direction Deviation -

Deviation


93/102

1 Est 0

1 South 2

2 Est 0

2 South 2

3 Est 0

3 South 2

4 Est 0

4 South 2

5 Est 0

5 South 26 Est 0

6 South 2

7 Est 0

7 South 0

8 Est 0

8 South 0

9 Est 0

9 South 1

10 Est 1

10 South 211 Est 1

11 South 2

12 Est 1

12 South 2

13 Est 1

13 South 2

14 Est 1

14 South 2

15 Est 0

15 South 216 Est 0

16 South 0

17 Est 0

17 South 0

18 Est 0

18 South 0

19 Est 0

19 South 0

20 Est 0

20 South 0

21 Est 0

21 South 0

22 Est 0

22 South 1

23 Est 0

0.0 6.1

0 0 6 3

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

4.3 8.5

0.0 9.0

3.8 7.6

4.0 8.0

3.3 6.7

3.6 7.1

0.0 0.0

0.0 3.1

0.0 4.8

0.0 0.0

0.0 3.9

0.0 4.3

0.0 2.5

3.4

0.0 2.9

0.0

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 1 2

Depth(m)

Deviation - S

0

5

10

0 5 10

Deviation


94/102


95/102


96/102


97/102


98/102


99/102


100/102


101/102


102/102

Dam Monitoring in Laos

Documents

Transcript of Dam Monitoring in Laos