1Dale Roberts

Program Control

- Algorithms

Department of Computer and Information Science,School of Science, IUPUI

CSCI 230

Dale Roberts, LecturerDale Roberts, Lecturer

IUPUIIUPUI

droberts@cs.iupui.edudroberts@cs.iupui.edu

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AlgorithmsAlgorithms

Algorithms is the are part of the problem solving Algorithms is the are part of the problem solving processprocess

‘‘A’ in STA’ in STAAIR.IR.

All computing problems can be solved by executing a All computing problems can be solved by executing a series of actions in a specific order, called an algorithmseries of actions in a specific order, called an algorithm

Algorithm: procedure in terms ofAlgorithm: procedure in terms ofActions to be executed Actions to be executed

The order in which these actions are to be executedThe order in which these actions are to be executed

Program control Program control Specify order in which statements are to executedSpecify order in which statements are to executed

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Definition of AlgorithmDefinition of Algorithm

Definition of an AlgorithmDefinition of an Algorithmconsists of consists of unambiguousunambiguous & & computablecomputable operations operations

produce a produce a resultresult

halthalt in a finite amount of time. (Some scientists add a in a finite amount of time. (Some scientists add a restriction that the algorithm must halt in a restriction that the algorithm must halt in a reasonablereasonable amount of time.)amount of time.)

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Control StructuresControl Structures

Sequential execution Sequential execution Statements executed one after the other in the order writtenStatements executed one after the other in the order written

Transfer of controlTransfer of controlWhen the next statement executed is not the next one in When the next statement executed is not the next one in sequencesequenceOveruse of Overuse of gotogoto statements led to many problems statements led to many problems

Bohm and JacopiniBohm and JacopiniAll programs written in terms of 3 control structuresAll programs written in terms of 3 control structures

Sequence structures: Built into C. Programs executed sequentially Sequence structures: Built into C. Programs executed sequentially by defaultby defaultSelection structures: C has three types: Selection structures: C has three types: ifif, , ifif//elseelse, and , and switchswitchRepetition structures: C has three types: Repetition structures: C has three types: whilewhile, , dodo//whilewhile and and forfor

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PseudocodePseudocode

PseudocodePseudocodeArtificial, informal language that helps us develop Artificial, informal language that helps us develop algorithmsalgorithms

Similar to everyday EnglishSimilar to everyday English

Not actually executed on computers Not actually executed on computers

Helps us “think out” a program before writing it Helps us “think out” a program before writing it Easy to convert into a corresponding C programEasy to convert into a corresponding C program

Consists only of executable statementsConsists only of executable statements

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Control StructuresControl Structures

Flowchart Flowchart Graphical representation of an algorithmGraphical representation of an algorithm

Drawn using certain special-purpose symbols Drawn using certain special-purpose symbols connected by arrows called flowlinesconnected by arrows called flowlines

Rectangle symbol (action symbol):Rectangle symbol (action symbol):Indicates any type of actionIndicates any type of action

Oval symbol:Oval symbol:Indicates the beginning or end of a program or a section of Indicates the beginning or end of a program or a section of codecode

Single-entry/single-exit control structures Single-entry/single-exit control structures Connect exit point of one control structure to entry Connect exit point of one control structure to entry point of the next (control-structure stacking)point of the next (control-structure stacking)

Makes programs easy to buildMakes programs easy to build

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Errors in Errors in Control StructuresControl Structures

Syntax errorsSyntax errorsCaught by compilerCaught by compiler

Logic errors: Logic errors: Have their effect at execution timeHave their effect at execution time

Non-fatal: program runs, but has incorrect outputNon-fatal: program runs, but has incorrect output

Fatal: program exits prematurelyFatal: program exits prematurely

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The The ifif Selection Structure Selection Structure

Selection structure: Selection structure: Used to choose among alternative courses of actionUsed to choose among alternative courses of action

Pseudocode:Pseudocode:If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60

Print “Passed”Print “Passed”

If condition If condition truetrue Print statement executed and program goes on to next Print statement executed and program goes on to next statementstatement

If If falsefalse, print statement is ignored and the program goes , print statement is ignored and the program goes onto the next statementonto the next statement

Indenting makes programs easier to readIndenting makes programs easier to readC ignores whitespace charactersC ignores whitespace characters

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The The ifif Selection Structure Selection Structure

Diamond symbol (decision symbol)Diamond symbol (decision symbol)Indicates decision is to be madeIndicates decision is to be made

Contains an expression that can be Contains an expression that can be truetrue or or falsefalse

Test the condition, follow appropriate pathTest the condition, follow appropriate path

ifif structure is a single-entry/single-exit structure is a single-entry/single-exit structurestructure

true

false

grade >= 60

print “Passed” 

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The The ifif Selection Structure Selection Structure

ifif structure is a single-entry/single-exit structure is a single-entry/single-exit structurestructure

true

false

grade >= 60

print “Passed” 

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33.6.6 The The ifif//elseelse Selection Structure Selection Structure

ififOnly performs an action if the condition is Only performs an action if the condition is truetrue

ifif//elseelseSpecifies an action to be performed both when the Specifies an action to be performed both when the condition is condition is truetrue and when it is and when it is falsefalse

Pseudocode:Pseudocode:If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60

Print “Passed”Print “Passed”

elseelsePrint “Failed” Print “Failed”

Note spacing/indentation conventionsNote spacing/indentation conventions

 

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The The ifif//elseelse Selection Structure Selection Structure

Flow chart of the Flow chart of the ifif//elseelse selection structure selection structure

Nested Nested ifif//elseelse structures structures Test for multiple cases by placing Test for multiple cases by placing ifif//elseelse selection selection structures inside structures inside ifif//elseelse selection structures selection structures

Once condition is met, rest of statements skippedOnce condition is met, rest of statements skipped

Deep indentation usually not used in practiceDeep indentation usually not used in practice

truefalse

print “Failed” print “Passed”

grade >= 60

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The The ifif//elseelse Selection Structure Selection Structure

Pseudocode for a nested Pseudocode for a nested ifif//elseelse structure structure

If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 90If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 90Print “A”Print “A”

else else If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 80If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 80 Print “B” Print “B”else else If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 70 If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 70 Print “C” Print “C” else else If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 If student’s grade is greater than or equal to 60 Print “D” Print “D” else else Print “F” Print “F”

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33.7.7 The The whilewhile Repetition Structure Repetition Structure

Repetition structureRepetition structureProgrammer specifies an action to be repeated while Programmer specifies an action to be repeated while some condition remains some condition remains truetrue

Pseudocode:Pseudocode:While there are more items on my shopping listWhile there are more items on my shopping list

Purchase next item and cross it off my list Purchase next item and cross it off my list

whilewhile loop repeated until condition becomes loop repeated until condition becomes falsefalse 

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33.7.7 The The whilewhile Repetition Structure Repetition Structure

Example: Example: int product = 2;int product = 2;

while ( product <= 1000 )while ( product <= 1000 )product = 2 * product;product = 2 * product;

product <= 1000 product = 2 * producttrue

false

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Summary:Summary: S Structured Programmingtructured Programming

Structured programmingStructured programmingEasier than unstructured programs to understand, test, Easier than unstructured programs to understand, test, debug and, modify programsdebug and, modify programs

Rules for structured programmingRules for structured programmingRules developed by programming communityRules developed by programming communityOnly single-entry/single-exit control structures are usedOnly single-entry/single-exit control structures are usedRules: Rules: Rule #1.: Begin with the “simplest flowchart”Rule #1.: Begin with the “simplest flowchart”Rule #2.: Any rectangle (action) can be replaced by two rectangles Rule #2.: Any rectangle (action) can be replaced by two rectangles

(actions) in sequence(actions) in sequenceRule #3.: Any rectangle (action) can be replaced by any control Rule #3.: Any rectangle (action) can be replaced by any control

structure (sequence, structure (sequence, ifif, , ifif//elseelse, , switchswitch, , whilewhile, , dodo//whilewhile or or forfor))Rules 2 and 3 can be applied in any order and multiple timesRules 2 and 3 can be applied in any order and multiple times

 

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Summary:Summary: Structured-ProgrammingStructured-Programming

Rule 2

Rule 1 :

Begin with the simplest flowchart

Rule 2 :

Any rectangle can be replaced by two rectangles in sequence

Rule 2 ...Rule 2

Rule 3

Rule 3

Rule 3

Rule 3 :

Replace any rectangle with a control structure

All programs can be broken down into 3 controlsAll programs can be broken down into 3 controlsSequence Sequence : handled automatically by compiler: handled automatically by compiler

SelectionSelection : : ifif, , ifif//elseelse or or switchswitch

RepetitionRepetition : : whilewhile, , dodo//whilewhile or or forforCan only be combined in two ways: Nesting (Rule 3) and Stacking (Rule 2)Can only be combined in two ways: Nesting (Rule 3) and Stacking (Rule 2)

Any selection can be rewritten as an Any selection can be rewritten as an ifif statement, and any repetition can be statement, and any repetition can be rewritten as a rewritten as a whilewhile statement statement