Europe‘s 500 Growth Policy Martin Schoeller, President Europe‘s 500
Dale A Schoeller Nutritional Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison.
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Transcript of Dale A Schoeller Nutritional Sciences University of Wisconsin-Madison.
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ENERGY DENSITY OF FAT AND FAT-FREE MASS
Dale A SchoellerNutritional SciencesUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison
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Energy substrates
Biochemicals that can be oxidized to produce higher energy phosphate bonds
Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Minor amounts of other biochemicals
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Energy density of macronutrients
4-9-4 energy rule
Pro 4 kcal/g FAT 9 kcal/g CHOH4 kcal/g Atwater factors
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Dietary Energy Units
Gross energyEnergy released when combusted to CO2,
H2O and N2 Digestible energy
Energy absorbed Gross energy – fecal energy losses
Metabolizable energyEnergy available to the bodyDigestible energy – urinary energy lossesGross energy – (fecal + urinary losses)
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Atwater factors (dietary) Gross energy kcal/g
Protein 5.65 Fat 9.40 Carbohydrate 4.10
Digestible energy Protein 5.2 Fat 9.0 Carbohydrate 4.0
Metabolizable energy Protein 4 Fat 9 Carbohydrate 4
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Body composition
Fat mass Triglyceride
Fat-free mass Water Protein Mineral Glycogen
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Energy composition
Fat mass TRIGLYCERIDE
Fat-free mass Water PROTEIN Mineral GLYCOGEN
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Animal fat gross energy
9.45 kcal/gno fecal or urinary loss
energy density 9.45 kcal/g
Energy density of FAT MASS
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Energy density of FAT MASS
Exception
Loss of ketone bodies -b hydroxybutric acid 4.96 kcal/g Acetoacetic acid 4.15 kcal/g Acetone 7.37 kcal/g
Starvation (limited data) Losses 10-20 g/d (3-5% of
Elipid) +100 g dietary CHOH <1 g/d
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Energy density FAT-FREE MASS Glycogen
= Starch Gross energy 4.12 kcal/g No urinary loss
Protein Gross energy 5.65 kcal/g Urinary loss controversy Metabolizable
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Urinary loss associated with protein oxidation Traditional Atwater approach
Assume all urinary energy loss from incomplete protein oxidation.
Atwater urine analyses 7.9 kcal/g urinary N 1.25 kcal/g protein
1 meat diet experiment 7.7 kcal/g urinary N 1.23 kcal/g
De novo calculation Urinary N urea, ammonia, creatinine 90:5:5 5.8 kcal/g urinary N 0.93 kcal/g
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Energy density FAT-FREE MASS Glycogen
= Starch Gross energy 4.12 kcal/g No urinary loss
Protein Gross energy 5.65 kcal/g Urinary loss 0.93 to 1.23
kcal/g Metabolizable 4.72 to 4.42
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Energy density FAT-FREE MASS
Exceptions Uncontrolled diabetes
Glycosuria Up to 150 g/d
Starvation N excreted mostly as ammonia Less urinary energy loss from protein
oxidation Linked to ketone loss preserve acid/base
balance ≈ compensates for energy lost as
ketones
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Water 73%Protein 21%Osseous mineral 5%Non-osseous mineral 0.7%Glycogen 0.7%
Multiple sources because there is not a constant value
Composition of FAT-FREE MASS
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Protein 0.21 * (4.65-1.2)Glycogen 0.007*4.12
FFM: 0.96 kcal/gAdjust for no bone loss
FFM: 1.0 kcal/g
Energy density of FAT-FREE MASS
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But do these proportions hold true for the composition of change in weight?TMM
TBP + CHOH
TBW
FM
FFM
FM
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Weight loss
4C body composition analysis
TBW – D dilution/1.04TMM – DXA ash*1.27Body density by water or air displacement
Minimal assumptions Total body water Total mineral mass Protein (+ CHOH) mass Fat mass
Human Experimental Data
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Jebb et al Intl J Obesity 31, 756, 2006
48 adult women 24-65 y BMI > 25 kg/m2
12 w wt loss + 40 follow-up
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Jebb et al Intl J Obesity 31, 756, 2006
0-12 w (loss) 12-52 w (gain)
-12-10-8-6-4-202468
TBP+CHOTBWTMMFM
Mass,
kg
ΔFFM 0.6 kcal/g 0.7 kcal/g
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Evans et al. Am J Clin Nutr 70:5, 1999
Women n= 9 in each of three groups 21-40 y 58-132 kg 27-44 kg/m2 Tx 10wk
Control -1000 kcal/d balanced diet Diet + 350 kcal/d moderate Ex
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Evans et al. Am J Clin Nutr 70:5, 1999
Con Diet Diet+Ex
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
TBP+CHOTBWTMMFM
Mass,
kg
ΔFFM 0.6 kcal/g 1.6 kcal/g 0.0 kcal/g
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Mahon et al. J Nutr Hlth Aging 11:203, 2007
Women, n=27 postmenopausal 59 + 8 y 77 + 10 kg 29 + 3 kg/m2 Tx
9 wk 1200 kcal/d balanced diet
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Mahon et al. J Nutr Hlth Aging 11:203, 2007
Obese
-8
-7
-6
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
TBP+CHOTBWTMMFM
Mass,
kg
ΔFFM: 0.8 kcal/kg
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Fogelholm et al. Metabolism. 46:968, 1997
Women, n-32 30-45 y 94 + 11 kg 35 + 4 kg/m2 Tx
12 wk 600 kcal/d (1100 kcal/d final body comp)
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Fogelholm et al. Metabolism. 46:968, 1997
Diet
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
TBP+CHOTBWTMMFM
Mass,
kg
ΔFFM: 4.2 kcal/kg
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Myint et al, Obesity, 18:391, 2010
Otherwise healthy M:F 4:7 42 +14 y 31 + 1 kg/m2
Tx 8 wks 600 kcal/d deficit
Heart failure (excess TBW)
M:F 3:8 54 +10 y 38 + 5 kg/m2
Tx 6 wks 600 kcal/d deficit
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Myint et al, Obesity, 18:391, 2010
Obese Obese+ Heart Failure
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
TBP+CHO+TMMTBWFM
Mass,
kg
ΔFFM: ?? 0.9 kcal/g
Baseline Wt = 96 & 113 kg
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Energy Density DFAT-FREE MASS
0
0.4
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
kcal/
g
Median 0.7 kcal/g
SEM 0.5 kcal/g
•4.2
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Other relationships
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Weig
ht
Fra
cti
on
DFFM/DWt (DP+C)/DFFM
•1.9
Median 0.18
Median
0.14
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Why so variable?
Problem of propagation of errorand small changes
M/Db = Mtbw/Dtbw + Mtmm/Dtmm+Mpro/Dpro + Mfm/Dfm
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Why so variable?
Problem of propagation of errorand small changes
M/Db = Mtbw/Dtbw + Mtmm/Dtmm+ Mpro/Dpro + Mfm/Dfm
And Mpro = M – Mtbw – Mtmm - Mfm
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Why so variable?
Problem of propagation of errorand small changes
DTBW sd = 0.4kg Pro + CHOH
D 0.4kg/10 kg wt loss, sd = 0.4+kg
If n = 100, then SEM = 0.04kg
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4C approach cannot detect differences in energy density of DFFM without a large n, but the median is meaningful.
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Conclusions
Energy density of FM 9.45 kcal/kg High level of confidence
Energy density of FFM 1.0 kcal/g High level of confidence in theory Modest level of confidence in practice