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Facts and figures on PTWs in Europe

ACEM Yearbook2008

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1 Powered Two Wheeler PRODUCTION, MARKET and FLEET in Europe

Table 1.1 Powered Two-wheelers production 2002-2007 4

Table 1.2 MOPED deliveries/registrations 2002-2007 6

Table 1.3 MOTORCYCLE registrations 2002-2007 8

Table 1.4 1.4.1. PTWs deliveries/registrations 2002-2007 10

Table 1.4 1.4.2. Total PTWs deliveries/registrations in EU countries 2002-2007 11

Table 1.5 MOPEDS in use 2001-2006 12

Table 1.6 MOTORCYCLES in use 2001-2006 14

Table 1.7 1.7.1. PTWs in use 2001-2006 16

Table 1.7 1.7.2. Total PTWs in use in EU countries - 2001-2006 17

2 Powered Two Wheeler ACCESS and USE

Regulation

Table 2.1 Moped riding access/ country 19

Table 2.2 Motorcycle riding access and equivalence 22

Table 2.3 Roadworthiness test 25

Table 2.4 Number plate regulation in Europe 26

Costs

Table 2.5 Moped DL costs 27

Table 2.6 Motorcycle DL costs 28

Table 2.7 National VAT rate 30

2.7.1 on new PTW purchase 30

2.7.2 on a second-hand PTW purchase and rate applied in the European countries 31

Table 2.8 Registration taxes and other fees 32

2.8.1 EU overview 32

2.8.2 Details for Belgium, Greece 35

Table 2.9 Ownership tax 36

2.9.1 EU overview 36

2.9.2 Details for Luxemburg 38Table 2.10 Annual insurance cost by model per country 39

Table 2.11 Labour cost of one hour of work for normal servicing maintenance 44

Table 2.12 Motorway tolls for PTWs 45

content

This document is not to be copied or distributed,All data are verified to the best of our ability and are assumed to be correct at the time of release; however ACEM Secretariat does not accept

responsibility for any losses arising from reliance on the information provided within.

Photograph shows Suzuki GS 500s models, being produced in Suzukis factory in Gijn, Spain.

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1 Powered Two Wheeler PRODUCTION, MARKET and FLEET in Europe

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Table 1.1 Manufacture of Powered Two-wheelers - PRODUCTION 2002-2007

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Austria AU 53.440 55.957 56.651 59.986 69.045 78.269

Belgium BE No production

Czech Republic CZ 7.880 2.185 1.785 1.607 1.015 2.140

Germany DE 121.704 109.120 102.836 100.952 106.340 105.522

Denmark DK No production

Greece EL No production

Spain ES 223.733 209.020 230.854 249.472 253.710 245.403

France FR 158.562 154.764 255.738 259.200 232.427

Hungary HU

Italy IT 736.500 697.000 685.500 695.000 708.550 692.500

Netherlands NL No production

Poland PL No production

Portugal PT 123 44 31 61 65 300

Sweden SE 290 0 312 447 533 550

United Kingdom UK 15.000 31.500 26.215 34.582 42.078 32.371

Total 1.317.232 1.259.590 1.359.922 1.401.307 1.413.763 1.157.055

Source: ACEM

0

100.000

200.000

300.000

400.000

500.000

600.000

700.000

800.000

AU CZ DE ES FR IT PT SE UK

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

Powered Two Wheeler PRODUCTION, MARKET and FLEET in Europe 4

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Table 1.1 Manufacture of Powered Two-wheelers - PRODUCTION 2002-2007

Europe has been a leading production base for powered

two-wheelers since the invention of the motorcycle in

the late 19th Century. More than a hundred years later,

the motorcycle industry remains at the forefront when it

comes to investment in innovation, quality and design.

Names such as Peugeot (France) and Triumph (UK)

have been in motorcycle manufacture since the earliest

days, others such as BMW (Germany) formed soon after

and have driven forward technological development ever

since. European manufacturers have provided vehicles

such as the Piaggio Vespa (Italy) that have resonated

beyond transport turning into cultural icons. Indeed,

Europe continues to give birth to new motorcycle brands

that can quickly grow to provide utility and leisure

mobility as shown by Aprilia (Italy), Derbi (Spain),

Ducati (Italy) and KTM (Austria).

Europe is a key market for many non-European brands,

to the extent that specialist knowledge and closeness to

consumers has lead to the establishment of production

facilities in the EU by manufacturers such as Honda,

Suzuki and Yamaha (Japan). Similarly, as world markets

have opened-up, many European companies have also

established their own production-bases in developing

markets overseas.

Whilst overall production of PTWs in terms of numbers has

diminished compared to the year 2000, since 2003 there

is a new positive trend of growth. Countries like France

and Spain manufacture mainly small-engine and utility

machines and those like Austria, Germany and the United

Kingdom which concentrate on larger capacity, higher

value machines. Italy, the first European country when it

comes to production, is active in all PTW segments.


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Table 1.2 MOPED - Deliveries/Registrations 2002 - 2007

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Austria AU 16.278 19.914 21.711 27.728 28.292 30.933

Belgium BE 26.651 20.581 17.751 17.347 20.279 21.434

Bulgaria BG

Cyprus CY 2.315 2.652 2.412 2.080 1.739 1.747

Czech Republic CZ 7.724 6.903 8.017 6.079 6.121

Germany DE 94.577 93.020 81.280 97.333 109.906 94.215

Denmark DK 5.048 3.758 4.197 4.916 4.462 4.517

Estonia EE

Greece EL 20.221 20.921 21.856 24.107 36.295 21.899

Spain ES 113.756 110.421 118.128 115.142 137.460 125.862

Finland FI 8.835 12.751 17.808 20.895 25.693 27.447

France FR 166.124 166.127 166.003 154.922 184.869 209.451

Croatia HR

Hungary HU

Ireland IE 2.349 2.140 1.299 849 698 641

Italy IT 166.755 161.893 132.367 128.284 109.850 130.696

Lithuania LT n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Luxembourg LU 483 630 552 528 657 604

Latvia LV 5.944 1.378 2.507 4.389

Macedonia MK

Malta MT

The Netherlands NL 53.857 45.878 39.131 40.858 48.776 57.427

Poland PL n.a. n.a. n.a. 23.309 43.570 91.913

Portugal PT 6.731 n.a. n.a. n.a. 1.982 7.886

Romania RO 132.955 132.880 130.193 103.556

Sweden SE 21.297 19.846 13.608 15.365 14.995 17.980

Slovakia SK 1.763 2.037 2.577 3.017Slovenia SI 1.741 1.398 2.215 3.121 4.691 5.735

Turkey TR


Total EU 15+12+3 876.244 858.879 812.668 816.517 808.927 888.476

Total EU15 739.233 714.225 663.238 673.019 747.764 775.554

Total EU12 137.011 144.654 149.430 143.498 61.163 112.922

Total EU3 0 0 0 0 0 0

Switzerland CH

Norway NO 13.640 15.009 16.370 11.857 11.020

Total EFTA 13.640 15.009 16.370 11.857 11.020 0

Total EU countries 889.884 873.888 829.038 828.374 819.947 888.476

Source: ACEM


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Table 1.2 MOPED - Deliveries/Registrations 2002 - 2007


Across much of Europe the moped is part of everyday

life: simple, affordable transport, accessible by young

and old, mainly as an answer to urban traffic conges-

tion and parking problems. Restricted to engines no

bigger than 50cc and speeds up to 45 km/h, for many

the moped represents their first means of independent

practical transport over distances which make walking

or cycling impractical. In 2007, demand for mopeds

has grown to around 775.000 units in EU15.

0

50.000

100.000

150.000

200.000

250.000

AU BE CY CZ DE DK EL ES FI FR IE IT LT LU LV NL PL PT RO SE SK SI UK

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

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Table 1.3 MOTORCYCLES - Registrations 2002 - 2007


2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Austria AU 16.687 17.930 18.748 19.094 18.873 23.748

Belgium BE 21.503 22.224 25.055 24.955 27.269 30.131

Bulgaria BG

Cyprus CY 1.652 1.824 2.273 2.455 2925 3710


Germany DE 204.129 191.262 173.524 168.652 165.842 166.883

Denmark DK 2.625 2.824 3.631 5.780 7.578 9.776

Estonia EE 173 185 231 319 771 1254

Greece EL 56.069 59.137 72.023 83.078 88.480 100.458

Spain ES 63.365 77.439 123.143 205.626 258.355 269.479

Finland FI 4.920 6.264 7.835 9.228 11.058 11.477

France FR 168.754 176.006 183.811 196.618 229.364 238.966

Croatia HR 4.483 6.875 6.662 6.722 7.775

Hungary HU 7.438 8.875 16.152 12.538 12.048 12.781

Ireland IE 5.596 2.853 2.534 2.391 2.508 2.882

Italy IT 392.763 408.617 421.489 420.478 444.987 435.959

Lithuania LT 793 858 990 1.572 2.322

Luxembourg LU 1.324 1.437 1.354 1.265 1.378 1.417

Latvia LV 801 962 1.261 1.274 2.120 3.786

Macedonia MK

Malta MT 551 508 362 408 544 740


Poland PL n.a. 1.300 1.950 3.841 5.115 7.574

Portugal PT 14.218 11.198 11.562 11.232 11.435 11.991

Romania RO 105.525 102.970 104.509 93.845

Sweden SE 23.052 23.660 25.300 22.763 27.051 27.064

Slovakia SK 1.165 1.165 2.122 3.144Slovenia SI 1.159 1.466 2.072 2.535 3.598 5.061

Turkey TR 227.657 389.503


Total EU 15+12+3 1.245.696 1.268.718 1.338.810 1.657.955 1.855.761 1.514.366

Total EU15 1.115.241 1.136.936 1.193.966 1.296.032 1.418.495 1.466.331

Total EU12 125.972 124.907 138.182 127.544 39.988 48.035

Total EU3 4.483 6.875 6.662 234.379 397.278 0

Switzerland CH 47.406 48.856 47.871 45.230 45.665 47.938

Norway NO 6.062 6.494 5.609 6.217 7.764

Total EFTA 53.468 55.350 53.480 51.447 53.429 47.938

Total EU countries 1.299.164 1.324.068 1.392.290 1.709.402 1.909.190 1.562.304

Source: ACEM

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Table 1.4.1 PTW Deliveries - Registrations 2002 - 2007


2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Austria AU 32.965 37.844 40.459 46.822 47.165 54.681

Belgium BE 48.154 42.805 42.806 42.302 47.548 51.565

Bulgaria BG 0 0 0 0 0 0

Cyprus CY 37.011 38.184 37.230 40.015 4.664 5.457


Germany DE 298.706 284.282 254.804 265.985 275.748 261.098

Denmark DK 7.673 6.582 7.828 10.696 12.040 14.293

Estonia EE 173 185 231 319 771 1.254

Greece EL 76.290 80.058 93.879 107.185 124.775 122.357

Spain ES 177.121 187.860 241.271 320.768 395.815 395.341

Finland FI 13.755 19.015 25.643 30.123 36.751 38.924

France FR 334.878 342.133 349.814 351.540 414.233 448.417

Croatia HR 4.483 6.875 6.662 6.722 7.775 0

Hungary HU 7.438 8.875 16.152 12.538 12.048 12.781

Ireland IE 7.945 4.993 3.833 3.240 3.206 3.523

Italy IT 559.518 570.510 553.856 548.762 554.837 566.655

Lithuania LT 793 858 990 1.572 2.322 0

Luxembourg LU 1.807 2.067 1.906 1.793 2.035 2.021

Latvia LV 801 962 7.205 2.652 4.627 8.175

Macedonia MK

Malta MT 551 508 362 408 544 740


Poland PL 869 1.300 1.950 3.841 5.115 99.487

Portugal PT 20.949 11.198 11.562 11.232 13.417 19.877

Romania RO 238.405 233.163 208.065 93.845 0 0

Sweden SE 44.349 43.506 38.908 38.128 42.046 45.044

Slovakia SK 0 0 2.928 3.202 4.699 6.161Slovenia SI 2.900 2.864 4.287 5.656 8.289 10.796

Turkey TR 0 0 0 227.657 389.503 0


Total EU 15+12+3 2.155.778 2.158.618 2.157.386 2.383.087 2.621.118 2.402.842

Total EU15 1.854.474 1.851.161 1.857.204 1.969.051 2.166.259 2.241.885

Total EU12 296.821 300.582 293.520 179.657 57.581 160.957

Total EU3 4.483 6.875 6.662 234.379 397.278 0

Switzerland CH 47.406 48.856 47.871 45.230 45.665 47.938

Norway NO 19.702 21.503 21.979 18.074 18.784 0

Total EFTA 67.108 70.359 69.850 63.304 64.449 47.938


Source: ACEM

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Table 1.4.2 PTW deliveries per category in EU25 2002 - 2007

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Mopeds 876.244 858.879 812.668 816.517 808.927 888.476

Motorcycles 1.245.696 1.268.718 1.338.810 1.657.955 1.855.761 1.514.366

Total 2.121.940 2.127.597 2.151.478 2.474.472 2.664.688 2.402.842

Source: ACEM

The moped and motorcycle markets have been linked

historically: access to low-powered mopeds is sufficient

for many peoples needs, but it can also be an initial

step towards the more versatile light-motorcycles and

to bigger motorcycles, used also for leisure. The rela-

tive volume of new mopeds and motorcycles entering

service shifted at the very start of the 21st Century as

the number of motorcycle registrations overtook total

moped deliveries for the first time.


0

500.000

1.000.000

1.500.000

2.000.000

2.500.000

3.000.000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Mopeds

Motorcycles

Total

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Table 1.5 MOPEDS in use 2001 - 2006


2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Austria AU 346.591 304.255 301.387 296.522 301.425 288.962

Belgium BE 350.000 350.000 350.000 300.000 290.000 293.000

Bulgaria BG

Cyprus CY 40.795 35.359 36.360 34.957 37.560


Germany DE 1.577.609 1.600.000 1.561.258 1.634.584 1.749.957 1.776.321

Denmark DK 67.975 68.591 67.961 67.313 66.653 65.284

Estonia EE

Greece EL 167.915 165.365 174.013 178.637 185.851 230.000

Spain ES 2.112.603 2.044.242 2.143.593 2.242.046 2.260.440 2.284.306

Finland FI 102.579 106.648 114.726 127.909

France FR 1.421.000 1.387.000 1.357.000 1.331.000 1.303.000 1.300.831

Croatia HR

Hungary HU

Ireland IE n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Italy IT 6.250.000 6.100.000 5.925.000 5.650.000 5.325.000 4.950.000

Lithuania LT n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Luxembourg LU 19.161 18.781 18.721 23.007 23.471 24.029

Latvia LV 5.943 7.284 9.664

Macedonia MK

Malta MT


Poland PL 400.451 n.a. 337.511 337.511

Portugal PT 551.000 455.000 480.000 452.000 428.000 401.000

Romania RO 134.152 132.955 132.880 130.193 103.556 17.000

Sweden SE 125.000 132.000 144.000 152.000 72.000 150.000

Slovakia SKSlovenia SI n.a. 38.678 30.344 28.626 34.198 34.392

Turkey TR


Total EU 15+12+3 13.968.927 13.657.812 13.958.395 13.311.114 13.230.062 12.876.680

Total EU15 13.774.233 13.418.689 13.319.135 13.066.466 12.657.441 12.417.233

Total EU12 194.694 239.123 639.260 244.648 572.621 459.447

Total EU3 0 0 0 0 0 0

Switzerland CH

Norway NO 121.159 130.528 140.796 144.855 148.161 151.670

Total EFTA 121.159 130.528 140.796 144.855 148.161 151.670


Source: ACEM

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Table 1.5 MOPEDS in use 2001 - 2006


The number of mopeds in use in 2006 (also known

as the parc) was 12.9 million across the EU27.

The evolution of the circulating parc over the period

2001 - 2006 shows a slightly negative trend. This

is largely due to the fact that modern machines are

of a higher quality and have an extended lifetime,

so changes in the annual number of new moped

deliveries are not directly mirrored by a reduction in

total mopeds in use.

0

1.000.000

2.000.000

3.000.000

4.000.000

5.000.000

6.000.000

7.000.000

AU BE CY CZ DE DK EL ES FI FR IE IT LT LU LV NL PL PT RO SE SI UK

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

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Table 1.6 MOTORCYCLES in use 2001 - 2006


2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Austria AU 294.843 292.569 305.481 315.638 326.286 339.916

Belgium BE 289.813 301.217 315.422 328.617 341.861 355.933

Bulgaria BG

Cyprus CY 17.062 19.507 21.042 21.641 24.178


Germany DE 3.557.360 3.656.873 3.744.971 3.827.899 3.902.512 3.969.103

Denmark DK 78.390 82.731 87.779 94.815 105.264 118.752

Estonia EE 320 711 915 1.064 1.456 2.521

Greece EL 679.817 703.682 707.369 714.549 720.352 740.922

Spain ES 1.483.442 1.517.208 1.513.526 1.612.082 1.805.827 2.058.022

Finland FI 102.811 116.021 129.670 142.703 156.487 172.283

France FR 1.019.000 1.054.000 1.091.000 1.131.000 1.177.000 1.248.245

Croatia HR 24.305 28.188 33.925 39.315 44.196 49.788

Hungary HU 93.088 97.593 103.493 114.038 122.705 130.188

Ireland IE 32.913 33.147 35.094 34.854 34.300 34.927

Italy IT 3.729.890 4.049.540 4.370.449 4.574.644 4.938.359 5.288.818

Lithuania LT 20.244 21.017 21.873 22.861 24.027 25.478

Luxembourg LU 11.945 12.671 13.380 13.901 14.268 14.609

Latvia LV 21.366 22.157 22.877 23.982 25.193 27.210

Macedonia MK

Malta MT 12.605 13.097 13.420 12.639 11.905 12.192


Poland PL 802.752 868.850 845.456 835.790 753.648 784.176

Portugal PT 158.000 149.000 153.000 159.000 165.000 157.720

Romania RO 103.749 105.525 102.970 104.509 93.845 26.000

Sweden SE 190.607 220.750 247.129 283.691 321.944 245.039

Slovakia SK 46.676 47.900 48.709 51.977 56.366

Slovenia SI 11.723 11.930 12.048 11.574 14.473 18.801

Turkey TR 1.031.221 1.046.907 1.073.415 1.218.677 1.441.066 1.822.831

United Kingdom UK 1.033.200 1.077.595 1.131.503 1.160.888 1.193.500 1.209.700

Total EU 15+12+3 16.032.743 16.772.114 17.375.232 18.101.414 19.110.455 20.231.279

Total EU15 13.122.853 13.761.454 14.362.340 14.931.215 15.755.909 16.570.271

Total EU12 1.854.364 1.935.565 1.905.552 1.912.207 1.869.284 1.788.389

Total EU3 1.055.526 1.075.095 1.107.340 1.257.992 1.485.262 1.872.619

Switzerland CH 517.000 545.100 567.300 583.000 592.200

Norway NO 90.268 94.645 98.800 103.716 109.338 116.875

Total EFTA 607.268 639.745 666.100 686.716 701.538 116.875


Source: ACEM

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Table 1.6 MOTORCYCLES in use 2001 - 2006


By contrast, the number of motorcycles in use hascontinued to raise in each of the EU 27 countries and

reached over 18 million in 2006, an increase of 23% on

2001. Again the longevity of modern motorcycles will

tend to reduce the replacement rate, but the significant

growth of motorcycles in use is a clear indication of

their growing popularity.

0

1.000.000

2.000.000

3.000.000

4.000.000

5.000.000

6.000.000

AU BE CY CZ DE DK EE EL ES FI FR HR HU IE IT LT LU LV MT NL PL PT RO SE SK SI TR UK

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

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Table 1.7.1 PTWs in use per country 2001-2006


2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Austria AU 641.434 596.824 606.868 612.160 627.711 628.878

Belgium BE 639.813 651.217 665.422 628.617 631.861 648.933

Bulgaria BG 528.300 533.700 13.700 146.500 76.200

Cyprus CY 57.857 54.866 57.402 56.598 61.738 0


Germany DE 5.134.969 5.256.873 5.306.229 5.462.483 5.652.469 5.745.424

Denmark DK 146.365 151.322 155.740 162.128 171.917 184.036

Estonia EE 320 711 915 1.064 1.456 2.521

Greece EL 847.732 869.047 881.382 893.186 906.203 970.922

Spain ES 3.596.045 3.561.450 3.657.119 3.854.128 4.066.267 4.342.328

Finland FI 205.390 222.669 244.396 270.612 156.487 172.283

France FR 2.440.000 2.441.000 2.448.000 2.462.000 2.480.000 2.549.076

Croatia HR 24.305 28.188 33.925 39.315 44.196 49.788

Hungary HU 93.088 97.593 103.493 114.038 122.705 130.188

Ireland IE 32.913 33.147 35.094 34.854 34.300 34.927

Italy IT 9.979.890 10.149.540 10.295.449 10.224.644 10.263.359 10.238.818

Lithuania LT 20.244 21.017 21.873 22.861 24.027 25.478

Luxembourg LU 31.106 31.452 32.101 36.908 37.739 38.638

Latvia LV 21.366 22.157 22.877 29.925 32.477 36.874

Macedonia MK

Malta MT 12.605 13.097 13.420 12.639 11.905 12.192

The Netherlands NL 964.822 1.002.450 1.015.567 970.934 1.030.949 1.103.282

Poland PL 802.752 868.850 1.245.907 835.790 1.091.159 1.121.687

Portugal PT 709.000 604.000 633.000 611.000 593.000 558.720

Romania RO 237.901 238.480 235.850 234.702 197.401 43.000

Sweden SE 315.607 352.750 391.129 435.691 393.944 395.039

Slovakia SK 46.700 47.900 48.709 51.977 56.366 0

Slovenia SI 11.723 50.608 42.392 40.200 48.671 53.193

Turkey TR 1.031.221 1.046.907 1.073.415 1.218.677 1.441.066 1.822.831

United Kingdom UK 1.212.000 1.256.402 1.313.979 1.338.336 1.367.144 1.376.200

Total EU 15+12+3 30.001.694 30.958.226 31.867.327 31.426.228 32.487.017 33.184.159

Total EU15 26.897.086 27.180.143 27.681.475 27.997.681 28.413.350 28.987.504

Total EU12 2.049.082 2.702.988 3.078.512 2.170.555 2.588.405 2.324.036

Total EU3 1.055.526 1.075.095 1.107.340 1.257.992 1.485.262 1.872.619

Switzerland CH 517.000 545.100 567.400 583.000 592.200 608.600

Norway NO 211.427 225.173 239.596 248.571 257.499 268.545

Total EFTA 728427 770273 806996 831571 849699 877145


Source: ACEM

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Table 1.7.2 PTWs in use per category 2001 - 2006


2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Mopeds 13.968.927 13.657.812 13.958.395 13.311.114 13.230.062 12.876.680

Motorcycles 16.032.743 16.772.114 17.375.232 18.101.414 19.110.455 20.231.279

Total 30.001.670 30.429.926 31.333.627 31.412.528 32.340.517 33.107.959

Source: ACEM

The shifting balance of demand for new mopeds and

motorcycles has an immediate effect on producers and

suppliers, but more importantly reflects wider social

and economic trends. Urban sprawl and the associated

growth of cities suburban areas, translating into longer

travelling distances, contribute to shifting demand

from mopeds to light-motorcycles. For these trips,

users often look for higher comfort and practicality

features, and therefore increasingly opt for light and

mid-capacity vehicles. Demand for leisure-oriented

vehicles, because of its nature, tends to privilege mid

and high-capacity machines.

0

5.000.000

10.000.000

15.000.000

20.000.000

25.000.000

30.000.000

35.000.000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006

Mopeds

Motorcycles

Total

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2 Powered Two Wheeler ACCESS and USE

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Table 2.1 Moped riding access

Driving

license

category

Max.

design

speed

(km/h)

Min. access age Driving license

Reques-

ted

Released

by

Theore-

tical test

Theo-

retical

lessons

Practical

training

or test

Austria AU EU 45 15/16 YesMunicipal

police

Yes Yes No

Belgium BE

Class A

(Nat.)25 16 No - No No No

Class B

(EU)45 16 Yes

Driving

schoolsYes No Yes

Bulgaria BG

Cyprus CY n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Czech Republic CZ AM 45 15 Yes

Municipal

Traffic

Authority

Yes Yes Yes

Germany DE

Leicht Mofa

(Nat.)

20 15 Yes

Schools

or driving

schools

Yes Yes No

Mofa (Nat.) 25 15 Yes

Schools

or driving

schools

Yes Yes No

Moped

(EU)45/50 16 Yes

Driving

schoolsYes Yes Yes

Denmark DK

Estonia EE

Greece EL EU 45 16 Yes Police Yes Yes Yes

Spain ES EU 45

Without passenger:

Until 31/08/10: 14

From 1/09/10: 15With passenger:

Until 31/08/08: 14

From 1/09/08: 18

Yes

Official

Trafficcentres

Yes Yes

Until

31/08/08:

NoFrom

01/09/08:

Yes

Finland FI n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

France FR EU (BSR) 45 14 Yes Schools Yes Yes Yes

Croatia HR

Hungary HU n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Ireland IE P n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Italy ITEU

(Patentino)45 14 Yes

Schools

or driving

schools

Yes Yes No

Lithuania LT n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Luxembourg LU n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Latvia LV n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Source: ACEM

Powered Two Wheeler ACCESS and USE 19

Regulation

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Driving

license

category

Max.

design

speed

(km/h)

Min. access age Driving license

Reques-

ted

Released

by

Theore-

tical test

Theo-

retical

lessons

Practical

training

or test

Malta MT n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

The Netherlands NL

Snorfiets

(Nat.)25 16 Yes

Author-

ised

bodies

(CBR)

Yes (bornafter

1/6/1980)

-No (born

before

1/6/1980)

No

Yes

(starting

in 2008)

Bromfiets

(EU)45 16 Yes No

Yes

(starting

in 2008)

Poland PLMoped Card

(Nat)45 13

Yes, up to

age of 18

Schools

or driving

schools

Yes Yes Yes

Portugal PT n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Romania RO

Sweden SE

Category 1

(Nat.)25 15

Certificate

or any

license

Author-

ised

bodies

(CBR)

No No No

Category 2

(EU)45 15

Author-

ised

bodies

(CBR)

Yes Yes

Training:

Yes

Test: No

Slovakia SK

Slovenia SI n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a.

Turkey TR

United Kingdom UK Nat. 48 16

Yes, provi-

sional or

full licence

Author-

ised

Training

Bodies

(CBT)

Yes, but

not com-

pulsary

Yes Yes

Source: ACEM

Regulation

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Access to vehicles in the EU Member States is regu-

lated by a European Directive on driving licences.

Mopeds are not covered by the current directive and

therefore at the moment their access is regulated at

national level. The provisions therefore vary substan-

tially amongst the Members States, concerning mini-

mum access ages, testing and equivalences with thecar licence. A new European Directive applying from

2013 will also cover mopeds and bring a certain level

of harmonisation across the Member States.

Regulation

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Table 2.2 Motorcycle riding access

DL category Min. access age Motorcycle category Note

Austria AU

A (PA) 18Motorcycles with EP25kW and

P/W ratio 0,16 kW/kg

After 2 years of probation

the unrestricted DL Cat. A is

directly achieved

A (DA) 21All motorcycles without any

restriction

B/A1 23Light motorcycles (EP 11kW

and 125cc)

5 year DL Cat.B request +

6 hours of motorcycle riding

practice

Belgium BE

A (PA) 18 Motorcycles with EP25kW andP/W ratio 0,16 kW/kg



directly achieved


restriction

B 18All motorcycles without any

restriction

For DL Cat.B issued before

1/1/1989


and 125cc)

For DL Cat.B issued before

01/09/01. Equivalence restored

after 2 years DL Cat. B

Bulgaria BG n.a. n.a.

Cyprus CY n.a. n.a. n.a.

Czech Republic CZ

A 18 Motorcycles with EP25kW orP/W ratio 0,16 kW/kg

Age relief possible for licensedracers but only during races

21All motorcycles without any

restriction

Age relief possible for licensed

racers but only during races

A1 16Light motorcycles (EP 11kW

and 125cc)

Age relief possible for licensed

racers but only during races

Denmark DK n.a. n.a. n.a.

Germany DE


and 125cc)

Before 18, design speed can not

exceed 80km/h. No design speed

limit after 18.





directly achieved


restrictionDirect access with 25 years

B/A1 not applicableLight motorcycles (EP 11kW

and 125cc)

For DL Cat. B issued before

01/04/1980 - No equivalence

since then

Estonia EE n.a. n.a. n.a.

Greece EL





directly achieved


restriction


Regulation

(PA) Progressive access - (DA) Direct Access - (EP) Engine power - (P/W) Power/Weight - (DL) Driving licence - (CBT) Compulsory Basic Training - (B/A1) Equivalence between B and A1 licence

Source: ACEM

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Spain ES


and 125cc)

+ P/W ratio 0,11 kW/kg

Theoretical and practical tests

(circuit+traffic) required




(circuit+traffic) required. After

2 years of probation the unre-

stricted DL Cat. A is directly

achieved

A (DA) Not applicable


and 125cc)


(circuit+traffic) required (if DL

Cat. B for less than 3 years)

Finland FI n.a. n.a. n.a.

France FR


and 125cc)





directly achieved


restriction


and 125cc) 2 year DL Cat.B request

Croatia HR

Hungary HU n.a. n.a. n.a.

Ireland IE

A1 Light motorcycle (75cc-120cc)

AMotorcycles over 120cc and not

larger than 125 cc

B1 Tricycle/quadricycle

Italy IT


and 125cc)





directly achieved


restriction

Practical test must be taken on

a motorcycle with EP > 35KW


and 125cc)

Lithuania LT n.a. n.a. n.a.

Luxembourg LU n.a. n.a. n.a.

Latvia LV n.a. n.a. n.a.

Malta MT n.a. n.a. n.a.

The Netherlands NL





directly achieved


restriction


Regulation


Source: ACEM

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Poland PL

A 18All motorcycles without any

restriction


and 125cc)

Portugal PT n.a. n.a. n.a.

Romania RO

Sweden SE


and 125cc)



After 2 years of probationthe unrestricted DL Cat. A is

directly achieved


restriction

Slovakia SK n.a. n.a. n.a.

Slovenia SI n.a. n.a. n.a.

Turkey TR

United Kingdom UK


and 125cc)

A (PA) 17

Motorcycles with EP25kW and



the unrestricted DL Cat. A isdirectly achieved


restriction

Practical test must be taken on

a motorcycle with EP > 35KW


and 125cc)

Once obtained the CBT, the DL

Cat. B permits to have a provi-

sional motorcycle entitelment for

A1-motorcycle. Within 2 years of

validity of the provisional licence

the Motorcycle Test must be

passed.


Regulation

Under current EU legislation, access provisions to motorcycles in the

different Member States vary considerably. Common provisions foresee

access at the age of 18, with a two-year limitation to maximum 25 kW

motorcycles. Member States have the option to provide earlier access to

category A1 light motorcycle and equivalence with the car licence, as well

as the option to provide Direct Access to all motorcycles from the age of

21. The content of the test is also commonly defined.

A new European Directive applying from 2013 will extend the coverage

to light motorcycles and seek to further encourage progressive access

by proposing a new 35 kW motorcycle, introducing testing or training in

between the different categories. Light motorcycle access with a car

licence and Direct Access will remain optional, the latter from the age

of 24.


Source: ACEM

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Table 2.3 Roadworthiness test

Roadworthi-

ness test

Frequency Cost Euro (approximate)

Austria AU Yes Each year 7,2-36

Belgium BE None - -

Bulgaria BG


Czech Republic CZ Yes

Small motorcycles (ED 50cc or max. design

speed 50 km/h) firstly 6 years, then every 4

years , other motorcycles firstly 4 years (2 years

for individually imported), then every 2 years (also2 years for individually imported)

CZK 450 (EUR16.36)

Germany DE Yes, only MC Every two years 50



Greece EL None - -

Spain ES Yes

Motorcycles: 4 years after the first registration,

then every 2 years.

Mopeds: From 2006 September mandatory for

mopeds: 3 years after the first registration, then

every 2 years.

+/- 35


France FR None - -

Croatia HR

Hungary HU Yes - 1.700 - 2.450 HUF

Ireland IE YesFor the first time 4 years after the first registra-

tion, thereafter every year.

Italy IT YesFor the first time 4 years after the first registra-

tion, successively every 2 years60


Luxembourg LU Yes After 3.5 years every year. After a heavy accident



The Netherlands NL n.a. n.a. n.a.

Poland PL None n.a. n.a.


Romania RO

Sweden SE YesMotorcycles: 4 years after the first registration,

then every 2 years. 25



Turkey TR

United Kingdom UK Yes Every year after the first 3 years

PTW 15,55 (23) - PTW with

sidecar 25,45 (38) - 3-wheeler

up to 450 kg:29,70 (102)

(Test fees are VAT exempt)

Source: ACEM


Regulation

Due to the heterogeneous PTW fleets either in size or in composi-

tion roadworthiness testing for PTWs is for the time being compe-

tence of the Member States. Certain countries have adopted pro-

visions, based on the characteristics of their National PTW parc.

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Table 2.4 NUMBER PLATE regulations

PTWs subject to Note

Austria AU all PTWs

Belgium BE all PTWs > 50cc

Bulgaria BG

Cyprus CY n.a.

Czech Republic CZ all PTWs

Germany DE all PTWs Mopeds only need a special insurance number plate (no official registration)

Denmark DK n.a.

Estonia EE n.a.

Greece EL all PTWsNew motorcycle number plates conform to the EU directives (GR sign in blue

blackground)

Spain ESwith ED 50cc

Yellow with black digits. Uses a specific numbering.

White with black digits. The numbering uses the same system as cars and trucks.

Finland FI n.a.

France FR all PTWs New mopeds since July 2004

Croatia HR

Hungary HU n.a.

Ireland IE n.a.

Italy IT all PTWs

Moped: the new number plate remains personal but linked with vehicle/number

frame)Motorcycle: number plate linked with owner and number frame (the same as

cars, and follow the vehicle)

Lithuania LT n.a.

Luxembourg LU n.a.

Latvia LV n.a.

Malta MT n.a.

The Netherlands NL all PTWs From 01-01-2007 all mopeds will need a number plate.

Poland PL all PTWs Mopeds and motorcycle number plates conform to the EU directives

Portugal PT n.a.

Romania RO

Sweden SE all PTWs Except mopeds 25 km/h (classified as class 2 mopeds in Sweden )

Slovakia SK n.a.

Slovenia SI n.a.

Turkey TR

United Kingdom UK all PTWs Only on the rear of the vehicle, there is no front plate.

(ED) Engine displacement - (PTWs) Powered two-wheelers Source: ACEM


Regulation

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Table 2.5 Moped DL costs

Training cost Achievement cost Registration cost

Austria AU +/- 70 No n.a.

Belgium BE

btw. 75-230 depending on

the nb. of hours for practice

and guidance to examination

Yes 16

Bulgaria BG

Cyprus CY n.a. n.a.

Czech Republic CZ CZK 4000 (EUR 145,46) CZK 50 (EUR 1.82)

Germany DE 402 (all inclusive) 43,40

Denmark DK n.a. n.a.

Estonia EE n.a. n.a.

Greece EL250 but lessons not obliga-

tory

88 (24 if other licence

available)40

Spain ES Yes 120

Finland FI n.a. n.a.

France FR 410 (all inclusive) None

Croatia HR

Hungary HU n.a. n.a.

Ireland IE n.a.

1 year = 5,81

3 years = 17,44 10 years = 29,07

for a provisional licence of two years =

17,44

Italy IT 200 Yes for driving schools -

No for schools38

Lithuania LT n.a. n.a.

Luxembourg LU not applicable n.a. n.a.

Latvia LV n.a. n.a.

Malta MT n.a. n.a.

The Netherlands NL

If born after 1/6/1980:

29,80 - If born before

1/6/1980: 14,60

btw. 37-45

Poland PLYes for driving schools: +/-

45 - No for public schoolsn.a. +/- 50

Portugal PT n.a. n.a.

Romania RO

Sweden SE 30,00 10 10

Slovakia SK n.a. n.a.

Slovenia SI n.a. n.a.

Turkey TR

United Kingdom UK Less than 500

CBT: 70-100 Theory test:

21,50 Practical test: 58 (68 evenings and weekends)

38 (57) for first provisonal licence

(upgrade provisional licence for fulllicence is free)

Source: ACEM


Costs

The costs involved with achieving a moped license vary amongst the Member States, largely depending on whether compulsory

training is required or not.

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Table 2.6 Motorcycle DL costs


Costs

Training cost Achievement cost Registration cost

Austria AUbtw. 160-1000 depending on

category and combination of DLbtw. 650-1200 n.a.

Belgium BE

btw. 150-600 depending on

the nb. of hours for practice and

guidance to examination

200 -650 16

Bulgaria BG


Czech Republic CZ CZK 4 - 8000 (EUR 145,46 - 290,91) CZK 50 (EUR 1.82)

Germany DE +/- 1000 (lessons and exams) 43,40



Greece EL 300 88

(33 if other licence available)40

Spain ES n.a. btw. 150-400 150 (A1) - 400 (A2)


France FRbtw. 400-500 depending on

BSR+/- 716 None

Croatia HR

Hungary HU n.a. n.a.

Ireland IEmax. 320 depending on bike

hiren.a.

1 year = 5,81 ; 3 years =

17,44

10 years = 29,07

for a provisional licence of 2

years = 17,44

Italy IT +/- 300 +/- 516 30





The Netherlands NL btw. 1100-1650 btw. 180-200 btw. 37-45

Poland PL +/- 360 (lessons and exams) 40


Romania RO

Sweden SE 1000 60 10



Turkey TR

United Kingdom UK

btw. 380-680 (571-1022) de-

pending on progressive or directaccess nad/or intensive courses

(including exams)

CBT: 70-100 Theory test:

21,50 Practical test: 58 ( 68evenings and weekends)

38 (57) for 1st provisonal

licence (upgrade provisionallicence for full licence is free)

Source: ACEM

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Table 2.6 Motorcycle DL costs

Renewal Tax on DL

possessFrequency Cost

Austria AU - - None

Belgium BE Never - None

Bulgaria BG

Cyprus CY n.a. n.a. None

Czech Republic CZ Never None None

Germany DE Never - None



Greece ELEvery 3 years if more

than 65 y.o.82 None

Spain ES

Every 10 years if less

than 45 y.o.

Every 5 years if more

than 45 y.o. and less

70 y.o.

Every 2 years if more

than 70 y.o.

70 None


France FR Never - None

Croatia HR


Ireland IE n.a. n.a. n.a.

Italy IT Every 10 years 50 None





The Netherlands NL Every 10 years 40-60 None

Poland PL Never None


Romania RO

Sweden SE Every 10 years 10 None



Turkey TR

United Kingdom UK For riders over 70 y.o. 6(9)

None

Source: ACEM


Costs

There is a clear cut between the North and the South

of Europe. Motorcycle DL costs tend to be more

affordable in countries where the circulating parc is

sizeable. A wider availability of training facilities may

also contribute to explain these differences in cost.

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Table 2.7.1 National VAT rate for new PTWs

Rate %

Austria AU 20

Belgium BE 21

Bulgaria BG 20

Cyprus CY 15

Czech Republic CZ 19

Germany DE 19

Denmark DK 25

Estonia EE 18Greece EL 19

Spain ES 16

Finland FI 22

France FR 19,6

Croatia HR

Hungary HU 25

Ireland IE 21

Italy IT 20

Lithuania LT 18

Luxembourg LU 15Latvia LV 18

Malta MT 15

The Netherlands NL 19

Poland PL 22

Portugal PT 22

Romania RO 19

Sweden SE 25

Slovakia SK 19

Slovenia SI 20

Turkey TRUnited Kingdom UK 17,5

Source: Source: http://www.europe.org/valueaddedtax.html &

http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/resources/documents/taxation/

vat/how_vat_works/rates/vat_rates_BU_RO_en.pdf


Costs

A surprisingly wide range of taxation rates for new

vehicles between Member countries with a levy of VAT

starting at a rock-bottom low 15% for Cyprus and

Luxemburg and raising to a hefty 25% in countries

where the number of PTWs in use is not significant.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

AU

BE

BG

CY

CZ

DE

DK

EE

EL

ES

FI

FR

HR

HU

IE

IT

LT

LU

LV

MT

NL

PL

PT

RO

SE

SK

SI

TR

UK

Rate %

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Table 2.7.2 National VAT rate for second-hand PTWs

Seller Purchaser VAT rate applied (paid by the

purchaser)

VAT rate applied on

EU (15)

Non liable to VAT Anybody None

Liable to VAT but

no PTWs' dealerAnybody

The same national VAT rate than

in the case of new PTW purchasePTW nett purchase price

Liable to VAT

PTWs' dealerLiable to VAT

The same national VAT rate than

in the case of new PTW purchasePTW nett purchase price

Non liable to VATThe same national VAT rate than

in the case of new PTW purchase

Dealer profits (the difference

between the resale price and the

dealer PTW purchase price)

Germany

Privat person Not liable to VAT no no

PTWs' dealer Not liable to VAT noDealer has to pay 19% of the

price

Source: ACEM


Costs

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Table 2.8.1 REGISTRATION taxes and other fees - EU overview

Tax denomination PTWs subject to Reference parameter

Austria AU Normverbrauchsabgabe (NoVA)

with ED > 125cc (for new mo-

torcycles and motorcycles not yet

registered nationally)

ED

Belgium BE

Taxe de mise en circulation

(TMC) / belasting op inverkeer-

stelling (BIV)

with ED > 250cc EP + year

Bulgaria BG


Czech Republic CZ Registration Feewith ED > 50cc flat fee

with ED 50cc flat fee

Germany DE - - -



Greece EL Telos Taksinomisis > 125 cc ED

Spain ES Tassa de Matriculation > 250 cc

PTW net purchase price

CO2emissions up to 120g/km

CO2emissions from 121 to 160 g/km

CO2emissions from 161 to 200 g/km

CO2emissions + 200 g/km


France FRCarte grise all PTWs nb. of years

Duplicata de carte grise motorcycles EP

Croatia HR



Italy ITAPIET and IET (deleted in

1998)all PTWs


Luxembourg LU no special name - -



The Netherlands NLBelasting personenauto's en

motorrijwielen (BPM)with ED > 50cc PTW net purchase price

Poland PL n.a. n.a. n.a.


Romania RO

Sweden SE No tax with ED > 50cc



Turkey TR

United Kingdom UK First Registration Fee All PTWs At point of registration

(ED) Engine displacement - (EP) Engine power Source: ACEM


Costs

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Costs

First registration tax/fee Successive regis-

tration tax/fee

Other taxes/fees

Austria AU0.02*(cylinder capacity in cm minus 100 cm) /

must not exceed 16% of the invoice price- -

Belgium BE see following table see following table62 (registration fee +

number plate)

Bulgaria BG


Czech Republic CZCZK 500 (EUR 18.18) None

CZK 300 (EUR 10.91) None

Germany DE 46.529.65

(registration fee)

33 (registration fee) 13.8(number plate) + 1.84/25cc

(annual traffic taxes)



Greece EL see following table see following table

VAT +number plate 40 +Cir-

culation tax (see table 2.9)

+licence issue 9

Spain ES

12%

0%

4,75%

9,75%

14,75%

28% total taxes 16% (VAT)


France FR

+/- 17 /horse power (10 y.o)- -

+/- 8 (1-2 horse power) +/- 33 (>2Hp) - -

Croatia HR



Italy IT 94 180 (transfer)

45 (registration paper +

number plate) 22 (stamp)

116 (agency fee)


Luxembourg LU 50 - -



The Netherlands NL

1) PTX net price 2133 BPM = 10,2% of 2133

2) PTW net price > 2133 BPM = 20,7% of

2133 minus 224

- 47.25 (registration Paper)

Poland PL n.a. n.a. n.a.


Romania RO

Sweden SE 15 / year moms (VAT 25%)



Turkey TR

United Kingdom UKUK applies a flat first registration fee of 38.00

(= 57 ) to all motor vehicles-

VAT + VED (see table 2.9) +

roadworthiness test for PTWs

over 3 y.o. (see table 2.3)

(ED) Engine displacement - (EP) Engine power Source: ACEM

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Costs

Registration taxes for PTWs vary across the

European Union and are based on different systems.

Many Member States implement a flat rate, others

apply taxes based on either engine horsepower, cubic

capacity or vehicle weight.

Remark for Spain

(*) On 14th August 2008 Ministers Council meeting,

it was approved law project including the following

changes for motorcycles CO2 emissions taxes:

With certificate:

Up to 80 g/km: 0%; from 81 to 100 g/km: 4,75%;

from 101 to 120 g/km: 9,75%; > 120 g/km: 14,75%.

Without certificate: 14,75%

MCs > 100 CV (in any case): 14,75%

Senate and Congress will receive this legislation for

approval.

We keep you well informed about the evolution of this

subject.

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Table 2.8.2 REGISTRATION taxes and other fees

Category First

registration

Successive registration

less than

1 year

less than

2 years

less than

3 years

less than

4 years

less than

5 years

EP 70kW 61,97 61,97 61,97 61,97 61,97 61,97

71kW EP 85kW 123,95 123,95 111,55 99,16 86,76 74,37

86kW EP 100kW 495,79 495,79 446,21 396,63 347,05 297,47

101kW EP 110kW 867,63 867,63 780,86 694,10 607,34 520,58

111kW EP 120kW 1.239,47 1.239,47 1.115,52 991,57 867,63 743,68

121kW EP 155kW 2.478,93 2.478,93 2.231,04 1.983,15 1.735,25 1.487,36 155kW 4.957,87 4.957,87 4.462,08 3.966,30 3.470,51 2.974,72

less than 6

years

less than 7

years

less than 8

years

less than 9

years

less than

10 years

10 years

and more

EP 70kW 61,97 61,97 61,97 61,97 61,97 61,97

71kW EP 85kW 61,97 61,97 61,97 61,97 61,97 61,97

86kW EP 100kW 247,89 198,31 148,74 99,16 61,97 61,97

101kW EP 110kW 433,81 347,05 260,29 173,53 86,76 61,97

111kW EP 120kW 619,73 495,79 371,84 247,89 123,95 61,97

121kW EP 155kW 1.239,47 991,57 743,68 495,79 247,89 61,97

155kW 2.478,94 1.983,15 1.487,36 991,57 495,79 61,97

(EP) Engine power Source: ACEM


Costs

Belgium

Category First

registration*

126 ED 249cc 2%

250 ED 900cc 7%

901 ED 1400cc 12%

1401 ED 1600cc 14%

1601 ED 1800cc 17%> 1800cc 25%

*On CIF price

Greece Category Successive registration

(Transfer charges)

51 ED 400cc 30

401 ED 800cc 45

801 ED 1300cc 60

1301 ED 1600cc 90

1601 ED 1900cc 120 1901 ED 2500cc 145

> 2500cc 205

Source: ACEM

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Table 2.9.1 OWNERSHIP tax

Tax denomination Reference parameter PTWs subject to

Austria AU Motorbezogene Versicherungssteuer FhP + ED with ED > 100cc

Belgium BE Taxe de circulation/ Verkeersbelasting ED with ED > 250cc

Bulgaria BG


Czech Republic CZ None None None

Germany DE Kraftfahrzuegsteuer ED with ED > 50cc



Greece EL Teli Kykloforias ED All PTWs

Spain ESImpuesto sobre Vehculos de Traccin

Mecnica (IVTM)ED All PTWs


France FR None - -

Croatia HR



Italy IT Tassa di propriet cc + kW All PTWs


Luxembourg LU Taxe de circultation ED All PTWs



The Netherlands NL Motorrijtuig-belasting None All PTWs except mopeds

Poland PL None None None


Romania RO

Sweden SE Vgskatt ED All PTWs



Turkey TR

United Kingdom UKAnnual Vehicle Excise Duty is based on

the engine capacityED All PTWs used on public highway

(ED) Engine displacement - (Fhp) Fiscal Horsepower - (PTWs) Powered two-wheelers Source: ACEM


Costs

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Table 2.9.1 OWNERSHIP tax


Costs

Annual amount due Payable by Instalments

Austria AU 0,022 * 12 per cmYes (plus 10% for monthly payment-8% for 3

month payments-6% for 6 month payments)

Belgium BE 40,44 No

Bulgaria BG

Cyprus CY n.a. n.a.

Czech Republic CZ None None

Germany DE 1,84 due each 25cc of PTW ED per year No

Denmark DK n.a. n.a.

Estonia EE n.a. n.a.

Greece EL

ED300cc 15

300

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Table 2.9.2 OWNERSHIP tax - Luxemburg

Category of PTW ED

and Fiscal power

Annual amount due Amount for 6 months

Luxemburg 100 2,50 2,48

101-200 5,00 2,75

201-300 7,75 4,00

301-400 10,25 5,50

401-500 13,00 6,75

501-600 15,50 8,00

601-700 18,00 9,50

701-800 20,75 10,75

801-900 23,25 12,00

901-1000 26,00 13,50

1001-1100 28,50 14,75

1101-1200 31,00 16,00

1201-1300 33,75 17,50

1301-1400 36,25 18,75

1401-1500 39,00 20,25

1501-1600 41,50 21,50

1601-1700 44,00 22,75

1701-1800 46,75 24,25

1801-1900 49,25 25,50

1901-2000 52,00 27,00

(ED) Engine displacement Source: ACEM


Costs

0,00

10,00

20,00

30,00

40,00

50,00

60,00

100 101-

200

201-

300

301-

400

401-

500

501-

600

601-

700

701-

800

801-

900

901-

1000

1001-

1100

1101-

1200

1201-

1300

1301-

1400

1401-

1500

1501-

1600

1601-

1700

1701-

1800

1801-

1900

1901-

2000

Annual amount due Amount for 6 months

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Table 2.10 Annual INSURANCE cost by model


Costs

Total cost (tax included) Tax Note

Piaggio Vespa ET2 50

male - 16 years old - newmoped driving licence owner

Austria AUPremium 111,53 11%

Subscription to a third-party insurance policy

is compulsory for all vehicles.Tarifs are not

regulated by government, therefor they vary a

lot between insurance companies.

All risks 128,21

Belgium BE Premium 195,53 21%

Bulgaria BGCyprus CY Premium n.a. n.a.

Czech Republic CZ Standard CZK 327 (EUR 11.89) n.a.

MTPL (Motor Vehicle Third Party Liability)

insurance yearly rates applied by the biggest

insurance company Ceska Pojistovna for new

clients (0% bonus), Standard Package, Year

2007 - but rates are not regulated by the state

Germany DEPremium 50,00 16%

All risks -

Denmark DK Premium n.a. n.a.

Estonia EE Premium n.a. n.a.

Greece EL Premium 164,91 20,4%

Spain ES

Premium with bonus - Premium = Basic (Civil

responsibility + Defense + Passenger)All risks with bonus -

Premium without

bonus-

All risk = Basic + AssistanceAll risks without

bonus-

Finland FI Premium n.a. n.a.

France FRPremium 338,00

33% +

3,30

driver: 9% - legal protection: 18% - assist-

ance: 9% - helmet: 33% - theft/fire: 18% -

natural disaster: 18% - third-party: 18%

All risks 855,00 18%

Croatia HR

Hungary HU Premium n.a. n.a.

Ireland IE Premium n.a. n.a.

Italy IT Premium 380,00 23%

Lithuania LT Premium n.a. n.a.

Luxembourg LU Premium n.a. n.a.

Latvia LV Premium n.a. n.a.

Malta MT Premium n.a. n.a.

The Netherlands NL Premium 330,00 7%

Poland PL Premium n.a. n.a.

Portugal PT Premium n.a. n.a.

Romania RO

Sweden SE Premium 400 in city 25%

Slovakia SK Premium n.a. n.a.

Slovenia SI Premium n.a. n.a.

Turkey TR

United Kingdom UKPremium 632,38 () 5%

All risks 1657,67 ()

Source: ACEM

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Costs


Peugeot Elystar 125(ABS)

male - 25 years old - new mo-torcycle driving licence owner






All risks 66,05










All risks -




Spain ES

Premium with bonus 226,56 Premium = Basic (Civil

responsibility + Defense + Passenger)All risks with bonus 272,53

Premium without

bonus443,29


bonus489,26



33% +

3,30




All risks 1.502,00 18%

Croatia HR











Romania RO




Turkey TR


All risks 458,85 ()

Source: ACEM

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Costs


Yamaha XT 600 E

male - 25 years old - 3 years ofmotorcycle driving licence possess






All risks 190,38










All risks 168,20




Spain ES



Premium without

bonus252,06


bonus298,52



33% +

3,30




All risks 769,00 18%

Croatia HR











Romania RO




Turkey TR


All risks 712,57 ()

Source: ACEM

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Costs


Triumph Speed Four (599cc)







All risks 190,38










All risks 273,20




Spain ES



Premium without

bonus496,93


bonus543,39



33% +

3,30




All risks 1.583,00 18%

Croatia HR











Romania RO




Turkey TR


All risks 871,63 ()

Source: ACEM

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Costs


Honda CBR 900 RR







All risks 267,64










All risks 405,00




Spain ES



Premium without

bonus758,67


bonus805,13



33% +

3,30




All risks 1.722,00 18%

Croatia HR











Romania RO




Turkey TR


All risks 2163,62 ()

Source: ACEM

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Table 2.11 Labour cost of one hour of work for normal servicing maintenance

One hour VAT included

Austria AU 63

Belgium BE 41 - 45

Bulgaria BG

Cyprus CY

Czech Republic CZ about CZK 400 (approx. EUR 14,55)

Germany DE 70,00

Denmark DK 398 - 488 DKK = 53,39 - 64,46

Estonia EEGreece EL 20,00

Spain ES 50,00

Finland FI

France FR Prices vary from 35 to 45 depending on the part of the country and the engine size

Croatia HR

Hungary HU

Ireland IE

Italy IT 30 - 40 lower in the south, higher in the north

Lithuania LT

Luxembourg LULatvia LV

Malta MT

The Netherlands NL +/- 70,00

Poland PL

Portugal PT

Romania RO

Sweden SE 80,00

Slovakia SK

Slovenia SI

Turkey TRUnited Kingdom UK 41-47 (61,5 - 70,5)

Source: ACEM


Costs

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Table 2.12 MOTORWAYS costs

PTW catogory Toll Note

Austria AU ED > 50cc4,40 /10d. - 11,10

/2m. 29,50/yearSticker

Belgium BE ED > 50cc No Toll Toll to be paid only in the Liefkenshoek Tunnel in Antwerp

Bulgaria BG Motorcycles 60 BGN = 31 Bridge between Rousse & Gjourguevo

Cyprus CY ED > 50cc No Toll

Czech Republic CZ all PTWs No Toll

Germany DE ED 125cc No toll

Denmark DK all PTWs No Toll

Estonia EE ED > 50cc No Toll

Greece EL all PTWs 1 / 1,30 16 Toll points on whole national network +

Attiki Odos Motorway Tolls

Spain ES ED > 50cc No TollFor free motorways (if not, fees depend on motorways and

distance)

Finland FI all PTWs No Toll

France FR ED > 80cc -

Tolls for motorcycles are, on average, 30 percent cheaper

than tolls for category-1 vehicles: see http://www.ideamerge.

com/motoeuropa/guide.html

Croatia HR Charged on the E59 and the E70 out of Zagreb

Hungary HU all PTWs No Toll

Except: All vehicles must pay a toll on the M1 between Gyr

and Austria. For all personal vehicles not taller than 1.9

meters the cost is 1400 HUF (=5,15 ). A toll must be paid

also on the M3 between Budapest and Gyngys and on the

M5 between Budapest and Kiskunflegyhza. Other motor-

ways are free. Some of the motorways are under construc-

tion and tolls are always changing.

Ireland IE all PTWs 6 single; 12 return

These are fees for ferrys to get around the country. No fees

on the road except for East Link Bridge (Dublin), West Link

Bridge (Dublin), West Link Bridge 2 (Dublin) and the M1

Toll Drogheda By-Pass. Tolls on the East and West Link

Bridges are 1.35 and the M1 Toll Drogheda By-Pass is

1.50

Italy IT ED 150cc 0,07/kmThe toll amount is calculated multiplying the kms travelled

and the unit tariff.

Lithuania LT all PTWs No Toll

Luxembourg LU all PTWs No Toll

Latvia LV all PTWs No Toll

Malta MT all PTWs No Toll

The Netherlands NL ED 50cc No Toll

Kiltunnel (Dordrecht to s Gravendeel): 2 for cars and

motorcycles; Westerschelde tunnel 4,50 for cars and

motorcycles

Poland PL all PTWs No TollExcept: A4 Balice (nearby Krakow) to Myslowice (nearby

Katowice): 4; A2 Nowy Tomysl to Konin: 10

(ED) Engine displacement - (PTWs) Powered two-wheelers Source: http://www.bugeurope.com/transport/driving.html and http://www.ideamerge.com/motoeuropa/


Regulation

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Table 2.12 MOTORWAYS costs


Regulation

PTW catogory Toll Note

Portugal PT all PTWs Toll

A1 Lisbon to Santarm 2.35

A1 Santarm to Fatima 2.55

A1 Fatima to Coimbra 3.80

A1 Coimbra to Aveiro 1.90

A1 Aveiro to Porto 2.85

A2 Lisbon to Marateca 1.95

A3 Porto to Braga 1.90

A4 Porto to Amarante 2.50

A5 Lisbon to Cascais 0.80

A6 Marateca to Montemor-o-Novo 2.75

A8 Lisbon to Torres Vedras 1.50

Romania ROFrom Giurgiu to Ruse, Bulgaria, and from Giurgeni to Vadu

Oii, tolls are charged for crossing the Danube River

Sweden SE all PTWs No Toll

Slovakia SK all PTWs Toll

To tavel on expressways drivers must display a special

sticker on their windshield. The stickers are sold at border

crossings for 400600 SKK, depending on a vehicles engine

capacity (cars under 2 tons qualify for the 400 SKK =

10,54 /sticker), and are valid for one year.

Slovenia SI all PTWs Toll

Charged on the A1/E63 from Ljubljana to Kranj, the A10/

E70 from Ljubljana to Razdrto, and the A10/E57 from

Maribor to Celje. Visit www. amzs.si for up-to-date toll

information.

Turkey TR Toll

Tolls are charged between Edirne and Istanbul, Istanbul and

Izmit, Izmit and Gebze, Tsarsus and Pozanti, Ankara and

Gerede, and Izmir and esme. In the direction Europe to

Asia, tolls are charged on the Bosphorus and Faith Sultan

Mehment bridges: 150,000 TRL for cars, vans, motorhomes;

20,000 TRL = 0,02 for motorcycles

United Kingdom UK ED > 50cc No TollOnly one section of motorway north of Birmingham, prices

vary.

(ED) Engine displacement - (PTWs) Powered two-wheelers Source: http://www.bugeurope.com/transport/driving.html and http://www.ideamerge.com/motoeuropa/

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ACEM

Who are ACEM?

ACEM, the Motorcycle Industry in Europe, is theprofessional body representing the interests and com-

bined skills of 11 powered two wheelers (PTWs)

manufacturers producing a total of 24 motorcycle and

moped brands, and 15 national associations at Euro-

pean level out of 13 European countries, representing

a turn-over of 10 bn euro and assuring jobs to over

200.000 people.

ACEM Members are fully committed to their environ-

mental, safety, mobility and economic responsibilities.

Copyright 2008 ACEMThis document can be freely redistributed, but must not be altered without the express permission of

ACEM. Further copies can be obtained from www.acem.eu

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Association des ConstructeursEuropens de Motocycles

Avenue de la Joyeuse Entre 1 - B-1040 Brussels - Belgium

Phone+32-(0)2-230 97 32 - Fax+32-(0)2-230 16 83

[email protected] - Websitewww.acem.eu

r.g.e.i.e. Brussels : 139

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