D09.06.03.presentation

HELION

International Workshop on high temperature water electrolysis limiting factors

Specifications for Solid Oxide Electrolysis Stacks

to be coupled with Wind Turbines or

Nuclear Power

Karlsruhe/Germany, 9&10 June 2009

Thomas Nietsch / HelionJohn Boegild Hansen / Haldor Topsoe

> Int Workshop on HTWE Specifications for SOE Stacks, Karlsruhe, June 09 T. Nietsch, J.B. Hansen Helion 239833 3HELION

Overview

1. Introduction Areva – Helion Haldor Topsoe

2. Introduction High temperature steam electrolysis

3. The wind case

4. The nuclear case

5. Summary

HELION

Introduction Areva – Helion Haldor Topsoe


An integrated offer serving energy professionals

5


Wind power

Offshore wind energy

Hydrogen power

Fuel cell & electrolyser based systems

Bioenergies

Biomass power plant design & integration

business

HELION – an AREVA R Subsidiary

HELIONMULTIBRID KOBLITZ


HELION Hydrogen Power – Key figures

Founded in 2001, HELION designs, manufactures and integrates PEM fuel cell and electrolysis solutions

A strong R&D backbone in electrochemistry and engineering

Headcount: more than 50 employees

75% engineers

Headquarter : Aix-en-Provence (France)

( Environment dedicated high-tech facilities complex )

A R&D oriented company specialized in hydrogen energy and fuel cellsmoving towards an industrial company, profitable on its early niche markets


HELION Hydrogen Power

HELION develops PEM Fuel Cell and Electrolyser for:Backup power applications

Niche transport applications

Air-independent applications

Hydrogen production

Energy storage


Briefly on Topsoe Fuel CellDevelopment, manufacturing, marketing and sales of SOFC technology

Founded in 2004

Subsidiary of Haldor Topsøe A/S (wholly owned)

SOFC research & development since 1989

Employees: 100+

Strategic research partnership with RisøDTU (National Laboratory for Sustainable Energy)

>50 empl. engaged in SOFC

HELION

Introduction High temperature steam electrolysis


SOEC more efficient than present Electrolysers

0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

3,5

4,0

4,5

5,0

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000Temperature T/°C

Ene

rgy

E/k

wh/

m3 H

2

theoretical stack total enery demand= heat demand + electrical energy demand: Δhr

theoretical stack electrical energy demand: Δgr

theoretical stack heat demand: TΔsr

liquid water

steam

p = 1 bar

theoretical and real energy imput to electrolyser

real PEM Esystem

"real" SOECsystem


Results from Hi2H2 project, a pre assessor of RelHy


RelHY Project – 2.9 M€ Support from EU 7th framework program

Participants

CEA, F

DTU Risø, DK

ECN, NL

Imperial College, UK

Topsoe Fuel Cell, DK

Eiffer (EDF), F

Helion (Arreva), F

Goals

1 A/cm2

Steam utilsation > 60 %

800 °C

System efficiency = 80 %

Degradation < 1 %/1000 h

Availability = 99 %


RelHy Project Overview

RelHy25-cell stack prototype,operated at

800°C

Cells

SRUs

5-cell Stacks

Materials optimisationDurable electrodes/electrolyte, Sealing, Material compatibility and stability, Cost effective materials and processes

Design innovationsThermo mechanics, Tightness, Water management

State of the Art

• Good cells• No compromise

in stacks nor SRUsbetween durability and efficiency

Integration of optimised materials and innovative design in areliable and efficient

laboratory electrolyser prototype

Instru

mente

d


Technical challenges: generic roadmap

»Cell efficiency + durability(electrolyte conductivity,

catalysts efficiency, stability vs corrosion)

From electrolysistechnology…

»Stack efficiency(fluids, heat, mass transfer management,

Mechanical assembly, Gas tight conception)

»Module architecture(stack association, process management )

Material knowledge

Thermomechanical, thermohydraulic, gasketing and assembly knowledge

Electrochemical and thermodynamical

processes knowledge

»Plant definition(module association, process management )

Plant process, regulation and safety knowledge

… to H2 production plant

HELION

The wind case


Wind Power Production - West Denmark As percent of consumption and production

Averages 26 and 24 %

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

140%

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000Hours of 2007

Win

d po

wer

%

% of Production% of Consumption


Electricity spot price – West Denmark Diurnal Variations - 2007

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24Hours no 2007

€/M

Wh


Average spot COE price as function of operating hours West Denmark 2007

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000Operating Hours

€/M

Wh


Depreciation cost vs operating hours/yr 750 €/kW – 10 years depreciation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000Hours no 2007

€/M

Wh


Cost of Hydrogen Investment 750 €/kW + average spot COE price 35 €/MWh

0,00

0,05

0,10

0,15

0,20

0,25

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000Hours of operation per year

€/N

m3

H2

1.55 V1.9 V

2 US $/kg

70 €/kWh => 3.x US$/kg


HTSE with wind power in Denmark

(Cheap CO2 free) electricity from wind

Heat from existing CHP plants / district heating

From biomass using oxygen for increasing the efficiency and easier CO2 sequestration

Complex system

Energy management is crucial


Active Power Control valuable in Wind Scenario

Consumer's power demand

Electrolyser’s answer

Wind mils answer

Increases Decrease Load

Fast Response ?

Increase generation

Only possible in special cases with

prior reduction

Decreases Increase Load

Slow Response

Decrease Generation

Fast response

< 5 seconds

HELION

The nuclear case


Current density

The figure gives an example for the number of cells vscurrent density with active area as parameter.

This figure illustrates nicely that a reasonable reduction of number of cells can be achieved for an active area around 600 cm² and around a current density of 2 A/cm². 0

200 000

400 000

600 000

800 000

1 000 000

0,0 0,5 1,0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3,0 3,5 4,0 4,5 5,0current density j A/cm²

tota

l num

ber o

f cel

ls

S_A 100 cm²

200 cm²

400 cm²

600 cm²800 cm²1 000 cm²

200 t/day H23,8 kWh/m326 petrol stations


Operating temperature

The steam temperature of a Evolutionary Pressurised Nuclear Reactor (EPR) is some what near 300 °C.

The sate of the art operating temperature for SOFCs is some what around 850 °C, therefore this temperature is considered as starting or reference temperature.

Operating temperature reduction in the future is proposed for:Better match the nuclear reactors outlet temperature so higher efficiency

Easier and more efficient heat transport

Using cheaper materials and

(Lower the degradation rate).

(The steam temperatures of a High Temperature Nuclear Reactor (HTR) or a Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR) can be higher than 800 °C.)


Degradation / life time

There is no definition for life time or for end of life neither for SOFC nor SOEC.

A commonly proposed criterion for end of life is a loss in performance of 20 %.

Assuming a life time of about 40 000 h for achieving cost targets in the SOFC case give a degradation rate of about 5 to 10 µV/h.

SOFC targets are chosen as a starting point


Operating profile

Coupled with nuclear power.

Flat out production during a long period of time, possibly a year or longer.

Start up time can be one working shift.

A very few start ups, shut downs and redox cycles during life time are required.

Coupled with RES (wind).Stochastic energy production by RES but smoothened by thermal capacity of the stack.

Start up time about one hour.

Some more thermal / redoxcycles required.


Cell voltage

Efficiency, energy consumption and cell voltage are closely related.

Modern PEM and alkaline electrolyser systems are aiming for efficiencies of about 75 % and 80 % respectively or about 1,6 V. (Ref: fuel cells and hydrogen joint undertaking (FCH JU), annual implementation plan 2008 )

A HTSE should aim for higher efficiency to compensate for possible higher capital cost.

Assuming an 85 % efficient HTSE gives a stack voltage around 1,47 V.

241 KJ/mol/2/(96500As/mol)/0,85 = 1,47 V


Example: sketch of HTSE coupled with apressurized water reactor,

heat extraction at 280 °C from the boiler

Remark: the boiler could be fired by biomass


Example: sketch of HTSE coupled with apressurized water reactor,

heat extraction at 180 °C from HP turbine outlet

Remark: the boiler could be fired by biomass


Deployment for HTSE plant

EPRTM use in a cogeneration mode:

Production targeted: 500 t/dof H2

Electrical Input: 720 MW

Thermal Energy extracted: 140 MW at 240°C

HELION

Summary


Differences Nuclear/Wind Scenario RelHY milestone delivered in January

Nuclear Wind

Short Medium Short Medium

Degradation (µ/h) 10 5 15 5

Lifetime (h) 10000 20000 16000 40000

Thermal cycles/year 2 5 7 14

Voltage/cell (V) 1.5 1.45 1.7 1.55

Current (A/cm2) 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.5

Pressure max (bar) 50 50 20 30

Active Area (cm2) 400 800 300 600

Start up from 600 C < 4 h < 4h < 2 < 1h

Turn down to 20 % ? ? < 2 min. < 30 sec.

HELION


References

(1) JP Py and A. Capiyaine, Hydrogen production by high temperature electrolysis of water vapor and nuclear reactors, WHEC 2006, Lyon(2) Hering, INL, NEA, 3rd IEM, 5 Oct 05(3) Hotely 1982, US Department for Commerce, NTIS(4) M. Zahid, high efficient, high temperature hydrogen production by water electrolysis, Hi2H2, hydrogen and fuel cells review days 2007, Brussels, 10th & 11th October

D09.06.03.presentation

Documents

Transcript of D09.06.03.presentation