D -S F D c - Weeblyaaronregazzoli.weebly.com/.../macro_dissertation_presentation.pdf ·...
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DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADE DEFINITION THE TERM DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADE CAN BE DEFINED AS A TRADITIONAL SINGLE FAÇADE WHICH IS DOUBLED INSIDE OR OUTSIDE BY A SECOND, ESSENTIALLY GLAZED FACADE. EACH OF THESE GLAZED FAÇADES IS COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS A SKIN (WHENCE THE ORIGIN OF THE WIDELY USED TERM ‘’DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADE’’. A VENTILATED CAVITY IS LOCATED BETWEEN EACH SKIN HAVING A WIDTH WHICH CAN RANGE FROM SEVERAL CENTIMETRES AT THE NARROWEST TO SEVERAL METRES FOR THE WIDEST ACCESSIBLE CAVITIES. THE GLASS SKINS MAY STRETCH OVER AN ENTIRE STRUCTURE OR OVER JUST A PORTION OF IT. THE INNER LAYER OF GLASS, USUALLY INSULATING, SERVES AS PART OF A CONVENTIONAL STRUCTURAL WALL OR A CURTAIN WALL, WHILE THE ADDITIONAL LAYER, USUALLY SINGLE GLAZED, IS PLACED EITHER IN FRONT OR BEHIND THE MAIN GLAZING. THE LAYERS MAKE THE AIR SPACE BETWEEN THEM WORK TO THE BUILDING’S ADVANTAGE PRIMARILY AS INSULATION AGAINST TEMPERATURE EXTREMES OR AND EXTERNAL SOUNDS. EXTERIOR GLAZING THE EXTERIOR LAYER USUALLY COMPRISES OF HEAT STRENGTHENED SAFETY GLASS OR LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS. IT MAY BE AIRTIGHT OR OPEN WITH AIR INLET AND OUTLET OPENINGS CONTROLLED WITH MANUAL OR AUTOMATIC OPENING VENTS. THIS LAYER MAY BE FULLY GLAZED AND IS USED AS A RAIN SCREEN TO PROVIDE PROTECTION TO THE INTERIOR LAYER FROM THE CLIMATIC ELEMENTS. INTERIOR GLAZING THIS USUALLY COMPRISES OF A FIXED OR OPERABLE THERMAL INSULATING DOUBLE OR TRIPLE PANE GLAZED UNIT. CLEAR, LOW EMMITANCE COATING, SOLAR DIFFUSSION GLAZING, ETC. CAN BE USED ON THE INTERIOR GLAZING IN OR TO REDUCE THE RADIATIVE HEAT GAINS TO THE INTERIOR. THIS LAYER GENERALLY IS COMPRISED OF SOME BUILT OR OPAQUE ELEMENTS AND MAY CONTAIN FIXED OR OPERABLE CASEMENT OR HOPPER WINDOWS, DEPENDING ON THE VENTILATION STRATEGY USED. INTERMEDIATE CAVITY THE INTERMEDIATE CAVITY BETWEEN THE EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR LAYERS CAN BE NATURALLY, FAN-SUPPORTED (HYBRID) OR MECHANICALLY VENTILATED. THE WIDTH OF THE CAVITY CAN VARY AS A FUNCTION OF THE APPLIED CONCEPT. IT CAN RANGE FROM 200MM TO OVER 2M. THE WIDTH OF THE INTERMEDIATE CAVITY DETERMINES THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE FAÇADE AND THE WAY IN WHICH IT IS MAINTAINED. ANY ADJUSTABLE SUNSHADING OR DAY LIGHTING ENHANCEMENT DEVICES ARE GENERALLY INSTALLED WITHIN THE INTERMEDIATE SPACE TO PROTECT THE INTERNAL ROOMS FROM EXTERNAL ELEMENTS AND AS IT IS A LESS EXPENSIVE METHOD THAN THE USE OF EXTERNAL MOUNTED SYSTEMS. THE AIRFLOW THROUGHOUT THE INTERMEDIATE SPACE IS DETERMINED BY SOLAR INDUCED THERMAL BUOYANCY AND THROUGH THE EFFECTS OF THE WIND. DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADE CONCEPT THERE ARE MANY DEFINITIONS FROM A LARGE RANGE OF AUTHORS AS TO WHAT ACTUALLY CONSTITUTES A DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADE. HOWEVER, THE LAYERS OF A DOUBLE SKIN-FAÇADE ARE GENERALLY COMPRISED OF THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS: DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADE HISTORY IN 1849, JEAN-BAPTISTE JOBARD, THE DIRECTOR OF THE INDUSTRIAL MUSEUM IN BRUSSLES, WAS THE FIRST PERSON TO DESCRIBE THE IDEA OF A MECHANICALLY VENTILATED MULTIPLE-SKIN FAÇADE. HE MENTIONED HIS THEORY OF HOW ‘’IN WINTER HOT AIR SHOULD BE CIRCULATED BETWEEN TWO GLAZINGS, WHILE IN SUMMER IT SHOULD BE COLD AIR’’. HIS THEORY HOWEVER IS NOT MENTIONED FOR ANOTHER 65 YEARS. IN 1914, PAUL SCHEERBAERT MENTIONS A SIMILAR IDEA IN HIS BOOK “GLASARCHITECTUR”. THE FIRST EXAMPLE OF A DOUBLE-SKIN WALL CONSTRUCTION CAN BE FOUND FROM THE YEAR 1903 IN THE STEIFF FACTORY IN GIENGEN, GERMANY. THE AIM OF THE PROJECT WAS TO MAXIMISE DAY LIGHTING BUT TO ALSO TO PROVIDE PROTECTION FROM THE HARSH CLIMATE OF THE REGION. IN ORDER TO ACHIEVE THESE GOALS A THREE STOREY STRUCTURE WAS ERECTED. IT COMPRISED OF A GROUND FLOOR ACTING AS STORAGE SPACE WITH TWO UPPER FLOORS AS WORK AREAS. THE BUILDING WAS REGARDED AS A COMPLETE SUCCESS AND THUS TWO EXTENSIONS WERE BUILT IN 1904 AND 1908, ALL BUILDINGS ARE STILL IN USE TODAY. BY THE END OF THE 1920’S, DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADES BEGAN TO ADVANCE WITH OTHER CONSIDERATIONS IN MIND. THERE ARE TWO MAIN EXAMPLES WHICH CAN BE USED TO HIGHLIGHT THIS. IN 1928 IN RUSSIA, MOISEI GINZBURG INVESTIGATED THE POSSIBLE USE OF DOUBLE-SKIN SECTIONS IN THE COMMUNAL SERVICE BLOCKS OF THE NARKOMFIN HOUSING BUILDING, IN MOSCOW. GINZBURG WAS VERY INTERESTED IN THE TECHNICAL ASPECTS OF WINDOWS AND HOW TO ACHIEVE GREATER PERFORMANCE STANDARDS. HOWEVER, THERE WAS THEN LITTLE OR NO PROGRESS MADE IN DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADE CONSTRUCTION UP UNTIL THE LATE 70’S AND EARLY 80’S OF THE CENTURY. THE OIL CRISIS’ OF 1973 AND 1979 HAD A POSITIVE EFFECT AND RESULTED IN A BOOST ON THE DEVELOPMENT RATE OF INSULATING GLAZING AS GREATER AWARENESS ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION BECAME EVIDENT. MANY INNOVATIVE IMPROVEMENTS TO THE TECHNOLOGY WERE MADE WITH THE INTRODUCTION OF LOW-EMISSIVITY COATING AND INERT GAS FILLED CAVITIES. IN THE SAME PERIOD AN AWARENESS GREW ON THE EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL SHADING, THERMAL MASS AND THE ROLE OF VENTILATION IN RELATION TO BUILDING PERFORMANCE STANDARDS. DURING THE 90’S THERE WERE TWO MAIN FACTORS WHICH BEGAN TO HAVE A LARGE INFLUENCE OF THE PROLIFERATION OF DOUBLE- SKIN FAÇADES. THE INCREASE OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS BEGAN TO INFLUENCE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN NOT ONLY FROM A TECHNICAL STANDPOINT BUT ALSO DUE TO POLITICAL INFLUENCES THAT MAKE ‘’GREEN BUILDINGS’’ A GOOD IMAGE FOR CORPORATE ARCHITECTURE. IN ADDITION THE RAPID DEVELOPMENT OF SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE ALLOWED DESIGNERS TO CARRY OUT HIGHLY COMPLEX CALCULATIONS IN ORDER TO EFFECTIVELY DESIGN FAÇADES. AS A RESULT THESE FACTORS MAKE DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADES AN IDEAL OPTION FOR USE IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS. TYPICALLY THEY ARE PROVIDED WITH A LARGE BUDGET AND THE AIM OF ACHIEVING AN ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY IMAGE. ANOTHER ASPECT WHICH MAKES THEM PARTICULARLY EFFECTIVE WITH HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS IS THE FACT THAT A DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADE ALLOWS WINDOWS TO BE OPENED DESPITE STRONG WIND CONDITIONS INCURRED ON CERTAIN FLOORS DUE TO THEIR HEIGHT WITHIN THE BUILDING. ALSO AT THE SAME TIME IN MOSCOW, LE CORBUSIER WAS IN THE PROCESS OF DESIGNING THE CENTROSOYUS. THE FOLLOWING YEAR IN PARIS HE WOULD THEN UNDERTAKE THE DESIGN OF LA CITÉ DE REFUGE AND THE IMMEUBLE CLARTE. EACH OF THE INITIAL PROJECTS WERE DESIGNED WITH LE CORBUSIER CONCEPT OF ‘’MÛR NEUTRALISANT’’. HIS THEORY PREDICTED THAT THE TRANSMISSION LOSSES AND GAINS WOULD DISAPPEAR BY THE CIRCULATION OF AIR AT ROOM TEMPERATURE THROUGH THE BUILDING CAVITY. HOWEVER HIS SYSTEM WAS DEEMED AS TOO EXPENSIVE AND INEFFICIENT TO BUILD AND THUS THE IDEA WAS ABANDONED. DISSERTATION CONCEPT FOR MY TECHNICAL DISSERTATION I HAVE DECIDED TO EXAMINE WHAT IS THE OPTIMAL VOID DEPTH OF A DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADE IN A TEMPERATE CLIMATE. IN ORDER TO CARRY OUT AN ACCURATE EVALUATION I HAVE DECIDED TO IMPLEMENT AND EXAMINE MY FINDINGS USING A PROPOSED DESIGN CARRIED OUT ON HAWKINS HOUSE, HAWKINS STREET, DUBLIN TWO. AS THE BASIS FOR MY EXAMINATION. I HAVE CHOSEN TO APPLY THE DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADE TO A PROPOSED EXTENSION, ‘‘THE DRUM’’, ON THE SOUTH FAÇADE OF THE HAWKINS HOUSE DEVELOPMENT. IT IS CIRCULAR IN PLAN AND IS PRIMARILY TO BE USED AS AN OFFICE SPACE ALONG WITH ITS LOCATION TO THE SOUTH OF THE DEVELOPMENT I BELIEVE THIS IS THE MOST SUITABLE AREA TO EXAMINE FOR MY DISSERTATION. THERE ARE MANY METHODS OF CLASSIFICATION OF A DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADE. EACH ONE IS DEPENDENT ON DESIGN PRINCIPLES SUCH AS THE ORIGIN AND DIRECTION OF AIRFLOW, CONFIGURATION AND ACCORDING TO THE FORM IN WHICH THE INTERMEDIATE SPACE IS DIVIDED. HOWEVER, THE PRINCIPLE FACTOR WHICH DETERMINES THE FAÇADES CLASSIFICATION IS ACCORDING TO THE DESIRED VENTILATION FUNCTION. THERE ARE FOUR MAIN CATEGORIES AS FOLLOWS: 1. BOW WINDOWS 2. SHAFT-BOX FAÇADES 3. CORRIDOR FAÇADES 4. MULTI-STOREY FAÇADES THERE ARE MANY CONSIDERATIONS WHICH MUST BE ASSESSED WHEN SELECTING THE METHOD OF DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADE CONSTRUCTION. THESE INCLUDE THE FOLLOWING: • HEAT & MASS • NATURAL VENTILATION • ACOUSTICS • LIGHTING • FIRE PERFORMANCE • COST • SUSTAINABILITY FOR THE PURPOSE OF THE DISSERTATION I HAVE EXAMINED EACH OF THE AVAILABLE, AS SHOWN TO THE RIGHT, METHODS OF CONSTRUCTION IN ORDER TO ASSESS THE SUITABILITY OF EACH RESPECTIVE SYSTEM FOR USE WITHIN HAWKINS HOUSE. DUE TO THE NATURE OF THE PLAN ORIENTATION WAS A LARGE FACTOR IN ASSESSING THE SYSTEM TO BE USED. BELOW IS A SUN PATH ANALYSIS HIGHLIGHTING THE EFFECT OF THE TIME OF YEAR ON THE AMOUNT OF SUNLIGHT THAT THE PROPOSED DOUBLE-SKIN FAÇADE WILL RECEIVE. AARON REGAZZOLI DT 175A 27/02/2013 WHAT IS THE OPTIMAL VOID DEPTH OF A DOUBLE-SKIN FACADE? BOX WINDOWS THE BOX WINDOW IS ONE OF THE OLDEST FORMS OF A DOUBLE- SKIN FAÇADE. IT IS COMPRISED OF: •A FRAME WITH INWARD OPENING CASEMENTS. •THE EXTERIOR SINGLE-GLAZED SKIN CONTAINS OPENINGS IN ORDER TO ALLOW THE INGRESS OF FRESH AIR AND THE EGRESS OF STALE AIR, AND AS A RESULT ALLOWS THE VENTILATION OF BOTH THE INTERMEDIATE SPACE AND THE INTERNAL ROOMS. •THE INTERMEDIATE SPACE BETWEEN THE EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR SKIN ARE EITHER DIVIDED HORIZONTALLY ALONG THE CONSTRUCTIONAL AXIS ON OR ON ROOM-TO-ROOM BASIS. •VERTICAL DIVISION OCCURS AS A RESULT OF SEPARATION BETWEEN STORIES OR BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL WINDOW ELEMENTS. •THE CONCEPT OF CONTINUOUS DIVISION PROVIDES PROTECTION AGAINST THE TRANSMITTANCE OF SOUNDS AND SMELLS BETWEEN BAYS AND ROOMS. SHAFT-BOX FAÇADES THE SHAFT-BOX FAÇADE IS A UNIQUE VARIATION OF BOX WINDOW CONSTRUCTION WITH A COMBINATION OF A DOUBLE- SKIN FAÇADE WITH A MULTI-STOREY CAVITY AND ONE WITH A SINGLE-STOREY CAVITY. IT IS COMPRISED OF: •AN ALTERNATING LAYOUT OF BOX WINDOWS AND VERTICAL SHAFT COMPONENTS. •AT EACH STOREY THE VERTICAL SHAFTS ARE LINKED WITH THE ADJOINING BOX WINDOWS THROUGH AN AIRFLOW OPENING •AS A RESULT THE STACK EFFECT DRAWS THE AIR FROM THE BOX WINDOWS COMPONENTS IN THE VERTICAL SHAFT AND UP TO THE TOP OF THE SHAFT WHERE IT IS EXHAUSTED. •IN THE SITUATION WHERE THERMAL UPLIFT REQUIRES ADDITIONAL SUPPORT, AIRFLOW MAY BE MECHANICALLY SUCKED OUT VIA (HYBRID VENTILATION) THE VERTICAL SHAFTS. CORRIDOR FAÇADES IN CORRIDOR FAÇADES THE AIR CHANNELS ARE SEPARATED HORIZONTALLY AT EACH INTERMEDIATE FLOOR. IT IS COMPRISED OF: •CLOSED INTERMEDIATE SPACES BETWEEN BOTH SKINS AT THE LEVEL OF EACH FLOOR. •DIVISIONS ARE LOCATED ALONG THE HORIZONTAL LENGTH OF THE CORRIDOR ONLY WHERE IT IS REQUIRED FOR ACOUSTIC, FIRE-PROTECTION OR VENTILATION REASONS. •THE AIR INTAKE AND EXTRACT OPENINGS IN THE EXTERIOR SKIN SHOULD BE LOCATED NEAR THE FLOOR AND CEILING RESPECTIVELY. •THEY ARE USUALLY POSITIONED IN A STAGGERED FORMAT FROM BAY TO BAY IN ORDER TO PREVENT STALE AIR EXTRACTED ON ONE FLOOR ENTERING THE SPACE OF THE FLOOR IMMEDIATELY ABOVE. MULTI-STOREY FAÇADES IN A BUILDING A MULTI-STOREY FAÇADE THE CAVITY IS NOT SEPARATED AT EACH LEVEL, IT EXTENDS OVER THE WHOLE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDING. IT IS COMPRISED OF: •THE INTERMEDIATE SPACE IS CONNECTED VERTICALLY AND HORIZONTALLY BY A NUMBER OF INTERNAL ROOMS. •IN CERTAIN CASES, THE SPACE CAN EXTEND AROUND THE WHOLE BUILDING WITHOUT AND INTERMEDIATE SEPARATIONS. •VENTILATION IS ACHIEVED BY LARGE OPENINGS NEAR THE GROUND FLOOR AND THE ROOF RESPECTIVELY. •WHILE THE AIR IS HEATED, THE INTERMEDIATE SPACE CAN BE CLOSED AT BOTH THE TOP AND BOTTOM TO EXPLOIT THE CONSERVATORY EFFECT AND TO OPTIMISE THE SOLAR-ENERGY GAINS. •MULTI-STOREY FAÇADES ARE MOSTLY SUITED WHERE EXTERNAL NOISE LEVELS ARE HIGH AND ACOUSTIC INSULATION IS A KEY DESIGN REQUIREMENT. PART PLAN SCALE 1:150 OFFICE SPACE PART SECTION SCALE 1:50 PARAPET DETAIL SCALE 1:20 FLOOR JUNCTION SCALE 1:20 DOUBLE-SKIN BASE DETAIL SCALE 1:20 CONCLUSION DUE TO THE ORIENTATION OF THE SUN AND THE NATURE OF THE PLAN I BELIEVE THAT A MULTI-STOREY DOUBLE-SKIN FACADE SYSTEM MAY NOT BE THE MOST SUITABLE SYSTEM FOR USE WITHIN MY DISSERTATION AS DURING PERIODS OF THE DAY A LARGE NUMBER OF THE GLAZING WILL NOT RECEIVE A LARGE AMOUNT OF SUNLIGHT. THIS IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR TO CONSIDER AS THE STACK EFFECT IS A KEY ASPECT OF ENSURING THAT A DOUBLE SKIN FACADE PERFORMS SUFFICIENTLY AND WITH A LOW AMOUNT OF SUNLIGHT AT TIMES DURING THE DAY THE STACK EFFECT WILL NOT TAKE PLACE. AS A RESULT I WILL NOT BE USING A MULTI-STOREY DOUBLE- SKIN FACADE SYSTEM WITHIN HAWKINS HOUSE AS I FEEL IT IS NOT THE MOST SUITABLE METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION AVAILABLE FOR THE PURPOSE OF MY TECHNICAL DISSERTATION. SUSPENDED CEILING SYSTEM COMPOSITE CLADDING PANEL RAISED FLOOR SYSTEM FIRE STOP EXTERNAL RIGID INSULATION ALLUMINIUM LOUVRES PERIMETER GUTTER STAINLESS STEEL STRUCTURE OFFICE SPACE CONCRETE PAVING SYSTEM CONCRETE COLUMN LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS WALL SYSTEM DOUBLE GLAZED CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM STAINLESS STEEL STRUCTURE TEXTURED ALUMINIUM CLADDING PANEL ALUMINIUM LOUVRES SPANDREL PANEL PART PLAN SCALE 1:150 PART SECTION SCALE 1:50 PARAPET DETAIL SCALE 1:20 FLOOR JUNCTION SCALE 1:20 DOUBLE-SKIN BASE DETAIL SCALE 1:20 CONCLUSION DUE TO THE ORIENTATION OF THE SUN AROUND HAWKINS HOUSE AND THE SHAPE OF THE PLAN A CORRIDOR DOUBLE-SKIN FACADE SYSTEM MAY BE A SUITABLE SYSTEM FOR USE WITHIN MY DISSERTATION AS DUE TO EACH STOREY BEING DIVIDED AND TREATED INDIVIDUALLY IN COULD BE EFFECTIVE IN UTILISING THE STACK EFFECT AND WOULD BE LESS VULNERABLE TO THE ORIENTATION OF THE SUN AS THERE IS LESS OF AN INTERMEDIATE SPACE. AS A RESULT I THINK USING A CORRIDOR DOUBLE-SKIN FACADE SYSTEM WITHIN HAWKINS HOUSE MAY BE A SUITABLE METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION AVAILABLE FOR THE PURPOSE OF MY TECHNICAL DISSERTATION. SUSPENDED CEILING SYSTEM COMPOSITE CLADDING PANEL RAISED FLOOR SYSTEM FIRE STOP EXTERNAL RIGID INSULATION ALLUMINIUM LOUVRES PERIMETER GUTTER STAINLESS STEEL STRUCTURE OFFICE SPACE CONCRETE PAVING SYSTEM CONCRETE COLUMN LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS WALL SYSTEM DOUBLE GLAZED CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM STAINLESS STEEL STRUCTURE TEXTURED ALUMINIUM CLADDING PANEL ALUMINIUM LOUVRES SPANDREL PANEL PART PLAN SCALE 1:150 PART SECTION SCALE 1:50 PARAPET DETAIL SCALE 1:20 FLOOR JUNCTION SCALE 1:20 DOUBLE-SKIN BASE DETAIL SCALE 1:20 CONCLUSION DUE TO THE ORIENTATION OF THE SUN AROUND HAWKINS HOUSE AND THE SHAPE OF THE PLAN A SHAFT-BOX FACADE SYSTEM MAY BE A SUITABLE SYSTEM FOR USE WITHIN MY DISSERTATION AS THE BAYS WHICH ARE TO BE SERVED AS SHAFTS OR BOX UNITS RESPECTIVELY CAN BE STRATEGICALLY SELECTED IN ORDER TO OBTAIN THE MOST EFFECTIVE COMBINATION IN ORDER TO COMBAT AND UTILISE THE ORIENTATION OF THE SUN. ALSO IN TERMS OF THE STACK EFFECT THE ARRANGEMENT CAN ENSURE A MORE SUCCESSFUL DRAW WHICH WILL INCREASE THE DOUBLE SKIN FACADES OVERALL PROJECTED PERFORMANCE LEVELS. AS A RESULT I THINK USING A SHAFT-BOX DOUBLE-SKIN FACADE SYSTEM WITHIN HAWKINS HOUSE MAY BE THE MOST SUITABLE METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION AVAILABLE FOR THE PURPOSE OF MY TECHNICAL DISSERTATION. SUSPENDED CEILING SYSTEM COMPOSITE CLADDING PANEL RAISED FLOOR SYSTEM FIRE STOP EXTERNAL RIGID INSULATION ALLUMINIUM LOUVRES PERIMETER GUTTER STAINLESS STEEL STRUCTURE OFFICE SPACE CONCRETE PAVING SYSTEM CONCRETE COLUMN LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS WALL SYSTEM DOUBLE GLAZED CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM STAINLESS STEEL STRUCTURE TEXTURED ALUMINIUM CLADDING PANEL ALUMINIUM LOUVRES SPANDREL PANEL PART PLAN SCALE 1:150 PART SECTION SCALE 1:50 PARAPET DETAIL SCALE 1:20 FLOOR JUNCTION SCALE 1:20 DOUBLE-SKIN BASE DETAIL SCALE 1:20 CONCLUSION DUE TO THE ORIENTATION OF THE SUN A BOX SYSTEM MAY NOT BE THE MOST SUITABLE SYSTEM FOR USE WITHIN MY DISSERTATION AS DURING PERIODS OF THE DAY A LARGE NUMBER OF THE GLAZING WILL NOT RECEIVE A LARGE AMOUNT OF SUNLIGHT. THIS IS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR TO CONSIDER AS THE STACK EFFECT IS A KEY ASPECT OF ENSURING THAT A DOUBLE SKIN FACADE PERFORMS SUFFICIENTLY AND WITH A LOW AMOUNT OF SUNLIGHT AT TIMES DURING THE DAY THE STACK EFFECT WILL NOT TAKE PLACE. AS A RESULT I WILL NOT BE USING A BOX DOUBLE-SKIN FACADE SYSTEM WITHIN HAWKINS HOUSE AS I FEEL IT IS NOT THE MOST SUITABLE METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION AVAILABLE FOR THE PURPOSE OF MY TECHNICAL DISSERTATION. SUSPENDED CEILING SYSTEM COMPOSITE CLADDING PANEL RAISED FLOOR SYSTEM FIRE STOP EXTERNAL RIGID INSULATION ALLUMINIUM LOUVRES PERIMETER GUTTER STAINLESS STEEL STRUCTURE OFFICE SPACE CONCRETE PAVING SYSTEM CONCRETE COLUMN LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS WALL SYSTEM DOUBLE GLAZED CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM STAINLESS STEEL STRUCTURE TEXTURED ALUMINIUM CLADDING PANEL ALUMINIUM LOUVRES SPANDREL PANEL GRATED WALKWAY ALUMINIUM LOUVRES DOUBLE GLAZED CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM INTERMEDIATE SPACE LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM OFFICE SPACE DOUBLE GLAZED CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM INTERMEDIATE SPACE LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM VERTICAL DIVISION OFFICE SPACE DOUBLE GLAZED CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM SHAFT SPACE LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM VERTICAL DIVISION BOX FACADE SYSTEM OFFICE SPACE DOUBLE GLAZED CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM LAMINATED SAFETY GLASS CURTAIN WALL SYSTEM VERTICAL DIVISION BOX FACADE SYSTEM GRATED WALKWAY ALUMINIUM LOUVRES GRATED WALKWAY ALUMINIUM LOUVRES AIR INTAKE AIR EXTRACT PROPOSED SOUTH ELEVATION SCALE 1:200 PROPOSED ‘‘DRUM’’ WINTER SOLSTICE 09:00 14.00 18.00 AUTUMN EQUINOX 09:00 14.00 18.00 SUMMER SOLSTICE 09:00 14.00 18.00 SPRING EQUINOX 09:00 14.00 18.00
Transcript of D -S F D c - Weeblyaaronregazzoli.weebly.com/.../macro_dissertation_presentation.pdf ·...
Double-Skin FaçaDe DeFinitionthe term Double-Skin FaçaDe can be DeFineD aS a traDitional Single FaçaDe which iS DoubleD inSiDe or outSiDe by a SeconD, eSSentially glazeD FacaDe. each oF theSe glazeD FaçaDeS iS commonly reFerreD to aS a Skin (whence the origin oF the wiDely uSeD term ‘’Double-Skin FaçaDe’’. a ventilateD cavity iS locateD between each Skin having a wiDth which can range From Several centimetreS at the narroweSt to Several metreS For the wiDeSt acceSSible cavitieS. the glaSS SkinS may Stretch over an entire Structure or over juSt a portion oF it. the inner layer oF glaSS, uSually inSulating, ServeS aS part oF a conventional Structural wall or a curtain wall, while the aDDitional layer, uSually Single glazeD, iS placeD either in Front or behinD the main glazing. the layerS make the air Space between them work to the builDing’S aDvantage primarily aS inSulation againSt temperature extremeS or anD external SounDS.
HISTORY
exterior glazingthe exterior layer uSually compriSeS oF heat StrengtheneD SaFety glaSS or laminateD SaFety glaSS. it may be airtight or open with air inlet anD outlet openingS controlleD with manual or automatic opening ventS. thiS layer may be Fully glazeD anD iS uSeD aS a rain Screen to proviDe protection to the interior layer From the climatic elementS.
interior glazingthiS uSually compriSeS oF a FixeD or operable thermal inSulating Double or triple pane glazeD unit. clear, low emmitance coating, Solar DiFFuSSion glazing, etc. can be uSeD on the interior glazing in or to reDuce the raDiative heat gainS to the interior. thiS layer generally iS compriSeD oF Some built or opaque elementS anD may contain FixeD or operable caSement or hopper winDowS, DepenDing on the ventilation Strategy uSeD.
intermeDiate cavitythe intermeDiate cavity between the exterior anD interior layerS can be naturally, Fan-SupporteD (hybriD) or mechanically ventilateD. the wiDth oF the cavity can vary aS a Function oF the applieD concept. it can range From 200mm to over 2m. the wiDth oF the intermeDiate cavity DetermineS the phySical propertieS oF the FaçaDe anD the way in which it iS maintaineD. any aDjuStable SunShaDing or Day lighting enhancement DeviceS are generally inStalleD within the intermeDiate Space to protect the internal roomS From external elementS anD aS it iS a leSS expenSive methoD than the uSe oF external mounteD SyStemS. the airFlow throughout the intermeDiate Space iS DetermineD by Solar inDuceD thermal buoyancy anD through the eFFectS oF the winD.
Double-Skin FaçaDe conceptthere are many DeFinitionS From a large range oF authorS aS to what actually conStituteS a Double-Skin FaçaDe. however, the layerS oF a Double Skin-FaçaDe are generally compriSeD oF the Following elementS:
Double-Skin FaçaDe hiStoryin 1849, jean-baptiSte jobarD, the Director oF the inDuStrial muSeum in bruSSleS, waS the FirSt perSon to DeScribe the iDea oF a mechanically ventilateD multiple-Skin FaçaDe. he mentioneD hiS theory oF how ‘’in winter hot air ShoulD be circulateD between two glazingS, while in Summer it ShoulD be colD air’’. hiS theory however iS not mentioneD For another 65 yearS. in 1914, paul Scheerbaert mentionS a Similar iDea in hiS book “glaSarchitectur”.
the FirSt example oF a Double-Skin wall conStruction can be FounD From the year 1903 in the SteiFF Factory in giengen, germany. the aim oF the project waS to maximiSe Day lighting but to alSo to proviDe protection From the harSh climate oF the region. in orDer to achieve theSe goalS a three Storey Structure waS erecteD. it compriSeD oF a grounD Floor acting aS Storage Space with two upper FloorS aS work areaS. the builDing waS regarDeD aS a complete SucceSS anD thuS two extenSionS were built in 1904 anD 1908, all builDingS are Still in uSe toDay.
by the enD oF the 1920’S, Double-Skin FaçaDeS began to aDvance with other conSiDerationS in minD. there are two main exampleS which can be uSeD to highlight thiS.
in 1928 in ruSSia, moiSei ginzburg inveStigateD the poSSible uSe oF Double-Skin SectionS in the communal Service blockS oF the narkomFin houSing builDing, in moScow. ginzburg waS very intereSteD in the technical aSpectS oF winDowS anD how to achieve greater perFormance StanDarDS.
however, there waS then little or no progreSS maDe in Double-Skin FaçaDe conStruction up until the late 70’S anD early 80’S oF the century. the oil criSiS’ oF 1973 anD 1979 haD a poSitive eFFect anD reSulteD in a booSt on the Development rate oF inSulating glazing aS greater awareneSS on energy conSumption became eviDent. many innovative improvementS to the technology were maDe with the introDuction oF low-emiSSivity coating anD inert gaS FilleD cavitieS. in the Same perioD an awareneSS grew on the eFFectS oF external ShaDing, thermal maSS anD the role oF ventilation in relation to builDing perFormance StanDarDS.
During the 90’S there were two main FactorS which began to have a large inFluence oF the proliFeration oF Double-Skin FaçaDeS. the increaSe oF environmental concernS began to inFluence architectural DeSign not only From a technical StanDpoint but alSo Due to political inFluenceS that make ‘’green builDingS’’ a gooD image For corporate architecture. in aDDition the rapiD Development oF SoFtware anD harDware alloweD DeSignerS to carry out highly complex calculationS in orDer to eFFectively DeSign FaçaDeS.
aS a reSult theSe FactorS make Double-Skin FaçaDeS an iDeal option For uSe in high riSe builDingS. typically they are proviDeD with a large buDget anD the aim oF achieving an environmentally FrienDly image. another aSpect which makeS them particularly eFFective with high-riSe builDingS iS the Fact that a Double-Skin FaçaDe allowS winDowS to be openeD DeSpite Strong winD conDitionS incurreD on certain FloorS Due to their height within the builDing.
alSo at the Same time in moScow, le corbuSier waS in the proceSS oF DeSigning the centroSoyuS. the Following year in pariS he woulD then unDertake the DeSign oF la cité De reFuge anD the immeuble clarte. each oF the initial projectS were DeSigneD with le corbuSier concept oF ‘’mûr neutraliSant’’. hiS theory preDicteD that the tranSmiSSion loSSeS anD gainS woulD DiSappear by the circulation oF air at room temperature through the builDing cavity. however hiS SyStem waS DeemeD aS too expenSive anD ineFFicient to builD anD thuS the iDea waS abanDoneD.
DiSSertation conceptFor my technical DiSSertation i have DeciDeD to examine what iS the optimal voiD Depth oF a Double-Skin FaçaDe in a temperate climate. in orDer to carry out an accurate evaluation i have DeciDeD to implement anD examine my FinDingS uSing a propoSeD DeSign carrieD out on hawkinS houSe, hawkinS Street, Dublin two. aS the baSiS For my examination.
i have choSen to apply the Double-Skin FaçaDe to a propoSeD extenSion, ‘‘the Drum’’, on the South FaçaDe oF the hawkinS houSe Development. it iS circular in plan anD iS primarily to be uSeD aS an oFFice Space along with itS location to the South oF the Development i believe thiS iS the moSt Suitable area to examine For my DiSSertation.
there are many methoDS oF claSSiFication oF a Double-Skin FaçaDe. each one iS DepenDent on DeSign principleS Such aS the origin anD Direction oF airFlow, conFiguration anD accorDing to the Form in which the intermeDiate Space iS DiviDeD. however, the principle Factor which DetermineS the FaçaDeS claSSiFication iS accorDing to the DeSireD ventilation Function.there are Four main categorieS aS FollowS:
1. bow winDowS2. ShaFt-box FaçaDeS3. corriDor FaçaDeS4. multi-Storey FaçaDeS
there are many conSiDerationS which muSt be aSSeSSeD when Selecting the methoD oF Double-Skin FaçaDe conStruction. theSe incluDe the Following:
• heat & maSS• natural ventilation• acouSticS• lighting• Fire perFormance• coSt• SuStainability
For the purpoSe oF the DiSSertation i have examineD each oF the available, aS Shown to the right, methoDS oF conStruction in orDer to aSSeSS the Suitability oF each reSpective SyStem For uSe within hawkinS houSe. Due to the nature oF the plan orientation waS a large Factor in aSSeSSing the SyStem to be uSeD. below iS a Sun path analySiS highlighting the eFFect oF the time oF year on the amount oF Sunlight that the propoSeD Double-Skin FaçaDe will receive.
aaron regazzoliDt 175a27/02/2013
what iS the optimal voiD Depth oF a Double-Skin FacaDe?
box winDowSthe box winDow iS one oF the olDeSt FormS oF a Double-Skin FaçaDe.it iS compriSeD oF:
•a Frame with inwarD opening caSementS.•the exterior Single-glazeD Skin containS openingS in orDer to allow the ingreSS oF FreSh air anD the egreSS oF Stale air, anD aS a reSult allowS the ventilation oF both the intermeDiate Space anD the internal roomS.•the intermeDiate Space between the exterior anD interior Skin are either DiviDeD horizontally along the conStructional axiS on or on room-to-room baSiS.•vertical DiviSion occurS aS a reSult oF Separation between StorieS or between inDiviDual winDow elementS.•the concept oF continuouS DiviSion proviDeS protection againSt the tranSmittance oF SounDS anD SmellS between bayS anD roomS.
ShaFt-box FaçaDeSthe ShaFt-box FaçaDe iS a unique variation oF box winDow conStruction with a combination oF a Double-Skin FaçaDe with a multi-Storey cavity anD one with a Single-Storey cavity.it iS compriSeD oF:
•an alternating layout oF box winDowS anD vertical ShaFt componentS.•at each Storey the vertical ShaFtS are linkeD with the aDjoining box winDowS through an airFlow opening•aS a reSult the Stack eFFect DrawS the air From the box winDowS componentS in the vertical ShaFt anD up to the top oF the ShaFt where it iS exhauSteD.•in the Situation where thermal upliFt requireS aDDitional Support, airFlow may be mechanically SuckeD out via (hybriD ventilation) the vertical ShaFtS.
corriDor FaçaDeSin corriDor FaçaDeS the air channelS are SeparateD horizontally at each intermeDiate Floor. it iS compriSeD oF:
•cloSeD intermeDiate SpaceS between both SkinS at the level oF each Floor.•DiviSionS are locateD along the horizontal length oF the corriDor only where it iS requireD For acouStic, Fire-protection or ventilation reaSonS.•the air intake anD extract openingS in the exterior Skin ShoulD be locateD near the Floor anD ceiling reSpectively.•they are uSually poSitioneD in a StaggereD Format From bay to bay in orDer to prevent Stale air extracteD on one Floor entering the Space oF the Floor immeDiately above.
multi-Storey FaçaDeSin a builDing a multi-Storey FaçaDe the cavity iS not SeparateD at each level, it extenDS over the whole height oF the builDing.it iS compriSeD oF:
•the intermeDiate Space iS connecteD vertically anD horizontally by a number oF internal roomS.•in certain caSeS, the Space can extenD arounD the whole builDing without anD intermeDiate SeparationS.•ventilation iS achieveD by large openingS near the grounD Floor anD the rooF reSpectively.•while the air iS heateD, the intermeDiate Space can be cloSeD at both the top anD bottom to exploit the conServatory eFFect anD to optimiSe the Solar-energy gainS.•multi-Storey FaçaDeS are moStly SuiteD where external noiSe levelS are high anD acouStic inSulation iS a key DeSign requirement.
part planScale 1:150
oFFice Space
part SectionScale 1:50
parapet DetailScale 1:20
Floor junctionScale 1:20
Double-Skin baSe DetailScale 1:20
concluSionDue to the orientation oF the Sun anD the nature oF the plan i believe that a multi-Storey Double-Skin FacaDe SyStem may not be the moSt Suitable SyStem For uSe within my DiSSertation aS During perioDS oF the Day a large number oF the glazing will not receive a large amount oF Sunlight. thiS iS an important Factor to conSiDer aS the Stack eFFect iS a key aSpect oF enSuring that a Double Skin FacaDe perFormS SuFFiciently anD with a low amount oF Sunlight at timeS During the Day the Stack eFFect will not take place.
aS a reSult i will not be uSing a multi-Storey Double-Skin FacaDe SyStem within hawkinS houSe aS i Feel it iS not the moSt Suitable methoD oF conStruction available For the purpoSe oF my technical DiSSertation.
SuSpenDeD ceiling SyStem
compoSite claDDing panel
raiSeD Floor SyStem
Fire Stop
external rigiD inSulation
alluminium louvreS
perimeter gutter
StainleSS Steel Structure
oFFice Space
concrete paving SyStem
concrete column
laminateD SaFety glaSS wall SyStem
Double glazeD curtain wall SyStem
StainleSS Steel Structure
textureD aluminium claDDing panel
aluminium louvreS
SpanDrel panel
part planScale 1:150
part SectionScale 1:50
parapet DetailScale 1:20
Floor junctionScale 1:20
Double-Skin baSe DetailScale 1:20
concluSionDue to the orientation oF the Sun arounD hawkinS houSe anD the Shape oF the plan a corriDor Double-Skin FacaDe SyStem may be a Suitable SyStem For uSe within my DiSSertation aS Due to each Storey being DiviDeD anD treateD inDiviDually in coulD be eFFective in utiliSing the Stack eFFect anD woulD be leSS vulnerable to the orientation oF the Sun aS there iS leSS oF an intermeDiate Space.
aS a reSult i think uSing a corriDor Double-Skin FacaDe SyStem within hawkinS houSe may be a Suitable methoD oF conStruction available For the purpoSe oF my technical DiSSertation.
SuSpenDeD ceiling SyStem
compoSite claDDing panel
raiSeD Floor SyStem
Fire Stop
external rigiD inSulation
alluminium louvreS
perimeter gutter
StainleSS Steel Structure
oFFice Space
concrete paving SyStem
concrete column
laminateD SaFety glaSS wall SyStem
Double glazeD curtain wall SyStem
StainleSS Steel Structure
textureD aluminium claDDing panel
aluminium louvreS
SpanDrel panel
part planScale 1:150
part SectionScale 1:50
parapet DetailScale 1:20
Floor junctionScale 1:20
Double-Skin baSe DetailScale 1:20
concluSionDue to the orientation oF the Sun arounD hawkinS houSe anD the Shape oF the plan a ShaFt-box FacaDe SyStem may be a Suitable SyStem For uSe within my DiSSertation aS the bayS which are to be ServeD aS ShaFtS or box unitS reSpectively can be Strategically SelecteD in orDer to obtain the moSt eFFective combination in orDer to combat anD utiliSe the orientation oF the Sun.alSo in termS oF the Stack eFFect the arrangement can enSure a more SucceSSFul Draw which will increaSe the Double Skin FacaDeS overall projecteD perFormance levelS.aS a reSult i think uSing a ShaFt-box Double-Skin FacaDe SyStem within hawkinS houSe may be the moSt Suitable methoD oF conStruction available For the purpoSe oF my technical DiSSertation.
SuSpenDeD ceiling SyStem
compoSite claDDing panel
raiSeD Floor SyStem
Fire Stop
external rigiD inSulation
alluminium louvreS
perimeter gutter
StainleSS Steel Structure
oFFice Space
concrete paving SyStem
concrete column
laminateD SaFety glaSS wall SyStem
Double glazeD curtain wall SyStem
StainleSS Steel Structure
textureD aluminium claDDing panel
aluminium louvreS
SpanDrel panel
part planScale 1:150
part SectionScale 1:50
parapet DetailScale 1:20
Floor junctionScale 1:20
Double-Skin baSe DetailScale 1:20
concluSionDue to the orientation oF the Sun a box SyStem may not be the moSt Suitable SyStem For uSe within my DiSSertation aS During perioDS oF the Day a large number oF the glazing will not receive a large amount oF Sunlight. thiS iS an important Factor to conSiDer aS the Stack eFFect iS a key aSpect oF enSuring that a Double Skin FacaDe perFormS SuFFiciently anD with a low amount oF Sunlight at timeS During the Day the Stack eFFect will not take place.
aS a reSult i will not be uSing a box Double-Skin FacaDe SyStem within hawkinS houSe aS i Feel it iS not the moSt Suitable methoD oF conStruction available For the purpoSe oF my technical DiSSertation.
SuSpenDeD ceiling SyStem
compoSite claDDing panel
raiSeD Floor SyStem
Fire Stop
external rigiD inSulation
alluminium louvreS
perimeter gutter
StainleSS Steel Structure
oFFice Space
concrete paving SyStem
concrete column
laminateD SaFety glaSS wall SyStem
Double glazeD curtain wall SyStem
StainleSS Steel Structure
textureD aluminium claDDing panel
aluminium louvreS
SpanDrel panel
grateD walkway
aluminium louvreS
Double glazeD curtain wall SyStem
intermeDiate Space
laminateD SaFety glaSS curtain wall SyStem
oFFice Space
Double glazeD curtain wall SyStem
intermeDiate Space
laminateD SaFety glaSS curtain wall SyStem
vertical DiviSionoFFice Space
Double glazeD curtain wall SyStem
ShaFt Space
laminateD SaFety glaSS curtain wall SyStem
vertical DiviSion
box FacaDe SyStem
oFFice Space
Double glazeD curtain wall SyStem
laminateD SaFety glaSS curtain wall SyStem
vertical DiviSion
box FacaDe SyStem
grateD walkway
aluminium louvreS
grateD walkway
aluminium louvreS
air intake air extract
propoSeD South elevationScale 1:200
propoSeD ‘‘Drum’’
winter SolStice 09:00 14.00 18.00
autumn equinox 09:00 14.00 18.00
Summer SolStice 09:00 14.00 18.00
Spring equinox 09:00 14.00 18.00
