DO NOW What is matter?

What are elements?

What is the periodic table used for?

OBJECTIVES

To list the different elements found in living things.

To explain what bonds are used for.

To determine the different functions of the 4 macromolecules as well as water in the body.

“HOW CELLS FUNCTION”Chapter 2

A. ELEMENTS AND MATTER

What is matter? i. anything that has mass and takes up

space

A. ELEMENTS AND MATTER

i. All living and non-living things can be broken down into different elements.

ii. Elements: pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means.

PERIODIC TABLE ACTIVITY

Get a red, blue, and green colored pencil Make a key at the bottom of the paper with

the 3 colors. For the following elements shade in the

chemical symbol RED, the atomic number BLUE, and the atomic mass GREEN Oxygen, Carbon, Nitrogen, Hydrogen, Calcium,

Phosphorus

 

PERIODIC TABLE INFORMATION Atomic number-

tells us the # of protons (and electrons)

Symbol- unique for each element.

Atomic Mass- # of protons and neutrons

C612.02

A. ELEMENTS AND MATTER

iii. Each element has it’s own set of properties.Ex: Oxygen

Colorless Odorless gas

B. ELEMENTS IN THE BODY

i. Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Calcium Phosphorus 19 others

B. ELEMENTS IN THE BODY

ii. Can be found as a pure element or as a compound.**

Compound: atoms of 2 or more elements joined together by chemical bonds. Ex: H2O (has both elements hydrogen and

oxygen in it)

C. ATOMS

Elements are made up of atoms

i. Atom: smallest unit of an element that still retains the properties of that element.

C. ATOMS

Building blocks of matter Contain 3 parts

Protons: positively charged, contain mass

Neutrons: no charge, contain mass

Electrons: negatively charged, insignificant mass

+

-

DO NOW

What is a compound?

Give an example

Name 3 elements found in our body.

What are the 3 parts of an atom and where are they located?

OBJECTIVES

To understand why our bodies undergo chemical reactions.

To list and describe the different macromolecules found in our bodies.

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Why do we need chemical reactions?

ii. Chemical Reactions: bonds between atoms are broken or formed to make different molecules in the body. Broken bonds release energy Formed bonds store energy

+ ATP

(energy)

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Baking soda + Vinegar 2 Chemical Reactions

1. HC2H3O2 + NaHCO3 NaC2H3O2 + H2CO3

2. H2CO3 H2O + CO2

=LOTS OF BUBBLES ( carbon dioxide)

LETS WATCH…

DEMO

WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT ENZYMES!

-Specialized proteins that act as “catalyst” (speeds up a reaction)

- Usually end in “ase”

-Not consumed in the reaction

WHAT DO THEY DO?

HOW DO THEY WORK?

A substrate fits in the active site of an enzyme. This forms an enzyme substrate complex.

They then break or form bonds.

ENZYMES CONTINUED

Anything that changes the shape of the active site stops the enzyme from working.

Ways to denature an enzyme: pH Temperature

HOW DO THEY WORK??

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTUm-75-PL4

ENZYMES IN LIVER

In our cells, hydrogen peroxide is a produced as a by-product:PoisonousWould kill our cells if not broken down or

removed right awayCatalase: breaks down hydrogen peroxide

into water and oxygen

2H2O2                2H2O + O2

Catalase

QUICK!

Label the parts of the reaction:

DO NOW

What are acid and bases?

What foods do you know of are acidic?

What foods are basic?

Why is it important to know the pH of a substance?

OBJECTIVES

SWBAT: Identify substances as an acid, base, or neutral

Draw a pH scale and place substances according to it’s pH value

Explain what happens during a neutralization reaction

Explain and describe the difference between various mixtures.

6.3 SOLUTIONS

Solution = A Liquid mixture in which the solute dissolved in a solvent.

Ex. Hot Chocolate (Water and Coco Powder)

Solute- Substance that is dissolved in solvent. Ex. Coco Powder

Solvent- Substance that the solute dissolved in. Ex. Water

How do things dissolve?Polar Covalent Bond: Slight Positive and

negative charges Ex. H2O

Non-Polar: Do not dissolve in water Ex. Lipids and Fats

MIXTURES

What is the difference?

MIXTURES

Homogeneous – Has a uniform composition throughout (a.k.a solutions) Ex: Air

Heterogenous- components remain distinct. Ex: Fruit Loops

ACIDS AND BASES pH- Measure of concentration of hydrogen ions in a

solution

Acids- Release Hydrogen Ions (H+). Tastes Sour. Ex: HCl

Bases- Release Hydroxide Ions (OH-). Taste Bitter. (a.k.a Alkaline) Ex: NaOH

Neutral – Number of H+ = Number of OH+

pH Paper: Indicates the number of H+ ions by means of a number value. Litmus Paper:

Red: Stays red in a Acid Turns Blue in a Base

Blue: Stays Blue in Base Turns Red in Acid

BUFFERS

Buffers are mixtures that can react with acids or bases to keep the pH within a particular range. (We want to keep our body fluids at a pH of

6.5-7.5. Why do you think that is?)

NEUTRALIZATION REACTIONS

When an acid and a base react to form water and a salt. It’s “Neutralized”

NaOH + HCl ---- H2O + NaCl - “Salt” positive/negative ion.

Na+ OH- H+ Cl-

MACROMOLECULES

Macro= BIG

4 different macromolecules all doing a different job in our body!

A. CARBOHYDRATES

Give us energy!! Made up of C, H, O

A. CARBOHYDRATES

Types of Carbs: Simple: sugars like glucose, fructose, galactose

Monosaccharides and Disaccharides Ex: cookies, candy,

Complex: starches, glycogen, cellulose (fiber) Polysaccharides Ex: potatoes, leafy vegetables

MonosaccharideDisaccharide

Polysaccharide

B. LIPIDS (FATS, OILS, WAXES) Store energy, insulation, protection

Made up of C,H,O

Contain a glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains Fats are hydroPHOBIC- do not dissolve in

water.

B. LIPIDS (FATS, OILS, WAXES) Types:

Saturated: solid fat, BAD FOR YOU, comes from animals Ex: lard, butter, fat on steak or chicken

- Unsaturated: liquid, better for you, comes from vegetables Ex: vegetable oil, peanut oil, canola oil

- Trans: Worst type of fat- Mostly Man-made- Raises bad cholesterol, lowers good

DO NOW What are carbohydrates used in our bodies for?

Name some examples of foods containing carbohydrates.

What are lipids used in our bodies for?

Name examples of foods that contain both saturated and unsaturated fats.

OBJECTIVES To understand why we need protein in our diet.

To explain the function of nucleic acids in our bodies.

To understand how water provides a medium for chemical reactions in our body.

C. PROTEIN Growth, repair, enzymes,

transport

Made of C,H,O,N, and sometimes sulfur

Structure is repeating amino acids Body makes some, we must

EAT to get others. Order of amino acids tells

the protein what job it has.

D. NUCLEIC ACIDS Holds genetic information!!

Made up of C,O,H,N,P

Structure is repeating nucleotides

D. NUCLEIC ACIDS

Types: DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid (the blueprints for

our cells)

RNA: ribonucleic acid (helps take the blueprints and make protein)

E. WATER

Chemical reactions take place in water!!

Known as the “universal solvent” because it dissolves things. Ex: lemonade, kool aid, etc.

Made up of 2 hydrogen and 1 oxygen

E. WATER

Makes up 70% of your body mass

Cannot dissolve lipids (fats), our membranes are made up of lipids

WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?

DO NOW

Please hand in your Enzyme Web Quests into the bin!

Then Answer:What monomers make up proteins?

What part of their structure make each one different?

Why are proteins so important?

What is the purpose of nucleic acids? What are the three types?

YAY LAB!!

DO NOW

Please grab 5 colored pencils

Then answer: What kind of information can be found on a

nutritional label on food products?

FOOD LABELS Ingredients are listed in descending

order. First 2-3 listed, are the main ingredients.1st ingredient makes up the largest portion.

Manufacturers are required to list the amount of saturated and trans fats. Voluntarily can put the amount of

unsaturated fats.

40 Calories is LOW 100 Calories is MODERATE

400+ Calories is HIGH

FINDING TOTAL CALORIES

1g Fat = 9 cal 1g Carbs= 4 cal 1g Protein= 4 cal

*FDA allows about 20% discrepancy on food labels.

CALORIES FROM FAT

1g Fat = 9 cal

*Calories from fat are rounded to the nearest 10 calorie increment.

% of calories from fat:

Calorie from fat

Total Calorie 100%

% DAILY VALUE

Amount Given Recommended Amount

*No % DV for protein because it is not a concern.

*No % DV for Trans fats, but suggested amount is

less than 1%

*Have yet to come up with a % DV for sugar.

100%

DO NOW

How do we find the number of total calories?

What about % Daily Value?

BIOLOGICAL MOLECULE VIDEO!!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8WJ2KENlK0