D Internet Myiemorgmy Iemms Assets Doc Alldoc Document 1337 JURUTERA Nov'11

XYP-2009

GECA 08-2007

Environmentally

Innovative Products

Delivering:

3 November 2011 JURUTERA

CONTENTS

COVER NOTE

Sustainability Through EE&C and RE Easier Said Than Done? 5

COVER STORY

Making Eorts in Sustainability Count 6

FEATURE ARTICLES

Understanding Energy Eciency and Energy Saving Devices 12

Microbial Fuel Cell: Transforma"on of Wastewater to Green Energy 18

Potable Water Quality Characteris"cs 21

Cra#ing Leaders of Tomorrow through Young Engineers ASEAN

Federa"on of Engineering Organiza"ons (YEAFEO) 28

ENGINEERING DIGEST 31

SAFE TEA TIME

Establishing the Line 33

FORUMS

Highlights of the IEM-IET Energy Conference 2011 (IIEC 2011) 35

Gathering of Views and Opinions on Seismic Inves"ga"ons in Peninsular Malaysia -

Report on the IEM Workshop on Earthquake (Part 2) 44

Applica"on of Eurocode 7 to a Pile Founda"on Design:

Solu"on to Example 2.3 Pile Founda"on in S" Clay and Discussion 53

GLOBE TREKKING

CCTV Headquaters from an Architectural Dream to Reality 57

PINK PAGES

Professional Interview 59

Press Statement / Building Fund 60

PROPOSED FUTURE THEMES

December 2011Green Technology and Sustainable Agricultural

and Food Production

(Submission by October 1, 2011)

January 2012IEMs Outreach Programme

(Submission by November 1, 2011)

February 2012Marine and Naval Architecture

(Submission by December 1, 2011)

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THE INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS, MALAYSIA,

Bangunan Ingenieur,

Lots 60 & 62, Jalan 52/4, P.O. Box 223 (Jalan Sultan),

46720 Petaling Jaya, Selangor.

Tel: +(603) 7968 4001/4002 Fax: +(603) 7957 7678

Email: [email protected] or [email protected]

IEM Website: h"p://www.myiem.org.my

2011 The Ins!tu!on of Engineers, Malaysia (IEM) and

Dimension Publishing Sdn. Bhd.

PUBLICATION DISCLAIMER

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and they disclaim any duty to inves!gate any products, process, services, designs

and the like which may be described in this publica!on. The appearance of any

informa!on in this publica!on does not necessarily cons!tute endorsement

by IEM and Dimension. There is no guarantee that the informa!on in this

publica!on is free from errors. IEM and Dimension do not necessarily agree

with the statement or the opinion expresssed in this publica!on.

COPYRIGHT

JURUTERA Bulle!n of IEM is the ocial magazine of The Ins!tu!on of Engineers,

Malaysia (IEM) and is published by Dimension Publishing Sdn. Bhd. The Ins!tu!on

and the Publisher retain the copyright over all materials published in the magazine.

No part of this magazine may be reproduced and transmi"ed in any form or stored

in any retrieval system of any nature without the prior wri"en permission of IEM

and the Publisher.

COVER NOTE


Sustainability Through EE&C and RE Easier Said Than Done?

by Ir. Mah Soo,

Advisor, Electrical Engineering Technical Division

Number 11, November 2011 IEM Registered on 1 May

MAJLIS BAGI SESI 2011/2012 IEM COUNCIL SESSION 2011/2012

YANG DIPERTUA / PRESIDENT:

Ir. Chen Kim Kieong, Vincent

TIMBALAN YANG DIPERTUA / DEPUTY PRESIDENT:

Ir. Choo Kok Beng

NAIB YANG DIPERTUA / VICE PRESIDENTS:

Ir. Prof. Dr Ruslan bin Hassan, Y.Bhg. Dato' Ir. Hj. Abdul Rashid bin Maidin, Ir. Lee Weng Onn,

Ir. P.E. Chong, Y.Bhg. Dato' Ir. Lim Chow Hock, Ir. Prof. Dr Wan Mahmood bin Wan Abdul Majid,

Ir. Yim Hon Wa

SETIAUSAHA KEHORMAT / HONORARY SECRETARY:

Ir. Prof. Dr Lee Teang Shui

BENDAHARI KEHORMAT / HONORARY TREASURER:

Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Chiang Choong Luin, Jerey

WAKIL AWAM / CIVIL REPRESENTATIVE:

Ir. Gunasagaran a/l Kristnan

WAKIL MEKANIKAL / MECHANICAL REPRESENTATIVE:

Y.Bhg. Dato' Lt. Gen. (R) Ir. Ismail bin Samion

WAKIL ELEKTRIK / ELECTRICAL REPRESENTATIVE:

Ir. Mohd. Aman bin Hj. Idris

WAKIL STRUKTUR / STRUCTURAL REPRESENTATIVE:

Ir. Yam Teong Sian

WAKIL KIMIA DAN DISIPLIN LAIN / CHEMICAL AND OTHERS REPRESENTATIVE:

Ir. Razmahwata bin Mohamad Razalli

WAKIL LAINLAIN DISPLIN / REPRESENTATIVE TO OTHER DISCIPLINES:

Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Cheong Kuan Yee

WAKIL MULTIMEDIA / MULTIMEDIA REPRESENTATIVE:

Ir. Noor Iziddin Abdullah bin Hj. Ghazali

AHLI MAJLIS / COUNCIL MEMBERS:

Ir. Prof. Dr Lee Sze Wei, Ir. Tuan Hj. Mohd. Ali bin Yuso, Ir. Yee Yew Weng, Ir. Mah Soo, Ir. Dr Ahmad

Anuar bin Othman, Ir. Kok Yen Kwan, Ir. Yau Chau Fong, Ir. Wong Chee Fui, Ir. Mohd. Khir bin

Muhammad, Y.Bhg. Dato' Ir. Hj. Mohd. Isa bin Hj. Sarman, Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Marlinda bin! Abd. Malek,

Ir. Zainuddin bin Mohammad, Ir. Lai Kong Phooi, David, Y.Bhg. Dato' Ir. John Chee Shi Tong, Ir. Gopal

Narian Ku"y, Ir. Tan Yean Chin, Y.Bhg. Dato' Ir. Ahmad Murad bin Hj. Omar, Ir. Ng Shiu Yuen, David, Ir. Kim

Kek Seong, Ir. Chong Chew Fan, Ir. Dr Tan Kuang Leong, Ir. Lau Yuk Ma, June, Ir. Dr Norlida bin! Buniyamin,

Ir. Ishak bin Abdul Rahman, Ir. Hoo Choon Sean, Y. Bhg. Dato Ir. Samsuddin bin Ismail

AHLI MAJLIS / COUNCIL MEMBERS !BY APPOINTMENT":

Dato' Ir. Hj. Mohamad bin Hj. Husin, Ir. Abdul Ghani bin Hashim, Ir. Abdullah bin Isnin

BEKAS YANG DIPERTUA TERAKHIR / IMMEDIATE PAST PRESIDENT:

Y.Bhg. Academician Dato' Ir. Prof. Dr Chuah Hean Teik

BEKAS YANG DIPERTUA / PAST PRESIDENTS:

Y.Bhg. Dato' Ir. Pang Leong Hoon, Y.Bhg. Academician Dato' Ir. (Dr) Hj. Ahmad Zaidee bin Laidin, Ir. Dr Gue

See Sew, Y.Bhg. Datuk Ir. Prof. Dr Ow Chee Sheng, Y.Bhg. Dato' Paduka Ir. Prof. (Dr) Keizrul bin Abdullah

PENGERUSI CAWANGAN / BRANCH CHAIRMAN:

1. Pulau Pinang Ir. Ng Sin Chie

2. Selatan Ir. Mohd. Khir bin Muhammad

3. Perak Ir. Chan Hoong Mun

4. Kedah-Perlis Ir. Hor Tek Lip

5. Negeri Sembilan Ir. Mohammed Noor bin Abu Hassan

6. Kelantan Ir. Hj. Roslan bin Abdul Azis

7. Terengganu Ir. Mohd. Azmi bin Ali

8. Melaka Ir. Mohd. Khalid bin Nasir

9. Sarawak Ir. Tan Khiok Chun, Alan

10. Sabah Ir. Lo Chong Chiun

11. Miri Ir. Ting Kang Ngii, Peter

AHLI JAWATANKUASA INFORMASI DAN PENERBITAN /

STANDING COMMITTEE ON INFORMATION AND PUBLICATIONS 2011/2012:

Pengerusi/Chairman: Y. Bhg. Dato' Ir. Hj. Abdul Rashid bin Maidin

Naib Pengerusi/Vice Chairman: Ir. Prof. Dr Lee Sze Wei

Se!ausaha/Secretary: Ir. Lau Tai Onn

Ketua Pengarang/Chief Editor: Ir. Prof. Dr Lee Sze Wei

Pengarang Bule!n/Bulle!n Editor: Ir. Ong Guan Hock

Pengarang Prinsipal Jurnal/Principal Journal Editor: Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Marlinda bin! Abdul Malek

Pengerusi Perpustakaan/Library Chairman: Ir. CMM Aboobucker

Ahli-Ahli/Commi"ee Members: Ir. Yee Thien Seng, Ir. Tan Yean Chin, Ir. Chin Mee Poon,

Ir. Prof. Dr Mohd. Saleh bin Jaafar, Ir. Hj. Look Keman bin Sahari, Ir. Mohd. Khir bin Muhammad,

Ir. Yee Yew Weng, Y. Bhg. Datuk Ir. Prof. Dr Ow Chee Sheng, Ir. Cheong Loong Kwong, Allen,

Ir. Prof. Dr Arazi bin Idrus, Ir. Tey Choo Yew, Calvin, Engr. Abi Soan bin Abdul Hamid,

Engr. Shuhairy bin Norhisham, Engr. Abul Aswal bin Abdul La!

IEM Secretariat: Nor Aziah Budin, Nurul Aida Mustafa

THE INSTITUTION OF ENGINEERS, MALAYSIABangunan Ingenieur, Lots 60 & 62, Jalan 52/4, P.O.Box 223, (Jalan Sultan),

46720 Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan.

Tel: 603-7968 4001/4002 Fax: 603-7957 7678

E-mail: [email protected] Homepage: h"p://www.myiem.org.my

JURUTE

ENERGY Eciency and Conserva!on (EE&C) has been

advocated since 1979 with the formula!on of the Na!onal

Energy Policy to ensure adequacy, security and cost-

eec!veness of energy supply, promote ecient u!lisa!on

of energy and to minimise nega!ve environmental impacts in

the energy supply chain. Though numerous eorts to promote

EE&C have been implemented by numerous government

agencies, these have yet to have a signicant impact on the

cri!cal of the mass popula!on in realising the achievable

poten!al benets of EE&C, despite, the publica!on of MS

1525 and EE&C Guidelines.

Recently, NST reported that our Prime Minister Y.A.B.

Datuk Seri Najib Tun Abdul Razak, at the Green Technology

and Clima!c Change Council mee!ng on 11 August 2011, had

directed the Chief Secretary to the Government to issue a

circular to all Government agencies requiring them to observe

the ruling that air-condi!oners in all government buildings be

set at no lower than 240C and incandescent bulbs be replaced

with energy-saving lights. Later at the press conference, the

Minister of KeTTHA said that the governments long term

plan was to ensure that this ruling be extended to companies

and hotels upon implementa!on of the Energy Eciency

and Conserva!on (EE&C) Act which is expected to come into

eect in 2013.

On Renewable Energy (RE), the recently approved

Renewable Energy Act 2010 has increased the target of RE

genera!on from 350MW by 2010 to 985 MW by 2015.

The tendency to set high goals and strive for excep!onal

results seems to be the order of the day. This is completely

opposite to the approach advocated by Kaizen of taking small

steady steps of con!nual improvement based on the mantra

li"le drops of water makes a mighty ocean.

Whichever approach one takes, an achievable outcome

is most important. Will pure passion, will and commitment

suce in our quest for energy eciency and conversa!on?

The ul!mate test lies ahead and the stakes are high.

IEM EETD has taken the cue from recent events to organise

the IIEC 2011 Interna!onal Conference with the theme

Sustainable Solu!ons for Energy U!lisa!on to address

sustainability jointly with IET as part of IEMs contribu!on

towards na!onal interests. During this interna!onal

conference, dis!nguished speakers from both Malaysia and

many other countries will deliberate on sustainable solu!ons

for energy u!lisa!on in the EE&C, RE and Green Technology

sectors.

We hope that this event will receive good support from

both IEM and IET, having memberships of about 25,000 (IEM)

and about 150,000 worldwide (IET) respec!vely, to make this

event a success. n

6 JURUTERA November 2011

COVER STORY

Making Efforts In Sustainability Count

ALMOST every country around the world has be-

gun to pay more attention to the issue of sustainabil-

ity. Yet, how many of us are aware of what the word

truly means? The most popular definition of sustain-

ability can be traced to a 1987 UN conference which

defined sustainable developments as those that

"meet present needs without compromising the abil-

ity of future generations to meet their needs".

JURUTERA approached Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Vigna

Kumaran Ramachandaramurthy, Chairman of The

Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET), Ma-

laysia Network; Ir. Lee Kok Chong, Chairman of the

Electrical Engineering Technical Division (EETD) of

IEM; and Mr. Anthony Tan Kee Huat, Executive Director of the

Centre for Environment, Technology and Development, Malay-

sia (CETDEM) to obtain their take on Malaysias efforts to ad-

dress the issue.

Ir. K.C. Lee was first asked to comment on the govern-

ments commitment to encourage and pursue sustainable

practices. Ir. K.C. Lee said, Our government has begun to

give priority to issues concerning sustainability. Even the Eco-

nomic Transformation Programme has allocated a substantial

amount for the development of green technology, renewable

energy and green buildings. The country also has to strive to

achieve its target of a 40% reduction in carbon dioxide emis-

sions by 2020.

He added that IEM, as a learned society, has a duty and re-

sponsibility to educate and create awareness among its mem-

bers on how the country can achieve this target. One of IEMs

most recent efforts was the IEM-IET Energy Conference (IIEC

2011), organised by the Electrical Engineering Technical Divi-

sion (EETD) of IEM, together with The Institution of Engineer-

ing and Technology (IET), Malaysia Network.

Themed Sustainable Solutions for Energy Utilisation, the

conference was attended by more than 300 local and overseas

participants who listened to speakers who shared their experi-

ences, research and study findings, and views on wide-rang-

ing topics such as energy efficiency and conservation, power

quality, green technologies, renewable energy, energy policies,

best practices and case studies.

Ir. K.C. Lee, who was the chairman of the conference to-

gether with co-chairman Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Vigna, said, IIEC

2011 brought together both international and national experts

and policymakers to discuss on the relevance and importance

of energy in the context of a sustainable future. He added that

a technical exhibition was also held concurrently with the con-

ference to highlight the latest design solutions and application

of sustainable solutions for energy utilisation.

Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Vigna pointed out that one of the objec-

tives of the conference was to disseminate information on gov-

ernment policy to the engineers. He said, We invited speakers

who explained the governments policy on sustainability, and

talked about the latest initiatives and renewable energy devel-

opment. We also invited energy policy experts from the United

Kingdom, Sri Lanka, Taiwan and Indonesia to share about the

sustainable energy policy in their respective countries.

He pointed out that Malaysia needed to learn from and ex-

change information with other countries that are ahead of us.

He said, For example, the UK has got an energy plan until

2050, which is something Malaysia does not have. We need

a more comprehensive plan as we only have the Renewable

Energy Act that will only last until 2020.

According to Ir. K.C. Lee, the IIEC 2011 had focused on

disseminating government policy, uncovering the latest en-

gineering and technical advancements, revealing the latest

discoveries in renewable energy, and even creating business

opportunities. He said, In fact, Dato Ir. Donald Lim Siang

Chai, Deputy Finance Minister, in his opening address, had

by Ms. Suvarna Ooi

(Connued on page 9)

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COVER STORY

encouraged IEM to organise similar

conferences in the future. He also

urged the institution to provide con-

stant feedback to the government to

assist them in their efforts to establish

the best policy for the country.

Ir. K.C. Lee also observed that

Malaysian engineers, in general, were

really keen to learn and explore the

issue of sustainable development. He

encouraged the engineers to attend

more talks, seminars, courses, train-

ing programmes and conferences or-

ganised by IEM in order to broaden

their knowledge on the subject. He

would also like to see them come forward to collaborate with

IEM on projects in this area.

He pointed out that IEM is also currently preparing a Posi-

tion Paper on Alternative Energy for Power Generation, which

is led by Ir. Ali Askar bin Sher Mohamad. He explained that the

position paper will take into consideration all kinds of alterna-

tive energy.

In addition, Ir. K.C. Lee strongly believes that now is the

right time to set up a Sub-Committee within IEM to look into ar-

eas such as green technology and renewable energy. He said,

Currently, IEM does not have a subcommittee looking into

these areas. And we need to establish one solely dedicated to

this because there is a lot to do and it would be too much for

any one of the existing Technical Divisions to handle.

He added that IEM could play an important role in the for-

mation of such a Sub-Committee as the latter might consist

of representatives from the various Technical Divisions and

should consider allowing members from any Technical Division

to participate in its activities if they have the interest to do so.

The Sub-Committee, through an advisory panel, could also

offer consultancy services to the government and the private

sector, which includes conducting energy audits on buildings

to help building owners reduce their energy cost.

Ir. K.C. Lee said, The government can lead the way by

making all government buildings energy efficient, followed by

the private sector. This way, we will eventually have an en-

ergy efficient society and achieve the nations target of re-

ducing its carbon emission by 40%. Imagine the impact if

only every household could save just 10% of its energy cost.

Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Vigna said, Sustainability has now be-

come a global issue. And although Germany is quite advanced

in this area, the rest of the world is working hard to catch up. In

Malaysia, we have the Green Building Index (GBI) and strong

representation from various organisations in championing the

issue.

He added, As a nation, we are making good progress as

the government has offered numerous incentives and financial

assistance to kickstart the sector. IEM will also be playing its part

by contributing articles on the subject to be published in local

dailies soon as part of its direct outreach program to educate

the public.

Ir. K.C. Lee explained that some of the incentives that have

been offered by the government include income tax exemption

for green technology investments, import duty exemption of

green technology, as well as setting up of a RM3 billion fund to

be dispersed as loans for the development of green technology.

At the same time, the government has also recently launched

the SAVE program to encourage members of the public to make

the switch to energy-efficient electrical appliances. Several local

town councils, for instance, have been encouraging green build-

ing development within their own localities.

CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENT, TECHNOLOGY

AND DEVELOPMENT, MALAYSIA (CETDEM)

According to Mr. Anthony Tan, CETDEM has been promoting

sustainable development for many years. Founded in 1985,

CETDEM is an independent, non-profit, training, research,

consultancy, referral and development organisation. It is com-

mitted to improving environmental quality through the appro-

priate use of technology and sustainable development.

Ir. Assoc. Prof. Dr Vigna Kumaran

Ramachandaramurthy

Chairman of The Instuon of

Engineering and Technology (IET),

Malaysia Network

Ir. Lee Kok Chong

Chairman of the Electrical

Engineering Technical Division

(EETD) of IEM

Mr. Anthony Tan Kee Huat

Execuve Director of the Centre

for Environment, Technology and

Development, Malaysia (CETDEM)


COVER STORY

Between 2003 to 2006, CETDEM managed a proj-

ect funded by the UNDP Global Environmental Facility

(GEF) to raise awareness of urban Malaysians towards

the potential for sustainable energy usage through en-

ergy efficiency and renewable energy. The ABC Proj-

ect, which began in April 2003, involved about 238

homes in five towns across Malaysia, namely, Petaling

Jaya, Ipoh, Kuantan, Kuching and Kota Kinabalu.

He said, In this project, we were able to guide

them to act on reducing their energy consumption,

thus reducing their ecological footprints in terms of re-

ducing greenhouse gas emissions. Those involved in

the project completed energy audits on their homes,

which gave them an idea of how much energy was be-

ing consumed in the home.

Tan mentioned that, in the same year, CETDEM

also launched the WCPJ Project, also known as the

Working with the Community on Energy Efficiency at

Household Level in Petaling Jaya Project, which was

designed as a follow through of the ABC Project and

was funded by ExxonMobil Malaysia.

He said, For this project, CETDEM worked with

the Resident's Associations (RAs) through, what was

then known as the Majlis Perbandaran Petaling Jaya

(MPPJ), to identify participating households. The se-

lect group of 50 to 60 participants were exposed to

issues relating to energy usage in the home and high-

lighted on the importance of being efficient users of

energy. An energy audit was also carried out by each

household.

In 2009, CETDEM decided to spread its message

on energy efficiency and conservation practices in

schools. Again with funding from ExxonMobil Malay-

sia, CETDEM launched the Secondary School Energy

Efficiency Action Project (SSEEAP), which focused on

promoting energy efficiency to students, teachers and

staff to reduce their energy consumption in schools.

Tan said, Our latest effort is the launch of the Sus-

tainable Development Initiatives (SUDI), an indepen-

dent think tank under CETDEM that will focus specifi-

cally on sustainable development issues. Launched on

1 August 2011, SUDI will bridge the huge information

gap between the various stakeholders.

He explained that, among others, the objectives

of SUDI will include facilitating the success of a com-

prehensive green development policy; providing the

government, energy-related companies, media, and

other stakeholders an independent assessment of the

energy and sustainable development-related issues;

and promoting the use of genuine green technology as

one of the ways to make the transition to sustainable

industrial development.

Some of the areas that SUDI will focus on include

low-carbon development options; creating a more

concerted and strategic approach to green technolo-

gies; and intensifying energy efficiency and renewable

energy efforts especially in the industrial and transport

sectors. n

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FEATURE


1. WHAT IS ELECTRICAL ENERGY?

Electricity is the flow of electrical power or charge. It is

both a basic part of nature and one of our most widely used

forms of energy. Electricity is actually a secondary energy

source, also referred to as an energy carrier. That means

that we get electricity from the conversion of other sources

of energy, such as coal, nuclear or solar energy. These are

considered primary sources of energy. The energy sources

we use to make electricity can be renewable or non-

renewable, however, electricity itself is neither renewable

nor non-renewable.

Before electricity became available over 60 years ago,

houses in Malaysia were lit using kerosene lamps, food

was cooked with wood-burning or coal-burning stoves

and clothes were hand washed. There were no electrical

lighting, rice cookers or washing machines. Despite its

great importance in our daily lives, few of us probably stop

to think what life would be like without electricity. Like air

and water, we tend to take electricity for granted. We use

electricity to carry out many tasks for us every day, from

lighting, heating and cooling our homes to powering our

television sets and computers.

In Peninsular Malaysia, electrical power is partially

generated, transmitted and distributed by Tenaga

Nasional Bhd (TNB). The latter constructs power plants,

transmission networks, underground cables, overhead

lines and substations to ensure electrical power is delivered

to customers.

2. UNDERSTANDING ENERGY COST

At the end of every month, the amount of electrical energy

consumed by a customer is recorded by an energy meter.

An electricity or energy meter is a device that measures

the amount of electrical energy consumed by a residential

home, business, industry or an electrically powered device.

Electricity meters are typically calibrated in billing units, the

most common one being the kilowatt-hour (kWh). Periodic

readings of an electricity meters establish the billing cycles

and energy consumed during a cycle. The term kWh refers

to the amount of energy consumed by a customer. The cost

of energy consumption is then determined based on the

existing energy tariff. This cost is also termed as energy

cost and is applicable to all categories of customers.

Electrical energy (kWh) =

Electrical power (kW) x duration (hours) (1)

Energy cost (RM) = Electrical energy (kWh) x Cost per unit (2)

Example:

Electrical energy consumed 100kWh

Cost per unit RM0.23/kWh

Energy cost 100kWh x RM0.23/kWh=RM23.00

There are also other costs, i.e. demand cost and power

factor surcharges, that will not be discussed in this article.

It is important to note that this definition of energy is based

on kWh and is only applicable in Malaysia and some parts

of the world. Some countries define energy based on the

total apparent energy or kVAh. The equation that shows the

relationship between all the electrical power components is

shown in Equation (3).

(3)

Note: kVA = Apparent Power, kW

= Active or True Power and kVar =

Reactive Power

3. UNDERSTANDING ENERGY

EFFICIENCY

Efficient energy use, sometimes

simply called energy efficiency,

is the goal of efforts to reduce

the amount of energy required to

provide the same products and

services. For example, installing

fluorescent lights or natural

skylights reduces the amount of

Understanding Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving Devices

by Ir. Dr Mohamed Fuad bin Faisal

Figure 1: A TNB substaon Figure 2: An example of an energy meter

FEATURE


energy required to attain the same level of illumination

compared to using traditional incandescent light bulbs. The

reason for this is because compact fluorescent lights use

less energy compared to incandescent lights. Improvement

in energy efficiency is most often achieved by enhancing

the awareness of the users, improvement in maintenance

procedures and adopting more efficient technology.

There are various motivations to improve energy

efficiency. Reducing energy use reduces energy costs

and may result in cost savings to consumers if the energy

savings offset any additional costs of implementing an

energy efficient technology. Reducing energy use is

also seen as a key solution to the problem of reducing

emissions. According to one international study, improved

energy efficiency in buildings, industrial processes and

transportation could reduce the world's energy needs in

2050 by one third, and help control global emissions of

greenhouse gases [1].

Look around your house. There are simple things you

can do to save money on your electricity bill. Choosing

energy efficient products is one of the smartest ways

for consumers to reduce energy use and help prevent

greenhouse gas emissions. A household that buys energy

efficient equipment instead of standard new equipment can

substantially reduce carbon dioxide emissions over the

lifetime of the products.

Energy efficient products also save money. When we

receive our monthly electricity bill, many of us think there

is little that we can do to reduce our monthly costs besides

adjusting our air conditioners. However, this is not true! The

products you select can significantly affect that monthly bill.

You can reduce your energy bill by about 10% to 20% when

you purchase energy efficient products. Common product

labels for energy efficiencies are shown in Figure 5.

Lastly, the most simple action plan to achieve energy

efficiency and energy savings is simply to switch off all

electrical appliances whenever they are not needed.

Some equipment still consumes electricity whilst in sleep

or standby mode, for example, computers, television

decoders, DVD players, etc.

4. DISCUSSION ON ENERGY SAVING DEVICES

Recently, many products defined as Energy Saving

Devices (ESD) have been made available to homeowners

in Malaysia. Many of the advertisements for such devices

can be found posted at various rest areas (R&R) along the

highways and selected shopping complexes. An example

is shown in Figure 7. Two sample units of ESD are shown

in Figure 8.

Figure 3: Incandescent lamp Figure 4: Fluorescent lamp

Figure 5: Energy eciency labels for household products

Figure 7: Example of a misleading adver!sement on an energy saving device

Figure 6: Sample ads to remind users to switch o the lights when not in use

Figure 8: Two brands of ESDs

a) Brand X b) Brand Y

FEATURE


4.2 ESD Type B (based on voltage minimisation technique)

The second type of ESD operates by switching the incoming power on

and off very quickly, thus reducing the average effective voltage (i.e.

it decreases the effective height of the sine wave (See Figure 9). So,

instead of the standard 230 volts being supplied from the power outlet,

fewer volts actually arrive at the equipment terminals. While less power

is truly being consumed during a fixed time interval, the appliance is not

receiving the amount of power it was designed and intended to receive.

These ESDs are marketed under various brand names. They are

simple to use into the power socket inserted into the power socket

and, according to the advertisements, can help reduce ones monthly

electricity bill. However, do these devices actually work?

Overall, there are two basic designs for ESD, neither of which has

proven to provide cost savings when used under normal conditions.

4.1 ESD Type A (application of a capacitor unit)

The first type of ESD is designed to correct the lagging power factor that

gets introduced when an inductive load, i.e. a motor, is placed on the

power supply (See Figure 9). In Figure 9, the current lags the voltage.

The power factor is calculated based on Equation 4. The ESD will then

provide reactive power as a means of correcting that lagging power

factor.

(4)

Unfortunately, many of us assume that Power (kilowatt) = Volts x Amps.

That is not true when you are dealing with alternating current (AC), where

Power (kilowatt) = Volts x Amps x Power Factor.

The capacitance provided by the ESD actually increases the power

factor, even though the current goes down. So, the number of kilowatts

being used remains almost unchanged. Figure 10 shows the power triangle

which depicts the relationship of the power components in Equation 3.

Adding a capacitor will reduce the reactive power (VAR) and improve

the power factor. However, the true power or watts remains the same.

Therefore, the net savings in RM (based on kWh) will be negligible.

The ESDs shown in Figure 8 are classified as ESD Type A. Examples

of tests carried out on these devices are shown in Figure 11.

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Figure 9: Current lags voltage Figure 10: Power triangle

FEATURE


To compensate for the fact that it has been

"short-changed", the appliance must often

simply run longer to perform its intended task.

A good example is to imagine a window fan

that is suddenly being forced to run at medium

speed instead of high speed; it simply will not

cool the room as effectively. So once again, the

net savings for motors running at the normal

load is negligible. Minimal savings may occur

for some appliances if their motors are being

greatly underutilised, such as a refrigerator that

is opened only once a week. Lamps would also

be slightly dim when this type of ESD is applied.

The testing performed on these ESD has

revealed that all of these devices do not promote

energy (kWh) savings. Conceptually, the

principles behind these devices make sense,

but the reality of a controlled test environment

has shown that they are generally not worth the

investment.

5. A PRACTICAL GUIDE ON ENERGY

EFFICIENCY

There are several good guidelines on imple-

menting practical energy efficiency pro-

grammes. For commercial and industrial cus-

tomers, it is recommended that they refer to the

Code of Practice for Energy Efficiency of Elec-

trical Installations developed in Hong Kong.

a) Capacitance test for 3-phase ESD

c) Energy saving test

Figure 11: Sample tests for ESDs

(Connued on page 16)

b) Current injecon test

d) Capacitance test for 1-phase ESD

FEATURE


This guideline aims to set out the minimum requirements on energy effi-

ciency of electrical installations. It forms part of a set of comprehensive Build-

ing Energy Codes that address the energy efficiency requirements in building

services installations. Designers are encouraged to adopt a proactive ap-

proach to exceed these minimum requirements.

6. CONCLUSION

The intention of this article is to provide basic information related to energy

efficiency and ESDs. One of the main reasons why there is still a demand for

ESDs is because most consumers have an insufficient working knowledge of

electricity. Some ESDs with a simple voltage reduction technique can save

energy partially, but have limited application since there is usually a reduction

in output such as lower lighting levels or less shaft horsepower. These devices

typically chop the voltage sine wave to achieve a voltage reduction. Other

devices only reduce the reactive power but not watts. Since customers pay

according to watts or kilowatt-hours consumed, there may be little or no savings

to gain. Reducing reactive power also helps to improve the power factor but

does reduce kWh, therefore it does not minimise ones energy cost. n

REFERENCE:

[1] Sophie Hebden (22-6-2006). "Invest in clean technology says IEA report". Scidev.net.

23

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15

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3 9 11

89 9

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10

11

10 9

10

4 13

10 11

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IMPORTANT NOTICE

MEMBERSHIP RENEWAL REMINDER 2012

Candidates applying to sit for the Professional Interview (PI) for IEM Corporate Membership are required to submit a copy of

their Training and Experience Report together with their application. Please note that this requirement will take effect from 1

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Effective from 1 August 2010, defaulting members in arrears of subscription will be considered as suspended members with all

benefits removed. Consequently, these members will not be allowed to attend free talks and will be charged the non-member's

fee at the entrance. They will also not be entitled to register for visits/courses/seminars/conferences and any paid event of the

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To avoid this, all IEM members are advised to settle their annual subscriptions on time and the deadline for payment

is 31 January 2012.


1SUDOKU Centerpiece "1"by Mr. Lim Teck Guan

Fill in the remaining 80 squares with single digits 1-9

such that there is no repeat of the digit in every Row,

Column and Block. The number at the top left hand

corner of the dotted cage indicates the total for the digits

that the cage encompasses.

For tips on solving, visit www.1sudoku.com.my

Twin Tree Publishing

(Solution is on page 59 of this issue.)

FEATURE


INTRODUCTION

Malaysia has been depending on oil, coal and natural gas as

sources of energy for the countrys economic progress and

the nations development. However, there are rising concerns

on the scarcity of these resources as well as the detrimental

effects they can have on the environment. Realising this,

Malaysia is looking into other sources of energy to meet

the nations energy needs and moving towards renewable

energy for a more sustainable source. Several policies on

energy, as shown in Figure 1, were developed to ensure

sustainable development of the nation.

The focus on renewable energy was introduced through

the 5th Fuel Policy where alternative sources, such as

solar, solid waste and biomass were proposed to be utilised

as energy generators. This paper highlights an innovative

method of generating renewable energy through the

Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) technology.

MICROBIAL FUEL CELL

Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) constitutes a new approach

for electricity generation and wastewater treatment. It is

similar to a Chemical Fuel Cell (CFC) as both cells convert

chemical energy into electricity. However, the major

difference lies in the catalyst used to speed up the oxidation

process. A CFC uses an elemental catalyst to accelerate

the process while the MFC uses live bacteria to catalyse

the fuel oxidation (Seop et al., 2006).

MFC is a bioreactor which converts chemical energy

into electrical energy through catalytic reactions of

microorganisms under anaerobic conditions (Kim et al.,

2007). It is also a promising technology in wastewater

treatment as it can address the issue of bioenergy and

wastewater treatment concurrently with reduction in

sludge production (Moon et al., 2006). Treating wastewater

using MFC can reduce the amount of sludge production

substantially due to the fact that only a small fraction of

the energy is consumed by the microorganisms for growth

(sludge production) whereas a large fraction is used for

bioenergy conversion (Kim et al., 2007).

A typical MFC consists of an anode and a cathode

chamber. The organic matter from the substrate or

wastewater which is placed in the anaerobic anode chamber

is oxidised by the bacteria, causing electrons and protons

to be generated in the process. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the

oxidation product. The resulting electrons are transferred

to the electrode of the anode chamber and subsequently

to the electrode of the aerobic cathode chamber via an

external resistor while the protons are diffused through

a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM). This transfer of

electrons is caused by the difference in potential between

the two electrodes. Oxygen reduction which takes place at

the cathode utilises the electrons, protons and oxygen to

produce water.

The oxidation and reduction equations are as follows :

(CH2O)n + nH

2O nnCO

2 + 4ne- + 4nH+ (Anode:Oxidation Reaction)

4e- + 4H+ + O2 2H

2O (Cathode : Reduction Reaction)

The end results of the overall reaction is the degradation of

the organic matter and the production of electricity (Seop

et al., 2006).

At the anode chamber, the substrate acts as the electron

donor (ED) while the anode (electrode) is the electron acceptor

(EA). At the cathode chamber, the cathode (electrode) is the

electron donor whereas the oxygen is the electron acceptor.

The electron transfer process is shown in Figure 2.

Microbial Fuel Cell: Transformation of Wastewater to Green Energy

by Puan Satira Hambali and

Prof. Sr. Ir. Dr Suhaimi Abdul Talib

Figure 1: Naonal Policies on Energy

NATIONAL ENERGY

POLICY, 1979

NATIONAL DEPLETION

POLICY, 1980

FOUR FUEL DIVERSIFICATION

POLICY, 1981

FIFTH FUEL POLICY

8TH MALAYSIA PLAN

(2001 - 2005)

RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY

10TH MALAYSIA PLAN

(2011 - 2015)

FEATURE


MICROBIAL METABOLISM IN MFC

Microbial metabolism is the process in which the

microorganisms gain energy required for living and

reproduction. There are various types of metabolism routes

that can be used by the microorganisms. In an MFC, the

electron transport involves the transfer of electrons from

the substrate in the anode chamber to the final electron

acceptor in the cathode chamber. Since electron transport

chains are redox processes, therefore, two sets of

redox couple are required (electron donors and electron

acceptors). For example, if NADH is the electron donor and

O2 is the final electron acceptor, the redox couples are NAD/

NADH and O2/H

20. Not every combination of electron donor-

acceptor is thermodynamically possible. Therefore, in order

to obtain a thermodynamically favourable combination of

donor-acceptor, the redox potential of the acceptor must be

more positive compared to the redox potential of the donor.

Table 1 shows the redox potential for selected organic

and inorganic redox couples compared to the Standard

Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) potential at pH7.

From Table 1, the oxidation potential for oxygen is +820

mV which indicates that oxygen has the highest oxidation

potential. This explains why most MFCs cathodes are

abiotic (no electrolyte). Only in the absence of oxygen that

other electron acceptors are utilised.

ABIOTIC CATHODES VS. BIOCATHODES Cathodes which use oxygen as the terminal electron

acceptor are known as abiotic cathodes. Oxygen is the

most frequently used for an MFC mainly because of its high

redox potential, plentiful in the air, readily available and only

produces water as the end product, making it sustainable

to the environment. However, due to poor oxygen reduction

kinetics, abiotic cathodes need to employ a catalyst to

overcome the problem. The most common type of cathode

catalyst for oxygen reduction is platinum. Nevertheless,

the application of platinum is limited as it is expensive,

especially if it is to be applied on a large scale basis. As a

result, researchers are now embarking on the concept of

applying biocathodes in MFCs.

Biocathodes basically means utilising bacteria as

catalyst for the cathode instead of platinum. Unlike abiotic

cathodes which are half biological as wastewater is being

placed only in the anode chamber, biocathodes are fully

biological due to the fact that wastewater is being used

in both chambers as electrolytes. The main advantage of

biocathodes over abiotic cathodes is the low operational cost

for not having to use platinum as the cathode catalyst. As

a substitute for the platinum, wastewater which is available

in abundance will be used as a catholyte to provide the

biocatalyst needed for the electron transfer. Biocathodes

can be classified as aerobic or anaerobic biocathodes,

depending on the terminal electron acceptor.

For aerobic biocathodes, oxygen will be invariably used

as the terminal electron acceptor. On the other hand, for

anaerobic biocathodes with the absence of oxygen, other

electron acceptors (NO3-, NO2-, SO4-, CO2, fumarate) will be

used, depending on which electron acceptors are available.

APPLICATION OF MFC Generally, all types of wastewater can be used as substrate

for an MFC. Table 2 shows some of the examples of

wastewater that have been reported in the literature.

Figure 2: Schemac diagram of a typical two-chamber MFC

(Source: Du et al., 2007)

Types of Wastewater Researcher

Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Cheng et al., 2010

Brewery Wastewater Zhang et al., 2009

Chocolate Industry Wastewater Patil et al., 2009

Starch Processing Wastewater Lu et al., 2009

Confectionery Wastewater Sun et al., 2009

Swine Wastewater Min et al., 2005

Municipal Wastewater Liu et al., 2004

Table 2 : Examples of organic wastewater used as electrolytes in the

anaerobic anode chamber of MFCs

Oxidation/Reduction Pair E0 (mV)

CO2/Glucose -430

H+/H2

-420

NAD/NADH -320

CO2/Acetate -280

S0/H2S -280

S0/HS- -270

CO2/CH

4-240

SO4

2-/H2S -220

Pyruvate2-/Lactate2- -185

Methylene Blue Ox/Red

+11

Fumarate2-/Succinate2- +31

Thionine Ox/Red

+64

Ubiquinone Ox/Red

+113

O2/H

2O

2+275

NO3-/NO2- +421

NO2-/NH4

+ +440

O2/H

2O +820

Table 1: MFC electrode redox pair and corresponding redox potenals

(Source: Du et al., 2007)

FEATURE


In Malaysia, the use of POME as electrolytes for the MFC would be

of great potential. The nature of POME which has a very high organic

load and abundance in terms of volume makes it a suitable source of

substrate (electrolyte) for MFCs. Utilising POME in MFCs would not only

generate electricity but at the same time treat the wastewater with a

much lesser sludge.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that MFCs can be categorised as green technology

for energy generation as it does not bring harmful effects to the

environment. In addition, it helps in reducing the existing environmental

problem by utilising POME as electrolytes for the MFC. However,

this technology is considered still at its early stage in Malaysia. The

Research and Development (R&D) on this technology needs to be

greatly enhanced so that it can be adopted in the near future. n

REFERENCES:

[1] Seop, C.I.; Moon, H.; Bretschger, O.; Jang, J.K.; Park, H.I.; Nealson, K.H. and Kim,

B.H. Electrochemically Acve Bacteria (EAB) and mediator-less microbial fuel

cells. J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2006, 16(2), 163-177.

[2] Kim, B.H.; Chang, I.S. and Gadd, G.M. Challenges in microbuel fuel cell develop-

ment abd operaon. Appl. Microbial. Biotechnol. 2007, 76, 485-494.

[3] Moon, H.; Chang, I.S. and Kim, B.H. Connuous electricity producon from ar-

cial wastewater using a mediator-less microbial fuel cell. Bioresource Techno-

logy, 2006, 97, 621-627.

[4] Du, Z.; Li, H. and Gu, T. A state of the art review on microbial fuel cells: A prom-

ising technology for wastewater treatment and bioenergy. Biotechnology Ad-

vances. 2007, 25, 464-482.

[5] Cheng, J.; Zhu, X.; Ni, J. and Borthwick, A. Palm oil mill euent treatment using

a two-stage microbial fuel cells system integrated with immobilized biological

aerated lters. Bioresource Technology. 2010, 101, 2729-2734.

[6] Zhang, B.; Zhao, H.; Zhou, S.; Shi, C.; Wang, C. and Ni, J. A novel UASB-MFC-BAF

integrated system for high strength molasses wastewater treatment and bio-

electricity generaon. Bioresource Technology. 2009, 100, 5687-5693.

[7] Pal, S.A.; Surakasi, V.P.; Koul, S.; Ijmulwar, S.; Vivek, A.; Shouche, Y.S. and

Kapadnis, B.P. Electricity generaon using chocolate industry wastewater and

its treatment in acvated sludge based microbial fuel cell and analysis of de-

veloped microbial community in the anode chamber. Bioresource Technology.

2009, 5132-5139.

[8] Lu, N.; Zhou, S.; Zhuang, L., Zhang, J. and Ni, J. Electricity generaon from starch

processing wastewater using microbial fuel cell technology. Biochemical Engi-

neering Journal. 2009, 43, 246-251.

[9] Sun, J.; Hu, Y.; Bi, Z. and Cao, Y. Improved performance of air-cathode single-

chamber microbial fuel cell for wastewater treatment using microltraon

membranes and mulple sludge inoculaon. Journal of Power Sources. 2009,

187, 471-479.

[10] Min, B.; Kim, J.R.; Oh, S.E.; Regan, J.M. and Logan , B.E. Electricity generaon

from swine wastewater using microbial fuel cell. Water Research, 2005, 39,

4961-4968.

[11] Liu, H.; Ramnarayanan, R. and Logan. B.E. Producon of electricity during

wastewater treatment using a single chamber microbial fuel cell. Environ. Sci.

Technol. 2004, 38, 2281-2285.

Note: Authors are currently based in the Instute for Infrastructure Engineering and

Sustainable Management, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universi Teknologi MARA,

(UiTM), 40450 Shah Alam and could be contacted at [email protected]

or [email protected]

FEATURE


Note : NV = No visible oatable materials or debris NOT = No objeconable taste

INTRODUCTION

All living organisms on this planet are dependent on water

either as a place of habitat or for drinking. Humans are not

excluded from this rule, where the body, depending on size

is said to consist of between 55% to 68% water. To maintain

proper hydration, the human body needs approximately

one to two liters of water per day, which is more or less

equivalent to six glasses [1]. To cater for this need in the

modern era, facilities are built to treat raw water sources

before it is distributed to the general population.

In Malaysia, the most tapped raw water source are

rivers, which are technically under the jurisdiction of the

respective state governments [2], supported by federal

agencies as ascribed in the constitution. Most water

treatment plants employ conventional treatment systems,

that typically consist of filtration (such as sand filtration),

coagulation and flocculation, disinfection (chlorination) and

flouridisation. As development becomes more rampant, river

water quality degradation also becomes more widepsread,

consequentially broadening the spectrum of contaminants.

Conventional treatment systems, at times, are not able

to remove these contaminants and as a result they might

enter the distribution and supply network. To manage this

problem, the Environmental Quality Act, 1974, prescribes

more stringent regulatory compliance for wastewater

discharging premises located upstream of a water intake

point [2]. That being so, not all contaminants are covered

under the Act, therefore the risk of contamination cannot

be totally eradicated. This fact is more so true in this era of

climatological and morphological change, where rivers are

more susceptible to contamination [2].

If the quality factor is taken into account, relative to the

National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) for Malaysia

(Tables 1 and 2), the expected water stress for potable

supply would be even higher than what it is today, particularly

in view of ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3

-N) levels. Rivers in

Malaysia are known to be affected by NH3

-N pollution from

sewage contribution [3]. The NWQS prescribes a Class

IIA/IIB water source as being suitable for conventional

treatment, whereas a Class III water source requires

advanced treatment [4]. The Class II NH3

-N levels stipulates

the constituent to not be more than 0.3 mg/l, although in

practice, some water service providers practice a cut-off

point of 1.5 mg/l (Class IV).

Potable Water Quality Characteristics

by Emeritus Prof. Dato Wira Ir. Dr Mohd.

Noor Salleh and Ir. Zaki Zainudin

Parameter Unit

Classes

I IIA IIB III IV V

Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N) mg/l 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.9 2.7 > 2.7

BOD5

mg/l 1 3 3 6 12 > 12

COD mg/l 10 25 25 50 100 > 100

DO mg/l 7 5 - 7 5 - 7 3 - 5 < 3 < 1

pH 6.5 - 8.5 6.5 - 9.0 6.5 - 9.0 5 - 9 5 - 9 -

Color TUC 15 150 150 - -

Electrical Conductivity S/cm 1000 1000 - - 6000 -

Floatables NV NV NV - - -

Salinity ppt 0.5 1 - - 2 -

Taste NOT NOT NOT - - -

Total Suspended Solids mg/l 25 50 50 150 300 300

Temperature C - Normal + 2C - Normal + 2C - -

Turbidity NTU 5 50 50 - - -

Fecal Coliform counts/100ml 10 100 400 5000 (20000)a 5000 (20000)a -

Total Coliform counts/100ml 100 5000 5000 50000 50000 >50000

Table 1 : Excerpt of the NWQS

FEATURE

22 JURUTERA November 2011 (Connued on page 24)

Fortunately, NH3

-N itself is not considered to be a toxic

substance, though it does emit a pungent odor, as in the

case of the 2006 and 2010 contamination at two treatment

plants in Selangor [5]. Despite this, NH3

-N may still react

with chlorine from the disinfection process to produce

chloroamines [6].

TURBIDITY AND TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS

Sediment load contribution on the other hand, has led to

murky river conditions in various watersheds as illustrated

in Figure 1. The contamination typically originates from

agricultural runoff (e.g. palm oil), irrigation, logging and

land-clearing activities [2]. Water quality parameters that

are used to gauge the clarity of water include turbidity (ex-

pressed in terms of nephelometric turbidity units or NTU)

and total suspended solids (TSS, expressed in mg/l).

There is usually a correlation between these two parame-

ters and water service providers are most concerned when

turbidity in the raw water source exceeds 50 NTU, which

of course corresponds to the threshold of the NWQS.

Providers typically target an NTU < 1 at post-treat-

ment, though this varies from region to region and be-

tween providers. Low turbidity (hence TSS), does not only

ensure a desirable clarity of the water for supply but also

ensures maximum disinfection potency. Elevated turbidity

may incur risk of transmitting gastrointestinal diseases, as

viruses or bacteria can become attached to the suspend-

ed solid [7]. The suspended solids also interfere with the

disinfection process as the particles can shield microbes

from the chlorine compund and even from ultraviolet (UV)

sterilisation [7].

That being so, taking turbidity and TSS as the only two

constituents for consideration in potable water supply is in-

adequate, as there are a myriad to other parameters which

also have a direct bearing towards public health.

PATHOGENS

Water-borne pathogens usually incur short-term health

impacts towards consumers due to bacterial and sometimes,

viral infection. Microorganisms like these are naturally

present in the environment though usually at low levels,

which is also why the NWQS recommends disinfection by

boiling for a Class I water source [4]. Contamination may

occur as a result of fecal input from animals or domestic

sewage contamination. Relevant bacterial parameters

water quality assessment include total coliform, fecal

coliform, E. coli, Gardia lamblia and Enterocci. Coliforms

are measured in units of either cfu (coliform forming units)

or MPN (most-probable number) where the former entails

direct counting of microbe colonies on a Petri dish whereas

the latter utilises a statistical method of quantification based

on the number of positives from test tube analyses [8]. E.

coli bacterium is not necessarily pathogenic (depending

on the strain) but can be considered to be an indicator of

pathogenic contamination.

The O157 strain produces

a potent toxin which can cause

severe diarrhoea and in some

cases renal failure and death [9].

Giardia lamblia is a parasite that

colonises and reproduces in the

small intestine, causing diarrhoea

and fever [10]. The source of the

parasite are primarily fecal such

as untreated sewage sources or

from animal grasing. Enteroccoci

or more specifically, E. faecalis

can cause endocarditis and

bacteremia, urinary tract infections

(UTI) and meningitis [10]. The state

of Hawaii, in the USA, only tolerates

7 cfu/100ml of the constituent to

be present in surrounding coastal

waters (for recreational use), above

which the state will post health

warning for patrons to stay out of

the water [11].

Class Definition

I Conservation of natural environment.

Water supply I - Practically no treatment necessary (except by

disinfection or boiling only).

Fishery I - Very sensitive aquatic species.

IIA Water supply II - Conventional treatment required.

IIB Fishery II - Sensitive aquatic species.

III Recreational use with body contact.

IV Water supply III - Extensive treatment required.

V Fishery III - Common of economic value, and tolerant species;

livestock drinking.

Table 2 : NWQS class denions

Figure 1: Streams with elevated turbidity and TSS (a) Sungai Tinggi (Sungai Selangor) (b) Sungai Belatop,

Cameron Highlands (c) Sungai Dua Canal, Pulau Pinang

FEATURE


In Malaysia, disinfection is usually done via chlorination,

though there are also other methods, like membrane filtration,

reverse osmosis and ozonation.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Besides the above physical and bacteriological considerations,

there are a wide variety of other chemical constituents which

should also be considered in potable water usage; this includes

nitrate (typically measured as NO3 or NO

3-N). Nitrate contamination

in surface water bodies originate from fertilizers such as ammonium

nitrate, similar processing facilities or waste dumps [12]. If the

contaminated water is consumed (above 10 mg/l of NO3

-N) by an

infant, expecting or breastfeeding mother, a condition known as

blue baby syndrome may arise as a consequence of decreased

oxygen carrying capacity in the infants blood. Although elevated

levels of nitrate are more commonly anticipated in groundwater

sources [13], there have been cases in Malaysia where severely

high nitrate levels in rivers have been observed. One such river

is Sg. Bongkok (Figure 2), in Gurun, Kedah where NO3

-N levels

were observed to be between 27 to 210 mg/l [14]; correspondingly,

NO3

-N levels were also elevated here, between 2.59 to 27.51 mg/l.

Fortunately the water is not used for domestic supply though local

potable consumption cannot be entirely ruled out.

Typical metal constituents that come under scrutiny in water

quality assessment include arsenic (As), copper (Cu), cadmium

(Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni). Exposure to these

Figure 2 : Sungai Bongkok (Gurun, Kedah)

(Connued on page 26)

FEATURE


heavy metals (such as through consumption) over a long-period of time,

will propogate tissue build-up and potentially incur long-term health

effects including stomach pain, nausea, diarrhea, partial paralysis,

numbness in hands and feet, blindness, thickening and discoloration of

the skin, cancer, renal failure, liver cirrhosis and hair loss [10]. Landfills

and metal industries are the usual suspects for heavy metal contribution,

particularly those located upstream of a water intake.

An infamous heavy metal contamination case involved the small

town of Hinkley, in the Mojave Desert of California, USA. Hexavalent

chromium, otherwise known in chromium (VI), percolated into the aquifer

layer of the area, apparently due to wastewater discharge from Pacific

Gas and Electric (PG&E) [16]. The current average chromium (VI) levels

in Hinkley average around 1.19 ppb with a peak of 3.09 ppb, compared

to the California health goal of 0.06 ppb [16]. Interestingly, since then,

further studies have shown that chromium (VI) contamination in US cities

is quite widespread as 89% of tap water samples in 35 cities, showed the

constituent to be above the targeted health goal [17].

Pesticide is a composite term used to describe a collection of

chemical constituents used to kill pests, largely in an agricultural setting

that can enter the water column, either through runoff or irrigation [12].

Herbicides and insecticides are two types of pesticides most widely used

in agriculture. Chemical classes of pesticides include organochlorine,

carbamate, organophosphorus and chlorophenoxy compounds [18].

Organochlorine pesticides such as aldrin or dieldrin, chlordane, DDT,

heptachlor and hexachlorobenzene are persistent and have high potential

for bioaccumulation that can incur carcinogenic effects, disturbance of

the reproductive system, disruption of the immune system and even

cause damage to DNA structure [10].

As Malaysia is the second largest palm oil producer in the world,

the usage of these pesticides have long been assumed to be rampant,

though not many comprehensive studies pertaining to their presence

and transformation (metabolites) in the water column have been done.

More worrying, encroachment of riparian zones (river reserves) in palm

oil plantations removes vegetation which help natural phytoremediation

[2]. Pesticide usage in vegetable farms in Cameron Highlands is also

assumed to be widespread, though not much is known about their levels

and distribution in the watercourses. This is quite critical as there are

several potable water intake points located in that area, not to mention

the water is also used by the local Orang Asli. The NWQS lists a wide

array of tolerable pesticide levels that should not be exceeded for potable

supply and consumption.

TRACE CONTAMINANTS

Recent research developments have revealed that other contaminants at

trace levels also need to be given consideration in potable water usage.

These contaminants extend beyond the conventional part per million

(ppm) range and requires measurement at either the part per billion

(ppb) or part per trillion scale. Examples of such contaminants include

trihalomethanes (THMs) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS).

Trihalomethanes are a by-product of chlorination in the water treatment

disinfection process where chlorine reacts with organic matter to produce

THMs such as chloroform, bromoform, bromodichloromethane and

dibromochloromethane [19]. Long term exposure to THMs, may result in

adverse health effects towards the central nervous system, liver, kidneys

and heart [10]. In fact, chloroform is regarded as a probable human

carcinogen by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA).

In view of this, the agency recommends no more than 80 ppb of THMs to

be present in treated water [20].

FEATURE


PFOS is a global pollutant commonly found in the

metal plating, textile, paper and paint industries [21]. The

contaminant is thought to incur a wide range of health

effects, such as being an endocrine disruptor and induce

hypertension in pregnant women. Some studies have also

indicated that the constituent increases risk of attention

deficit disorder (ADHD) [21]. The US EPA recommends

no more than 0.2 g/l of PFOS [21] to be present in

water intended for consumption. PFOS is also commonly

associated with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), as they

typically originate from the same source and incur similar

health effects. In 2009, the US EPA set a provisional health

advisory for limiting PFOA at 0.4 g/l [22].

CONCLUSION

The above are only a select few of constituents and

parameters that affect drinking water quality. There are

a myriad of other contaminants which also need to be

controlled and assessed before a water source can be

deemed as safe and fit for human consumption. As we

progress towards becoming a developed nation, the

amount of pollution and spectrum of constituents will

also increase, potentially compromising on the quality

of our drinking water. The relevant authorities and

service providers must be up to the mark in facing these

challenges, to ensure that our raw water sources are of

good quality for potable use. n

REFERENCES:

[1] BBC Health. hp://www.bbc.co.uk/health/treatments/healthy_

living/nutrion/index.shtml. Retrived on 5 September 2011.

[2] A. R. A. Baginda and Z. Zainudin. Keynote Paper : Moving Towards

Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM) in Malaysia. Instu-

on of Engineers Malaysia (IEM), Proceedings, 11th Annual IEM

Water Resources Colloquium, ISBN 978-967-5048-46-3., 2009.

[3] H. Abu Hasan, S. R. Sheikh Abdullah, S. K. Kamarudin and N. T.

Koi. Problems of Ammonia and Manganese in Malaysian Drink-

ing Water Treatments. World Applied Sciences Journal 12 (10):

1890-1896, 2011 ISSN 1818-4952.

[4] Department of Environment Malaysia, Development of Water

Quality Criteria and Standards for Malaysia, 1985.

[5] D. Singh and C. Fernandez. The Star Online : Semenyih

plant closed due to high levels of ammonia. Date of ar-

cle : 8 September 2010. hp://thestar.com.my/news/story.

asp?sec=naon&le=/2010/9/8/naon/6999878. Retrieved on :

5 September 2011.

[6] L. F. Yee, M. P. Abdullah, S. Ata, A. Abdullah, B. Ishak and K. Nid-

zham. Chlorinaon and Chloroamines Formaon. The Malaysian

Journal of Analycal Sciences, Vol 12, No 3 (2008): 528 535.

[7] J. W. Stephens. Simultaneous Removal Of Waterborne Bacteria

And Total Suspended Solids Using An Anmicrobial Media In A

Crossow Filter System. CTI Journal, Vol. 31, No. 2.

[8] M. L. Davis and D. A. Cornwell. Introducon to Environmental En-

gineering. (3rd ed.). New York : McGraw Hill Press, 1998.

[9] H. Karch, P. Tarr and M. Bielaszewska. Enterohaemorrhagic Es-

cherichia coli in human medicine. Internaonal Journal of Medical

Microbiology 295 (6-7): 40518.

[10] Oxford textbook of Medicine, Fourth Edion, Volume 1. Oxford

University Press pp.759-760 ISBN 0192629220, 2003.

[11] Clean Water Branch. Hawaii State Department of Health. Re-

trieved 7 September 2011.

[12] Z. Zainudin, Z. A. Rashid and J. Jaapar. Agricultural Non-Point

Source Modeling in Sg. Bertam, Cameron Highlands using QUAL2E.

Malaysian Journal of Analycal Sciences. 13(2), 170-184, 2009.

[13] B. T. Crolla and C.R. Hayes. Nitrate and water supplies in the

United Kingdom. Environmental Polluon Volume 50, Issues 1-2,

1988, Pages 163-187.

[14] UKM Pakarunding. Environmental Impact Assessment and Quan-

tave Risk Assessment for Plant Debolenecking in Gurun, Ke-

dah. Submied to Department of Environment Malaysia.

[15] O. Kaplan, N. C. Yildirim, N. Yildirim and N. Tayhan. Assessment of

Some Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Samples of Tunceli, Turkey.

E-Journal of Chemistry hp://www.e-journals.net 2011, 8(1), 276-

280, ISSN: 0973-4945.

[16] Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board. PG&E Hinkley

Chromium Cleanup. hp://www.swrcb.ca.gov/rwqcb6/water_is-

sues/projects/pge/index.shtml. California Environmental Protec-

on Agency. Retrieved on 7th September 2011.

[17] Environmental Working Group. Chromium-6 Is Widespread in US

Tap Water. hp://www.ewg.org/chromium6-in-tap-water. EWG

webpage, retrived on 7 September 2011.

[18] New Jersey Department of Health. Pescides in Drinking Water.

Division of Environmental and Occupaonal Health Consumer and

Environmental Health Services, August 1998.

[19] A. B. Lindstrom, J. D. Pleil and D. C. Berko. Alveolar breath sam-

pling and analysis to assess trihalomethane exposures during

compeve swimming training. Environ. Health Perspecve, 105

(6), 636-642, 1997.

[20] United States Environmental Protecon Agency (US EPA). Naonal

Primary Drinking Water Regulaons: Disinfectants and Disinfec-

on Byproducts Noce of Data Availability. Fed. Reg. 40 CFR Parts

141 and 142.

[21] J. Alexander, G. A. Auunsson, D. Benford, A. Cockburn, J. P.

Cravedi, E. Doglio$, A. Di Domenico, M. L. Fernndez-Cruz, J.

Fink-Gremmels, P. Frst, C. Galli, P. Grandjean, J. Gzyl, G. Heine-

meyer, N. Johansson, A. Mu$, J. Schlaer, R. van Leeuwen, C. van

Peteghem and P. Verger. Peruorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), per-

uorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and their salts : Scienc Opinion of

the Panel on Contaminants in the Food chain. The EFSA Journal

(2008) 653, 1-13.

[22] S. Finn. Bush EPA sets so-called safe level of C8 in drinking water.

West Virginia Public Broadcasng. hp://www.wvpubcast.org/

newsarcle.aspx?id=7516. Arcle retrieved on : 7 September

2011.

FEATURE


Note: Young Engineers ASEAN Federaon of Engineering Organizaons (YEAFEO) represent the Young Engineers of the naonal engineering

organisaons under the umbrella of the ASEAN Federaon of Engineering Organizaons (AFEO), and comprise members engaged in the common

professional pursuit of engineering who are aware of the important role of engineering in the advancement of the social, economic, and industrial

development in the ASEAN Region. In December 2010, in Hanoi, Vietnam, YEAFEO had their 17th meeng where leaders of YEAFEO shared their views

on cra!ing the leaders of tomorrow.

HOW WOULD YOU DESCRIBE THE DEVELOPMENT OF

ENGINEERS AS LEADERS IN YOUR COUNTRY?

A1- Engr. Shuhairy: In terms of leadership development of

young engineers, IEM has provided a platform with many

opportunities for all young engineers in Malaysia. The IEM

Young Engineers Section (YES) has eight IEM branches,

namely, YES Kedah/Perlis, YES Penang, YES Perak, YES

Southern, YES Sarawak, YES Miri, YES Sabah as well as

YES Terengganu, which was formed last year. The branches

have provided ample opportunities for young engineers to

develop their leadership skills. Committee members of

YES are also invited to become part of the working team

of the IEM committee. This creates the opportunity for

young engineers to learn from senior engineers in terms of

organising projects and activities.

A2- Guzman: Engineering professionals in the

Philippines have grown tremendously in the past decade,

especially in the fields of mechanical and electronics

and communications engineering. This clearly provides

support for the countrys drive for development - building

new structures, expanding major structural investments

catering mostly to residential and commercial progress,

and the construction of transportation linkages to various

areas from central Metropolitan Manila. The engineering

curriculum in universities have adapted significantly well

with the changing times and developments globally and

within the region which enables and promotes a strong

engineering pool of talent for the country and abroad. There

are also a number of homegrown, strong, technical leaders

from various fields who have become widely recognised

across the globe.

A3- Toyama: In my field, there are no special developments

to distinguish a leader from any other engineers. With that

in mind, an active engineer should attend seminars which

are organised by the discipline of IPEJ (The Institution of

Professional Engineers, Japan) or any other associations.

IPEJ provides a platform to develop ones leadership

skills.

A4- Ir. Razali: A leader should have the aspiration to

organise activities that are needed by the organisation.

In FAM-PII, leading the young engineers organisation

is quite different. In this case, the young engineers are

still in the process of becoming professional engineers.

So leadership development in this organisation should

include activities that contribute to the development of

young engineers to the professional level.

Engr. Shuhairy Norhisham

Chairman Graduate and StudentsYoung Engineers Section

Rina Marie Guzman

Past Executive Secretary and External Affairs Director of the Young Engineers

of the Philippines (YEP)

Atsushi Toyama

Young Engineer,

The institution of Professional Engineers, Japan

Ir. Razali Astaman Sigit

Head of Construction Service Department Forum Anggota Muda Persatuan

Insinyur Indonesia (FAM-PII)

Crafting Leaders of Tomorrow through Young Engineers ASEAN Federation of Engineering Organizations (YEAFEO) by Engr. Mah Way Sheng and

Engr. Shuhairy Norhisham

FEATURE


ARE THERE ANY SPECIAL PROGRAMMES FOR YOUNG ENGINEERS IN

THE YOUNG ENGINEERS ORGANISATION IN YOUR COUNTRY?

A1- Engr. Shuhairy: In Malaysia, specifically IEM YES, we have organised a

series of talks on the Route to Professional Engineers. Besides this, we also try

to promote the Route to PE Club, which meets once a month for updates and to

have a question and answer session with the professional interview committee.

IEM has also introduced a logbook scheme to support young engineers with

specific mentors.

A2- Guzman: We have many conferences, conventions, symposia and

technical sharings that are held throughout the whole year and organised by

12 Accredited Professional Organizations (APO) in the Philippines, which are

member organisations of the Young Engineers of the Philippines (YEP). The

most recent event is the IECEP 60th National Convention from 7 to 10 December

2010 at the SMX Convention Center, Pasay City, which was attended by

senior engineers, young engineers, students and businessmen of the industry.

An upcoming event is being organised by the Young Geodetic Engineers of

the Philippines to celebrate their first yGEP-NCR Seminar entitled, Breaking

Grounds. We are also working on beefing up our membership through these

APOs from the results of the Licensure Examinations which is held annually, or

sometimes bi-annually, for each field of engineering. Of course, we do not want

to take the fun out of being young engineers. We also organise social events

such as the Bowling Tournament of the Society of Metallurgical Engineers, and

other similar activities.

A3- Toyama: I am now an engineer in training, and studying to be a Professional

Engineer (PE). There is an executive committee within IPEJ which monitors the

growth and development of an engineer in training and associate PEs. There

is also a portfolio within IPEJ that develops and implements a programme for

young or associate professional engineers.

A4- Ir. Razali: In Indonesia, especially in FAM-PII, we work as closely as we can

with the industry in order to familiarise more young engineers with knowledge of

the industrys technology. We believe that all young engineers should have two

elements of knowledge; one in the form of a university education and the other

from the industry. These two elements should combine in FAM PII.

DO YOU FORESEE A BRIGHT FUTURE FOR YOUNG ENGINEERS IN

YOUR COUNTRY WITHIN THE NEXT 10 YEARS?

A1- Engr. Shuhairy: The challenges that young engineers face today will be

different from those in the future. The competition among engineers in the world

has created a new era for future young engineers leaders. With the rise of new

challenges and focus areas such as green technology and nuclear energy, there

is clearly a need for a different style of management in engineering. With the

globalisation of engineers in Malaysia, we shall rise to meet these challenges.

A2- Guzman: I am enthusiastic about the technical and leadership preparations

that are being carried out for the younger generation of engineers in the

Philippines. I am very confident that the technical skills that young engineers

acquire are adequate in addressing the current concerns and global issues. The

bigger challenge is in having the right leadership to drive these developments

forward and towards the path for progress. I am a firm believer of this adage,

Engineering, like poetry, is an attempt to approach perfection. And engineers,

like poets, are seldom completely satisfied with their creations. So, in my mind,

engineers will naturally lead the world to embrace progress as they are well-

equipped to do so with the right skills and talent. We also have the right attitude

embedded in our leaders to make this happen.

FEATURE


A3- Toyama: In Japan, many senior engineers retire

when they reach the stipulated age limit. Unfortunately,

many young engineers are not yet prepared to take over

the reigns. Thus young engineers must come together to

address this problem. A solution to this problem will be

expected from a leader of engineers. In 10 years time, I

believe young engineers will become influenced to take

up more responsibilities and challenges from senior

engineers.

A4- Ir. Razali: Ten years into the future, I hope FAM-PII can

produce more capable leaders that can provide substantial

input to knowledge building and contribute to society and

community. Having achieved success, it is hoped that

these capable leaders will remember that FAM-PII was the

place where they developed their leadership.

HOW HAS YOUR APPOINTMENT AS THE

CHAIRPERSON AND YOUR COUNTRY'S OFFICIAL

REPRESENTATIVE INFLUENCED YOUR PERSONAL

DEVELOPMENT?

A1- Engr. Shuhairy: As chairman of IEM YES, I have

represented Malaysia in the Young Engineers ASEAN

Federation of Engineering Organization (YEAFEO)

gathering that was held in Thailand in 2008, Singapore in

2009 and Vietnam in 2010. My involvement in YEAFEO

has given me the chance to get to know other countries. By

keeping abreast with the engineering development among

ASEAN countries, I can become a better engineer.

A2- Guzman: I have been actively involved in YEP

since 2006, and my first YEAFEO representation for the

Philippines was at the 24th CAFEO held in Malaysia.

Since then, I have regularly attended and represented

my country at the annual board meeting serving as

the Executive Secretary until 2008. I was compelled to

become an adHoc/honorary member in 2009 due to my

relocation to Malaysia, China and Vietnam, but that did

not prevent me from continuing to engage with the ASEAN

organisation until today. I have actually built a closer bond

with this community of ASEAN engineer members and

their activities during the time when I temporarily resided

in their respective countries.

This opportunity has provided me with a

regional and global perspective, and networking

opportunities that are beneficial to both my

professional and personal development. I am

greatly satisfied with the current developments

that the organisation is pushing for. For

example, the approval of the ASEAN Engineer

Register Young Engineer (AERYE) which,

although it took a couple of years to realise,

is a milestone for all of us in YEAFEO. This,

for me, is another key milestone representing

the Philippines and ASEAN in moving up the

professional ladder, especially since my line

of work with Intel has a global reach as well.

Hopefully, we can promote more engagement

with European-based as well as other global organisations

in the future.

A3- Toyama: It is a great opportunity to meet and

understand the present condition of engineers from within

ASEAN, and to provide feedback about them to engineers

in my country.

A4- Ir. Razali: As a young engineer leading this

organisation, I have gained a sense of self-confidence and

developed a network with other engineers from among

ASEAN countries.

WHAT IS YOUR DREAM FOR YOUNG ASEAN

ENGINEERING LEADERS?

A1- Engr. Shuhairy: My dream is for all 10 ASEAN

countries, including Japan and Hong Kong, to think and

act together to meet the future challenges of globalisation

in the engineering sector. Of course, the focus should be

on engineering for a better living. My dream is that, one day,

all young ASEAN engineers can influence the world and to

ensure that the voice of engineers is heard everywhere.

A2- Guzman: I only have a single thought in my mind

when it comes to the ASEAN engineer; simply put, to be

a world class, competitive and respectable professional in

any field, any country and any job one is currently engaged

in. That is how I would like the Young ASEAN Engineering

Leaders to be distinguished anywhere in the world.

A3- Toyama: I hope young ASEAN engineering leaders can

clarify the fields in which we can cooperate together, and

which fields in which we can compete against, and call for

the participation of more international exchange activities.

The challenge is certainly there for future engineers.

A4- Ir. Razali: I really hope we can become a united group

of young engineers and serve other young engineers

who need a guide in their own country. With support from

other ASEAN countries, we hope that our suggestions

and opinions can be accepted by all ASEAN governments

in order to build a better standard of living for the world

community. n

Young engineers leaders from ASEAN, Japan and Hong Kong


ENGINEERING DIGEST

Strand to Develop Malaysia into an Engineering Hub

Suitable Rail Link Between Johor Bahru and Singapore to be Identified

Scientific Collaboration in Research Between Malaysia and UK

Local Makers of Semiconductor Equipment Impacted by Global Slowdown

Encouraging Malaysian Firms to Explore Trade Potential in Turkey

Under the Economic Transformaon Programme (ETP), Strand

Aerospace Malaysia Sdn Bhd, a pure play engineering services

provider for Airbus planes, aims to develop

D Internet Myiemorgmy Iemms Assets Doc Alldoc Document 1337 JURUTERA Nov'11

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