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PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTSOF UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION IN SOFT GROUND/ LONDON/ UK/ 15- 17 APRIL 1996

Geotechnical Aspects ofUnderground Constructionin Soft GroundEdited byR.J.MA1R _ tGeotechnical Consulting Group, London, United KingdomR. N.TAYLORGeotechnical Engineering Research Centre, City University London, United Kingdom

A.A. BALKEMA/ROTTERDAM/ BROOKFIELD/ 1996

The texts of the various papers in this volume were set individually by typists under the supervision of each of the authorsconcerned.

Authorization to photocopy items for intemal or personal use, or the intemal or personal use of specific clients, is granted byA.A.Balkema, Rotterdam, provided that the base fee of US$1.50 per copy, plus US$0.l0 per page is paid directly to CopyrightClearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA. For those organizations that have been granted a photocopylicense by CCC, a separatesystem of payment has been arranged. The fee code for users of the Transactional Reporting Serviceis: 90 5410 856 8/96 US$1.50 + US$0.l0.

Published by

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ISBN 90 5410 856 8

© 1996 A.A.Balkema, RotterdamPrinted in the Netherlands

Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground Mair & Taylor (eds)© 1996 Ba/kema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 5410 856 8

Table of contents

Preface XVOrganisation XVIISession reports

Braced excavations and shafts 3O Kusakabe

Constnlction aspects of bored tunnels 11A. Negro Jr

Ground treatment for bored tunnels 19J N Shirlaw

Modelling and prediction for bored tunnels 27E Leca

Settlement effects of bored tunnels 43Rl Mair

l Braced excavations and shafts

Measurement of prop loads in a large braced excavation dtuing construction of the JLE 57station at Canada Water, East LondonMBatten, WPowrie, R. Boorman & I-LYu

The failure mechanism of a trench wall caused by additional soil pressure 63A. F Bolt, E Dembicki & GA. H orodecki

Deep open excavation in soft plastic ground in Salzburg, Austria 69I-L Breymann, M F uchsberger & H E Schweiger

Design of underground structure closed in plan erected with application of the Diaphragm 75Wall TechniqueN .Sl Bulycheu N N F otieva & A S Sammal

Jubilee Line Extension, Westminster Station design 81M D. Carter, R. RBailey & M R Dawson

V

Apparent pressure diagram for braced excavations in soft clay with diaphragm wallJ-D. Chang & K SWong

Westminster Station - Deep foundations and top down construction in central LondonJ D Crawley & C .Sf Stones

Jubilee Line Extension, Berrnondsey Station box: Design modihcations, instrumentationand monitoringM R Dawson, A. R. Douglas, L. FLinney M Friedman & R.Abraham

An underground tumiel beneath Amsterdam Central StationFde Boer & H Mvan der Eem

Evaluation of the performance of a multi-propped diaphragm wall during constructionE K De Moor & M C Stevenson

Earth pressure acting on a deep circular shaft wallA. Enami, H Morishita, M Ogihara, M H omma, HTezuka & Y H iramatsu

Case history of a deep ‘stepped box’ excavation in soft ground at the sea front- LangneyPoint, Eastbourne 'R. Fernie, RKingston, H D. St. John, KG Higgins & D. M Potts

Simplified approach for estimating lateral wall movement of embedded walls in UK groundR. Fernie & TSucking

Active failure mechanism of a deep circular shaft in dry sandTFujii, THagiwara & O Kasakabe

Observation of diaphragm wall movements in Lias Clay during construction of the A4/ A46bypass in Bath, AvonS Gourvenec, M Lac); WPowrie & M Stevenson

Settlement of soft ground and damage of wooden houses by braced excavationTHoriuchi & M Shimizu

The cases of measurement of the pressure of the open cut with earth retaining wallTlshida, ll/L,Saz‘o, TTaz‘sui & XNakagawa

Case historyof a ruptured multi tied-back retaining wallC E M Majfei, E. Da Silva Guerra & R.L. Leonardo Leite

A study of empirical correlation for lateral deflections of diaphragm walls in deep excavationsTMasuda

Considerations in shaft excavation and peripheral grormd deformationMMuramatsu & XAbe

Case history and behavioural analyses of braced large scale open excavation in very softreclaimed land in coastal area

S Nakagawa, L Kamegaya, K Kureha & TYoshia'a

Prediction of earth pressure and settlements due to excavation: Influence of wall deflectionprocess and Wall frictionTNakai, HKawano & THashimoto

VI

Observed heave and swelling beneath a deep excavation in Gault clayD F1fNash, M L. Lings & CWWNg

Manezhnaya Square Project- Geotechnical aspectsVL Resin, L.A. B ibin, VA. I lyicheu S B. U khou S F Pankina, L VKolybine, VG Lerner,G VTrusov & M S Rudiak

Reinforcement effect of composite earth retaining wall system on releasing strutS Saji & K N urnakami

Earth and water pressures acting on the excavation side of a braced wall in soft groundTTamano, S Fukui, _S M izutani, H Tsuboi & M H isatake

Undrained shear strength for passive earth pressure in an excavation of soft clayHTanaka fPrismatic failure - A new method of calculating stability against boiling of sandwithin a cofferdamTfTanaka, E Toyokuni & E Ozaki

Failure characteristics of a- sheet pile wall in centrifuge tests

lf Toyosawa, N H orii, S Tamate & N S uemasa

In situ monitoring and analysis of a cut-and-cover tunnel on the Bay-Shore RouteH U eki, S Moue, S Kobayashi & K Sekiya

Earth pressures acting on flexible circular shafts in sandK U eno, lfYokoyama, A. Ohi & TFujii

2 Construction aspects of bored tunnels

CATSBY Collapse real-time prevention system for slurry tunnel boring machines in softgroundRAristaghes, FBerbet & R Michelon

Design of twin-tube tunnel through soft rockCI'Chang, MCLee & RCHou

Design and installation of special tunnel rings to monitor long term ground loadingH R. Davies & K H Bowers

Tunnel construction in Stuttgart: Problems of settlements and swelling rockR"Egger

Geotechnical aspects of the construction of the Heathrow Transfer Baggage System trurnelWJ Grose & C M Eddie

Experiences from the construction of the Athens MetroM Kavvadas, L. R. H ewison, R G Laskaratos, C Seferoglou & L M ichalis

Driving control and ground behaviour of triple circular face shield machineTKuzuno, HTakasaki, M Tanaka & TTamai

Geotechnical aspects of the L.A. Metro Red Line Contract C0331 - North Hollywood turmelDA. Louis

VII

Tunnelling in Sao Paulo, BrazilA. Negro Jr, L. E Sozio & AQA. Ferreira

Geotechnical aspects of tunnelling in soft ground in IrelandTL. L. Orr & E R. Farrell

Some aspects of contact stress measurements around tunnelsJ Pacovsky

Geotechnical experiences from previous tumrel projects in Bangkok soilsN Phienwej

Tunnel observations for the Muni Metro Tumback projectG Sherry R. Castro, D.A. Sutter & CL.Wu

Restoration of a distressed tunnel in the Northern section of the Calcutta Metro constmctionNN Som & A. KGupta

Slurry penetration into coarse grained soils and settlements from a large slun'y shield tunnelWSteiner

Discussion: Observations of lining load in a London clay tunnelK H Bowers & .Z D. Redgers

Discussion: Tunnelling in weathered rock - Rock or soil mechanics approaches?M Kavvadas

3 Ground treatment for bored 'tunnels

Application of compensation grouting to the St.Clair River Tumiel project, North AmericaJ Forbes & A. RFinch

Measures to limit structure settlements during construction of the station complexat SouthwarkM Friedman & A.McKie

Effects of pre-lining methods on the convergence of a tunnelA.Guillou,x, SBretelle & F Bienvenue

Construction' of low-level tunnels below Waterloo Station with compensation groutingfor the Jubilee Line Extension

D I Harris, A..l Poole); C O Menkiti & lA. Stephenson

Settlement of storehouses during the passage of two parallel shields through soft groundS Ikeda, TfSaito, Yf Huang & A. Mori

Tumiel face reinforcement by bolting: Soil bolts homogenization, strain approachC./assionnesse, RDubois & A Saitta

Observation and control of movements in works constructed by ground freezingR. I-[Jones

The NATM and compensation grouting trial at Redcross WayJ R Kirnmance & R.Allen

VIII

Storebzelt Eastern Railway Tunnel, Denmark ~ Ground freezing for tunnels and crosspassagesN Kofoed & S R. Doran

Protection of buildings from tunnelling induced settlement using penneation groutingL. F Linney & M Friedman

Urban tunnel in beach sand, BilbaoIR. Madinaveitia

Geotechnical aspects related to construction of a 5.5 km turmel excavated in sedimentaiy soilsof Sao Paulo Basin _C E M Majfei & L. R. Martinati

Ground movements and vertical compensation grouting during shaft construction - JubileeLine Extension, Green Park Station, Contract 101.C M urugamoorthy G S M urray RBall, A. Bracegirdle & Q..l Leiper

The use of jet grouting to improve soft clays for open face tunnelling

G Pellegrino & D.NAdams \Monitoring during the construction of the Allen Sewer Tunnel, Toronto, Canada

J N Snirlam B. N Pennington`& XY i

Discussion: Control of ground movements - Risk issues and instrumentationQ.l Leiper

Discussion: Quality control during jet grouting.L R. Madinaveizia

4 Modelling and prediction for bored tunnels

Twin tunnel construction - Ground movements and lining behaviourTfLAddenbrooke & D M Potts

Finite element simulation of shield tunnelling processes in soft ground

HAkagi & K Kolnjya

Face stability in slnny and EPB shield tunnellingGAnagnostou & IC Kovdri

Predictions and a monitoring scheme with respect to the boring of the Second HeinenoordTunnel

K1 Bakker, Wvan Schelt & lWPlekkenpol

Numerical modelling of tunneling in soft soilS Bernat, B. Cambou & R Dubois

Centrifuge models of tunnel construction and compensation groutingM D. Bolton, lf C Lu & I S Sharma

Experimental and numerical tests on the excavation of a railway tunnel in grouted soilin MilanG Canetta, B. Cavagna & R. Nova

IX

Back analysis of an urban tunnelC Casarin, A. R O Pureza, C MA Prado & L. Tescarolo

Numerical modelling of a NATM tunnel construction in London ClayG R. Dasari, C G Rawlings & M D. Bolton

Two- and three-dimensional numerical modelling of a guided pipe-jacking in soft soilR. de Borst, WL.A Hvan den Broek & A E Groen

Numerical simulation of a tunnel excavated in a porous collapsible soilM M F arias & A RAssis

Centrifuge modelling of ground movements due to tunnelling in layered groundRl Grant & R. N Taylor

Back analysis for shield tunnel using beam-joint modelTHashimoto, .lNagaya, TTamura, TKishio, H HZhu, L. D. Yang & WM Cai

Ground movements due to tunnelling: Influence on pile foundationsHJA M H ergarden, .L Tfvan der Poel & 1 Svan der Schrier

Numerical modelling of the influence of the Westminster Station excavation and tunnellingon the Big Ben clock towerK G Higgins, D. M Potts & RJ Mair

Design and development of underground construction equipment in a centrifugeS Imamura, lfNomoto, K Mito, K U eno & O Kusakabe

An improvement of FEM analysis in ground settlement prediction in shield tunnellingA. I nokuma & A. F u jimoto

Interaction between closely spaced tunnels in claySH Kim, HlBurd & GWE Milligan

Numerical modelling of a tunnel in soft porous clayR. Kochen & A Negro Jr

Numerical modelling of the NATM and compensation grouting trials at Redcross Way1\LKovacevic§V H E Edmonds, RJ Mair, K G Higgins & D. M Potts

Prediction of subsidence above shield driven tunnels in cohesive soilsK -M Lee

Centrifuge modelling of construction processes of shield tunnelTNomoto, K M ito, S Imamura, K U eno & O Kusakabe

The influence of an existing surface structure on the ground movements due to tunnellingD. M Potts & TLAddenbrooke

A multi-stage finite element analysis of a complex tunnel section in London ClayD J Reddish, A Benbia & J F K Thompson

Analytical and geotechnical consideration on ground settlement induced by tail void closureof shield tunnel construction

S Saka jo, TYoshimaru & M Kamimura

X

The influence of anisotropy on calculations of ground settlements above tunnelsB. Simpson, lHAtkinson & Vfoviéié

A finite element studyof ground movements measured in centrifuge model tests of tunnelsS E. Stallebrass, R..lGrant & R.NTaylor

Design of turmel liners: How important are bending moments?WSteiner & M Meier

Soil properties based on in-situ data of the shield driven methodM Sugimoto, N TI-L Luong

Measurement of earth and water pressures acting on the great depth shield tunnel segmentsMSuzuki, TKamaa'a, I-LNakagawa, THashimoto & YSatsukawa

Pore pressure generation and equalization around a circular tunnel in soft claysG Urciuoli, C Russo, A. Desideri & L. Picarelli

Soil loads acting on shield tunnels: Comparison between bedded beam model and finiteelement calculations

J Tvan der Poel, HJA. M H ergarden & H R. E DekkerDiscussion: Comments on the use of non-linear elastic stiffness

K G Higgins, D WHight, R. J Mair, D. M Ports & RJ Jardine

Discussion: Comments on the numerical modelling of settlements above tunnelsM R O’Reilly

Discussion: Reply to discussion by M. R O’ReillyRJ Mair

5 Settlement ejfects of bored tunnels

Performance of a shield driven sewer tumiel in the Val-de-Marne, FranceCAz‘ahan, E Leca & A. Guilloux

Ground movement over three years at the Heathrow Express Trial TunnelKHBQwers, D IW]-Iiller & B MNew

The investigation of acid generation within the Woolwich and Reading Beds at Old Streetand its effect on tunnel liningsA. Bracegirdle, SA. J ejferis, PITedd, Nl Crammond, L Chudleigh & N Burgess

A methodology for evaluating potential damage to cast iron pipes induced by tunnellingA.Bracegira'le, R.lMair, R..lNyren & R. NTaylor

Ground movements associated with pipejacking operationsD N Chapman

Sudden Valley Sewer: A case historyM R. Dyer, M TfHutchinson & N Evans

Hong Kong Island Line - Predictions and performanceR.A. Forth & C B B. Thorley

XI

Some aspects of ground movement during shield tunnelling in JapanYfHashimoto, K Hayakawa, K Kurihara, TNomot0, M Ohtsuka & Tlfamazaki

Field measurements from two tunnels in ShanghaiXX Hou, .SfLiao & YZhao

Pore pressures induced in soft ground due to tunnellingR.NHwang, Z-CMoh & MChen

In situ monitoring of the Lyons Metro D line extensionR. Kastner, C Ollier & GGuibert

Observations of deformations created in existing tunnels by adjacent and cross cuttingexcavations

.L R K immarice, S Lawrence, G Hassan, Nl Purchase & G Tollinger

Prediction of ground movements and assessment of risk of building damage due to boredtunnellingRJ Mair, R. N Taylor & J B Burland

Movements and stress changes in London Clay due to the construction of a pipe jackMA. Marshall, GWE Milligan & R..LMair

Ground movements aroimd tunnels in soft groundZ~CMoh, D.I-[Ju & R.NHwang

Some Spanish experiences on measurement and evaluation of ground displacements aroundurban tunnels

C S Oreo & C Sagaseta

Monitoring of tunnels, surrounding ground and adjacent structuresG Price, L EWara'le & Nde Rossi

Ground behaviour and potential damage to buildings caused by the construction of a largediameter tunnel for the Lisbon MetroD Simic & GGilt0es

'lfhe measurement of ground movements due to tunnelling at two control sites alongthe Jubilee Line Extension

J R. Standing, RJ Nyren, TL Longworth & .Z B. Burland

Recorded settlements from the DLR tunnels to BankA.R. Umney & G R. Heath

Discussion: Comments on the risk of damage to structuresM R O’Reilly

Discussion: Reply to discussion by M. R O’ReillyR..l Mair, R. N Taylor & J B. Burland

Discussion: Stability of eleclrolevels used to monitor movementsG Price

Discussion: The effect of ground movements on rigid masonry facadesB. Simpson & WJ Grose

XII

6 Overview of the Jubilee Line Extension Project

A collaborative research prograinme on subsidence damage to buildings: Predictionprotection and repair u1 B. Burland, RJ Mair, L. E Linney F M Jardine & J R. Standing

Site investigation for the tunnels and stations of the Jubilee Line Extension, LondonL. ELinney & D. Page

Author index

XI I I

Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in Soft Ground Mair & Ta y/or (eds)© 1996 Ba/kema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 54 10 856 8

Preface

/

Technical Committee TC28 on Underground Construction in Soft Ground was established by theInternational Society of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering in 1989. lts main pl11`pOS€ wasto provide a forum for interchange of ideas and discussion using representatives in many countrieswith active interest in tunnelling and deep excavations. In 1994, TC28 organised a very successfulSymposium which coincided with the International Conference then being held in New Delhi. Theone-day Symposium was principally aimed at discussing codes of practice and methods ofconstruction of underground excavation adopted in different countries. National Reports werecanvassed and also more general papers were included. The success of that Symposium led to thestrong feeling that organising a second event would be both productive and well received. TheSymposium in April 1996 organised at City University, London and these Proceedings are theoutcome of that decision to hold a second event.

The themes for the Symposium were established in line with the terms of reference of TC28 as:l. Case histories and other information concerning the design and construction of tunnels and

deep excavations in the urban enviromnent, with special emphasis on the relationships betweenground improvement schemes and excavation methods used and the displacement of surroundingground and of the adjacent structures. _

2. The roles and interrelationships of analysis and physical and numerical modelling.The call for papers drew an overwhelming response and over 130 abstracts were received. This

resulted in 116 refereed papers being included in the Symposium, which were received from 23countries. The Symposirun attracted an attendance of 235 delegates from 27 countries.

TheSymposium was organised over a period of three days. The tirst two days were dedicated to 5main discussion sessions covering braced excavations and shafts, and construction aspects, groundtreatment, modelling and prediction, and settlement effects of bored tunnels; a sixth session gave anoverview of the Jubilee Line Extension Project (JLEP), under construction for London UndergroundLtd, and served as an introduction to the third day of the Symposium which was devoted to visits to anumber of different construction sites of the JLER The papers of the Symposium were circulated inadvance as a pre-print volume and papers were taken as read. Each session was introduced by areporter who summarised the main points of the papers in a session; the remainder of the session wasthen devoted to open discussion on key points identified by the reporter. This volume of theproceedings includes the written versions of the session reports, and any written contributions todiscussion received after the Symposium. The papers cover a wide range of topics, and it isparticularly pleasing that there are so many papers concerning case histories which give veryvaluable insights and detailed tield measurements associated with underground construction.

The success of the Symposium was due in no small part to the efficiency and hard work of themembers of the organising committee and the tremendous support from all members of the

XV

Geotechnical Engineering Research Centre at City University Special thanks are due to LondonUnderground Ltd (LUL). In particular, Mr M.C.ESmith, Project Manager (Construction) for ILERgave invaluable support in arranging linancial sponsorship, publication of iindings from JLEP andthe site visits. Also, Mr L.ELinney provided an important link between the organising committeeand LUL and ensured smooth running of the site visits.

The collection of papers and reports contained Within this volume should provide a major sourceof reference on underground construction in soft ground. We are grateful to the International Societyof Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering and to TC28 to have been given the opportunity tohold the Symposium and to gather together and exchange ideas with so many people concerned withdeep excavations and tunnels.

R.J. Mair, Chairman TC28R. N.Taylor, Secretary TC28Editors

XVI

Organisation

Geotechnical Aspects ol Underground Construction in Soft Ground, Mair & Ta y/or (eds)© 1996 Balkema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 5410 856 8

The Symposium organised by the International Society for Soil Mechanics and FoundationEngineering, Technical Committee TC28 on Underground Construction in Soft Ground.

ORGAN ISIN G COMMITTEE

K. Fujita, ChairmanR.J. Mair, Co-ChairmanR.N.Taylor, Secretary

A.GuillouxE M. JardineO. Kusakabe

L. E LinneyTW MellorsA. Negro JrB. M. New

SPONSORSHIP

British Geotechnical SocietyBritish Tunnelling SocietyConstruction Industry Research & Information AssociationInstitution of Civil EngineersLondon Underground Limited

XVII

Author index

Abe, Y 173Abraham, R. 99Adams, D. N. 423Addenbrooke, T.I. 441Akagi, H. 447Allen, R. 385Anagnostou, G. 453Aristaghes, R 245Assis, A.R 501Atahan, C. 641Atkinson, J.H. 591

Bailey, R.R 81Bakker, K.J. 459Ball, R 417Batten, M. 57Benbia, A. 579Berbet, E 245Bemat, S. 465Bibin,L.A. 197Bienvenue, E 355Bolt, A.E 63Bolton, M.D. 471, 491Boorrnan, R. 57

,5

Bowers, K.H. 257, 335, 647Bracegirdle, A. 417, 653, 659Bretelle,>_S. 355Breymann, H. 69Bulychev, N.S. 75Burd, H.J. 543Burgess, N. 653Burland, J.B. 713, 751, 765, 773

Cai, W M. 513Cambou, B. 465Canetta, G. 479Carter, M.D. 81Casarin, C. 485Castro, R. 317Cavagna, B. 479Chang, C.T. 251Chang, J.-D. 87Chapman, D. N. 665Chen, M. 695Chudleigh, I. 653Crammond, N.J. 653Crawley, J.D. 93

Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Construction in So/t Ground, Ma/r & Taylor (eds)

Da Silva Guerra, E. 161Dasari, G.R. 491Davies, H.R. 257Dawson, M.R 81, 99de Boer, E 105de Borst, R. 497De Moor, E.K. 11 1de Rossi, N. 737Dekker, H.R.E. 627Dembicki, E. 63Desideri, A. 621Doran, S.R. 391Douglas, A.R. 99Dubois, R 373, 465Dyer, M._R. 671

Eddie, C.M. 269Edmonds, H.E. 553Egger, R 263Enami, A. 117Evans, N. 671

Farias, M.M. 501Farrell, E.R. 301Femie, R. 123, 131Ferreira, A.A. 295Finch, A.R 343Forbes, J. 343Forth, R.A. 677Fotieva, N. N. 75Friedman, M. 99, 349, 399Fuchsberger, M . 69Fujii, '11 137, 237Fujimoto, A. 537Fukui, S. 207

Gittoes, G. 745Gourvenec, S. 143Grant, R.J. 507, 595Groen, A. E. 497Grose, WJ. 269, 769Guibert, G. 701Guilloux, A. 355, 641Gupta, A.K. 323

Hagiwara, TI 137Hanis, D. I. 361

785

© 1996 Ba/kema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 5410 856 8

Hashimoto, T. 185, 513, 613 683Hassan, O. 707Hayakawa, K. 683Heath, G.R. 757Hergarden, H.J.A.M. 519 627Hewison, L.R. 277Higgins, K.G. 123, 525, 553 633Hight, D.W 633Hiller, D. M. 647Hiramatsu, Y 117Hisatake, M. 207Homma, M. 117Horii, N. 225Horiuchi,'[1 149Horodecki, G.A. 63Hou, RC. 251Hou, X.Y. 689Huang, Y. 367Hutchinson, M.'I1 671Hwang, R. N. 695, 725

lkeda, S. 367Ilyichev, VA. 197Imamura, S. 531, 567Inokuma., A. 537Ishida,T 155

Jardine, EM. 773Jardine, R.J. 633Jassionnesse, C. 373Jefferis, S.A. 653Jones, R.H. 379Joviéié, V 591Ju, D.H. 725

Kamada, '11 613Kamegaya, I. 179Kamimura, M. 585Kastner, R. 701Kavvadas, M. 277, 337Kawano, H. 185Kim, S.H. 543Kimmance, J.R 385,707Kingston, R 123Kishio, T 513Kobayashi, S. 231Kochen, R. 549

Kofoed, N. 391Ko1ybine,I.V 197Komiya, H. 447Kovacevic, N. 553Kovéri, K. 453Kureha, K. 179Kurihara, K. 683Kusakabe, O. 3, 137, 531, 567Kuzuno, T. 283

Lacy, M. 143Laskaratos, PG. 277Lawrence, S. 707Leca, E. 27, 641Lee, K.-M. 561Lee, M.C. 251Leiper, Q.J. _417, 435Leonardo Leite, R.L. 161Lemer, VG. 197Liao, S. 689Lings, M.L. 191Linney, L.E 99, 399, 773, 779Longworth, T I. 751Louis, D.A. 289Lu, YC. 471Luong, N.T H. 607

Madinaveitia, J. R. 405, 437Maffei, C.E.M. 161, 411Mair, R.J. 43, 525, 553, 633, 637, 659,

713, 719, 765, 773Marshall, M.A. 719Martinati, L.R. 411Masuda, T. 167McKie, A. 349Meier, M. 601Menkiti, C.O. 361Michalis, I. 277Michelon, P 245Milligan, G.W E. 543, 719Mito, K. 531,567Mizutani, S. 207Moh, Z.-C. 695, 725Mori, A. 367Morishita, H. 117Moue, S. 231Muramatsu, M. 173Murray, G.S. 417Murugamoorthy, C. 417

Nagaya, J. 513Nakagawa, H. 613Nakagawa, S. 179Na]<agawa, Y. 155Nakai, T 185Nash, D.ET 191Negro Jr, A. 11,295,549New, B. M. 647Ng, C.WW 191

Nomoto, T 531,567,683Nova, R. 479Numakami, K. 203Nyren, R.J. 659,751

Ogihara, M. 117Ohi, A. 237Ohtsuka, M. 683Ollier, C. 701O’Reilly, M.P 635, 763Orr, T L. L. 301Oteo, C.S. 731Ozaki, E. 219

Pacovsky, J. 307Page, D. 779Pankina, S.E 197Pellegrino, G. 423Pennington, B. N. 429Phienwej, N. 311Picarelli, L. 621Plekkenpol, J.W 459Pooley, A.J. 361Potts, D.M. 123, 441, 525, 553; 573,

633Powrie, W 57, 143Prado, C.M.A. 485Price, G. 737, 767Purchase, N.J. 707Pureza, APO. 485

Rawlings, C.G. 491Reddish, D.J. 579Redgers, J. D. 335Resin, VI. 197Rudiak, M.S. 197Russo, C. 621

Sagaseta, C. 731Saito, T. 367Saitta, A. 373Saji, S. 203Sakajo, S. 585Sammal, A.S. 75Sato, M. 155Satsukawa, Y 613Schweiger, H. E 69Seferoglou, C. 277Sekiya, K. 231Sharma, J.S. 471Sherry, G. 317Shimizu, M. 149Shirlaw, J.N. 19,429Simic, D. 745Simpson, B. 591, 769Som, N. N. 323Sozio, L.E. 295St.John, H.D. 123Stallebrass, S.E. 595

786

Standing, J.R. 751, 773Steiner, W 329,601Stephenson, J.A_ 361Stevenson, M.C. 111, 143Stones, C.S. 93Sucking, T 131Suemasa, N. 225Sugimoto, M. 607Sutter, D.A. 317Suzuki, M. 613

Takasaki, H. 283Tamai, T 283Tamano, T 207Tamate, S. 225Tamura, T 513Tanaka, H. 213Tanaka, M. 283Tanaka, T 219Tatsui, T 155Taylor, R.N. 507, 595, 659, 71Tedd, R 653Tescarolo, L. 485Tezuka, H. 117Thompson, J. E K. 579Thorley, C. B. B. 677Tollinger, G. 707Toyokuni, E. 219Toyosawa, Y 225Trusov, G.\l 197Tsuboi, H. 207

Ueki, H. 231Ueno, K. 237, 531,567Ukhov, S.B. 197Umney, A.R. 757Urciuoli, G. 621

van den Broek, WL.A. H. 497van der Eem, H.M. 105van der Poel, J.T 519, 627van der Schrier, J.S. 519van Schelt, W 459

Wardle, LE 737Wong, K.S. 87Wu, C. L. 317

Yamazaki, T 683Yang, L.D. 513Yi, X. 429Yokoyama, Y 237Yoshida, T 179Yoshimaru, T 585Yu, H. 57

Zhao, Y 689Zhu, H.H. 513

3

This volume contains a collection of 116 papers and 5 reports presented at theInternational Symposium on Geotechnical Aspects of Underground Constructionin Soft Ground held at City University, London in 1996, organized by the TechnicalCommittee 28 of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and FoundationEngineering. The papers have been contributed by research workers and practitionersfrom 23 countries who are involved with the design and construction of undergroundstructures in soft ground. The contributions cover braced excavations and shafts,together with construction aspects, ground treatment, modelling and prediction,and settlement effects of bored tunnels; the final section includes an overview ofthe Jubilee Line Extension Project, recently constructed in London. The volumeprovides a valuable source of reference on the current practice of analysis, designand construction of deep excavations and tunnels in soft ground.

Cover photographs courtesy Jubilee Line Extension Project:Top: Cofferdam and excavation for the Canary Wharf StationBottom: Tunnel enlargement for eastbound platform tunnel, Bermondsey Station