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17

poverty alleviation: apreliminary explorationin coastal Thailand,Ratana Chuenpagdee,

Memorial University

adaptation and coastalpolicy in Nova Scotia,Jennifer Graham,

Ecology Action Centre

protection, Andy Lister,Canadian Geocontain-

ment Alliance

14:30 - 15:00 NUTRITION BREAK: McDougall Hall, Schurman Market Square

W E D N E S D A Y , 2 8 J U L Y 2 0 1 0 - A F T E R N O O N 15:00 - 16:30 PAPER SESSIONS WORKSHOP DISCUSSION CAF CHARRETTE

Room:McDougall 243

Session theme:COASTAL ENGINEERINGAND TECHNOLOGY

Chair: William Kamphuis,

Queens University

Room:Duffy 135

Session theme:COASTAL COMMU-NITIES AND CLIMATECHANGE

Chair: Jean Lambert,Agriculture and Agri-Food

Canada

Room:McDougall 242

Session theme:VULNERABILITY ANDADAPTATION TOCLIMATE CHANGE

Chair: Norm Catto,Memorial University

Room:McDougall 329

Topic: SCOPING AMARINE ANDCOASTAL RIGHTSREGISTRY FORCANADA: NEEDS ANDPRIORITIES

(continuation)

Room: Schurman MarketSquare

Topic: NOVA SCOTIASCOASTAL POLICY -ENVIRONMENTAL NON-GOVERNMENTALORGANIZATIONPERSPECTIVES

Lead: Jennifer Graham,Ecology Action Centre

The Province of NovaScotia is in the process of

developing a Sustainable

Coastal Development

Strategy. This Discussion

Caf is an opportunity to

discuss the contents of the

strategy, drawing on the

knowledge and experience

of participants on policy

options for coastal

governance, zoning, land

use regulations,

stewardship and other keytopics.

Room: Kelley 211

Topic: VOICES FORCHANGE: ACHIEVINGTHE WELL MANAGEDCOAST

(continuation)

15:05 - 15:25 Planning coastalinfrastructure underconditions of sea levelrise and climate change,Michael Davies,

Coldwater Consulting Ltd

Building resilient coastalcommunities in BritishColumbia: a case studyof climate change andadaptation in Ucluelet,Mary Liston, University of

Victoria

Sea-level rise studies inthe Maritime Provinces:what have we learnedand where are wegoing?, Kyle McKenzie,Nova Scotia Dept. of

Environment15:25 - 15:45 Adaptation to sea level

rise, storm surges anderosion, Mike Pearson,GeoNet Technologies Inc

Coastal communitieschallenges to deal withclimate change in the St.Lawrence River estuaryand Gulf, Steve Plante,Universit du Qubec

Rimouski

Integrating climatechange adaptation intomarine and coastalmanagement: examplesfrom North America,Rachel Gregg, EcoAdapt

15:45 - 16:05 The integration ofground-based andairborne laser scanningfor coastal zonemapping, Tim Webster,Applied Geomatics

Research Group

Impacts of climatechange on coastalcommunities andmangrove ecosystems:local vulnerabilities andlocal perceptions,Tiffanie Rainville,

Dalhousie University

The role of current-induced erosion in therecent proliferation ofcoastal protectionstructures along CarronPoint in NewBrunswick, DominiqueBrub, New Bruns-wick

Dept of Natural

Resources

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18

16:05 - 16:25 Flood-risk mapping fromstorm surges and futuresea level rise in easternCanada, Tim Webster,Applied Geomatics

Research Group

Vulnerability andadaptation in coastalcommunities: a casestudy of historic andcurrent adaptation onChange Islands,Newfoundland, MaureenWoodrow, University of

Ottawa and Stages andStores Inc

Vulnerability andadaptation: shorelineerosion on PrinceEdward Island, DonJardine, DE Jardine

Consulting

W E D N E S D A Y , 2 8 J U L Y 2 0 1 0 - E V E N I N G 19:00 - 23:00 Peakes Wharf, Charlottetown Historic Waterfront

SEASIDE SOIRE: Conference Banquet, featuring Prince Edward Island LOBSTER, MUSSELS, OYSTERS and LIVE ENTERTAINMENT !!!

T H U R S D A Y , 2 9 J U L Y 2 0 1 0 - M O R N I N G 08:30 - 12:00 McDougall Hall, Schurman Market Square

REGISTRATION AND INFORMATION DESK09:00 - 12:00 Duffy 135

CLOSING PLENARY SESSION09:00 - 09:30 TODAYS GOALS AND OBJECTIVES: Grant Gardner, President, Coastal Zone Canada Association

SOCIAL NETWORK UPDATE: Paul Boudreau, ACZISC Secretariat; Scott Bradley, Kaley MacDonald andColin Young, PEI Dept of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Rural Development

09:30 - 10:00 PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION

VOICES FOR CHANGE: ACHIEVING THE WELL MANAGED COAST - the results of the Planning CharretteKelly Cantelo, PEI Dept of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Rural Development

Justin Huston, Nova Scotia Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture

Jason Naug, Fisheries and Oceans Canada

Colin Young, PEI Dept of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Rural Development

Moderator: Colleen Mercer Clarke10:00 - 10:30 NUTRITION BREAK: Duffy 13510:30 - 11:30 KEYNOTE ADDRESS

OIL SPILLS AND THE OFFSHORE AND COASTAL ENVIRONMENTS: Mervin FingasDr. Fingas is is a scientist who focuses on oil and chemical spill research. He was Chief of the Emergencies Science Division of EnvironmentCanada for over 30 years. His specialities include: spill dynamics and behaviour, spill treating agent studies, remote sensing and detection,

and in-situ burning. The 2nd

edition of his book, Basics of Oil Spill Cleanup, was published this year.

Moderator: Peter Wells, Dalhousie University and International Ocean Institute-Canada

11:30 - 11: 50 CZC 2010 DECLARATION AND CALL TO ACTION: Grant Gardner, President, Coastal Zone Canada Association

11:50 - 12:00 INVITATION TO COASTAL ZONE CANADA 2012, RIMOUSKI, QUBEC: Gilles Tremblay, Fisheries and Oceans Canada

12:05 CONFERENCE CLOSING

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The Role of Sufficiency EconomyPhilosophy in Poverty Alleviation:A Preliminary Exploration in

Coastal Thailand

Ratana Chuenpagdee

International Coastal Network

Memorial University

Kungwan Juntarashote

Coastal Development Centre

Kasetsart University

Coastal Zone Canada 2010, Charlottetown, PEI, July 28, 2010

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Unravelling the Vicious Circle: Poverty

Alleviation and Sustainable Livelihoods inSmall-scale Fisheries (POVFISH)

What affects poverty?

How people cope?

What are governanceresponses?

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First questions about poverty What is poverty?

Is there poverty in fishing communities? What does it look like?

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The official definitions

Poverty is the lack of basic human needs, suchas clean water, nutrition, health care, education,clothing and shelter, because of the inability toafford them;

Relative poverty is the condition of having fewerresources or less income than others within asociety or country, or compared to worldwideaverages;

Narayan et al. 2000. Voices of the Poor askthe poverty experts, which are the 3 billion poorpeople in the world.

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Four study sites in Thailand

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Data collection

Provincial level information about poorfishing villages;

Visited with the village heads to validate

by asking to compare poverty level withother villages;

Interviews with 24 randomly selected

fishers in the villages identified as poor;and

Two focused group discussion.

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What is poverty?

Lack of opportunity for education;

Lack of capital (for fishing investment);

Lack of land ownership; Lack of family planning; and

Inability to save money

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Do you think youre poor?

there is always food from the sea. Some days

we catch more fish, some days we catch less,

some days we cannot go fishing [because of the

weather], but we dont need to buy food, sowere always okay.

.were not rich, were not poor. We have

enough to get by and were satisfied

when we have less money, we spend less. If we

have more money, we may buy [a truck]...

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The sufficiency economy

philosophy If one is moderate in ones desires, one

will have less craving. If one has less

craving, one will take less advantage ofothers. (King Bhumibol 1988).

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Sufficiency philosophy in context

Implies a moderate and reasonable path to

pursuing economic development while keeping

with the globalized world; and

Refers to a production system (capture fisheriesand aquaculture) that produces enough food to

satisfy the dietary need of the household and

with sufficient amount of excess supply that can

be sold locally to avoid high transportation costsand to minimize dependency on outside buyers.

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Analytical approach:

The chain analysis of poverty

(From Fish for Life, Kooiman et al. 2005:17)

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Key threats at the pre-harvest stage

(natural ecosystem)

Declining ecosystem health (due to factors

such as overfishing, habitat destruction,coastal development, population growth,

pollution, etc.); and

Unfavorable and extreme weatherconditions (Ranong and Krabi were

affected by the Indian Ocean Tsunami).

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Mangrove reforestation and environmental

education program in Chantaburi

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Key factors affecting fishers livelihoods

at the harvest stage

Increasing fishing effort;

Strong competition andgear conflicts;

High cost of fishing; and

Use of illegal fishinggears and destructive

fishing practices.

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Community-based fishery management

project in Prachaub Khirikhan

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Key features facilitating sufficiency at

the post-harvest stage

Generally good relationship with local

middle-person/money lender; and

Reasonable infrastructure (roads andmobile phone) providing good access to

markets and resulting in competitive

prices.

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Community cooperative fish market

in Krabi

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Very poor Not poor Poor but

sufficient

Distribution of Thai small-scale fishers

according to the level of poverty

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Thank you for your attention.
http://www.innovation.ca/index.cfm

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Presentation by: Jennifer Graham, Ecology Action Centre

Living by our wits: Linking

Adaptation and coastal policy

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Overview

Living by our wits

Example?

Coastal policy

Losing our witsClever like foxes

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http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?op=4&view=global&subj=112019505506379&pid=6059435&id=603730010&oid=112019505506379

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How do we live by our wits? The Government

isnt going to help

you until pigs fly;were going to haveto help ourselves

Use what weve got

Try new approachesBe sneaky, be

subversive

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Adaptation opportunities for

municipalities 12 municipalities

Councils and

Planning Advisorycommittees

Resource sheets as

follow upwww.ecologyaction.

ca/content/coastal-

issues

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The basicsWhats going on?

Four adaptation

principles Range of options from

low to high tech

It is possible; realexamples

Discussion

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Municipalities and climate change

How will be affected:

Rising costs ofdamaged

infrastructure Protection and repair

Public safety

Water quality andsewage

Liability

Public expectation

Flooding at Lockeport (2009)

Road washed out Western Head (2009)

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Rising Costs from natural disasters

Hurricane Juan (2003) : over$100 million in damages

Beaubasin, NB, stormsurge (Jan 2000): $1.6 millionin damages

Our industry is liable by contractto assume risks before we know

what they are. A changing climateposes a particular challenge asfuture weather-related risks areestimated based on historicaltrends which are no longer goodindicators; (Tremblay, IBC 2008)

Road washed out St. Margarets Bay

Flooding at Barrington

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Trying to stop the change...

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....makes it everybodys problem

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The sea always wins.

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What is province doing? Sustainable Coastal

Development Strategy(publicconsultation May/June 2010)

Draft NS Water Strategy(stakeholder consultation May/June 2010)

Atlantic Regional AdaptationCollaboration (ACAS)

Integrated CommunitySustainability Plans (ICSP)

Flooding at Peggys Cove (2009)

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Adaptation principles1. Public safety

2. Ensure water quality and quantity

3. Protect buildings and roads

4. Let the coast do the work

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1. Public safetyAdaptation measure Relevance to Climate Change Example

Low Identify known flood

risk and erosion areas

Reduces infrastructure losses

and human safety risks of sea

level rise, storm surge and

flooding

Annapolis

Royal,

Antigonish

Med Develop emergency

measures plans

Proactive planning and

capacity building addressing

specific needs of community

increases resilience and ability

to respond to extreme climate

events and flooding

Annapolis

Royal,

Colchester

County

High LIDAR Flood risk

mapping

Can give detailed information

about flood risk areas, and

vulnerability assessments

Truro, HRM,

PEI, NB

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ExampleAnnapolis Royal flood risk mapping (low- tech solution)

town partnered with CARP(Clean Annapolis River Project)

Combined: scientific projectionsof sea-level rise + topographymaps + models of tidal flowthrough high tide conditions

Identified potential risk zonesfor tidal surge flooding

From: Adapting to Climate Change inAtlantic Canada. What Organizations AreDoing Today to Prepare for Tomorrow (2010)

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2. Ensure water quality and quantity

Adaptation measure Relevance to Climate

Change

Example

Low Education of

public/homeowners

Builds knowledge base,

support and capacity todeal with climate

change impacts

Kings County Lakes

water quality + HRMNaturally Green

Newsletters

Med Storm water

management to

encourage absorption

and recharge

Minimizes pollutant and

nutrient overloading of

coastal waters, slow

down runoff

HRM (planning on

doing one) Toronto,

Seattle

High Mandate or provide

incentives: septic tank

pump outs and repairs,

water harvesting

Can minimize runoff

and pollution of coastal

waters

City of Guelph,

IBC/Wingham Pilot

project, Lunenburg

new bylaws

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Example.Incentives and Rebates:NS Environment Home Environment AssessmentProgram (2006-2010) (rebates for pump outs, grants for repair of septicsystems)

City Guelph, ON (2010) offers rebates and grantsfor several water saving devices(i.e. $2000 rebate towardpurchase and installation of home rainwater harvestingsystems)

The IBC/Wingham ON Rain BarrelPilot Project (2010) offers 3000 free rainbarrels toresidents to reduce water runoff and sewer backups)

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Buffer examples.Setbacks no build zones

Kings County: no removal vegetation inlakeshore setbacks (65)

HRM: 30m from all water bodies(ocean, wetland, watercourse); 60m inCow Bay (highly erodible zone); 2.5m

vertical setback

Rolling Easements allow for anytype of land use activity except forholding back the sea

Vegetative buffer

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Incorporating the coast in

redevelopment...

Existing ferry terminal

Project: renovation ofPerkpolder, a ferry terminal

in the Netherlandshttp://www.comcoast.org

Artist impression of potential redevelopment
http://www.comcoast.org/http://www.comcoast.org/

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4. Let the coast do the work

Adaptation measure Relevance to Climate

Change

Example

Low Plant more vegetation

along waterways and

throughout region

Stabilization of shoreline

protects from storm surge

and erosion, and

absorption of runoff

Dune stabilization

Sable Island

(marman grass)

Med Allow coastal habitats

to migrate (through

setbacks, easements,

land purchases, landexchanges

Living coasts allow for

natural protection against

sea level rise, storm surge,

flooding

Ducks Ultd: doing

no maintenance of

coastal

empoundments,NSNT,

High Coastal realignment

of engineered

structures - salt marsh

restoration

Restores living habitat to

protect from sea level rise,

reduce negative effects of

armouring

Cheverie, NS

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Example

Original culvert

Replacement culvert

Saltmarshafter

restoration

Cheverie Creek: Salt Marsh Restoration

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How to choose?Technical considerations

Cost (of doing something

versus doing nothing)Benefits

Capacity

Implementationconsideration

Erosion warning Pugwash

Weymouth flooding Jan 2010

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Making the Leap to coastal policy

Manage to protect coastal features, shoreline processesand diversity

Put some regulations in place

Set some provincial minimum land use standards i.econsistent zoning, setbacks

Put one department in charge i.e clear lead forpermitting

Clarify the role of municipalities and everyone else

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Realistic coastal management

To protect and maintaincoastal diversity, integrity,and shoreline processes

since this will ensure thatour coast can protect,nourish, employ, andentertain Nova Scotians

into the future.

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trying to stop the sea

Overtopping dyke in Avonport

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letting the coast do the work

Dyke near Noel, protected by salt marsh

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Obstacles Coastal management is

too complicated Coastal management is

bad for the economy

Coastal management is

too expensive Its not that bad.

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The coast is what it is

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The bureaucracy is complicated

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Regulatory clutter..

Municipal

Regulationof land use,municipal

planningstrategies,bylaws

Federal

DFO: FisheriesAct, Oceans Act

Parks CanadaTransport:navigable waters

EnvironmentCanada: clean

water, pollutionprevention

CEAA

Provincial

DNR: Crown land management,protected beaches, species at riskDEL: watershed management, water

quality, wetlands designation,environmental assessment, wildernessprotection & areas, nature reservesDOAF: inland fisheries, inland waters,aquacultureTC&H: Nova Scotias coastal landscape

and history, a marketing brandDOTPW: infrastructureDOE: wind, tidalSNSMA: Municipal Government ActED: coastal enterprises, aquaculture, fishprocessing

Finance: ROI, taxation

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Healthy coasts create jobs, tourism, and

encourage appropriate development

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Bad development costs money,

jobs, reputation

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Cost of doing nothing .

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Be prepared for FAQ

Is it fair?

Is it expensive?

Will it frighten

investors? Is it defensible?

What about propertyrights?

Is it easy to explain?

Is it user-friendly ?

Is it enforceable?

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Clever like foxesDeclare your true colours

Help your friends

Ask for helpHelp the coast

Be watchful, be prepared

Be strategicBe bold

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Asked big questions; made big

difference

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Planning Coastal Infrastructure Under Conditions of Sea

Level Rise and Climate Change

Mike Davies

Dane Wiebe

Neil MacDonald

John Charles (Halifax Regional Municipality)

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The Halifax Shoreline

4 sites (Point Pleasant Park, Northwest Arm, Cow Bay, Salt Marsh Trail)

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Issue

Halifax Regional Municipality (HRM) developing aptation response to climate

change

Triggered (in part) by recent storms (Juan, Noel...)

HRM has been engaged in the development of a planning level response to

climate change and relative sea level rise.

Infrastructure >100 yrs old (30cm+ RSL)

Looking forward, HRM wanted to evaluate the risk that existing and future

infrastructure will be exposed to under scenarios of rising sea levels.

Building on the success of the studies by HRM and AGC on mapping flooding

levels under various sea level rise scenarios, Coldwater was engaged to

assess existing structures and provide guidance for future works.

In addition to developing specific design recommendations, our scope included

evaluation of existing structures and a broad assessment of the long-term

prognosis for these facilities.

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Sir Sandford Fleming Park The Dingle

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Developed in 1925

Horseshoe Island

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Originally built 1986, repaired 1993, 2003

Regatta Point

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Conditions

Total of 2,175m of seawall

Crest elevation and construction varies

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Conditions

Failure mechanisms include:

Wave overtopping, flooding, path erosion Stone wall damage

Berm damage

Geotechnical instability

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Design process

Design needs to address elevation and geometry with respect to flooding (wave

overtopping and inundation).Needs to address structural stability under storm attack

Needs to be geotechnically stable

Needs to preserve aesthetic while providing functional performance

Key question: What elevation???

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Storm water levels

Table 2-2 Scenarios used in present analysis as per Forbes et al, (2009)

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IPCC-based sea level rise scenarios (Forbes et al 2009)

Scenario Rate

(m/century)

Description

0 0 No sea level rise

1 0.32 No acceleration of sea level rise, rate continues at

observed historic rate for Halifax (0.157 crustal

subsidence plus 0.163 sea level rise)

2 0.73 IPCC AR4 upper-limit projection of SLR for the A1F1

emission scenario (0.157 crustal subsidence plus 0.57

sea level rise)

3 1.46 Upper limit estimate of SLR from Rahmstorf (2007)

(0.157 crustal subsidence plus 1.30 sea level rise)

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Water levels

Regatta

Dingle

Horseshoe

-1.5

-0.5

0.5

1.5

2.5

0.00 0.05 0.10

SWL(m,CGDV28)

Probability (SWL)

Probability of the SWL

2109

2009

1928

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Wave climate

Spectral wave transformation model

(SWAN)

Using offshore wave statistics

based on Halifax wave gauge and

MSC50 hindcast

Local winds used based on

measurements from Shearwater

and McNabs Island

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Increasing storminess?

Annual maxima from field measurements of offshore waves (combined

MEDS037-C44258 dataset)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Hs

(m)

C S

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CIAPS

Coastal Infrastructure Planning System

Computes likelihood of failure of a structure over timeUses probabilistic descriptions of waves and water levels under scenarios of

changing sea levels

Joint-probability of waves and water levels (mutlivariate extreme value

distributions)

Incorporates the risk associated with all events that may cause damage, not just

prescribed design events.Allows cost optimization based on a combination of capital and maintenance

(repair) costs

Th St ti ti f th P bl

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The Statistics of the Problem

Eff t f i i l l

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Effects of rising sea levels

It bit li t d

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Its a bit complicated...

C t ti i ti

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Cost optimization

O ti i ti f t l ti

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Optimization of crest elevation

e.g. dry stone seawalls with asphalt path for Site 3 under SLR scenario 2

C B C

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Cow Bay Causeway

T i l i t ll

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Typical winter swell

C B

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Cow Bay

Figure 1 Armour layer of Cow Bay causeway revetment Figure 2 Seaweed on landward side of Cow Bay

causeway revetment

Lidar data

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Lidar data

Optimization

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Optimization

$-

$50,000

$100,000

$150,000

$200,000

$250,000

$300,000

$350,000

$400,000

$450,000

$500,000

5.50 5.70 5.90 6.10 6.30 6.50

Revetment Elevation (m, CGVD28)

Maintenance Cost

Capital Cost

Total Cost

$175,000

$180,000

$185,000

5.80 5.90 6.00 6.10

Revetment Elevation (m, CGVD28)

Conclusions

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Conclusions

Joint extreme value analysis is messy but necessary

Risk analysis and life-cycle cost design preferable to a design storm

CIAPS (temporally evolving joint probability extreme value statistical analysis

techniques) applied successfully at Northwest Arm, Cow Bay and Salt Marsh

Trail

Northwest Arms seawalls (using dry stone wall masonry) can be re-built butneed to be aware of the engineering design principles

Cow Bay causeway design has been accepted for construction

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Sea-level Rise Studies in the

Maritime Provinces:What have we learned and

where are we going?

Kyle McKenzie

Nova Scotia Department of Environment

Climate Change Directorate

Coastal Zone Canada 2010

Charlottetown, P.E.I.

July 28, 2010

Fortress of Louisbourg

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g

Parks Canada

Annapolis Royal Potential Tidal Surges

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Annapolis Royal - Potential Tidal Surges

Courtesy of CARP (Clean Annapolis River Project)

Source: 1980 1:2000

LRIS mapping - 2

metre contours

Coastal Impacts of Climate Change

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p g

and Sea-Level Rise on P.E.I.

Natural Resources

Canada, 2002

Environment Canada, 2001

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quantify the impacts of sea-level rise, storm

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q y p ,surge, and coastal erosion in the context ofclimate change

determine how sea-level rise and future stormevents will impact critical habitat and species atrisk

support sustainable management, community

resilience and the development of adaptationstrategies

Storm Surge Return Periods

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Storm Surge Return Periods

Pointe-du-Chne, N.B.

Sea Level Rise New Results

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Sea Level Rise New Results

Dr. Don Forbes, Natural Resources Canada

Site vertical

motion(cm 2000-

2100)

RSL

(cm 2000-2100)

Cape Jourimain 15 5 59 35

Shemogue 13 5 57 35

Cap-Pel 12 5 56 35

Shediac 10 5 54 35

Bouctouche 9 5 53 35

Kouchibouguac 7

5 51

35Escuminac 6 5 50 35

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Science input to the Halifax Harbour Plan

Create DEM using LiDAR

Define storm flooding hazards

Identify future sea-level rise & flooding risk

Map future flood hazard zones

Conduct vulnerability analysis

Define adaptation options

Apply results into the draft harbour plan

(Charles, Wells, Manson,

and Forbes, 2009)

Pictou Nova Scotia

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Pictou, Nova Scotia

Community Adaptation Workshops

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Community Adaptation Workshops

Atlantic Climate Adaptation Solutions

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Atlantic Climate Adaptation Solutions

Approach

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high tech

low techbig budget

small budget

regional

local

projections vulnerability

new data

existing data

science

policy

experts

citizens

Approach

?

Conclusions

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Conclusions

Science doesnt sell Better visuals

Mapping the right things

Growing awareness of the problem Increasing demand for solutions

Lots of approaches

Suit the end user

Money isnt always the answer

Lots of opportunity for further study

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Integrating climate change adaptationi t i d t l t i

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into marine and coastal management in

North America

Rachel M. Gregg

EcoAdapt

July 28, 2010

Project Background

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Proposal submitted to Gordon and Betty MooreFoundation in 2008; grant awarded in November 2008

Proposal components:Synthesis

Compilation of observed and projected climate change impacts and a state of

adaptation action for marine and coastal resources in North America.

Outreach and Support

Networking, training, and guidance for individuals/groups from government

agencies, universities, the private sector, NGOs, and the broader community

interested and engaged in adaptation.

Knowledge Sharing

The Climate Adaptation Knowledge Exchange (CAKE), an interactive online tool that

provides a georeferenced database, advice columns, virtual library, and more to link

information and adaptation players

The Process

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The Process

Preparation Contact list

Codes/Interview guide

Collection & management Interviews/Surveys Case Studies

Dissemination Synthesis report

CAKE

Synthesis Report

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Synthesis Report

Observed, expected, and possible manifestationsof climate change on marine and coastal systems1. Changes in air and water temperatures

2. Sea level rise

3. Changes in precipitation patterns

4. Altered ocean and atmosphericcirculation

5. Changes in water chemistry

Theory and practice of adaptation approaches

Case Study Categories

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Case Study Categories

1. Natural Resource Management andConservation

2. Capacity Building

3. Infrastructure, Planning, and Development

4. Governance and Policy

Common Barriers

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Common Barriers

Lack of economic resources andbudgetary constraints

Lack of institutional support, governance, and mandates totake adaptation action

Lack of institutional capacity and guidance on how to takeaction

Lack of key information on local and regional specific climateprojections, and tools to support assessments and monitoring

Uncertainty about risk and vulnerability

Lack of awareness, stakeholder support, and engagement,including climate skeptics, climate change deniers, andpolitical opposition

Project Trends

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Assessments of vulnerability of and risk to natural resources

and communities

Scientific research on climate change with policy implications

for adaptation

Integration of climate change concerns in the development

and implementation of committees and plans

Trends (cont)

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Integration of climate change and its effects into

programmatic and collaborative approaches to

research, management, and planning

Incorporation of information on the effects of

climate change and approaches to adaptation into

outreach and education efforts Restoration and protection of ecosystems to increase

resilience and reduce vulnerability to climate change

http://www.cakex.org
http://www.cakex.org/http://www.cakex.org/

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Case Studies

Georeferenced

Databse

Text search

Tools

Virtual Library

Directory

Community

Building

Original

Content

You can use CAKE in a number of ways to find the people and information you

need. You might start with a question about a particular impact of climate

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What can I do about sea level rise?

Find a case study to help you develop ideas

g q p p

change

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Search in case

studies for the

text sea level

rise British

Columbia

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Read moreabout a

particular

case study

and find the

appropriate

contact

Or you might be interested in a particular management problem

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Whats a water manager to do?

How can I find other management plans to get mestarted?

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Search in the virtual library for watershed management plans

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Get details on a

particular library

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particular library

item and

download it, or

Read aboutcase studies

associated

with that item

Or you can search by

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the map on the home

page

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Or you can text

search by your

locale

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Or you can

combine a

text and

map search

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Or you can use keywords and

tags to find similar projects

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Next Steps

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p

Interim synthesis report now available on CAKE

Whats next

Phase 2 of interviews,

surveys, and case studies;

Western expansion

Outreach events

Final report

The Integration of Ground Based and Airborne LaserScanning for Coastal Zone mapping

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Tim Webster

Applied Geomatics Research Group

Centre Of Geographic Sciences Nova Scotia Community College

Outline Coastal issue from climate change

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Traditional approach to erosion monitoring

Surface processes dunes, glacial till banks(unconsolidated sediments) & cliffs

Historic Air photo planimetric analysis, Joggins

LIDAR & shoreline mapping

Limitation of airborne LIDAR & cliffs

Joggins fossil world heritage site LiDAR scans

Glacial till bank repeat surveys, Antigonish

Conclusions

Dunns Beach, DNR photo

Sea level rise & climate change Relative sea level rise = global sea level & crustal

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Relative sea-level rise = global sea-level & crustal

motion, tide gauge shows 32 cm/century past 100 yrs

Crustal subsidence estimated at 20 cm/century

Global sea-level rise refer to IPCC report 4

Estimate a range18 59 cm/century ?

*

*

**

Traditional RS Approach to Monitor Erosion

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Multi temporal air

photo interpretation

Surfaces of the coast are very different

D t l li f ith ffi i t l t l

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Dune system low relief with sufficient lateral

extent, ideal for repeat airborne LiDAR surveys

(seasonal vegetation maybe an issue)

Unconsolidated sediments bank moderate to

high relief with reduced lateral extent (steep to

moderate slopes), airborne LiDAR OK Cliffs high relief with minimal lateral extent,

airborne LiDAR does not resolve vertical face

well and prone to ground classification errors

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January 2005, till bank after a storm cut vertical

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June 2005, till bank after freeze thaw slumping

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No details on the vertical cliff face

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Joggins

Study

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Study

Area

Digital

Surface

Model(all points)

Digital

Elevation

Model

(ground points)

Joggins Previous Erosions Study

1964 & 2005 i h t

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1964 & 2005 air photoanalysis (Bezanson report)

Erosion rates of 12 50cm/year from photos

2.8 m RMS error on

photos (=rate diff. of 7cm/yr)

Challenge of goodrectification of old photos

Consistent interpretation offeatures ie. Coastline

Shoreline appears offset ininset C & D

ILRIS Ground based LIDAR40o x 40o Field Of View

Eye safe laser

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y

GPS (cm precision) Scan Targets

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Fossil

Tree

Trunk

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Data packaged in IVS for visualization, Free viewer

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Now have a set of base information to monitor future change

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Decade scale measurements & averages

from episodic events & processes

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Unconsolidated sediment bank shoreline

Similarmethod

Of RTK

GPS

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GPS

Targets

within the

ILRIS

scan for

geocoding

Antigonish: ILRIS

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Antigonish: ILRIS

October 30, 2009

Repeat ILRIS scans observed from identical vantage points

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April 23, 2009

Two dimensional cross-section of repeat ILRIS scans

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October 30, 2009

April 23, 2009

1 m

Overhang

Easy to calculation the volume of sediment removed

thus providing information for sediment budget forthat literal cell

Challenging to track specific objects between scans

Using total station to collect random

Modifying the field collection method

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g

shots for independent check ofILRIS scan geocoding

Using permanent targets for better

Modifying the field collection method

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g p g

temporal scan alignment and smalltargets to track movement vectors

Conclusion Traditional phogrammetric techniques for shoreline

h l id ti d t lt

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change only provide a time averaged rate as a resultof an episodic process (storm & season related)

Ground based static LiDAR scans capture thevertical features and can be done for frequently

Geocoding of the scans is challenging and laborious,mobile mapping systems could solve this

Repeat surveys allow precise measures of volumeloss and insights into the process

However, tracking features between scans is difficult

Modified our field methods to include permanentand tracking targets to address these issues

Acknowledgements:Nathan Crowell (Antigonish study),Danik Bourdeau, Kate LeBlanc, Stephanie Rogers (Joggins)

and other students at AGRG for recent fieldwork

The role of current-induced erosion

in the recent proliferation

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in the recent proliferation

of coastal protection structuresalong Carron Point in New Brunswick

Dominique Brub1, Serge Jolicoeur 2,

Stphane OCarroll2 and Marc Desrosiers1

1 New Brunswick Department of Natural ResourcesGeological Surveys Branch, Bathurst Office

2 University of Moncton

Department of History and Geography, Moncton Campus

Carron Point:

is located at the mouthof Bathurst Harbour
mailto:[email protected]

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of Bathurst Harbouron the north shore

of New Brunswick

is part of a 12 km longsand spit system;the longest one

on the north shore

of the province

New Brunswick

Carron Point:

is a 1 6 km long sand spit

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is a 1.6 km long sand spitcharacterized by a forested dune

and 40 hectares of salt marsh

has a development density of35 cottages or homes

per kilometer of coastline

2007

In the early 2000s, residents from the proximal section of

Carron Point Spit met with government representativesto find a solution to their coastal erosion problems

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to find a solution to their coastal erosion problems.

The residents were especially concerned about themigration of the Bass River tidal inlet and its erosive currents.

Bass Rivertidal inlet

Coastal erosionalong tidal inlet

The residents wanted the government to approve and funda dredging project to relocate the tidal inlet

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Baie deNepisiguit

Bay

1996

Carron Point

Seawall and Dune

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Storm surge of

October 29, 2000

Road and Marsh

Calculating rates of coastline changeusing historical air photos and CARIS GIS

Youghall Beach Project: NBDNR & MAU (2003 2004)

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Youghall Beach Project: NBDNR & MAU (2003-2004)

Beresford Beach Project: NBDNR & NBCC (2003-2004)

Carron Point Project: NBDNR & UdeM (2006-2007)

Mean annual rate of coastline change in the proximal sectionof Carron Point Spit between 1939 and 1974:

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1939-1974

+0.10 m/yr

Mean annual rate of coastline change in the proximal sectionof Carron Point Spit between 1974 and 2007:

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1974-2007

+0.12 m/yr

Distance between the distal end of Bass River Barand proximal section of Carron Point Spit: 1125 m

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Distance between the distal end of Bass River Barand proximal section of Carron Point Spit: < 50 m

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Carron PointJune 14, 2005

Total length ofcoastal armouring

in the proximal section

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Carron PointOctober 17, 2008

of Carron Point Spit

1939: 0 m

1944: 0 m

1953: 29 m

1966: 0 m

1971: 0 m1974: 0 m

1979: 0 m

1985: 0 m

1996: 0 m2002: 258 m

2007: 428 m

2009: 644 m

Monitoring the impact of coastal protection structureson adjacent coastal lands using a RTK GPS

(UdeM & NBDNR Project: 2008-2010)

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(UdeM & NBDNR Project: 2008 2010)

Carron PointOctober 17, 2008

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Conclusions

Our photogrammetric study confirmed that the recent erosion problemsin the proximal section of the spit were mainly caused by tidal currents;

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in the proximal section of the spit were mainly caused by tidal currents;

Our GPS surveys has not yet confirmed that the coastal protectionstructures have a negative impact on the down drift properties;

As proposed by the residents, a dredging project could be undertakento relocate the tidal inlet closer to the mouth of the river.

Bass River Bar2002

Thank you! Questions?

D i i B b (P G )

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Dominique Brub (P.Geo.)

Coastal geomorphologist

New Brunswick Department of Natural ResourcesGeological Surveys Branch

[email protected]

Tel : (506) 547-2070; Fax : (506) 547-7694

495 Riverside DriveBathurst (NB), Canada, E2A 2M4

orP.O. Box 50

Bathurst (NB), Canada, E2A 3Z1
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]

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Overview

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Introduction to oil and oil spills

Behaviour

CountermeasuresWhats new

Concerns for Drilling

Oil Spill Sources

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p

Are a frequent event in the world

Most occur on land

Oil in sea - mostly from seeps and urbanrunoff

Tanker accidents less than many other

sourcesNote that the largest have come from

offshore drilling or war

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Largest Five Spills

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No Year Ship/Incident Country Tons (X103)

1 2010 Deep Water Horizon United States 850

2 1991 Gulf war Kuwait 800

3 1979 IXTOC blowout Mexico 470

4 1979 Atlantic Empress/Aegea Off Tobago 287

5 1992 Oil well blowout Uzbekistan 285

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Top 20 continued

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No Year Ship/Incident Country Tons (X103)

6 1993 Oil platform blowout Iran 270

7 1983 Castillo de Bellver South Africa 260

8 1991 ABT Summer Off Angola 260

9 1978 Amoco Cadiz France 223

10 1991 Haven Italy 144

11 1980 Oil well blowout Libya 140

12 1988 Odyssey Off Canada 132

13 1967 Torrey Canyon England 119

14 1972 Sea Star Oman 115

15 1981 Storage tanks Kuwait 110

16 1971 Texaco Denmark Belgium 107

17 1994 Pipeline rupture Russia 105

18 1976 Urquiola Spain 100

19 1978 Pipeline rupture Iran 100

20 1980 Irenes Serenade Greece 100

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Background to Oil-in-the-Sea

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US NAS has studied the inputs, behaviourand fate of oil since the first report in 1975

Updated in 1985

2002 update

Purpose: to look at where oil in the seacomes from, where is it going and what

does it affect

Summary of Inputs

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Natural Seeps

49%

Oil Transport

12%

Consumption

39%

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Overview of Inputs

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Tanker inputs exceed non-tank vessel spills

Operational discharges exceed spills from

ships by a factor of 20Natural seeps are largest single input but

have much less effect than spills

Land-based runoff still a large source

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Oil Composition

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Important - because it dictates properties

and behaviour

Most spills have quite different behaviours

because of oil composition differences

Example Gulf oil spill because of

composition and sub-sea release formed

water-in-oil emulsions

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Group Compound class Gasoline Diesel Light Crude Heavy Crude IFO Bunker C

Saturates 50 to 60 65 to 95 55 to 90 25 to 80 25 to 35 20 to 30

alkanes 45 to 55 35 to 45

cyclo-alkanes 5 30 to 50

waxes 0 to 1 0 to 20 0 to 10 2 to 10 5 to 15

Olefins 5 to 10 0 to 10

Aromatics 25 to 40 5 to 25 10 to 35 15 to 40 40 to 60 30 to 50

BTEX 15 to 25 0.5 to 2.0 0.1 to 2.5 0.01 to 2.0 0.05 to 1.0 0.00 to 1.0PAHs 0 to 5 10 to 35 15 to 40 40 to 60 30 to 50

Polar Compounds 0 to 2 1 to 15 5 to 40 15 to 25 10 to 30

resins 0 to 2 0 to 10 2 to 25 10 to 15 10 to 20

asphaltenes 0 to 10 0 to 20 5 to 10 5 to 20

Metals 30 to 250 100 to 500 100 to 1000 100 to 2000

Sulphur 0.02 0.1 to 0.5 0 to 2 0 to 5 0.5 to 2.0 2 to 4

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Light Heavy Intemediate Crude Oil

Property Units Gasoline Diesel Crude Crude Fuel Oil Bunker C EmulsionViscosity mPa.s at 15

oC 0.5 2 5 to 50 50 to 50,000 1000 to 15,000 10,000 to 50,000 20,000 to 100,000

Density g/mL at 15oC 0.72 0.84 0.78 to 0.88 0.88 to 1.00 0.94 to 0.99 0.96 to 1.04 0.95 to 1.0

Flash PointoC -35 45 -30 to 30 -30 to 60 80 to 100 >100 >80

Solubility in Water ppm 200 40 10 to 50 5 to 30 10 to 30 1 to 5 -

Pour PointoC NR -35 to -10 -40 to 30 -40 to 30 -10 to 10 5 to 20 >50

API Gravity 65 35 30 to 50 10 to 30 10 to 20 5 to 15 10 to 15Interfacial Tension mN/m at 15

oC 27 27 10 to 30 15 to 30 25 to 30 25 to 35 NR

Distillation Fractions % distilled at

100oC 70 1 2 to 15 1 to 10 - - NR

200oC 100 30 15 to 40 2 to 25 2 to 5 2 to 5

300oC 85 30 to 60 15 to 45 15 to 25 5 to 15

400oC 100 45 to 85 25 to 75 30 to 40 15 to 25

residual 15 to 55 25 to 75 60 to 70 75 to 85

Where to Get Oil Properties?

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www.etc-cte.ec.gc.ca

Web site has about 500 oils for free!!!

Very little other data out there
http://www.etc-cte.ec.gc.ca/http://www.etc-cte.ec.gc.ca/http://www.etc-cte.ec.gc.ca/http://www.etc-cte.ec.gc.ca/

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Behaviour of Oil

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Evaporation is the single-most important

component

Emulsification is the second most important

Natural Dispersion

Dissolution

Photooxidation

Sedimentation/interaction with particles

Biodegradation

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Emulsion Formation

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Not much understood until recently

Old model equations are not correct

Is somewhat complex and very oilcomposition dependent

Overview of Stabilization

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There are two fundamental mechanisms by

which oil retains water

(1) Viscosity water cannot coalesce

(2) Surfactant action of asphaltenes and

resins chemical action

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Oil layer issufficiently

viscous to

prevent oil

droplets from

coalescing

Surfactant Stabilization

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Resins and asphaltenes act to stabilize waterdroplets in oil

Polar constituents reside in the water and

non-polar in the oil, thus locking up thedroplet

Asphaltenes form much more stable

emulsions, but take a longer time to migrateto oil/water interface

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Types of Water-in-oil States

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Emulsions two types stable and meso-

stable (defined by how long they last,

electric and viscoelastic measurements)

Entrained simple viscosity-bound water in

oil lasts only minutes to a few hours

Unstable oil that simply doesnt hold

water either way

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Summary

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Four water-in-oil states exist: stable andmeso-stable emulsions, entrained andunstable

The four states are easily distinguished by:colour, appearance, lifetime, rheologicalmeasures

Each state has a window of starting oilviscosity, density, asphaltene/resin content

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Natural Dispersion

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Is known to be very significant with light

oils in heavy seas

Several spills large dispersed naturally:

Braer off Scotland, Ecofisk Bravo blowout

in Norway

Heavier oils not subject

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Dissolution

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No good model

Solubility of several oils measured

Solubility of oils ranges from about 2 to 200ppm most crudes are in range of 20 to 40

ppm

Co-solvency is also active

Needs more research

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Photooxidation

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Poorly understood at this time

Are some old tid-bits of work but may not

be accurate

Requires research

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Sedimentation/Interaction with

Particles

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Lot of activity lately but little quantitative

prediction work

It is known in several spills that oil has

often sedimented to a large degree (eg.

Amoco Cadiz) but no good quantitative

data at this time

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Biodegradation

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Is a remover of diesel and light fractions

Effect of biodegradation on old spills can beas little as 1 to 2%

Asphalt and tar do not readily biodegrade

Biodegradation competitive to evaporation especially C12 to C18

Long-weathered oil (30 years+) can evenlose biomarkers to degradation

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Spreading and Movement

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Oil spreads with sub-surface current and

about 3% of wind

Often oil forms in windrows result of

swell and Langmuir circulations

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Spill Modeling

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Is at a fairly advanced state now --- but

often uses very old algorithms and

sometimes incorrect old algorithms

Limitation on accuracy is the accuracy of

currents and winds data

Net movement of slickCurrentvectors

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Scene 2 - About 10 hoursafter spill - with current shown

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Review of Cleanup

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Overview

Booms

Skimmers In-situ burning

Dispersants

Shoreline cleanup

Overview

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Cleanup on most spills now comes down to

booms and skimmers

Booms and skimmers have in recent years

cleaned up most spills to large extents

Little documented use of in-situ burning at

sea

Dispersant success a matter of opinion

Influence of sea and weatherconditions

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Often only hit and run tactics work - eg. can

skim in calm weather but then ride out a

rough period

Often during a real spill, no opportunity for

offshore mechanical recovery may arise

Measures should be worked out to coincide

with weather

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Overall boom Considerations

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Boom capability is at maximum for past 30years

Current - direct at 0.7 knots

Many other failure modesCapacity

Mechanical capabilities

Deployment platform

Crew Skill

Debris

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Skimmers

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Little research since the 1980s

Largely governed by private sector

But..capability has improved greatly

Skimmer capacity now about 3 to 10 times

as earlier

One example -- Dutch (suction arm)skimmer recovered over 10,000 tons during

Prestige Spill

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In-situ Burning

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Extensive studies in 1990s by EC, USCG,

USMMS, etc

Emissions extensively measured on 50

burns of various oils in variouscircumstances

Physics, chemistry studied at same spills

In-situ burning found to be relatively

quantitative with acceptable emissions

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Dispersants

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Are certainly a controversial

countermeasure

Are many issues

One needs to understand how they operate

Important note dispersants do not cleanup

the spill nor biodegrade it they

temporarily relocate oil into sub-surface

Droplets form with/without dispersants

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Droplets with dispersants have a

tendency to stay separated

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Destabilization

mechanismsRadiusSub-layerviscosity

Marangoni circulationSurfactant concentrationSurfactant diffusionAbsorptionDesorption

Surfactant typeSurfactant chain lengthSteric stabilization

Surfactant precipitation

Surface tension

Ostwald

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Legend

Force

Flux or movement

Influence

label

Electrostatic forceSteric forces

Capillaryforce

Film strengthFilm thinningFilm (Gibbs)elasticity

Film thicknessFilm viscosity

Hydrodynamicforces

FlocculationDepletion

flocculation

Surfacedeformationforce

Van der Waals force

Velocityof approach

Oscillatory structureInteractions

Brownianmovement

ripening

Doubletformation

Dissolution

Bulk DiffusivityMicelle Formation

Capillary waveThermal fluctuation

Pulse

CreamingDroplets are still buoyant

will rise to surface

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Initial State After Time

Coalescence Occurs

Droplets rise faster

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Surfactants (dispersants)

partition out of droplets

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Net Result

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All dispersions are unstable

Oil spill dispersions destabilize and much of

the oil rises to the surface

Re-dispersion can minimize this somewhat

but only for a few hours

Dispersion half-lives are about 6 to 24 hours

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Toxicity of Dispersed Oil

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Most data is still old acute data

Much of this data is incorrect

Need much more long-term, sub-lethal and

specialized studies such as genotoxicity,

endocrine disruption, etc.

Also need a lot of realistic studies Gulf

spill could offer some opportunities

Other Dispersant Issues

Bi d d i l i h di

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Biodegradation claim that dispersantshasten biodegradation probably not 75%

of recent studies show decrease

Biodegradation considerations time scale,refractive portions of oil, oleoclasts on

ocean surface, ionic surfactants known for

anti-microbial activity

Effectiveness pick a number! needs

standard methods and good analytical

Deep Water Dispersant

Application

i i j d ll h d

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Dispersant was injected at well head

No scientific studies carried out on results

but claimed successful

Was it successful?

Rise time of volume average droplet if

deepwater injection successful 72 days

So how would we know?

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Shoreline Cleanup

B d fi h li

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Based first on shoreline types Bedrock - not sensitive, retentive

Boulder beaches - variable, retentive

Pebble cobble beaches - retentive

Sand-gravel beaches - less retentive

Sand beaches - less retentive

Tidal flats - sensitive, not retentive

Marshes - sensitive, retentive

Peat/low-lying tundra - sensitive, retentive

Preferred Cleaning Methods

M l l

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Manual removal

Low pressure, cold flooding or washing

Mechanical removal

Sediment re-working

Sorbents

Chemical beach cleaners

Surface-washing agents

Less-Preferred Methods

Hi h t

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High pressure water

Hot water

Steam cleaning

Sand blasting

Dispersants

Bioremediation

Vegetation cutting

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Shoreline Assessment

SCAT T

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SCAT Teams

Duties include assessing amount of oil,

depth of penetration, coverage,

characteristics of oiling, ecological

resources, human amenities, shoreline

characteristics, substrate characteristics

Difficult and time-consuming task

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Countermeasures Summary

S ft ll th h b k t

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So after all the hype we are back to

picking up the oil on the water or the

beaches

In-situ burning useful but far offshore

Its hard to see progression in time but

actually the skimmers, shoreline techniques

have advanced perhaps at least we knowmore of what-not-to-do

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Current Trends

Will briefly give some trends as we seen

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Will briefly give some trends as we seen

them including progress, research and

change

Note on equipment generally littleresearch but some progress made by the

industry

eg. skimmers average fleet capacity hasprobably gone up about 10 fold

Burning

Most of studies in past 20 years related to

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Most of studies in past 20 years related to

emissions, fire-resistant boom and burning

different types of oil

Not too much scope for more research,certainly some improvements and filling of

knowledge gaps

Shoreline Cleanup

Some fancier beach cleaner machines used

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Some fancier beach cleaner machines used

but actually for cleaning recreational

beaches from normal debris

Better idea of what not to do eg. do notuse hot or high pressure water

Still could use lots of work

Dispersants

Need to do fundamental research

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Need to do fundamental research

Stop calling promotion research

Maybe has been overfunded and we should

put on back burner

Dispersant Trends

In past 20 years:

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In past 20 years:

Found that toxicity of chemically-dispersed

oil is severe (about 10 papers) probably

due to the many aromatics carried into thewater column

Found that dispersants themselves are

genotoxic and that they may be endocrine-disrupting

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Overall

Certainly need to use the right expertise on

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Certainly need to use the right expertise on

the issues of interest no more engineers

doing biology, and vice versa

Analytical methods need to be updated tomodern ones

Funding needs to be more constant

Other topics

Remote sensing needs research needsi l i f h l d l d

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Remote sensing needs research, needsimplementation of technology developed

over past 20 years

Modeling fairly mature, but needs to use

more recent algorithms

Fate and behaviour studies needs lots

more fundamental research

Effect studies woefully inadequate to date

- needs much more work

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Toxicity of Oil Itself

Recent years show that acute toxicity about

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Recent years show that acute toxicity about

the same as 30 years ago (if correct),but lower

But found that oil itself very toxic to

sensitive life forms such as fish embryosand coral juveniles can be toxic in the

parts-per-billion

Seems like the values are going way downfor such sensitive species

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Toxicity Studies

Perhaps we need to conduct more long-

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Perhaps we need to conduct more long-

term, sub-lethal and specialized studies and

some of the new emerging studies similar to

genotoxicity, endocrine-disrupting Certainly there is a need for more studies at

the molecular level

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Issues for Offshore Drilling

Two Major Questions are always:

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Two Major Questions are always:

1. What will you do if there is loss of well

control

2. How would you deal with any oil

releases and what would these impact?

Answers by drilling company

1 Blowouts are improbable to impossible

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1. Blowouts are improbable to impossible

and if this very improbable event occurs

technology is available to immediately

control this 2. If any oil were to be released, it could be

quickly cleaned up or dispersed. Very little

impact

Now we know

That all of the above may be incorrect just

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That all of the above may be incorrect just

as we suspected

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Solutions to this

Let drilling proceed after preparations are

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Let drilling proceed after preparations arecomplete

Well control

Ensure that procedures etc. enforced on

drilling rigs

Ensure that caps, siphons, etc. are available

and readily deliverable before drilling starts

Re-evaluate relief well requirements

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The Lesson of the Deep

Water Horizon

Accidents will still happen in this era

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Accidents will still happen in this era

Preparedness is not as we hoped

Ability to deal with a big spill is still a

challenge

Many of the proposed countermeasures did

not live up to their expectations (or sales pitch)

Improvements over 40 years are only

incremental

More Lessons

Spills are very complicated and have many

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Spills are very complicated and have manyfacets

Awareness is always high after such an

incident and then drops to very little afterabout 4 years

There still are many gaps some very large

ones

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Czc2010 Day 3 c

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