CYTOLOGY & HISTOLOGY Lecture three
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Transcript of CYTOLOGY & HISTOLOGY Lecture three
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CYTOLOGY & HISTOLOGYLecture three
DR. ASHRAF SAID
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Review
Of the second lecture
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Concept 3
The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes
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Start
Of this lecture
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Objectives of lecture threeThe Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic FactoryLysosomes: Digestive Compartments
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Concept 4
The endomembrane system regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in the cell The endomembrane system
– Includes many different structures
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The Endoplasmic Reticulum: Biosynthetic Factory
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–Accounts for more than half
the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells
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The ER membrane Is continuous with the nuclear envelope
Smooth ER
Rough ER
ER lumenCisternae
RibosomesTransport vesicle
Smooth ER
Transitional ER
Rough ER 200 µm
Nuclearenvelope
Figure 1.12
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The ER membrane
There are two distinct regions of ER–Smooth ER, which lacks
ribosomes
–Rough ER, which contains ribosomes
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Functions of ER
The smooth ER– Synthesizes lipids
– Metabolizes carbohydrates
– Stores calcium
– Detoxifies poison
The rough ER– Has bound ribosomes
– Produces proteins and membranes, which are distributed by transport vesicles
Smooth Rough
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The Golgi apparatus– Receives many of the transport vesicles produced in
the rough ER– Consists of flattened membranous sacs called
cisternae
The Golgi Apparatus: Shipping and Receiving Center
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Functions of the Golgi apparatus include
Modification of the products of the rough ER
Manufacture of certain macromolecules
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Golgiapparatus
TEM of Golgi apparatus
cis face(“receiving” side ofGolgi apparatus)
Vesicles movefrom ER to Golgi Vesicles also
transport certainproteins back to ER
Vesicles coalesce toform new cis Golgi cisternae
Cisternalmaturation:Golgi cisternaemove in a cis-to-transdirection
Vesicles form andleave Golgi, carryingspecific proteins toother locations or tothe plasma mem-brane for secretion
Vesicles transport specificproteins backward to newerGolgi cisternae
Cisternae
trans face(“shipping” side ofGolgi apparatus)
0.1 0 µm16
5
2
3
4
Functions of the Golgi apparatus
Figure 1.13
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Lysosomes:Digestive Compartments
A lysosome– Is a membranous sac of hydrolytic
enzymes
– Can digest all kinds of macromolecules
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(a) Phagocytosis: lysosome digesting food
1 µm
Lysosome containsactive hydrolyticenzymes
Food vacuole fuses with lysosome
Hydrolyticenzymes digestfood particles
Digestion
Food vacuole
Plasma membrane
Lysosome
Digestiveenzymes
Lysosome
Nucleus
Lysosomes carry out intracellular digestion by phagocytosis
Figure 1.14 A
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(b) Autophagy: lysosome breaking down damaged organelle
Lysosome containingtwo damaged organelles 1 µ m
Mitochondrionfragment
Peroxisomefragment
Lysosome fuses withvesicle containingdamaged organelle
Hydrolytic enzymesdigest organellecomponents
Vesicle containingdamaged mitochondrion
Digestion
Lysosome
Autophagy
Figure 1.14 B
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